Grottasǫngr. Ed. Clive Tolley

8/13/2019 Grottasngr. Ed. Clive Tolley

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Gttgthesongofgrotti

t b

C T

vikinG soCieTy or norThern researCh

universiTy ColleGe london

2008


2/68

Clive Tolley 2008

All rights reserved. Except as permitted under current legislationno part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system,

published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast,transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means,

without the prior permission of the copyright owner

The right of Clive Tolley to be identified asthe author of this work has been asserted in accordance with

sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

First published 2008

Viking Society for Northern Research, London

ISBN 978-0-903521-78-9

The printing of this book is made possible by a giftto the University of Cambridge in memory of Dorothea Coke, Skjaeret, 1951.

Typeset in Ehrhardt by Word and Page, Chester, UK

Printed in Great Britain byShort Run Press Limited, Exeter


3/68

Pc

T pt t Grottasngrw g t b c t tm The Poetic Edda, t b u d, wt t tc tpt t, ox ut P. a w pg tt m,w, t bcm c tt mwt t t ttmt wb t pm, wc t, , t Cx rg wcm t b u d t. hc w c t w b btt

t t pt pt. it wt gt p tt i m bt t pbct tg t vg sct, wc mc tpmt cp t t m sc.

T pt t bg cbt t btw m ud, ct m ggt ( ptc t g ttxt t), tg t b t t w w c t b m. T -t w g cmpt b t ppc t t m t t wt cmmt b k s t ., Kommentar zu den Liedernder Edda(hbg: C Wt, 2000). T , t , mc g-mt btw tm, tg t ptt t mt . i tt t w m m mpmt t m w t t pt t m

t bbgpc c m pt c c t Gm t, w t c b ct; s mt cmmb g cmp t 128 g pg tt t pm, bt t pt, t t, t , t tt mt t b u d w t ThePoetic Edda, tb mwt m ct m c t ptt t pm t tct (tg tc t pct t g). ipg wt t ThePoetic Edda, t tt p t mm g ptc xp tg t tt cc cb, t t bg p t. Grottasngr pp t mgt gtt w t ct nt, bt t t wtt t w tt

ttct, t m p tt tt t tt wg m p m tgtg t pm tg t pt t.

i w t t u d ppt (p m , ), ptc t tg t pm bgg tt t t, a tg t pbct b t vgsct. i m mt gt t xt p cmmt mb m , J Mck, wc ggt m pt ct. , i t t dt C Mm pgt c fc bcg t pbct t t.

C T

Ct, J 2007


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T n q, b nwg, icc st m.

pg ttc t c tg gtg t

mndull(m b)

segl(n),

sile(st),

rynd(eg)

lith(st), li

(n), .. t c t

kvernar auga, q

?sngasteinn

? hfgasteinn

grotti(st), nave(eg), wstandr(ic)

bttm lr

gtg t

lightening tree(st),lttistng(ic),lettetre(nw),? n lttitr, g qt

sto, ppt lr

lr, w mg cct

mndull,

kvern, q

skapttr(ic)


5/68

1

itct

i. The manuscripts

Grottasngr p t mcpt s Edda, t tt sr

T, t ft tz C. sr (Cx rg 2367 4t, m tr lb, Cpg, w t st Mg mm, rj) m c. 1325. it t pm mcpt c tpreent eton o Grottasngr. T (Coex Trjectn 1374, n te unvertylb, utct) xtt-ct cp t-ttt-ct g(SnE). it c t t sr, bt t cp t; t tt sr t tct T cp m g. T cfm t txt Grottasngr t tw mcpt. Tt g w t cpt pg; pbmtc ct t pm sr t b T.T tgp T bc m cc t tt sr, xmp t t t t , t m voru, t it:

m ct c, w: m c mt b t t T cpt. i tw pc T mt p sr (3/12, 18/3), mt, m cct, qt. nt, tc T g pb t t sr (.g. 6/5, 17/5, 18/6, 21/7).T mmt tct T w pbb b m cct t sr, bt t g tt m T t tm m t xtt-ct cbct b g. T, tg b, t p t txt fctg tt t ppt sr t b t txt m t. C (aM748 ii 4t, w t st Mg m m, t. 1 )t m c. 1400 (SnEx). i t tz ct, t txt tw ptm sr/T: C eru erum, girvar hafar.T ft c m m t t cmpct ptg pc wt c t ctt; t m pt t txt tt, m t bt c wt t c c (girvar hafarm, w, m (pp mwt cpt) g wtt m: t mp tt tg tm t pc, pmb t p c.12001300, b txtt mcpt w wtt). i bt c t sr/T g m gtpb. it m tt s t t qt t w pm: tw b ccttc, t pm t w ctt wt t pctxt. T C m w pt s g tt, wt jtt bgg t pm ct (SnExx). T c b t

tz fct wg tt t txt t pm w t s m


6/68

2

Grottasngr

cb m tt p sr/T, w t pc t b t tpt.

t c t mcpt s Edda t b t Gylfaginning, xxxxxx.

ii. The Norse quern

at t t Grottasngr t ct n m. T m q m sc m b ct b cct bxmg bt cgc xmp, wg q n (cg n sct) t ct ( e Mg1910; Cw 1937; KLNM,s.v. kvarn).

T qt t ptm cb (lr) m t t g, wc t w cct. i m q t pp t c bjt p w t c t bt g wt gtg t fxbt t lr. i t icc q t p t m (-p tct g m t lr); tskapttr t pm bt t g t m c c. it c m t pm tt bt t g tg t q; t c mp q wt tw , c w mtm t b pt sct, bt t m t -ct tt t q w mp m tt bt t t t () tgt. atg pcfc m t pp w t t ppt b c, t pmsngasteinn pbb t tp, mg t, w

t w t m b ct b hfgasteinn( t). Grotti(c. egg) n nwg ct pcfc t t tw t, tg wc t t pptg t pp t p.

iii. The sequence of ideas in the poem

Tw cc m ttw Grottasngr. T m, pg mmgt gt , ft p wt c t mt t c wcw t m t qt t w t t b ggg btt fg, g tm t gt mt g. s t mgt bg c t m, cgt c t wtt t. T cg p xp.

t mc w t g. h ct tm m t cm-bt tt t pt mp pct. o t mb t cct t pcg, w g w m b tg pc ppt, t t tt , g g thtb t ft ct, w, mt t n cct, pt t m bt, w bqt tw b ggpw ( iv v). T mg t g b t pt t bt t t c x g, t t t. h wt m mc xptt m-w, t ( w xpct

m t tt g pc) m t m g .


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3

Introduction

T pm pt ctt btw t tw t pw, btt c btw t t wm. Fricmpt w, bt bc t m cc , c.1h

ptm t cct tt pp ct p t wm t , c wm t, t t wt pw m. it p t cct tt t tct t pm p. i c-tt t t g, t m t gt, framvsar. t tcpt t cqc t c wm w gctgt q bt t t t m bt: w tgt,mtg t bt w pw. T m, w, c tt tfg t qt t w pc t t w tm w cc, bt w w t tm g. Wt t c m t b qtcc b t -g xpt t cpt bjgt,t g t pt t cct t ct, b mg t g t

tw , tg t w-m. at t pt t ct m g.1 T pm p wt ct b t tw ptgt t tt,t wbt, t t t: j Mj cm t t kg , tw g gt wt gt. T cgt ttt mttkar meyiar at mani hafar t bg t.24 T g t tgt t t m t tt wg: t g t mt t b g t -wm t. T ccg tt w: t t g t, t jt t mc, tg g tm t w. T mg, ccmp b t g gg,ct t p, t bg t mg.56 Mj p: t tm g t wt bg , t mp t p x tt m t b ct g mg. ecgt tc cpt pc t c, gt ttbmt t t m gg.7 Wt ct t t mgmt, , m g tm t,t t g t m p g t cc tp gg, ttm t t m t g g.812 Mj j m ptt wm: wt w w bgt -g wtt fg t bt t .s mt gt, c t g c m tm.

M, t q Gtt w t mg m t t, wt m b t t g t, t t wg t wmtt. T m tm m t gt m t t tp, t tm g t pc (pmb dm) w m c- tm.1315 T m t gg btt sw, tppg p-g g t c.1617 Wt xpt t w t pp, t m w tbgt cptt m t ct, w t tw w-mg w c c t tg t m, t w. T

1 s, xmp, cmmt t Skrnisml1/5 PEii.


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4

Grottasngr

pcpt t gm t tg pt t pm. Mj ccb g t mt t: m m t .1720 j t t g: t w t t t , , b

m tt g mg . T ttmt t: t p-t tt gp tt t p-g : w p, w t g! a m w bw t pt t pc; t f bg : wt p t t h. s xt cmp t gp t m-m fm: t t c b t g t gg t.213 sg t ppcg t, t m t , t t qb t pc.24 T m cc wt t ttmt t tt t m g g: t, tm, .

iv.The legendary-historical background of Fri

t pt Beowulf, (o n ) w g t htb; w tc cct w b g t m tm t t ft ct. i n c t , g dm m g g pc ppt. a gc t tn gg tt m t tw pt w g d g c . t pc-bg w bc m t xt ct t itct.

T m t t d g wc m b ctct m Beowulf

tt t mgt t scg w b pt mg cbtw m pp t gtt t sc c:2

T htb d w m. it m tt h ( h ); m tm t hg ttmpt t tt t b mg gt w t ig. hw, tpt Beowulfb ( 203269), Widsi p ( 459),t htb ttc ht, bt w t. up hg t,

2 T mcpt g Bw Bw w ccpt mt tcpt

t ptgt m; i c t mt t Bw T 1996, 29.

higwhmhchw

hg hg Ww

(hmg)

o

(sw)

.hg(htb)

h

Bw

sc

=

=

=


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5

Introduction

h mt z t t, g hc hm. lt,hw, wt t cm t t t, t h (tmc m b g m t sc c, tg t hj

tp wt t g cg).T htb b gtt pp b t tm t nc; t c m t m htb, sw sx, hb, t m hg t Helgakviur. Hrlfs saga krakap- t ct gg t t o eg:3

bt h; h hg t gc b bg . hg b a t sw. h b pw h. h ttc b hj, t.

T gg Skjldunga saga g t xt pg.4T tm i w pc ppt ( v); xpt t tttt Ct w b t t tm. Ct p w m b tq cp m. w bt b cm m Mg.

T t iii w c b tg m tfxg mwt t . iv -bt a; t tc pt t xt gt, w, t tg gc stg t m t , h b -bt ig, w t ww. hg r t ig. r t brc bt .

s gg Skldskaparml, tcg t t Gtt,ct tt Skjldunga saga:

3 Hrlfs sagaxt mcpt m t tt ct, b t tct t t xtt ct (Hrlfs saga kraka, . s, itct, xx), bt bt m t xtt m, t c b t t, t ttt ftt ct; mt t t , xmp sEdda Ynglinga saga.s sm hm P 1987,s.v.Hrlfs saga kraka, tc t c t g t pc..

4 Skjldunga saga m 11801200, bt p xtt-ct ltmm, Rerum Danicarum fragmenta, b agm J. T tg tt BjG (1963, 315); t tt Gg l pbb w Skjldunga sagaw

wt g Tgg 1200.

y

h

agh

sg h g hg

h

==

=

sg=

=

a (sw)

s =

sj yg


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6

Grottasngr

y a

r k s

o

h

a upp

d ii

vm

ii 6

l

h

l(h)

g

l()

sc(d)

ig(sw)

o

ac(sw)

ig

ig iii

h

h

=

=

=

=

=

s agrcegwm

rohgsg

a ?? iv

sg ig

stg

.h

= =

= =

=

=

= =

=

The Danish genealogies of Skjldunga saga


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7

Introduction

y

r Thg wm

r

s

hg

Gm

s

lt

stt i

r htb

rg (sw)

h

ht

=

=

=

=

=

htat

st

d

The Danish genealogies of Saxo Grammaticus (selection)

o

t ii

hg

d ii

uf

vm

ii

t iii

i

d iii

u

ig

h ii

gt

t v

t iv

h

sg

.

e

h

stg

=

=

= =


12/68

8

Grottasngr

Ynglinga saga (pbb b s) w Skjldunga saga (wc xpct mt c); t d gg, t g, tc. T mt: - (c. 11), t t wm

t sw g j w t m, cp t i Skjldunga saga; mt m (c. 25) cp t iii Skjldunga saga; (c. 26), t iv Skjldunga

saga.snorr proe ettng or Grottasngr, wc not n greement wt te

ctt t pm, pt m Skjldunga saga. s tft t pm t ft , t pc, m cctwt t t (.. Skjldunga saga iv, t g htb). Tpm mt tt t gt m gt sw pbb pmpts t mg t cqt tg pc t b tt sw j (g ct wt c t Ynglingatal).T m pcct Skjldunga sagawt Mg,tg t tt t -g t; t -g ulur, w, s m w bt t t t t pc- (tiii) sx, w g b wtc tm t -cw, ttgc t t w-m t b -cpt, wc p t c gg t.

s agg (c. 1190) t wg gg c. 1 Brevishistoria:

accg t s, t w t tt w b h; pt-g t t tt. s mt ig, bt wct t gg (c. 4):

T ggc bt ptt c t cmx sx, wpt wt w t f t t g pt t. Tt ct sx d gg g t p pg. t t c p m t g htb g, m tmtc w-g (t pt t ii, bt wm tt , c).atg i bcm d g n tt, ct

m igj, t t gg Beowulfm t b pc tg t

s

r

hg

ht

ig

t tgtt

t t o

d t P


13/68

9

Introduction

t cct tt. r ttc b htb, wmhg t ; t t mcc t htb ig ttcp hg. h tw bt r st mtg wt

ctpt t o eg.sx c c mbgHrlfs saga kraka t tv; t, tg t m cg (pt m t), t t -t t tt t i (w gg c t Hrlfs saga). Tt v bt h, t bt b h tw .

t iv wt ig c m t mmb - t t ig. ig t p b t g wstt t t gc t t t m stg,t sx ( cg tg m t cpt t htb tt d m).

t iii t gt ttmt t sx, tg p t

w b v t w. h g w-g gpc, w g cc wt t bt Ct. h t p g gt c t cg pp t b w-bg tg tpmt tt w w t tt t g. hw, wm ct t t t. s t t -cw t c.t cg t mzmt t tm. s t , g m. hw, m p b mbm t, cg t t cg.

