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GRID STABILITY AND THE ROLE OF HYDRO POWER · GRID STABILITY AND THE ROLE OF HYDRO POWER...
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GRID STABILITY AND THE ROLE OF HYDRO POWER Hydrovision 2013 Denver, Colorado
Transcript of GRID STABILITY AND THE ROLE OF HYDRO POWER · GRID STABILITY AND THE ROLE OF HYDRO POWER...
GRID STABILITY AND THE ROLE OF HYDRO POWER
Hydrovision 2013 Denver, Colorado
“The grid is infinite. Always 60Hz.” “Once you go on-line, you can’t affect frequency.”
“My plant is small. I can’t contribute anything.”
Grid Stability Declining
z0.1H
MW
Frequency
responseMW DeviationFrequency toResponse
Source: Martinez, Xue, & Martinez (2010)
Three Phases of Response
Source: Eto, et al (2010)
Who is Contributing What?
Hydro 6%
Other Renewables
3%
Coal 48%
Petroleum 1%
Natural Gas 22%
Other Gases 0%
Nuclear 20%
Generation – Well Understood
Frequency Response Capability –
Complicated!
?
? ?
? ?
?
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Types of Generation
• Base Load
• Load Following
• Peak Load
• Must-Take
Steam Turbines – Coal
Low fuel cost
High plant output
Pollution and greenhouse gas emissions concerns
Single operating point
Long shutdown and start-up cycle
• Base Load
Benefits Challenges Type of Generation:
Steam Turbines - Nuclear
Low fuel cost
High plant output
Waste disposal concerns
Single operating point
Long shutdown and start-up cycle
Base Load
Benefits Challenges Type of Generation:
Gas Turbines
Relatively low fuel cost
Fewer emissions
Faster start then mainline steam
Easier, shorter development and construction cycles
NOX emission concerns
Usually operated at temperature limit
Cost per MW dependent on fuel cost
Load Following: Large Simple Cycle
Peak Load: Aeroderivative
Benefits Challenges Type of Generation:
Combined Cycle: GT + ST
Higher overall efficiency
Boiler Following operating mode
May be other steam users, if industrial site (Cogeneration)
Base Load
Benefits Challenges Type of Generation:
Hydro
Renewable
Non-polluting
Storage capability
Fish-related environmental concerns
Run-of-river plants have limited response range
Some smaller units are operated on Gate Limit
Load Following
Base Load
Benefits Challenges Type of Generation:
Wind and Solar
Renewable
Non-polluting
Intermittent source, not dispatchable
Utility or regional transmission operator must use other generation to balance
Project payback drives operating decisions
Must-Take
Benefits Challenges Type of Generation:
Primary Frequency Control Response: The First 30 Seconds
Figure 9: Simulated Power
Contribution by Generation
Type after a Power Generation
Dropout of 500 MW on WECC,
X = 33%
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 300
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Time, s
Com
ponen
t
PT
, M
W
Anatomy of a Grid Disruption
Grid Stability and Hydro
