Groups and Individuals

7/28/2019 Groups and Individuals

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GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS

Reporter: Rodel Merza


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GROUPS

A collection of persons who are

perceived to be bonded together

in a coherent unit to some degree


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HOW GROUPS FUNCTION

ROLES Sets of behaviour that individuals

occupying the specific positions within a

group are EXPECTED to perform

STATUS position or rank within a group

NORMS rules within a group indicating how

its members should or should not behave

COHESIVENESS All forces (factors) that cause

group members to remain in the group.


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Are we affected by

mere presence of

others?


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Drive Theory of Social Facilitation by

Robert Zajonc(pronounce Zy-ence, rhymes with science)

A theory suggesting that the mere presence of others isarousing and increases the tendency to performdominant responses


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Example

AKEC

orchestra


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Distraction-Conflict Theory

A theory suggesting that social facilitation

stems from the conflict produced when

individuals attempts, SIMULTANEOUSLY, to pay

attention to other persons and to the task

being performed.


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SOCIAL LOAFING


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Reduction in motivation and

effort when individuals work

collectively in a group comparedto when they work individually or

as independent co-actors.


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COLLECTIVE EFFORT MODEL (CEM)

An explanation of social loafing suggesting

that perceived links between individuals

effort and their outcomes are weaker whenthey work together with others in group. This,

in turn, produces tendencies toward social

loafing


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Expectancy Valence theory

Suggests that individuals will work hard on a

given task only to the extent that the following

conditions exist:

(1) They believe that working hard will lead to

better performance (expectancy)

(2) they believe that working hard will be

recognized and rewarded (instrumentality)(3) the rewards obtained are ones they value and

desire (valence)


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Reducing Social Loafing


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Useful techniques how to REDUCE

Social Loafing

1. Making the output or effort of each

participants readily identifiable.


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2. Increasing group members commitment to

successful task performance


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3. Increasing the importance of value of a task


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4. Allow individual to view their contributions

to the task as unique rather than merely

redundant with those of the others.


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COORDINATION IN GROUPS

Cooperation Behavior in which groups work

together to attain shared goals

Conflict A process in which individuals or

groups perceive that others have taken or will

soon take actions incompatible with their own

interests.


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Social Dilemna Situations in which each person can increase individual gains

by acting in one way, but if all (or most ) person do the same

thing, the outcomes experienced by all are reduced.


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FACTORS INFLUENCING COOPERATION

1. RECIPROCITY A basic rule of social life

suggesting that individuals tend to treat

others as these persons have treated them


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2. PERSONAL ORIENTATION

a. Cooperative orientation

b. Individualistic orientation

c. Competitive orientation

3. COMMUNICATION IF individuals can discussthe situations with others, they may soon

conclude that the best option is for everyone tocooperate; after all, this will result in GAINS FORALL.


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Belief by each sidethat other will or

has already taken

actions contrary to

their interests

Recognition of these

opposing interest

CONFLICT


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MAJOR CAUSES OF CONFLICT

1. Faulty attributions

2. Faulty Communications

3. Tendency to perceive our own views asobjective and as reflecting reality, but those of

others as biased by their ideology.


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RESOLVING CONFLICTS: Some Useful

Techniques

1. Bargaining opposing sides exchange offers

2. Superordinate Goals goals that both sides

seek and that tie their interest together ratherthan drive them apart. When opposing sidescan be made to see that they share

overarching goals, conflicts is often sharplyreduced and may, in fact be replaced by overtcooperation.


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PERCEIVED FAIRNESS IN GROUP


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DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE (or equity) - refers to individuals

judgments about whether they are receiving a fair share of

available rewards a share proportionate to their

contributions to the group (or to any social relationship).


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PROCEDURAL JUSTICE the fairness of theprocedures used to distribute availablerewards among group members.

INTERPERSONAL JUSTICE The extent towhich persons who distribute rewards explain

or justify their decisions and showconsiderateness and courtesy to those whoreceive the rewards.


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How we deal with INJUSTICE?


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DECISION MAKING BY GROUPS

HOW GROUPS ATTAIN

CONSENSUS?


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SOCIAL DECISION SCHEME

- Rules relating the initial distribution of

members view to final group decisions.

1. Majority-wins rule

2. Truth-wins rule

3. First-Shift rule


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GROUP POLARIZATION the tendency of group

members, as a result of group discussion, to

shift toward more extreme positions than

those they initially held.


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GROUP THINK the tendency of the members

of highly cohesive groups to assume that their

decisions cant be wrong, that all members

must support the groups decisions strongly,and that information contrary to it should be

ignored.


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EXAMPLE

The decisions of the Bush administration andCongress to pursue an invasion of Iraq basedon a policy of pre-emptive use of military

force against terrorists and roguenations. The decision to rush to war in Iraqbefore a broad-based coalition of allies couldbe built has placed the US in an unenviable

military situation in Iraq that is costly in termsof military deaths and casualties, diplomaticstanding in the world, and economically.


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IMPROVING GROUP DECISIONS

DEVILS ADVOCATE TECHNIQUE One group

member is assigned the task of disagreeing

with and criticizing whatever plan or decision

is under consideration.

AUTHENTIC DISSENT -


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Thank you!

Groups and Individuals

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