Grottasngr cmp tt w t , ( mtt) t c n c xcptHrlfs saga(wc t t mtt), tg (pg) ttt tt w c t ( bw). it t tt t t pm t t c t tc Hrlfs saga; t. 22 jct tpt, t t , tt pc-, w tw b t ttc c g t bt gt m.

it w m tt tw tt t b t pm. o t , g t mbg Hrlfs saga b t m t pct t tc g, gt wm gc t t; t t,t pct t g pc wt m c m- t Skjldunga saga. Bt t c w b sx, bt

m b t t t t twt ct (tg t pc t xttm). T t, t c c pt t bt t tt ccg , t pp t b w t tpt Grottasngr.

v.The mythological background

T mtgc t mt m b tf Grottasngr: tg, , w g pc ppt; t gt wbg bt w; t m, Gtt, wc t gt bt t

g w . lt c tm t.


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10

Grottasngr

King Fri

The god of fertility and his peace

T tm t p t g-mg m t pc t g ct Vlusp68, w t g g pt, w pp. T g t t t t mttg t t t tm g pt.

g g cb t c. o i, , Skjldunga sagapt (c. 3, 35, 56):

s t j tmp px t q pbc cbt, t pt qm tctm cc b ct. Tm tm g p tt ctm t, t pbc, q p tq Jg cbt,jctm mt m m, c bm, m tt.

h tm w cw b pc pbc qt, tt gt tm t gt t m t gc t . at tttm bb tt c t c xtt tt t g g,wc m w b t gw wc c t wt Jg.

ntg tt Ct w b t t tm, t cct ct:

t tm c tmp cb d p-t, pb m b, gq pbt t pc pt ,gmq (t t ) j , mt pm d mg cp

; qm tm p rx pb ct.it tt t t tm t w bb pc cp dm, tt b w bc, t f mw gw p-t, t ( ) b, tt mt wm gt qtt pc dm; t ct mtkg m w tg .

T g cc t m:

d pt mtm m ccm t ct ccp cm t mt x t cp c mt tq mpt. im

gt ptt m t tmp p Ct. Pt c x( tmp pc pbc ct g) t c qmMg c pmpt t.

T t t c m t cc wt cp t tq, wc c cg w g ct w. it b tt t cc t t t tm t p Ct.at t kg (m g t t pbc pc tm)w t b f, ct Mg bg t g t cm.

rt cct m bt: Upphaf allra frsagna(g wtt rmbg cct (aM 730 4t), gtt-ct cmpt

m Skjldunga saga) t, xmp ( 35, 40):


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11

Introduction

gm m , t g m p, t b b b.

i t w c gt pc tt w t , w t t bt b p t m.

Ynglinga sagat (c. 10, 26, 24):

[] gm . m . k st . [. . .] t yg . yg g t tt tg, ygg ttm.

i t pc. T w g t t; t sw ttbt t t . [. . .] w c b tm, yg. T m yg w tt g pt m tt

, m w tt c t ygg.s cct, c mtcg t ft ctt m Skjldunga saga

b, g bw pt t p tct t t pm.T cct t pc g m sx (v, x; t

t iii w t pc-); sx t tt bt m w tt , t ttt t tbg m ct btg t tt bb. sx c t t t g Jg- ( m gt Jt); sx, t w c tz t, bt tb tt w gt tt . sx tt tt Ct w b t t tm, btwg t pc t w

w. sx t cct m Skjldunga saga, wte nng o te pece o agt (temmng, n Crtn nertnng,m t bt Ct t tt tm) wt t pc ft t t pc.

T pc wt mc , w; 986e hg mt Vellekla18 (SkjB i, 120) tt pc wc pc pt pt xcpt . T g g wpt mt; t pc t d t t. T n gg m m, xmp, t cc, w t p-ptm pt, tt b w ( oMetamorphoses, b i, 89112).sx b t gt cct t g pc-, bt-

bt m mc mp c tt. Ct t cct,w, tt t pc tb tg g w, t mtcq t t w. Bt (1942, 39) m t mptt pttt pc ct ptc g m w w w t g t ct, bt donum sacrumttc cfc.5

5 frir t Gmtt j ctc-ttc og, c ctb Zmmb ptc Gmct gwt. [. . .] d, Gm m pt, pct c Gb , ct mccittt tc og, gttc sttg t, m cm,

mtt kt mm w vgmct bgzg w m.


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12

Grottasngr

Fri g tt, t w/. h ptc gt t bbtw bc pc, ccmp b pc, tw tb. Bt mt m b g ct. h t

b t ; t m b t t ggg t. it tt frileifrt w g tt. T mt -leifr cmm m, ct pg. T pc ppt frileifrpp ctb tm, bt t w pp t mp t mt tc: pc, w mt t gt t .

T n cp, t o eg gg, Frealaf,ctg t m (.. t n ). s, t pg ct b,ct tt w pc g dm , sw t wttbt t . i Skrnisml1 ct c inn fri. W c xp t m mtgc t g pc ptgt b m- g. T btw m b tc

w. s tt w c b t m yg. , , g tt, pbb t ct yg, m wc mp Tct m t t Gm, tig. i o eg ig w ct ptc wt dm: mg w pp mg t d t Rune Poem, Beowulft t d cfrea Ingwina( v 19567, 461). i sx b vi tt t iv , w m t nwg pc gt; w t cqg tp wt m-g Jt.B t mcc t wg G b (t Skrnisml), wc pp b pt btw t tw g sx.

T bgg r ok frir, cmc ct w-bg, t b tt t cct nt g b Tct Germaniac. 40; nt c-p pgc t nj n, t t :

Ct lgb pct btt; pm c tm tbcct p bqm p t pct tt t. rg t a t ag t v t e t s t nt -mb t mt. c qcqm tb g, q cmm ntm, t Tm mtm, ct mq t bmm, pp btt. t oc ctm m,ctmq cm, t ctctm; ttg ct c-cm. pt m tgt ctmq bb m mt

cm t pqt. t tc , t c qcmq tptq gt. b t, m mt; cm m -m; px t q tc ttm t, tc ttm mt, c m cttm ct mtm m tmp t. mx cm tt t, c , m pm ct c bt. mtt,q ttm m c t; c c t ctq gt qt q ttm pt t.

T lgb, ctt, m bg w; mm bm mgt t, t bt t t tg t bt b -g t btt. T cm t rg, t a, t ag,

t v, t e, t s, t nt, b


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13

Introduction

w. T tg twt bt tm , xcpt ttcct t wp nt, Mt et, b tt tpt m mg t pp. o t oc

c g, t cct wg c wt gg; t pt t pmtt mc t tc t. h pc w tg pt mt c, wt gt c ct w g b . T t jcg, w g t g b tt. T tbg w, t t t p m; tg t w; pc tqt t w t , t g t ptt t tmp t g, t wt t cmp mt. Tt wg gg , w, t g w c . s pm t c, t t c g tm:t t mt c gc bt mtg

b t m t .T g bt Tct cct b c t qt; t,

xmp, nt (1997, 125) s (1981, 4272) g tt t w t g t Gmc ct bt t m g, tt Tctw c pct b t T Mt cbt rm.a rm wtt ct p mt wt t cb, t tt Tct tg Gmc pctc w tt mpct, bt t xtt t tt mtt bt; t mpbt gg t c t tpc , bt t g bt Tct cct b (mg t) Mck (2005, 502),

t t ppc pt .T pc, mt g t tt, m b t t t mt pm pc. T r ok frir g mtgc ptt t m pm pc. T c m ggpc ctt m Tct ; tg t tc ct b pcfc tf, Tct cpt pc g tct tt t d mt b t. T t pt nt pmbt mgt pp cc t t Gmg ( gmundar ttr dytts), wc t mg t sw. Gt t pc t g , m t ttt g pgt g bg, t sw . T tw ct t ct, bgg

bg w t cm.6T tt xtt c t c . sx pt tt

t , iii w c t ct ( t ptc bg ), wc m b ct pmbt t ,c cc wt nt .

6 it tt t sw, t d, ct tt tm pc m t m. Tct bt t m tt s (sw), bt pc mt tt wp t pt t c ; b t sw, tmt pt, cc , bt t m tt ptc p cpc t, c cc t t gt gtg t upp, pt t

t ct b am Bm dcpt m q.


18/68

14

Grottasngr

T mgc m t , t tt t bg t , t b ctmt t cc t , tm b twxg wg pw t .

T pc gf t g g t mt Jg-. T g ct wt mt, mptt bg t,w b g g. T c ct w wtdp, t g wc pp c t (.g. Skrnisml 21) g c g, jt Gtt t pt tt. ag g c mb t . atg t t g t pbc pc wtt bg tc cmmpc mt ttg tgt pc c b m mc t (c. t g bw t bew ntmb b t gw, wc t tmp wt:B, Ecclesiastical Historyii, 16), t ct t g wt tt g-gt tt t m b ct mbm .

The end of the peace-god

i Grottasngr mt t ttc wc b m ; t pptt t m, bt c t c b pc t.22, t ttc pp t b g g t t m tc , t -. Skjldunga saga, w, t tt wbt b cm m Mg; pb t pm c c-t t m mt b t tpt t. 22. s xpt c t Mg, xpg tt w -g w ttc bgt, w , wt bt Gtt. s c cct btw Mg Gtt (wt t c b Skjldunga

saga Grottasngr), w Mg -g( c tulur); g t mt ttbt t Mgt t w Gtt p t cg t t ( mt wcm bcm ttc t Gtt).

T mMsingr m m ms, m. i n et b mc t m (kpp 1936), m c b w; t t p t g pc t t pct t m bt mc, c, ctp g-bb, Mg pp m t , g w wt

tt p g ( tmt t g). iii, t cc pc-, t wg m Skjldunga saga(c. 7(), 35, 15): Hic cum cervum venatu assecutus hasta trans-

foderet, cervi conversi cornibus ventrem et viscera confixus occubuit, at pcgwt p tg p t t, w tfx t tmc gt b t t t t t , . T mt t t pc- (t iii) sx (v, x); t g g wct t p m c mb pc w t t ttgt wm. t c p t wm m, bt t t -cw t c. W t cmb t cg, t -cw tt t t , g m. T

t mt t mgc m t wt t ptt Mg


19/68

15

Introduction

-g. Ynglinga sagac. 26 t t kg eg sw: c-t g wt T, t, b bg b t w b.a cmpb cct Beowulf, w t sw g ogw

b t bt e W, b w; ogw c-p ggc t t n eg. a cc t , t swg w, t w m, b t m, -ct, t t t t t . T t t tt g b t tt w m mtc M et mt, wc pp t -w cmpb ( t c ct t) mtgc ptt; xmp, a w b t tt w b ( v 19567, 462).

T tmt t tt g t gfct. i Ynglinga saga , bt t cc m t ppc. h b m, t wc tx pc, t g ct. ot t ct m tm t pp tt ct ;tey ten crbe te contnnce o goo eon to reyr preence n tem ( tg ). sx t m t bt t iii; t b b t -cw, ct t b c m cg, t t c tt b c bg t fc t tt , wp b m. atg t cg t g bt t m mt b t t mt t pmbt t t, c, t cct nt (t t G mg), sc (1968, 394) pt t, t pp pt t cg g. C t sw g t btwg bg tt m, w; wt t m bcmp t cct t nwg g h t, w w,ccg t Heimskringla, g tt pt b b b t qt m t t w-bg ( 26, 93). scg tt t t , , ct b tpt mtgc ptt t t t bt, c t pcwt t tt g Zmx, t t m t tn xmp. h t, w, tt t m t b t t t g c, bt t wc ct g tt; t mgt b ppt bt ccc tg t t mg m t ygg, wcc b -ctmt t g tt-gtg cfc.7it o to be nerre rom Ynglingataltt te vne gt o goo eon

w t m t tc , c tt w t bcc tg p. a sc t (1968, 393), tg g tt w b m t gt t; w pw cmmct t ct mgt b cbt t tm-c, w t c wt t - t t upp.

7 T t b c Ynglinga saga t t wt t pt mt tm t c b m mg tt bg. sx cct t iiit m pt m cc ptt, pc g t n o eg cct t t eg/ogw ( g m w t t tt-gt). W m pct tt t mt ct c w , m Beowulf, p t t mt ct mt w t m e t g . T b w c t

: t g c -gg t m w c m?


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16

Grottasngr

The giantesses

T t gmt t t Grottasngrw, t tt m, t cc wc t g-pcg m t w t g wp p t t b t gt w tg tm ct gc gt c g tt. T t d c t, wt t bg t : t pc t pm t m c btw t t mtgcpc, t t c g. T c m tpc b e p tm, w (t tt ct; p. 25).

T t gt t Gtt mt m p tt t gtm Vlusp8, w t pp t b t pp g-cg t p wt tflur(pmb m c-gm): t mpc-t tt t gt j t gm , w t m, w, wc

t t m t g g t , pt b t t cq (t t p g t w w Vlusp58, mbg tw g g), jt Gtt m .8i bt c tgt tmt, bt t c t m, wc m tcqc w mt m t b t m t g g t,t r ok frir, ct. yt Grottasngrt t c tt t gt wt ctg wt fx pp m t bgg, tg t. 1, 10, 13t cm m t wg. Wt w pt wt mgc t c pt, bgg wt t pg wt t g t c t w , t bcmg t ptcn wr o men, n fny becomng enve to tyrnt. Tere no re

pp t curriculum vitae, t w m cc tt t pp tb pb wcg t gt b m t mt , wct bcm t w mt t q. Bt g bc m t bjctpt, ctmptg t mmt t t bt t gt,t mp t w tm p t t: w, t w t cc ttt p p t c, bt t w wg, wc c bgt tm t t pgt, w bt -mt, mt , t b tm t bg bt c m t tt .e , t m tt t w t pt, wg, t c tt g wtt m jtfct m ct, tt t bcmgt tct wc t bgt p m. it

t m tt t gt pp wt g t t m t (c tg t): tm, t b mt c, ptg wc t tm t t t . T c mc.

