GROUP BEHAVIOR How our behavior in groups differs from when we are alone.
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Transcript of GROUP BEHAVIOR How our behavior in groups differs from when we are alone.
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GROUP BEHAVIOR
How our behavior in groups differs from when we are alone.
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Social Facilitation• Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others• Occurs with simple or well learned tasks • Tasks that are difficult or not yet learned the
presence of other people is likely to hinder performance
• Evaluation Apprehension – concern about the opinion of others may motivate us to try harder.
• Social Facilitation is even seen in other animals (dogs, cats, cockroaches)
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Social Loafing• Social Loafing—tendency to expend less effort (slack off) on a
task when it is a group effort• The larger the group, the the lower each individual’s
output • Diffusion of Responsibility - People may be less accountable
in a group, or they may think their efforts aren’t needed.• Reduced when
– Group is composed of people we know– We are members of a highly valued group– Task is meaningful
• Women are generally less likely to engage in social loafing than are men.
• Opposite occurs in many collectivistic cultures, in a pattern referred to as social striving
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Risky Shift
• Tendency for people to take greater risks as a part of a group than they would on their own.
• This is most likely because of deindividuation that occurs.
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Deindividuation
• The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
• People lose their sense of responsibility when in a group.
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How Do Groups Make Decisions?
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Social Decision SchemesRules that govern group decision making
• Majority-Wins Scheme – Applied to situations with no right or wrong answer. Most votes wins.
• Truth-Wins Scheme – learn more about the different choices and choose the one that is best.
• Two-Thirds-Majority Scheme – If 2/3 of the group agrees to a decision the final 1/3 will often follow.
• First-Shift Scheme – When the group is deadlocked 50-50 on a decision once one person changes sides others will soon follow.
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Groupthink
• The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision- making group overrides a realistic appraisal of the alternatives
• Group members try to maintain harmony and unanimity in group
• Can lead to some better decisions and some worse decisions than individuals
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Group Interaction Effects
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Group Polarization
• The strengthening of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group
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Social Pressure in Group Decisions
• Group polarization– majority position
stronger after a group discussion in which a minority is arguing against the majority point of view
• Why does this occur?– informational and
normative influences
Against For
Group 1 Group 2Before group discussion
Strength of opinion(a)
Against For
Group 1 Group 2After group discussion
Strength of opinion(b)
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Group Polarization
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Group Leadership
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Types of Leaders
• Authoritarian – Absolute control over all decisions (a dictator)
• Democratic – Encourage group members to express and discuss their ideas, build a consensus or take majority’s view.
• Laissez-Faire – Lets group make decisions whether they are right or wrong.
• Best type of leaders depends on the situation (how fast and important is the decision that needs to be made)