T mt t mt pm bg tg t -g t Vlundarkvia. v lfa lii, (t. 11), wg t g m , cct t p tct t t pm t g t mt Finnar,t sm, w w ttpc m t w ct mgc

8 s hm (1934, 2201), w tptt i w, t g g t g

Vlusp.


21/68

17

Introduction

pctc. l j Mj, v c t pc g tt t c kg n wt bg cpt, t w gc cp. yt, pt bt pm mg m bc mt, t

mpt t mt qt t w. m t gc gc: t bw m t bt tgtg t m t g, t p g c tt tm b. n t gt w v : t, bt p ct m, bt pp wt, t v pw fct tp m cpt bt m j m pc, g twmgc tct, wc b m t m f cp t t t n , g t b. Vlundarkvia m ptct f wgt w t t Grottasngr(t c t pm PEii), t c ttt t:Grottasngr cc t w t b t g g t

Fra frir, t m wc bgt t t pc m ct twt c, ct wc t t gw t t t pt t gt. T t t pm m cc wtg: xpct t c t gt, w ct tm tb t t t pp t , b mpct t c m, w cmpx m t b w b t b gt c tt m sc.

The mill Grotti

The folktale wonder-working millt tp aTu 565, T mgc m, wp ccc. a sc- xmp t cct abj M (1886, 50).9i t , t tw bt, c p; t c btt t p c m wt , bt t t m t gt t wt t m tw t m; , w wt w-m tt g tg. T bt b t m, bt cttp t; t p g p bg t t t bc. a cptt b t w-m m t tw p bt, b t gt, bt t w w t tp t, t t gg. a mt t ic (J 18634, ii 913), bt t c btb t m w wt t, bt ct tp t mg t t gg tt cmm t .

T t Gtt pt b s c t mt m tt: Mg f t t -cpt w t t m cttp t gg t. T pm t, w, t ct t tm t t-m. T m pt bg t t t pm ( c t ct ctg t-m), t bg m t

9 a p xmp m h g b Bt P (1913, ii 439), w tt t w-m cc wt t m tt b cpt, w b t g t, btct gt t t tp, wt t t tt t p , wg t cw mg t

t.


22/68

18

Grottasngr

bg t Fra frir t w t tt. T pm c tct w t t w t xtt txt cc. Wt tm t m t c m b ct, t b t ggt tt

t mt t t-m bcm ttc t Gtt t t tm, w tp mtgc gfcc t m b gtt; t w b- b t tm s, bt pp t g b. att, Gtt w ct wt t t-m t, t t pt bt mtg t.

Gtt t pm t pct t. T m t t w-m: t pc wt ( w ), Gtt, bt, Gtt, t w t w. Gtt t pt w-m; t m t t xtt tt t q tw t gt g t w t. Tbc mt t m t btw t pm t t.

The cosmic mill

o t bt-p t cmc cg t tg tct ppt t cm (p mt) t pc t tgct ( w mt) i mt.10h, cmpx xt p, t g m ct wtc t cg t pm m c wt t t wmt, b g pc m t m cmc tt c t m t x w-bg,soma, w wcmtg p. C t t mt wt t t Gtt,mg t t g wc t t p pc , t m wc t m. yt t tg t cmc bt Gttm-p cmt, t t t t mtgc (ptt g) tg t mp ct wt gg. it w b w t tt t c g t t Gtt Gmc ct t i cmc mt t cg t mc.

Ggpc tmp c t t i g t t t Gtt t mt tsampo,11 mt wc m tmtw mtg t i-i g, t wsampom b bwm pt-i wstambhas, t (w) p.12i t c t -

mt w fm g g cmc m t tn ctpt.

10 T mt ct tMahabharata; i ct ot tt (1975,27480). s g t pg tt bg m t Mahabharatai.15.513; i.16.140;i.17.130; 7 t i.61.35; 3 t i.61.32; 3 t i.16.36; 3 t i.16.40; 3 t i.17.7.

11 i t t wt t mt tsampo g t n m T 19945; wt w g mm t c.

12 T pt-i tgt t mc t t t wt t tm i t t tm t , c.2500 bc;sampo mg (cg, xmp, taivas, ) ctg tg g c m t pt-i

(kt 1999, 230, 232).


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19

Introduction

T sampo t bjct c tt pm xtg gtm t,13 t t cb t t pm, tpc ct tm. it g ct w t t wt bt

f tct tmt t p. T pm, gg bc, t b, t t t ad800, w t qc b 1200 (k 1949,3502; t t p t bt, bt b ct c tbt c t, pt mt cc pg b, cmp wt t pm tg t m fm tb t): tCt t W, t gg t smp, t Tt t smp.i t, t ctt :

The Creation of the World. vm, t pm g, t b m t w t w pm ct ct. The Forging of the Sampo. , w t P-j, w mt t t t m t w pp ct

tt g sampo. h pm tt w t mt imw t w t t m. im g t g tsampo, t wc t w c t gt t mt P-j. T tsampo m p t btt Pj wt gtwt ( m xpct b gg). The Theft of the Sampo. J t, vm im t Pj t tsampo. T p btt t pc t , g wc t mt Pj tm t vaakalintu(g), tsampo m t pc t t . T m gmt tt w bg tt t .

T g w g t t pg wg (Suomen kansan vanhat runoti.1,88b): J i t tt w t pg wg w , ft twg w w g t t g t gg tt t mp, t pt t Mt Pj. T t c mpcttt ctg t t t wt-pcg bjct w tgt tcp t t w-bg t cmmt.

T b mb tptt t w sampo, mt tm mpb. T w t jct mt m

sampa, wc g pp t gf p (st 1932, 479). 14Sammakko, m b, t t msampa; t m tt wcppt sampa, .. t ppt t m ct x. dwg t

ppt p sammakko

,sampo

t b tpt mtg ftt wt sampa, .. m; g, w, t pbb mtsampabjct. h (1943, 1014) t mt ccg tptt t: tsampo ct ptt t w-p; c pt-t w sb (hmbg 19223, 933). T w-p g mg (h 1943, 42), tsampo t pct. hw, t cct t wsampawt m mt

13 t sampopm g k, B Bc 1977,. 1215; t cmmt t (526).

14 lt (1958) c g wc maasampam w p; t t

sammas vt et m p, bt t.


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20

Grottasngr

ct t ccpt t w-p mg t ; t i mt t cg t m c mtt t pbt cctg tw-p wt pct mg mt. atg b t tm c

pm t g t t ccpt w-p, pcg tgt t c ctt pct. C ct wt tsampot kirjokansi, pc ; kansi t pt. sc tnt st w t t t t (p t et

phjanael), t m t t w fx t t w p t t ntst, bt wc t t. T tg cm t b cc t m-g ct, t sammasjauho (sampo/p gg). T sampo t tt Pj, bc t nt l, t nt st.T t t m b t xpt w t wpg wtt t pct t g g: tsam-

po bg m m t pt pt t tg t t

bt t x, b t pg t . T ct ttg tsampow m t m cmpt tct, wc ppp-t t w-p (tg t mgt pp t ct mg t p), btt mt t t b t b c b t ttg t gg t mt ct; g tsampow pbb b tw, bt t tt.

Gtt m w tt ct bg m w p ( tsampopp t b), cg t t mg mtgc gfct c-mc , t bt mt m b gmp w n pm.

a cptc t mtgc gfct mg (bt cct t t t w p, t c g) g Vafrnisml,tg t txt g bc. T gt v (t. 35):

f t nmb wt m p, b t w w Bgm b; Bgm w b;t t m, t ft tg i mmb t w tt w gt m g. w t m-cb.

Bgm t t tm pm gt, agm, gm,Bgm. stz 35 pp t p Bgm : t g m-cb

t m t t gt . T b ttmpt t xpgw t m-cb lr, tt cct wt mg ct bg ct.15hw, tg lr t t m-cb xt, bt t p, mt gt bg g p. atptt t t gt b t m ttt, ptc w t ctt t mg t m. g (1989, 317) tt

15 Ct ggt (1952, 1015) tt lr c m c , t b m nwg lur(m o n lr); t w m pt, w, t cb bbfrr. htm (1946, 53) pp tt lrc g cf; c rkc m btcf , s c t t t g w Bgm w wt

t b cmbg b lrb ct btw rk lr.


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21

Introduction

aur- m b t t eg ear( c). Vafrnisml33 t tt btagm m gw g b tgt: mb bgt mb x-. T pmb t gm, w m mrr,

mgt. g tt t x- x- (mm)wt. Bgm t b tpt ctg barr, b (ttgm baraz-/bariz- Gmc xp t w c); m cm-m tptt t m tg Bggm, Mt .M, agm m t tpt ctg aurr, tm cmg m wt (c. eyrr, -b): t pm ct tt wm m t cgt t pm wt, g. T mt-gelmir, , cct tg tt , ptc gt tt wt ( vgm hgm, t c wtbt t w-t, t t Gj, t w ).Aurgelmirpp t cct t tw t g tt bg. T mt

m t cct Vafrnisml wc t t t, aurr,mgg m wt (c. t g t m c Vlusp4; cm-mt PEii), pc g, wc t (rr), t g p b (Bgm t lr). T mpct tt t g tt t pm w wt. T m bjct t gmt tt gt, w ct wt c tt, t tm- pc w-bg (xcpt w c, Grottasngr).

T bg g q mpct Lokasenna44, w t Bgg, m m t w b, at eyrom Freysmundu vera ok und kvernom klaka, w b t cc t qt. T ct wt gt , w.C, bt ggpc mt, g c b t M et; tt-ct h t pg b tt tt w c b t gTmmz bg g p b mt (-nm 1970, 758), ctugtc c at, b t tt g B, g p t mMt wt pp t b ct pttg pcg g bwg(Wtt 1998, 136). i eg, t g T P t C mp g ( pb ct) Bgg t p J Bc, g p t p .

yt m fct t tpt m tg t t M Vafrnisml23;16 w pt wt mg t tg -

, pb , t t w p. W t ct gg .

M t, h c M, M t t M s t m; s;m t t t g m t t. t cg m.

16 T tptt Vafrnisml23 g b tt d, t

t Vlusp5/14 PEii.


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22

Grottasngr

T mg t mMundilfri p t tptt, bt Cb vg (1957,s.v. Mundilfri) ggt tt t m ft mt tmndull[m-], g t t g t t ,

t mg w b m t ct wt t c ( tz 18861972,s.v. fri, t ); cctwt mund, tm pb, pc w t cmmt t ttpt t tz. it t pb ( i g T 19945) tt t mt M g t bg t b m - c, t c t xp ccpt t tmg tm, t bfct (rgg bt ), w t c b t wppt. T gt tm tg tg mt t pcw (r) ct p Vlusp68, w t g mt i,e f ( PEii, 11819 t tptt t mtt bcm), ppt t tm b jg t c c

g t t mt t wt ct m t b Gtt, t, txtt m, t Gtt mt t tt t tmp gt tt, t pt Vafrnisml Vlusp, bc.

i n mtgc tt, t, w f ( t b tptt t mg c ccpt) bt t t t gg c mb cmc bc, (bt tct m t p ) t mg t cm tg, bg t wt (mct t e- mtc w p), c w t gt tm t bc t wc p p t gt. Gtt, w, pm ptt t w-m t m t wc g wtt mt b. it m t cmc, t mtc, b tmt c t g-pg g t kg Pc t mgcgt wc t cmc gfcc (tg ct wt tmg t g g pt). B ctt, tsampomt c m tg pt tt cmg; t w t g t gg t tg p t cm, bt t xtt pm bc t tt m t w-m. T t bt Gtt sampo b tt b t tgc t-m mt , wc ct mt btw t t, bt t t n mg qt tct;17t Gtt, b t tm t pt ntt, p pt ct tct mtgc tt t pt

mt, c t m t m t ctc w tgt, pt tgt t g ct m, tg t . T i g tt c mttg t c g mtgct t ccpt t m tt t ct.

17 a i g p (T 19945), t ccptc b c ( xmp k, B Bc 1977, 5278) l pp (1949) tt t t tsampo (t t m ptc) m n c t b c ct; c w t wt tt m t g mt btw Gtt sampo cmm-pc tw-m, t tt t ptt mc, , c btw t mtgm t pct (wt mttg t pbt tt m t m pp t

m pp cttt mt btw t gbg ).


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23

Introduction

Conclusion

W m w z m bt t cct btw kg t m Gtt.

T tt g nt bt t pmbt mgt pp; w pbb b t t m ct b w c m t t wt mt b tct bg. T tt t b t t t cc t , ptc t t pg t (t ct wc c nt m t Tm wgg, wt t g w g c, mt tpt t ). T tm pc ppt w bt t ct t t ct pc wc bt gnt tt, w bg cmpb t t mtc tm pt t pm g Vlusp68, w t wg cc tm c-

m pt b t g mtg pc, i, t t bc t bgt bt b t ctt M, t t t w Vafrnisml23.

W mgt w g tt t mg t m tg t w b tt t cmc m, wb t fmmt t nt st t m -q, t tg mt mg. T pp ct tm t cc t tct t cm t ; t w w xp t cct btw tm Gtt t tt g t n t mg. yt, tt t xtt c, Gtt cc m t b p c t mtgc ; t, t pp tt t t w-wg

m bcm ct wt mp bc bt w gt wt tt.it mb ccttc tt bg t n

tt t ct wt wt. T t c nt, wmg m , t t: t wt m t mm wc tt mg, mt m M et mt.nj w t nt, p mw (Grmnisml16). u (o) wt mgc t sx (iii, .12). ig t o egRune Poemp t w. i Skrnisml w G t tct t Gm, t gpg c. Tw cct t t t t t; t mt t t b w m

wt m tt t, bt t mt pcfc tb w bt m t ; t c t xpct, tt -cw t iii wt t t, t t t mpct, tt tb b Mg, cb -cpt b s, bt w m t m.18

it t twt tt tsampo p t , t n Gtt w , tg t m b mt b t t t pm (sbj , c bw, m, w,

18 T cct tt g wt t g tpc; c m pct, d 1998; i tc p t (pm t t t o eg)

T 1996.


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24

Grottasngr

mp tt t w ct mt). T pp t b t tt wt g tt, b t t mg g, t mcc m t pct.

T mt t tct gt pcfc n; t cttwt t ptt gt Vlusp, wg t p g m t t w-bg.

T mt bg g p ct wt m ttg; t mt Bgm pb ct t n (bt t m qw b t tptt). it t m tt t tt g m g p n, w. nt, t ct Bgg wt ct t t tt tt g mg w ct,19mg p-t cct btw Gtt t m .

T t pm m b ccpt: t tg t c-m, t g ccg t pp pt, bg ct mt-

p wt gct ct mg tw x t bqt , mtp wc ct tt t cmcgfcc tg t ct wt t tg t , c-qt t , b t t.

vi. The poetic background, and date and place of composition

The skaldic tradition

rt g g, g cgc ( t ft t m pm ttbt t t pg p), :

Fra mjl, m (eg sgm, Hfulausn17/8, SkjB i, 33);Fra ja meldr, t gg -g (e p,

lausavsa8, SkjB i, 64);Fenju forverk, j m w (Bjarkaml4/3, SkjB i, 170);Fenju meldr, j gg (m B kb, lausavsa24,

SkjB i, 266; e s, xarflokkr 6, SkjB i, 450; s st,Httatal43, SkjB ii, 73);

Fra s, (e s, xarflokkr3, SkjB i, 450);

19 o tt (pt c c t bg xpct g pmt

) t g t b kpp 1936, 54 (c. kpp 1924, 332): W tm w tt t g mg w cbt M, w t w cct wt tm kg kz, t t d ct tm. sc g gg m t m t t m t pmt t: ht,h, hppt, att, a, tc., .. tt m. h, t, g gt m t . n t . T mt pmt t t tcmmmtg kz m t b gg t, cm w t cbt,g wm, t -m g, ccmpg t w wt g, tbjct wc w kg kz t t. it t fct t cjct tt c t w w t nt, p b t m cantilenae molares, tt t g ccmpg t t w ttc t t m t g-g -, tt tg g t t t t gg gt. i t w, t mt t tgc t xpg w t t t mtc g w g b gg wm t t

gg t cmmmt t t t t g g.


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25

Introduction

Fra meldr, gg (rg j k, lausavsa15, SkjB i, 482);Fra fagrbygg, b (lfs drpa Tryggvasonar25, SkjB i, 573);Fra fribygg, pc b (s st, Httatal43, SkjB ii, 73);

Grotta gladript, Gtt g t (s st, Httatal43, SkjB ii, 73);Fenju fagrmjl, j m (Njls saga, t. 24, SkjB ii, 217);Menju g, Mj g tg (t ec Sigurarkvia in skamma52).

T g Grottasngr t ct g g m tpg p ; j mt, bt Mj c. Gttcc g, wc ptt Grottasngr, pt m t sbj c bw. r t mt ; w, es xarflokkr6 (ft twt ct) :frk at Fra meyjar

fullgliga mlu [. . .] grafvitnis be, i tt m g qtj t pt b [g] (SkjB i, 450). T ct ppt t tc, wc t t m t g t ct t tt t.56 Grottasngr, w t g m g t b gg t wt. T cttt t m pm ct tw m g g m t Gtt g xp b t ct tt g t ct tm t w.

o t c, e p, c ctt twmg m t mt g c (i w d 1983, 2056):

Bm u m m jm h ; f t gj jm m m g m g.

G t btt- [w], w t c t c [g] w [m] g t h; w m tpp (.. h e) t t j bwm [g] t t mt t m t gt [t].

T ct tt w g pp tw -g, pbb w m t pp kg h (t t

jxtpt folkstrir Fra); t ct tt g g wg cpg t ( d 1983, 206).

sbj Gtt

T mt Gtt t Grottasngr tz (pbb tg lausavsa) b sbj, w tt w; tttt-ct t :20

20 Skj B i, 201. Gcz (1898, x) ggt w t ctc t sbjhmt, mt Landnmabk1905. i c sbj m

T 19945, 6971.


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26

Grottasngr

htt Gttgmmt jt j t

b, , g, gm, p bg t bb, am m.

T t b [w] t m-cb [c] t g- mt m-c Gtt t [wp], t t t m tt [c], t w g c g t m [] amq []. T g-m [pc] ct wt t pw tbtt t p [w].

T pct fc gg p t m m.T eylr, m-cb, c t t w tt lr t qt p t; m mg (wtt t mmt) jarar skaut, m, .. , . s pct t m tg m t mg ct t (t g xpb c t sx iii, .10, w amt, gg m, ttt farra [. . .] albicantibus maris procellis permolita, m g fb t tmpt t ). Gtt t m b t -g c, t g-p . Bt t c m pcfc: t Gtt hergrimmastan, t mt m-c, bc, t

t b m, t ww m b pg p bc tg t m t t , Grottasngrpt. s xp-t tt wp m t t Gtt t: sbj m pcfc c wp b Gtt t ,t qt bg t tc c bw wt wcc t ct, wc w mg bg q. T t pt m ggt tt sbj ptc wp m,bt w ct b ct. i c t tt t t t m t t, p wc, t m g c bcm t t: t pbb mt t b t w. T pc t pct tm cg t c, bt cg tt c t c m

p b mgt wp.sbj mptt, t w tt s t t t t Gtt m t c; s tc t tt mm Grottasngr, wc t t, t ct cc wt t . ag c b ct ttt w-wg m m t t tm t b tgt pg t c. T pt Grottasngr w pt t ct t cct. sbj t t ggt tt tmt t m gg t m gt ct mt tt.


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27

Introduction

Darraarlj

Grottasngr pt wg (tg t t cmpb wt ctwg c m m tt): t xpct t ccmpt w mg. sc g wc pm t p wm

mt b cmmpc vg, t, ct,21t w t pm cmpb t o n. Darraarlj(g, p-wg) ct c. 157 Njls saga. it xp tp tt ct d w m wm bw wg t m, btt ct, t w wg m t, m w tm-wgt. it tt t cc wt t Btt Ct 1014. i t t pm P w tt t t wt ttptt g t g p (P 1991, 1205). d pb-b t, m m t w darraar(gt), cc w

pt, tt cc t pm. T ct bw, tm t tt t , t wm g t wg, ct gg btt. T pm tg t c btt, wc cb g tmtp wg t m. it t mw g ccmpgwg, bt t w t gt t t wg. M, tpm m g cmmmt btt, 919, wc ti w c t. T tct t pm t cpt t btt, tm wg (t. 13); t w ppt t g g, ccmp b wg vindum, vindum vef dar-raar, t w, t w t wg t pt (t. 46); ppc tg m t btt t pm cc (t. 711).

T ppc tt t t t gt g, tt t w t w t , tt t i w g, tt w t t w t c t . T ct t btt m t. 8 wt t ttmt n er vefr ofinn en vllr roinn, w t bc w t f . T pm cc wt t xcmg t c wt b w, tt w m t btt cb t t.

T t Njls saga tpt t w pm ptptt t btt, w, wc ct t wg wtm b tm t tcm t fgt; m t bt pt t btt tmg t m t.22

T t tct Grottasngr: ttg p t q

21 Tt g ccmp mg pcfc mt Haraldssona sagac. 18 ( 28,325), w kg sg, g v, gg bt tt t t t cmg m, tst kona ein vi kvern ok kva forkunnar fagrt, er hon ml, wm tb t q g mb w m. sg p wt t wm, m, w t b m h. T c wm wg xmpf t Gc wg g t sctt (tm c n) p t tpt ct: t g cct wg g Cmpb C 196981.

22 Cmp t gm gwyddbwyllbtw at ow The Dream of RhonabwytMabinogion(gt t Njls saga, wc pbb t ttt ct: Njlssagaxxx), w t mp tt t m t gm cp t t pmt

t btt.


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28

Grottasngr

(t. 14); t gm ct, bgg wt t wg- xt-t mlum[. . .] mlum(t. 5), t c t b m t g (t. 56);tjct t g (t. 7); ctg t gt t cg

t qt, t ggmt btt framvsar tvr, tw gtwm, t m t (t. 817); t ctg mg, wtt wg- mlum enn framarr 212, t m ttc, t ppc tt w t (t. 1722); t cp t m (t. 23); t f ttmt b t g tt t mg cmpt (t.24).

sm t tct mt Darraarljm c Grotta-sngr.T tz ppt (t. 56) mtc t ppt tg g b t ; Darraarljwtc t ppg t t mgt g ( ppt), Grottasngrpct t w tg, (t. 20). T ct tt t bc w, tmtg tt t

btt (Darraarlj8), cp t t ccg ttmt tgt g tt malit hfum[. . .]sem munum htta, w m tt w tp, m wc w t tt t gc . o twt tct mt Grottasngr t ggmt w swb t tw gt wm (t. 1315); t cfm t g wtt, bt t t gt (wc m b t c), tmp t p m xc. o t t , t ggmt btt b t gt m t ct tm Darraarlj.it w m tt t pt Grottasngrw t pppt m t w t pptc b cptg p gt- ctt cct b t gt gt. Tw p t pmggt bwg m Darraarlj. T gt (t. 13/4) flk stigum,w t t btt, jt t fram skulum ganga ok flk vaa,w mt g t c t btt (Darraarlj4/56); , cbgt m, t ttjrnvarr yllir, t c (mg t wp) (Darraarlj2/7), jt w t q b t pc t pttstr, ppt, bg irni varar, c (t. 21/7).

Grottasngr m Darraarlj pct. T xp ppt g g pct t w ppt,w t m Grottasngr c t bt bg mt t m g, Mg m t mp gt t gt

gc gt . i t, t qt bt tt t gt ct mg: t t t ct mg wc pc tgg m t tw . T m t g tm gg t fgtg eruma valnar valdreyra, w t qm tb gt. T t c m mwt c t t tptt t t Njls saga, t mt mt t mgwc tmg t btt t, t t btt t bg t-m. a gt pt mgt, g t Darraarlj, mg tct mg g mtg t ctc c t c wc t w tg t mtp t gt mg, bt t pt tt Grottasngrw c t.


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29

Introduction

The heroic-verse context

a tgt t cb Grottasngr g ec c , bt w mtgc . C t tg w bgg mg t t m, t g.

ew ec pt mt Helgakvia Hundings-bana I13,sleit Fra fri finda milli; fara viris grey valgirn um ey, pcw ct btw m; w g bt t g gt.ot cb ct t Helgakviur( cmmt t 16/7,19/3, 20/4). it tt vgspill(19/3) bw m Helgakvia Hund-ingsbanaII, w t m pt. T mt tg p wt t. 24 Helgakvia HundingsbanaII, wc (wt t pcg p) :

hm t hg. hg g m t hg t t

hg. e hg mtt g z g t mbtt g tm. t g hg. B b:

hm w t m hg . kg hg t m m thg t c hg. hg c t cp g t w tb pttg t tt t g gg t g. T c t f hg. T B t mc-c :

h g sp t hg , hg -g, t tt tt wg-m g m t: tg t t q:t , t t ccg,t ! t c-cb b

!

n f m nw t pc cg gt, tc: t mt mbgg [m]; g b; m wt t tt m t btt

mt. t m-.

hg : hg w :

t t , it m tt,tt m, tg t c-b t, m g t g gtm ; t t ; t tm t c g t btt

m g, t vg,


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30

Grottasngr

hg b hgpt g; t cpt;t t t

sg hg, sg hg, f t g tt w t tyfg m. t yfg p .

T c m c t pt Grottasngr. l j Mj t pm (bt wtt p w, ct t t tm t pm), ccg t hg t w t m HelgakviaHundings-banaII b wm t ggg btt b bg cpt bhg: c t qt ccg t w ppt g.T cfm t c pct Grottasngr: t g m w-cptpt t m w t m, t tmt t bt t. T

ttg Gtt t ctt wt t bqt t-m t c pt, wc m t b pt t t Gtt bt tm sbj, bt wc t pt Grottasngr g pp xggt t ttmt hg g t q (tg t mw t b t c t t t t t m). T w val-bygg Helgakvia HundingsbanaII3/4 c mp mg gtb, wc ct wt t gt g Grottasngr.

T m Gotormr/Guttormr t c pm; t mcc g wt Kni rvar-Odds sagat mt b c- pb c (c. cmmt t 13/8).

ot g wtAtlaml( cmmt t 14, 16/8, 19/6;

t. 14 t m pbt c m Atlaml), Atlakvia (cmmt t 16/7), Grpissp( cmmt t 1/3, 15/56), Sigrdrfuml( cmmt t 6/7, 16/7), Gurnarkvia I ( cmmt t 8/3),Sigurarkvia in skamma( cmmt t 16/8). sm g wtmgt b tm m-c pm : Rgsula( cmm-t t 16/56, 23/2), Hrbarslj( cmmt t 16/8), Hyndlulj(cmmt t 19/1); t Rgsula16/56 gfct, ggtgpb bwg.

o bwg m Grottasngr igm (cmmt t 19/78), cmpg c.1140, wc w g terminus antequem t pm cmpt.

Other literary influences and parallels

it tt t pt w m wt c ( cmmt t 9,9/7, 11/8, 14/8, 15/5), bt pcfc c b mtb t c eg ( cmmt t 7/34, 16/7, t. 6) Bjarkaml(wc ct t cc , h ) ( cmm-t t 18/45, 19). T xp dlgs situl, tg t ct g,m mt wt c tcq (tg cmp m p ec : cmmt t 16/7).

it fct t tc c m Skjldunga saga t bc t


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31

Introduction

o n txt, bt t m tt t pt g t cpt tg g tt ct t m mbg wt Skjldunga saga( cmmt t t. 6, 11).

The date and place of composition

s ct ct t t t cmpt Grottasngr txtt m ( tg, b w, mt t pm t b gt tqt). T tg mtgc t t pm wc cg tg: , t tt ct wt mt c b c mtgc f. ,wc mt b t t ggc pct m t t pgm, gmt wt c m t ttt ct . itm tt - htb c (pp bt)b t pt, w cc pp t pg p. T pp t tt t Fra frirm t tt Skjldunga saga, mt twt-ct w.23T pt w mt wt c ec, m t t (Atlaml: pbb twt ct, PEi, 111).

T cb t pm ct t t. sm t ccc p ( cmmt t 9/7, 15/5, 19/6, 23/4); t tw wc m t p xc Ctt (alsll (5/2),meginverkum (11/6), miskunnlausar (16/3)), wc pt t t t t t twt ct. i Grottasngr qt 1140, tt b tt w b mt t cmpt.

G n (2001, 310), wg Bj G, mp tmptc d t t t twt ct ic (mp tt t d c ct ttc bc t mc tct):

Tgt t t i t t mc d mt g t t c pt g t t p t wtg historia. it , i b, ccc tt t d b mt cgzb w c ptc Snorra Edda, Httalykill, Skldatal w t bjct mtt pm p , cjct wt,Snorra Edda mcpt (.g., Ragnarsdrpa,Jmsvkingadrpa,Mlshtta-kvi, n Rgsula). Tee text gget tt te text ctre, n te

t c ptc ptc, w bjct t c qcd c. W w t t c? e w ttt BjG w tt t ct wt d t t m tormtve nence o ln on te ecton o icener n te twetct. l w t cpcp t ic t t tbmt t cbpc t n 1153. sx icc bp, t t h t t st, w cct t l t twt ct. [. . .]T ct wt l dm w t b t tg n, bt w ct mt tt.

23 Bj G ggt 11801200 Danakonunga sgur.


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32

Grottasngr

n t (312) t ct ep tgp t p t tt gg wt mtc mw, ct w xmpb Wm Mmb (. c.1142) G Mmt (. c.1154)

t p t pc t s Edda. Gg w pm cco te eret verncr wrtng n icen (begnnng n te ter eeventct), ccg t t First Grammatical Treatise(. 84/14, p. 12).

it wt t p c p d gg tmtc bcg tt Grottasngr w t w cmp. T pmb t pt bt t mptc gg; wt t c p tm t t gt, t ct t t d g ,w ct, b t, w mj c ct tcw m t t twt ct. T pm pp, Rgsula, t bcc wt c , tt t mttmt , w t b b t m tt noblesse oblige,

w tt bgt g t t t. it t c, w, ttc cc t t c b ct tg.G t t t pm cmpt t twt ct, i

tt t t t pct (tg t t m t ttc w ct t bc--wt ); c t m p t pm tt bwg, t t c-t m, tg t , t, mpb t b ct tt tw w t c.

T c t ggt fm w t pm w cmp. Txtc tw w t pm,gria vamlar( valnar), wc ticc, t ct tt cc t ic,24ggt tt tpm t icc. T w valnar( w tt g) mt pppt t t pm n. T wgrotti n.st Gtt M Gtt t t-q t swc t Pt t o t t t 1895 (Jt 19089,297); j Mj b t bcm wtc, cct c pt-t t gt c.25Mcpt a B (aM 748, 757) sEdda, t t s w, ct t wg (SnE259):

k t Gtt, tt g; m tt t , g . j Mj t mbtt , m. t Mgg Gtt t m tt p , t Pt-f. g , g Gtt. g , g, j t.

a q c Gtt, wc kg p; t m wt w, g pc. j Mj w t m t t gw m. T Mg -g t Gtt t g

24 Cc mt b eg s, w, bt (t) ic.25 T t c t t Grottasngrpp t w t w

c; Tm M, o c, c tt t t j Mj b c m o, ct w t ppt m t c k

t n gg tt (p cmmct).


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33

Introduction

p, t t t Pt t. T b wp t c, w t t t Gtt. T t gt tm gt, t t bcm t.

C t cct btw Gtt t o wp c tswc . it t t pb tt t pm w m wt t t-t b t, tg t wp mt xpct xc b t ptm w.


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35

Gttgs t . h t gm pt t agt g m ; kt b. e t g t nm m m tg, nm t . eg m gm, tt tt b bb b-. g m, t gg igg. g tt mb s t g,

. pt mbtt t, t M; m- t. tm z dm t t m, tg t, t gt gt; tt g m, t t mz , m mt , m. s t Gtt. hgpt , g g . g t mbttt b m g, g , m t g, ; g m g g gg mtt ; t gt, t , t Gttg. o tt , m t , t ttm g, Mg t, p , t g mt.

gz . Mg m Gtt M b m t; t m tt p , g z Mg t.h b m g. m t , pt, pt g f, gt; t.

Te on o rer w nme r. he cceee to te ngom ter t t t tm tt t mp agt mp pc t wwor; Crt w born ten. a r w mot power o ng n

The text of the poem is preserved only in manuscriptssr andT (st. 1 also inC) ofSnorris Edda; thesrtext is followed here, with variants fromCandTnoted. Each

stanza begins with a capital in the manuscripts (unless noted otherwise in the textualnotes), and insrmost helmingar are marked with_ Talso marks many helmingar in 8-line stanzas with a capital (not 1b, 2b, 6b, 8b, 9b, 11b (but preceded by point), 13b, 17b,18b, 21b). InT,forms of,are indistinguishable, and are transcribed here accordingto the sound in the context. A common source of misreadings in both manuscripts has beenminim confusion; see st. 3/1, 3/4, 4/2, 8/4, 17/5, 19/6, 21/7. The prose introductionis standardised from SnE, where textual variants may be found listed.

Conventions: IC initial capital,MC marginal capital, italics: emendation, [] notin manuscript, [ ] reading from another manuscript, manuscript letter omitted inemendation, text transferred,# $superscript addition in manuscript,|end of line in

manuscript,omission,+ addition. Underdots (representing deletions) are scribal.


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36

Grottasngr

t t pc w cb t m t n-pg , t nm c t t pc . n m t, cc p t bt b m, b.T w t bb t, g g g p Jg.kg t g c sw. h bgt tw -gm M; t w bg tg. at tt tm tw q-t w dm, bg tt c m tm. it w t t qt tt t w g t wt t gt tm t. T q w c Gtt. hgpt w t m tone wo gve r te qerntone. kng r te ve-gr e tot q tm t g t g, t : t got go frt, n pece n we-beng or r. he gve tem no moret p t cc t t t t g g. it tt

t g t c T sg Gtt. a b t q tppt g t m gt , tt t gt t cm -gce Mngr, wo ew r n too gret booty tere. Tt w teen o r Pece. Mngr too Grott wt m n en n Ment, tm t g t. at mgt t Mgw t t t. h tm t c mg. T m tt w t t p . T w tw wp t cw t t t t qt: t t bcm t.

1 n m m nw w cm

t g t t g ,m t, -gt, bt , M. M. t , T t , , ,mtt m, mgt mt m . pt m.

2 t T t m-cb t w cct,

gtz g t gt gtgg b; t g t mt.t g h pm t t g , p p, b m mbtt. t -wm m.

1/1n] large IC sr, T 1/1m] so sr, T, C 1/5] C1/6] T 1/8] g C 2/3gtz] gz T2/3g] g#$ T


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37

Grottasngr

3 t t T tt t ccg,g : b c;lggm , lt fx fm t m-cb,ttm tm! t t t!B m ag g t gt m . t g wt t mg.

4 sg g T g gg t, t wt-wg t, t m tt tt . w mt p. t M[], T M p

t m[] mt: t m tt t w: 5 a mm , lt g c ,

mm , t g m -tt,[mm]f f t g m wt, g! t m ct!st , M t c,f , m p w, t m w t j mt! t tt mg w !

6 h g h mt m g, m t,t b b w -t t b , cmp t, gg[g] t m bw , wt btg w, t b b tg bt mb f! f tt!

3/12T 3/1t] sr 3/2g] | sr3/3ggm] IC T 3/4tm] t (? i.e. tm, cf. 17/3,24/3 (JH)) T 3/6] c T 4/2g] so T, tg(apparently; though t is abnormally formed, and may be a correction toafter aninitial reading of as t) sr 4/2t] t T 4/5] IC T4/56M . . . m] m . . . mT, m . . . m sr 4/6mt] sr, cm T 5/1noICsr, T 5/1a] (i.e.) T 5/3mm]

soT, sr 5/5st] ICsr, T 6/5-g]soT, sr


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38

Grottasngr

7 e [] n w t : t t:sf g t m[] sp m, tw,en[g]tg! t t cc tp gg, g g t i ct tt . g cm.

8 v[t]tt, , y w t, ,p , -gt ,m m, m wtt m pt. w bgt .k[t] t y pc tm tgt

t tm, ppc, t tt bt t t ct p. qt.

9 h hg ug w hg t t z t z pm g. m pw t t.i a, i a , m,

b bg, bt cg-gt:m m b. w w b m t .

10 km Gtt Gtt w t cm Gf, m t Gt , tt [] , c m t t t,

7/1 ]soT, q c sr 7/34 g]see Commentary on theemendations in these lines. 7/3t] t T 7/3m] sr, T 7/4] sr, T 7/4gt] sr, T 7/4g] g sr, gc T7/6tt] t sr, T 8/1vttt] so T, vtt sr 8/2] T8/4] T 8/4m]mj Tmust derive from an antecedent scribalm (cf.

forms ofinsr), influenced perhaps bymin the previous line. 8/5t]so T, sr 8/8 p] p T 9/5a] sr, T (MS forms can also be read .) 9/7b] b T10/1km] km T 10/2g ] g T 10/3] T 10/4]soT, sr


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39

Grottasngr

m w cg-gt gm bg, b g c gg, [m] t w tw wt t k[]r. tg t mt.

11 vitt wt w twm w pw,g, mgt g, bf . bt t t.st[m] m a m w t t mgm, t gt mmt:[m] w pc

tbg t. t mt-t m t pc. 12 vtm gt W t t t g

g , t m gt, t f t g b t . bg t q.s gm t T tw g g t, t t-wg t,g , t c,t t. tt m t t.

13 e t a c t w tw s, sw,m t, -gt, bt , tgm. t t btt.B[tt]m b, W bt b, btm , c ,ggm ggm mc gt tggt []. t m-c t.

10/5m] m sr, m T 10/7t] sr, t T 10/8] sr, T 11/1vt] v sr, v T 11/2] T11/5tm] t sr, t T (m omitted due to haplography before followingm of m) 11/6t] T 11/7m] ` sr, h (?for m(JH), withIC) T 11/7] T 12/5gm] g T12/6g] g T 13/2s] sr, T13/3t] .j. sr 13/4 tgm] c tg c tg T 13/5bttm]

soT, b` sr 13/8]soT, t sr


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40

Grottasngr

14 stptm t, W tpp pc,tm . ppp p t.vttm gm T g GtmGtm . w g ppt.v t, T w tm tc k . t k .

15 m m W p tt m, tgt t ,t t t ppm tt cmp [m]. w bt w cwg. [m] t T w tw c

pm gm wt pb bm b m w, b m. m b .

16 n m m nw w cmt g t t g ,m wtt pt t m . b pt .a t , M c , . c p m b.

dgm g t r w w tt pt t ! wtc t t !

17 h z, h t t, t m. t w t t.Mt f f m m pt i mmtt []yt! cc wt m pg![M][n][m] m W w t g g, g t, mt b t mg m t ! !

14/1no IC (but point precedes) sr, T 14/3gm] tm T14/4Gtm] gthm sr, gm T 15/4m] so T, sr15/5m]sr,cT 16/1m] T 16/3m-] mc T 16/4t] T 16/5] aT 16/7g]g T (cf. Vlusp 41/6 gg/gg) 16/8pt] pt T 17/1, 18/1h] h T 17/2m] m T 17/3] T 17/4t]t sr, T 17/5mm]soT, m sr 17/5m] + T


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41

Grottasngr

18 h nd h t, t,p g gt-g wp , ! w p, !v , , W p, , [] wt t gm m t g w tw g gm m! t !

19 e b i c f bzgf t bg, t t t,gp , w-w wg,

t m t . wg bc tt w m.M m s w cmg bg p tw b b b t pcf bg. pt t pc.

20 Mt y w t h t, t t h,m gm t g- g ggt. t gt pw.

Tm m, lt gp t m-,m, p g, m m ml w t qm . t g gt.

21 M m M t gm mg, g t,t g f w t tfmg . mb m.

18/1] sr, T 18/3T 18/5v] IC sr18/6 ] so T, sr 19/4m] m T 19/5M]M T 19/5] T 19/6g ] g T 19/7b]b sr, b T 20/1Mt ] M T 20/3gm] g T20/4-gt] gt T 20/5Tm] MC sr 20/5m] m T(cf. Mundilfri, Vafrnisml 23/1) 20/7m] m sr, with

small subsript stroke between and m, T 21/2mg] gg T21/3t] t sr 21/4mg ] T


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42

Grottasngr

st t o bt t mt[] , mt m t m-cb,[i v]: g wt :Mm m! lt g t!

22 Mm m: lt g t:m y y wg[] h[] h gt [] . t gc .s m h w cmt t b cb b bt

tm b [t]. bt w tt. 23 M m, T g g ,

mg [o]t g p t tgt g t g w tm. gt wt.s p[t]t, T tmb m ,tz , t m-cb t t t g,t g t cmb t t. cc tw.

24 e bg a t cg-gtb m : ct :Mt m, , W m , ,m mm tt. tt w m m.h tt T t g g, t m. t , t t mg.

21/5t] tc T 21/6t] so T (t), t sr 21/7] so T, sr 22/3g] sr, T 22/3h] sr, T 22/4] sr, T 22/5m] m T 22/8b]b corrected to b T 22/8t] so T, sr 23/2t]

so T, t (i.e. flung) sr 23/3] T 23/5]IC sr (but preceded by _), T 23/5ptt] pt sr, ct T23/6tz] cz T 23/7] T 23/8t] t T 24/3m] c

m

T (cf. 17/3) 24/4m] m 24/4mm] m T


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43

Cmmt

P T ttg t cqt t gt, t b tj sw, pbb b m b s t b tpm cpt t g t sw, g wt t tt t btw j Ynglingatal1 (SkjB i, 7). Tqt t t w dm, ccg t s.Wt t pb t ctct c wc t gt cm m

Jtm sw t dm, t m tt mxg ttcc ; t pm t t g pc t t g tt, m tg tt t g w pb t t ppc.T pm ct tt t t tg t m gt, tt m, w t tm. s cct hgjpt pt-g tm t t ctt wt t pm. hgjpt t gt (c. Hengjankjapta, gt bj , ct bs Skldskaparmlc. 4: SnE97; . i, 17; t. 74)

wc m ctxt heiti(gg c, c t b) ( ulurjj 4, SkjB i, 673, hengikeptr). a -tgt pt b g w b cct, s t t t pct t t. s mm w t pm c p t t pt w gc wgt . T pm m mt Mg, m t ct. Mg pp ttw Skjldunga saga, w, tg t -gt. iulur 3 (SkjB i, 658), Mg t -g: t tts, c t cpt t p pc t t g. hw b b t xtc tt c sx,tt w b bt m t (bt m ), wc ct mtgc p. T t t t Gtt, tt t w tb Mg g wt j Mj, t t g t, g p

t p t gg, tgc t nw ic, w, wc tg t wt t pm Grottasngr: t mm Gtt m, w, b ct wt t t b stm, pc sbj mp tt wc Gtt p t .

1 T ft helmingr p b t tw gt m sr T; C tt p . Wt t C m pp m gc, t c tmtc c g b t ct pc , pbb t-t t pt s (C, ctg m xcpt, t ptt m txt ct t s g ) t ccmmt t tz t

t ctxt m tgtw qtt.


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44

Grottasngr

T ft tz t t t c t cct. T tw g j Mj; t tg c t bt t gtwt gt ( cmm wt m gt: c. v (Vafrnisml44)).

T tt t gt t pt t mt t c-; t c p t t w m t gt gt , t mt g (pp g) bt ct -mt t c t f g. T m, wt t ctt tg t, w b t m t gg t mt t-ttmt t c t t g . hc t xpt t. 10 w, wt wg, t g t c t qt t w mt (pmb t m mpct t pt-t framvsar tvr t. 13: t pct tg t btt wc,t m b m, t w cgt ). T bg t t m t m pw t g. nt, t m b t b t

mtg jtfct t t t t m wt tg pp g t tt wt, t , bt t cm t g tmm t .

tf . T mt g tfm c -, t t m-tc g t ft ct,bt t t n gg ( tm t t itct): c c btw t mtc t tc g tt. atg s tf t Grottasngr t pc-, t t c tt t pt t m tt gt t tt b cg m .1/3 framvsar cc t t Grpissp 21/7, Bjhtpp (framvsar dsir, SkjB i, 282, t t 1024), Hjlmrs saga ok lversc. 14.1/4 j m mfen, p p, Mj m men, cc,jw ( v 1977 g man m c, .. -g). it pm Mj p m t t t t g t .j m w b gc gt-m, w t , p, bt twt m w c pw ppc ( wt gg: rlg Frigghygg ek at ll viti, t gg , i t, wg, Lokasenna29 ; gg m w (Vlusp33/6): PEii, cmmt tVlusp20/3, 33/6 Lokasenna21/46, w Grmnisml7): j

c t pp t . T t mpct fen

t-: c. t gfengl,fenlogi g (Plctusdrpa55, sj B i, 621; m rvar-Odds saga, vii.9, SkjB ii, 318). (ot pb tmg t v 1977,s.v. Fenja.)1/5 m w, bt , c ( PEii, cmmt tSkrnisml1/5); t t tt tt mt b t t t m pc-, t btw r ok frir, bc pc, bt pbbt m w m mptt t m tc m c tg t htb.1/8 man, -g, cct .1/8 hafarsr, T,girvarC. it pb t bt mcpt mm wtt g (g bg m t ), btgirvar


49/68

45

Commentary

m b pcmt b t C cb,gera at hafa atbt mgpt t .

2/1 o t lr, m-cb, t itct ii.2/3 T wgricc o n 10/2. it pb,g t ct tt t txt m wc mcpt w cp,tt g cpt m, bt wt t c b m t b. T t cpt m gr, g t mt b t cctct, t b c cmm w t b c-pt twc, t t t tgrj- grjtspcg t; g m c cpt t c (tg t ct w pc t pp-c t pm). i w t m tct tptt, t wmt c t m tp c, pp ptc tb qt (Gm cc c w t bt b, w mtm

mpt t sc; Cw 1937, KLNM,s.v. kvarn, bt tt t pm mp t t w m c mt).T ggt LP t mt , ttgri cct p 2/3, gt p 10/2, m mtgr; v (1977,s.v.*gr) ggt pb tmg m tgreu-, b. Tgritz

griw m gt c.2/6 yni pbb mt t m cct mtt t t gt (c. Vlusp61/8, w t t qmt).2/7 T pbmtc: wt t g tt t t gt gt tgt wt w c, t t b wt m pm t c t tt w, wt m mt tt . oc t t m tt, g t t g t w (3/56).st. 7 m t ct tt tg t t tm t t tmt c t, t wc t gw tw m pp. ytt. 46 m t w t g g pt tw t g, wc w b mtt b t pm t mt t. 2; t tct t t. 7 w m w t m t t w t bg w. o t w, w, t m mt tt pm w m. st. 2 t mtt mptt t: c-t wt t gt t t m g, g t. Tt t

mt cct; bg pm b t w cp.2/8 hlim w pp ptc t mc (gg tmt);t t w t t g g, bt pbb cmp t -mc wg t m. T w g btt (LP,

s.v. hljmr); pb t pt t t t t t c t b m t .

3/12 T , tt bt m T, pt m pbm. Tmg c mcpt (t t b (.i, 53; t. 108) tpt c t b tt) mt b mt t (c. t kvern jtandi, wg q, Hlskvia8); t mcpt

pp t b m gt g, wtt t. it


50/68

46

Grottasngr

b ct g t t q, t tg m wc c b b, bt t tctc fct g tt ptt wc c-b w . T gt mt pt

m t w m mt p, gmt wt t bjct t tc, m t -g, w, t t t w, bc. a t pbt w b t m tgn horfin var, c wb (kc 192335, 69). T wgn t c pc, t jtbc : t xt tw w t g b tg c t wtt , w w t gg. T t hlim t 2/8. T mtgnhorfinnm b t t c t xp heillumhorfinn, b t.3/3 leggium to be nertoo jve bjnctve. Te mncrptcontenty e te frt peron pr nctve orm n pce o te ererbjct (wc w bgg t pp t t c,

b cmpt p b 1500; n 1970, 536.2); t mw b leggim; lttim(3/4); malim(5/1,2, 21/8, 22/1); takim(20/5).3/3 T mcc t ct cb c. Leggjawmt t b t t t p, bt t c m 2/2 tt t m t p. sm ppt t c-b t w cg mgtb xpct, bt t w b cb leggja. T m b fm fx ( xmp t w), bt pp m xt tgtgpct t b t gt . a t lrat p; t m c c-b, tg t mgt b g tw t t t. lg w, tt t g ppg t tp mg ( s t . 2000, 880), m g ttg pcg t t pt t pm.3/4 T g gt t t, tt , t jt t pp t b gt gtg t. T w bt c tyt, , 3/1 t mccptb . T g T mtptt mm (t t), bt t tgstefium, , m b cct tm t T cb wt t -g gg.

4/2 snga pbb w jct, bt t c b t cm-p jct (c. hvtaauri Vlusp19/4; cmmt PEii). T

sngasteinnw b t tp t t q, wc w t

mt w t (gt pb b thfga halli

12/7). tjctsnigrc. Bj pp,Magnssdrpa9/4 (SkjB i, 406), wt cb g wp-t.4/34 Wt t mp t cg b t gt m-, wg wt t t t t pt, t t t mgcctmt wgt b t wg m, tg t t tm -p t xtt m t pm. a p ctmt m mpttpt t mt tsampo ( itct v).4/5 i Mj m m men, cc, t, t pppttt b t t p t c t t m t.4/6 meldrar: sr m, T m pt t tct m, cct T; m w b b cp m m

mttg t pcpt bb-


51/68

47

Commentary

t -ar(m t t m pp *meldrs).4/6 komit: t mcpt (sr), cm (T), .. komin, wcw m Mj cm t t mg. Bt mt b c t

r 3/1: b t mg pc . T mmt pt cg t , tt t pt g t m-g c t pt w t tt t mg m btw tqt (meldrt Grottasngrpp w t m t tmg pc, , bt mg pc mp; st . 2000, 883). T pmpt Mj t p t c t t m t pc t xpct wt-.

5/1 atg mlum pbb j, tg malim, t cb ct: Mj c b mp ptg t t t t meldr tmg m t m.

5/2 mlum alslan fct ctct.Alslanmt b cctmc jct (c. p cmp c matsll, tt pctt , cm Bandamanna sagac. 10), gg wt tFra, t g pp tg, bt mala t w cwt jct bjct t w. s, p g,bttt t slu. T t pp t b btct mwc alslanc b cpt, w; s m m-pf.Alsllpp t b pm Ct g ctxt: als-lan hugcc Heilagra anda vsur11/4 (SkjB ii, 178), t w t stcm hm B 29/31 (sG).5/4 feginslri: t gt jct t ft mt cm-p c. Skrnisml26/1: tamsvendi( cmmt PEii).5/58 it pb tt t helmingr b ct cm ( s t. 2000, 886): c. t p sem dni sfr dttir Atla, w at gtp w, t cpt m , sg (o 194160, iv,12636).

6 T tz m t b bt ct t tt cpt t Fra frir; t w-w tm pc ppt, cb titct v, kg , t ttbt t t wg t m (c c, xc, cct w t m w). T pt m

, w, t t t t g g mg tb m b t gw Jg. it tt t pt m Skjldunga saga c t c t bt tz tg t t t lt c Skjldunga sagamt tmt pbt tt t m t b c b Grottasngr.

T p g tmg, bt xct p ct ct b . Sitt bj til betracc m (tttct) cbg , t t w gt (SkjB ii,59), w t pp t b pp m btt [m] g . T ba bt , pp, w, wtt x (pp ) ct bjct , bt c. Rgsula16/4:

bi til var, pp t m ct; t ctct pmb t t


52/68

48

Grottasngr

p til bana orka t xt . Bumk til vgs, i m btt, cc eg lausavsa29 (SkjB i, 49). T t p t orka til banam tb orka til arfa lausavsa43 eg (SkjB i, 52), mg ct p.

6/5 Cmp Grpissp15/56: munt hggva hvsso sveri, w twt p w.6/7 bana brur: t bt ct mtc mt ( Lokasenna17/6 cmmt PEii), pc c ctxt g gt t mtgc mpt (c. t brur bani Sigrdrfuml35).

7 it pb tt m mg t t bgg t tz,tg t ctt t xtt txt c b : t -g b mt wt t c c cmm tt t.7/12 Cmp Oddrnargrtr8, sv at hn ekki kva or it fyrra,

p w b. h t 18/6 t mtc btt T txt p t t txt sr (kva ekki, hla vill). hw, g t c mtc gt w t pm (.g. 15/12), t T g tc pt t pt tt.7/34 T mcpt sofi eigi it n of sal gaukar, wc m tt. C cpt txt b bt T sr. apt m t gm-mtc pbm t m b t tt cc t qt (sG).T mt b s p cct; gaf hann eimeigi lengri hvld ea svefn en gaukrinn agi ea li mtti kvea, g tm m t p t cc t t t t g g. Tp syngrat gaukrcc eg lausavsa27 (SkjB i, 48) t cc t g w t ccg bw t; bt ptc ctxt ppt t t cc ctp ct ctt (t ct t cc ct n o eg c, t wt mgc, m c bctt ( Mck, sm dw 2004, 723), b -m (.g. t o eg Seafarer53), m t). eg t t gaukrc LP; tt t pt Grottasngr bw m eg ct m b t ccc t mtz eg t wsjtul, t t ccc wc Grotta-

sngr16/7. (eg :ar nautk enn sem optarr arnstalls sjtul-bjarnar,t i bft g, t, m t tt g pt bjrn;

t pt tt g tt c, qt tarinn

, t-t:c abj, eg cm.) it pp tt cb mg tt bbt t pc t pc t txt t t mcpt; t t , mg t , cc w(c. 3/1utu). at pbt w b t w t mcpt g tt, m m pp t, tt t ttmt w b t t ct sp [m t x t g] t ccbt t , bt s mm t tg t c ct.7/6 T t lj mp t t cm t t t Hvaml14663, tb tt; ptc wt mt b

t ljgt pg wp (Hvaml150).


53/68

49

Commentary

8/1 T m tt sr pbb p. n (1970, 534.2.) ctt -t t c p g ptt ww mm-t; w gt -a- t. sc t gt aw cc

b t tm t mcpt, varattuc pb pt ctct m. nt tt t m kvaattu cc Oddrnargrtr12/5.8/2 fullspakr: t btw wm pcc mg c Vlusp29/3:spaklig( cmmt c.). t w (a multarumrerum scientia sic dictus, c m wg m mtt, Skjld-unga sagapt t), bt c gt m, t gt m( t cm).8/3 mlvinr: t. pc. T w wt p : w m pc t t g. T w w t wtt (GurnarkviaI20, Krkuml20): t pp

wtt t ppt btw pc w-bg.Mj t tt wt btg cm.

9 mgt gt, tm m, mt t mp p tt t m t bg bg t g.hg t pp t b t t pt Grottasngr; w mt.

T t hg, n ( v 1977, s.v.), ct Skld-skaparmlc. 17 (SnE1004; . i, 202; t. 779), b Haustlng1419 (SkjB i, 1718); mt Hrbarslj15,Lokasenna61, 63, Hymiskvia16, Sigrdrfuml15, Ragnarsdrpa17 (SkjB i,4), km lausavsa14 (SkjB i, 73), Httatal30 (SkjB ii, 69). i ctt wt , hg m b pcg btm, bg t g w ttc m bw; ct wtt t ,w tt t m-, bt c pt t ; t gc t t hg.

jz (mg bc, bt pbb g t t t w: v 1977, s.v.) w t t s, w nj (Skldskaparml c.G56: SnE30; . i, 13; t. 5961); jz bct im g b mg t m g; l t i, jzp; w c g, t t f t t w m.

h gt mc t g pp w t gc, btw pct b t pm t g b, t ct bg t c m b t (Skldskaparml c. G56:SnE801; . i, 2; t 61). jz mt Haustlng1 (SkjB i,14), km Sigurardrpa6/4 (SkjB i, 69), Grmnisml11, Hrbarslj19,Lokasenna50, 51, Hyndlulj30.

i, it ( v 1977, s.v.), w bt jz (Skldskaparmlc. G56: SnE81; . i, 3; t. 61); w t t , t tc b c tg mt g. T m cc Bjarkaml5 (SkjB i, 171), rsdrpa2 (SkjB i, 139), Frijfs rmuri, 21/3 (Rmnasafni, 414), tw m (SkjB i, 601, 604),

ulur(SkjB i, 658 t. 1/4).


54/68


55/68

51

Commentary

11 e Mg ggt t mg t bg b gtm b t t t cct rmbg: at var einu ri, er Fri var

gamall, at reiar rumur kmu strar ok eldingar; hvarf sl af himni ok sklf

jr sv at bjrg hrutu r sta ok kmu bjrg r jru ok viltusk allir spdmar,it w , w w , tt mgt w tg gt-g cm; t t pp m t t t ttt mt q m t pc cg cm t t t ct wt w.T b Skjldunga saga, wc t ltmm (c. 3, 35, 6): Deinde post multorum annorum curriculuminsveta facta ecclipsis solis cum terr motu saxa et scopulos loco movente atqve dis-rumpente. Illum igitur putant fuisse annum et tempus passionis Christi, T tt c m t cc wt cp t tq, wc c cg w g ct w. it b tt t cc t t t tm t p Ct.

it fct t t mt t g pc wt g tctcm t t Ct , bt t m w b. T fctwt ctg t mgc t mt wt c t tt tw cc w g tm t ctct t m cq-t t -g t w t: t ctcm m t g,t m t wt t. T pm t pt t ctg p tt pcptc t, t cp t m ct b qtwt c t t Skjldunga sagacb. o t w, t, t fct t ptc cct wt Skjldunga sagat t pt.11/1 T vr(p) pc t vitm b cb p.11/4 firir ir neancct t gt ctc wbg: t p Lokasenna23, Vlusp42 Alvssml3, t-g t gt, w t .11/6 meginverkum tw Heilagra anda vsur(SkjB ii,178). v s t . (2000, 909) ggt t bw m o eg mgen-weorc, ct t Paris Psalter, Pm 91/4.11/7 sr `; t T g pbb pt mtp-tt , .. hfom, t; t m w b t g g, wcsr pc wt t mtc qtfrum; sG qt m p( upp c cpt, jalar Jns saga) wfra steinn(bjrg)r sta mg t. T t pc t pm w

pt b t p-t-t sr (xcpt c t cmmpc wb); t T g p bg mg m t b .11/8 setberg: -bc mt, tb tg gt (sG);t w cc tpgpc m nw ic (tz18861972, s.v.; k 190818, i 428, ii 390), w n-c eg (Wtt 2004,s.v.Sadberge, Sedbergh), w c mtm b ct wt g w gt ( c, De falsis diis138, Pp 1969, 684): t w m gg t t t tt-mt, wt t gt ppg tt tgt tg. T w cc twc g:setbergs bnd, g t mt,.. gt, e G (SkjB i, 144) (tg Wb 1970 qt

t tptt), linna setberg, mt t pt, .. g,


56/68

52

Grottasngr

ej Bandadrpa3 (SkjB i, 191). i Gylfaginningc. 47 (SnE59;. 43; t. 45 tb mt) t gt sm tt setberg t m t m gt ; pb t pt

Grottasngr g t t t ec tt s mt ct c ( Bc 1981).

12/56 T m w t cb t gg t t mt t t. 4 t ct tg t q m mt c. Tsngi steinn t hfgi hallr(sngasteinn hfgahallr)m gt t tw t t m t q, s m t t (fannz Danmrk kvernsteinar tveir, tw qt w dm); cmmt t 4/2.

1314 T xpt t gt g sw mt t m w t .it w pmb tg t sw w tt t g t cpt. s pp t cct t wt -, w t pc t g w tg j sw. hw, Skjldunga sagat iv, , t ig ( t g t htb g), w t gtt cct wt sw. -bt a, pt, w pt g sw, p wc c t t m c cm g ptm dm. T t w tt t stc, w w t g bt. t t t sw g i t gt. im w mg gt cfc. t xpt t ct Ynglinga sagac. 26; ttc wt sw t kgtt t p tbt; tt t ttc dm w bt. it m tt t pt Grottasngrw t t sw- w t ccmmt t gt t ccpt tc tt,t t t w btw - sw. hw, t tw mt, Gtm k, t ct wt w. Gtm m w m t sg pm bt G, hg, G (Grpissp50, Brot4, Sigurarkvia in skamma20,22, GurnarkviaII7, Hyndlulj27). T m k t cm rvar-Odds saga, w Gttm cc (SkjB ii, 316 iv 3, 5).

T pp tt jtfct t gt ggmt t w

mt tm t tct t pm. T pt m b tgt mtt Darraarlj, w t ggmt w b t wg t pcm t tcm t btt t. T m m-t t t pt p b g gb t ip hj btt wt t Jmg ( lfs saga Tryggvasonar, c. 1545, Flateyjarbki, 21011).T Grottasngrpt m w t ppptm t t t bg gt.13/4 flk stigum: c. flk ganga, lausavsa2 g (SkjB i, 210) flk vaa Darraarlj4 ( mg t gg w).13/5 beittum birnu: t fct t c btw t mpT sr m beittum/beiddum birnu, bt wt t g mg w

t b, bt beita, m bt, bt, btt mp t c


57/68

53

Commentary

t g t (c. lkofra ttrc. 1, 11, 86, w , g gtt tb cct bg w gp ct w, p b m pt, w c at eir mundu eigi eim birni

beitask, tt t w t bt tt b, .. bg tb p tm).T mg w b bg pw xmp c t Helgakvia HundingsbanaII8/5: er ek birno tk Bragalundi, wi t b Bg, wc m c Grottasngr. Bjrn,b, t w m t cc g g-mtc ctxt (t t xmp jt ct, hg ttmptg t b ,bg ct w tg t; t xmp s t . 2000,91314), bt t g ctxt pp t b t t pt Grottasngr.Bgg ggt mt (pt b sG) tsneiddum brynjur; t b Vkarsblkr11/78 (SkjB ii, 346): brynjur snddum ok brutum skjldu, wc b tt , wc mgt t b w

bwg m Grottasngr. T w- brynjur sneiddumw b mt-c pb, Vkarsblkr. hw, t mt pp t m m t m sr T t b pt .13/8 grserkiat: t w g-t wt m-t; c.hringserkjat li, g-t m, Merlnusspii, 46 (SkjB ii, 33); grm

serkjum, g t, rvar-Odds saga(SkjB ii, 311, iii 3/3).13/8 sr t t pcct f - t (pp) -t.

14 a tc ptc Atlaml969, w G bt g g, g g g tw. T m tt wm t vg ctt, t ctt wcbt pm w btw t m m t pt g (G m t at). M, bt tc t mctt bg bt gc t mt.14/7 kyrrseta: t w cc tt t Kntsdrpa3 (SkjB i, 273)m 1024, bt tw p w.14/8 felli: t bjct mp pp: t gt g ct gg tppg k. T ctct r . . . felli cmm, w: tcc G ig Erfikvi(c.1104) 13/8 (r Hugi felli: SkjB i, 412), qt Krkuml(twt ct) (t. 5, 6, 7, 10, 20: SkjB i, 650 .).d v (19647, 129) g G p bw m Grottasngr, bt

t xp t t t w fm cc.15/3 kppum: t m kapp, b , m kappi, cmp; c.kendir at egnum, cg bt (tt t, Hfulausn 19,c. 1023, SkjB i, 272).15/5 skorum . . . geirum:skora( wcskorum cpt ptt),qt p, ec pt. Cmp sgt Erfi-drpa6/3 (SkjB i, 240, c.1040): hvssum hundmrgum [. . .] lt grundar vrrme vpnum skora vkingum skr, wt p wp t g t t m g m vg (tg t t varia lectiomskera, m, ;skorumt c b skrum, t ptt

skera).T t skeracmm cc c w,


58/68

54

Grottasngr

ptc wt c t t cttg t hg t (Oddrnargrtr28/56,Atlakvia22, 24,Atlaml59, Gurnarhvt17).15/8 brand ruum: rja brand qt xp c (SkjB i, 133, 218, 338, 380).1617 st. 16 pt t wt pt t xp t gtt: t c g t mgt w wm ct t m t pc pc. Mj pp t g p mg, bt t xt tz cmp g t g t t pc bt m gc t tw . a cmbt tt m tb t pt pp : t pc - bt t t ttw t m t tw htb.16/3 miskunnlausar: t w t pp w . Miskunn t g ; t t pbb Harmslm t

twt ct (t. 4, 46, SkjB i, 549, 560; t c LP,s.v.).a b mg m b t t pt ctxt: t b (tt) wtt pt, bt t p g pt ( t)( s t . 2000, 9223, xmp). T mpct tt t gt- w b wtt pt t bqt ttmt .16/56 aurr etr iliar, en ofan kuli: c.Rgsula10/3: aurr var ilium, w t t, cbg , T-wm ( cmmt PEii).16/7 dlgs situl: dlg, mt, t, cc t mt ct c ( LP c); ec pt t cc Helgakvia HundingsbanaI20 (dlga dynr, btt), , Grottasngr, g: dlgrgnir,g mt (w) (Atlakvia31); dlgspor, btt tc (w)(Helgakvia HundingsbanaII42); dlgvir, btt t (w) (Sigrdrfuml29). Situllcc w lausavsa eg ( cmmt t7/34), w t m t (c. egsettle); tptt dlgs situl t mt w pp b, bt tc t w bg t c m t c o n. Wt xcc m eg , mtcsitul btt wtt b sjtlask, b, tt, c situl tt wc tt.wg t ptt t c c w t m, t pt m tg gt t m p t.16/8 daprt er at Fra: c. Hrbarslj4/3: dpr ero n heimkynni, m m ( ttg ). i ec pt t w Atlaml59/7 (dag dapran, m ), Sigurarkvia in skamma54/5(daprar miniar, m mm). i t tc t w ctwt t (pct mt, t t w tcmg t, b).

17/4 of hleyti: t mcpt m t pt cmm pg hleyti t (Cb vg 1957,s.v. hleytiii). Oftm , b, c b m , t t (c ptc) ctcptc, tt mtc wgt; p t w jct +of+ , , tpc ( Cb vg 1957, s.v. ofctc

ptc ii); t mg t w b m pt i m m .


59/68

55

Commentary

17/5 T cg m, m Mj ttmt tt m g w tp, t ft t t t b t mg c cmpt, ct t pbbt cg p t j,

tg t ct t t mcpt. T T g, wtt gt bjct, pb t tt sr wt t c gbjct ( t bjct); t c b c mm tmcpt tt.17/8 T t bjct ykkimp t : w tw b g t, w ct g mg bpm.

18 W Mj pp c f g m t c mg, j pp t cg t mg t tt, pp t tw . h p

, mg c, bt w tt b j t w, w t t g t nowgg. Tsgum fornumm, sG g, t t t t g t t. 9 wg, bt t xpc m wgt t t t m t t t w w (c t Beowulfw t ct t t ig), ct t t c t pm, tg t t ppm t ppct t cct t pm; c.sgom fornom, t(Oddrnargrtr1/2);fornom stfom, (Vafrnisml1/5);fornar rnar, (Vlusp57/8);forn spill fira, w m [.. t w](Vlusp1/7);fornra spialla, w (Helgakvia HundingsbanaI36/2).18/1 hndla, mt Gb vg, pp t bt -t t c cpt pg. T sr g ( m)m t bt t ( m [bcm] t), ppp t p ft b bcm. T T g mgt b t tg mp halda(tc t xmp Cb vg 1957,s.v. faldr), bt, s t .(2000, 9334) pt t, halda t gp q t. spc t b t ct tt tt t t pc w cc ttxt t pm sr, ggtg t b t cb (c m-g cct t ).18/2 trinor: t mg t (trjnu trolls, t t, Haustlng17 (SkjB i, 18) gt mm). hw, s t. (2000, 9356, wg sG ggt) pt t t xtc t mg, t, (gb) Eirks saga raua Sturlunga.a mg t t p c c Grottasngr.18/45 T pt c t w, c t helmingartgt (c. 21/8, 22/1), mct Bjarkaml12 (SkjB i, 171), w c t w b m tm: bt t c xpct t w,t t t, Grottasngr. it m tt Grottasngr tt pm t t t g w wc tw.18/6 T w- T w bg mtc pb; ,t t tt t m b villbt w ptc tcq.


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Grottasngr

it pb tt t txt w cpt t m pt ( wc c sr ef hla villc b cct).18/8 C. Oddrnargrtr1/2: sgom fornom, ct t.19 T tz b tg mbc, pmb cct, t to eg Finnsburh Fragment 3 .: Ne is ne daga eastan, ne her dracane fleoge, ne her isse healle hornas ne byrna, ac her for bera[. . .] nu arisaweadda[. . .] ac onwacnigea nu, wigend mine, habba eowre linda, T tt wg m t t, g g , t t bg , bt [ m] bg [wp] [. . .] w w [. . .] bt w w, m w, . T t mb t pg Bjarkaml, mg t bgg btt: Dagrsupp kominn, d . B t f t t t Grottasngr(ptg t t wg ), t w t f gt t b

bg t w , t pc tt f m t t btt:c. t vgroi, btt g, Helgakvia HundingsbanaII19. a tb cmp wt t c Grottasngr tt cb b sx (vii, .7),w v ttc b t gt, wt t mpcttt m b p ( m pmt t tt wm, mt p).19/1 C. Hyndlulj49/1: Hyr sk brenna, i f bg.19/3 C. Helgakvia HundingsbanaII12/8: vgspill segir, t w tbtt. Vgspill t cc w.19/4 viti: sG t t mt bc c t pm cmp-t nw h g (93561), w m wg bc(Hkonar saga gac. 22, 26, 1767); w, sG pt t, bcw t o ( Orkneyinga sagac. 6971). T pc t c wg bc t m-twt ct, bt tm pcm t cmpt t pm.19/6 af bragi: t xp cmm p, bt cc pc ( t) :Atlaml2/7, vsa Ragnars saga lobrkar(SkjB ii, 258), Krkuml25 (SkjB i, 655).19/7 T bg m t mtc cmx t t gt b t m bt Hrlfs saga kraka; w, Skjld-unga sagapc- t bt , b Mg. T pt g t

c t wc c b t tg m t t.19/78 nc (1908, 428) cmp t m-twt ct igm- Sigurarblkr24/78 (SkjB i, 471): brunnu byggir fyr bulungi, tbtt bt pt t pc; t t b bw m Grotta-

sngr( v 19647, 129).19/8 bulungi: tm pc m B, t at, , ec pt, c pm; t Ynglingatal32, 34 (SkjBi, 13), b s Httatal14, 74 (SkjB ii, 64, 81), g c ( LP,s.v. bulungr).

20/2 h w g t ct t t d g; t -tf wt t m mt lj, r. T m b


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m tc b t tt t d g t ft txt ct cc (cg h ), bt , ht-b g, w t t. B t tm t sc

c, h g t t t , cg pc-, tt c b cc m t mt t pm t t pt.20/3 T T g rauom ringom pb g. it h- b c-t cg T t. Wt t w b cttwt -icc g, icc w b p t gtt ct ct t (t m p cc w c , bt t q h-, .g. t rymskvia29).20/4 regingriti: reginm t t pw, .. t g, bt bc mgt m : c. t regining, mgt mb, ..btt, Helgakvia HundingsbanaI51. Cmp reginfjalli, mgt, wmt, Heireks gtur10 (SkjB ii, 242). Pb tt m

t t w regin, wc t t Gtc ragin, jgmt,bt t t w regingritwt t ctt t pt Grotta-sngrm t t b w t.20/4 mndli: t cmgc tt, t ct Tcmc m itct v.20/7 vamlar: sr

$m, w t t bt m ct

tt m t cct q; t t pp t ct t,bt m ct tpt ( m g w); pb tcb wt tcpt valdreyra. T w vamall t cc m icc, bt w c w sc gg(e.g. dn vammel, cy). anoter pobty to oow te T reng

; t w t t m icc, bt w c t sc tg. Ptc ppt t n:valin, valen, bmb wt c, mb, p. t ; mbg, cg g pc w ( t ggt, s sgm1975). Tw tgpc pmt t pb: a. g w mwtt b t sr cb m t cct wt m btw m: t tct t c t mwtg w m tb t m t pcg eruma; b. g m w mwtt t tct sr T (wc w c g bg ct txtb t tm t wtg sr T) m, t c t

val-cmp t txt, ptc t wg valdreyra; tm w cp b t cb sr, w m t b pbbt tpt m b m, w t cb T tct cct t m t . T mp tt t w valinnwt t icc t tt ct t T cbw mp tptg t w t pt ptcp velja, c (booe, valdreyra) (wc wo, owever, me nonene o te grcct t mcg t t m w, mg tt erumawcct w t).20/7 valdreyra g w, ccg w Haraldskvi13 (SkjB i, 24); t t cmpb cmp pp t

b valbl(Gurnarhvt4, Krkuml2 (SkjB i, 649)).


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Grottasngr

21 T t t t t pt t t t t p c;t pc pp t b bg wt t t 5 t 7.21/12 mns fur mr: t pp i c. mns fur sveinn, mt b ( t, SkjB i, 107), Sigurr[. . .] mun[. . .] mgr furkallar, sg w b c t (Ragnars saga lobrkar, SkjBii, 253).21/7 irni varar: c. Darraarlj2/7:jrnvarr yllir, t -c. i t mg sr g f t -ar iarnartcpttt fiarar; f bt mg g , t wcct mcpt.

22 T tz t bt cpt, pbb tpt ( c, s t . 2000, 9528). T y, c bt bt, h : hg m w gt y w t

tp (Hrlfs saga krakac. 6; m t t Skjldungasagac. 11 sx b ii). T mcpt , 34, vi hlfdanahefna Fra; t w m, t mt t g, tt h w t-g gcfor gt (tg vi t t ) g- t -d. C t gc mt b t gt , wc w w xpct Fra( m: t p t , w,pb; tz 18861972 t ctct wt hefna). h-d w mt Gmc tt, t t to eg Finnsburh Fragment( t ct ep Beowulf1069), t t w t t c; T (1982, 3745) gt w t m t tb m. T pb tpt ctxt w b h (t bt wm m Hrlfs saga kraka). T w ct tt h w ctg cct wt t c t t gc mtg wt gw o n tt. h, t mt pt b sG -w, cgg vit vgs. T m w t cb wg wtt vi, wc q cct m, mt m b ppg t f - ( tg t cg t ).hw, pbm m: t p t h tg gc gt ( t t); t pp sG, tt h g , t g, h p .

i t, t chelmingr

pt wt w xpc cc cb t pc c gc. M-, tt w tgt t tz: mon(2) b t; 3 Hlfdanar vgsw b btt ( vi hlfdanaw g b w); 56 bt hennar heitinn tb t b t t; 8 w bmp bar vitum at. a e Mg pt t, t tm-m t tz t t wt t t t pm: 19 t p t wg bc g w, t 22 pcm pc wgpmb w t t t w, tt h willb c bt bt ( will gc). sc w t tzggt t b ctct tpt, b pp mg

m b p cb. s t w t tz, g t


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Commentary

, t Gtt tf t -, t t t bt h; , t pt w m c c tfct,pg t t tt bt mbgt t pc

tp ccttc ct, tt, wt pt cct.23/2 C. Rgsula9/2: magns um kosta, t tt mgt; Vkarsblkr16/78(SkjB ii, 347): alls megins r kostaek, i xt m tgt.23/4 itunmi: ec pt w Vlusp47/4 ( tw-pt Jmg). it p, gt t.23/58 Tskapttr pbb mw b t m ttcg tg t (tskapt). sG gmt gt t, t g tttr p, t c mc wgt: t t p m tct tt t ppt pt t t. T mcpt m p ccc b ccpt; b mg skapc b c tt

p. T lrw b g t wt gt; t gt w t(hinn hfgi hallr) , t pt tw (sG t t t t t pp t:w t c hfgi hallr t t w t; t pt mp-g tt t mgt mg b-t t q tt).

24/4 T pct: t sem() pp t b wtt , t tt t munum tct. it tt m b t b 4.24/5 fullstait: t gt c : t g t g gt ccmp t cc t cmp b t pm g g tf ggmt t m, g g t b t tm, gg t g t t g tt t t m .


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61

Bbgp

ec pm t The Poetic Edda, . u. d, . i ii (ox,1969, 1997), Kommentar zu den Liedern der Edda, . k. s t .(hbg, 1997). nt t t cmpt txt t pm mb t t (wtt cmmt) Edda: die Lieder des Codex Regius,Txt, . G. nc, . h. k (5t , hbg, 1983). a cmm

cmpt tt The Poetic Edda, t. C. lgt (ox, 1996).am Bm, dcpt m q Gesta Hammaburgensis eccle-

siae pontificum, 3 , . B. scm. scpt m Gmcm m cm x Mmt Gm tc ptm t. h lpzg, 1917. (T. . J. Tc, History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen. nw y, 2002.)

c, De falsis diis, Homilies of lfric: A Supplementary Collection, . J. C. Pp.l, 1969.

-nm, Mmm b, 1970. The Fihrist of Al-Nadim: A Tenth-Century Surveyof Muslim Culture, . t. B. dg. nw y l.

abj, P. C., J. M, 1886. Norske folke-eventyr. Ct.aTu = aTmput t mt: h.-J. ut, The Types of Interna-tional Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, 3 . h, 2004.

Bt, W., 1942. d Bg ugt m tc rct, Beitrgezur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur66, 154.

Bandamanna saga Grettis saga smundarsonar, Bandamanna saga, . G J-. z t 7, pp. 291363. rj, 1936.

B, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, . B. Cg r. a. B.M. ox, 1969.

Beowulf: Klaebers Beowulf, . r. d. , r. e. Bj J. d. n. Tt.(T. s. h, Beowulf. l, 1999.)

Bj G, 1963. Um Skjldungasgu. rj.Bt, J., G. P, 191332.Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- und Hausmrchen derBrder Grimm, 5 . lpzg.

Bsa saga FSNLiii, pp. 281322.Bc, d., 1981. Gb Skrmiskvia?,Arkiv fr nordisk filologi96, 18.Brennu-Njls saga, . e s. z t 12. rj, 1954.

(T. r. C The Complete Sagas of Icelanders, . v h, 5 .rj, 1997, iii 1222.)

Cmpb, J. l, . C, 196981. Hebridean Folksongs, 3 . ox.Ct, h., 1952. dt lr,Maal og minne, 1016.Cb, r., G. vg, 1957.An Icelandic-English Dictionary, 2 , .

W. a. Cg. ox.


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Grottasngr

Cw, e. C., 1937. Q,Antiquity11, 13351.Danakonunga sgur, . Bj G. z t 35. rj, 1982.Darraarlj P 1991, 11656.

d, d. l., 1983. e h h Pt. d.P. t. ox.d, P. u., 1998. Growth of Literature: The Sea and the God of the Sea. h. M.Cwc Mm lct 8. Cmbg.

e Mg, ., 1910. Grttasngr. Ct., a., ., Edda: Prologue and Gylfaginning, l, 1988; Edda: Skld-

skaparml, 2 ., l, 1998. (T. a. , Edda, l, 1987.)Finnsburh Fragment Beowulf(. kb).First Grammatical Treatise, 2 , . e. hg. l, 1972.Flateyjarbk, . sg n t ., 4 . a, 19445.tz, J., 18861972. Ordbog over det gamle norske sprog, 3 + ppmt

4t . kt (o).

FSNL= Fornaldar sgur norurlanda, . G J, 4 . rj, 1954., r. d., 1989. a ec ag t t sc scfg st, Review of EnglishStudies40, 31322.

Gcz, i., 1898. Hamlet in Iceland. l.hm, a. G. , 1934. T Gm t G,Arkiv fr nordisk filologi50, 21842.Haraldssona saga Heimskringla iii.h, u., 1943. Sammon ryst. P.Heimskringla, . Bj abj, 3 . z t 268. rj,

194151.Hjlmrs saga ok lvers FSNLiv, pp. 177243.hmbg, u., 19223. Der Baum des Lebens. h.

htm, a., 1946. dt lr,Maal og minne, 4965.Hrlfs saga kraka FSNLi, pp. 1105.Hrlfs saga kraka, . d. s. Cpg, 1960. = z t, pb b h z tg, rj.

Jh = J hg, Eddadigte, 3 . Cpg, 1951.Jt, a., 19089. Gtt g t o st Q, Saga-

Book6, 296304.J 18634. slenzkar jsgur og fintri, 2 . lpzg.KLNM = Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder, 22 . Cpg,

195678.kc, e. a., 192335. Notationes Norrn: Anteckningar till Edda och skaldediktning.

l.kt, J., 1999. vt ppttt: j p -j , Pohjan poluilla: suomalaisten juuret nykytutkimuksen mukaan, .P. gbg. h, pp. 20736.

kpp, a. h., 1924. T sg Gtt, The Modern Language Review19:3,32534.

1936. ap t Ttc Mg,Archiv fr Religionswis-senschaft33, 4056.

k, M., 1949. Sampo-Eepos: Typologinen analyysi. sm-ug sTmt 96. h.

k, M., k. B M. Bc, . t., 1977. Finnish Folk Poetry:

Epic. h.


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hm P P. ew, The Book of Settlements, Wpg, 1972.)LP= sbj eg, Lexicon poticum antiquae linguae septentrionalis, 2, . J. Cpg, 1931.

l, n., 1949. k Pj, Kalevalan seuran vuosikirja29, 10420.lt, e., 1958. Suomalais-ruotsalainen sanakirja, Finskt-svenskt lexicon, 3 ,

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