Grammar (ELCA 101)Grammar (ELCA 101)

Sections 1-7Sections 1-7

Mrs. Amira SalehMrs. Amira Saleh

Sections (1,2)Sections (1,2) Outline: Section (1) Outline: Section (1)

A. Nouns:A. Nouns: a. Singular Nounsa. Singular Nouns 1. Articles (definite/indefinite)1. Articles (definite/indefinite) b. Plural Nouns:b. Plural Nouns: 1. Regular/ Irregular. 1. Regular/ Irregular. B. Pronouns:B. Pronouns: a. Pronouns and verb to bea. Pronouns and verb to be

C. Adjectives:C. Adjectives: a. Four types of Adjectives (Nationality Adj., etc)a. Four types of Adjectives (Nationality Adj., etc)

D. Negativity:D. Negativity: a. Affirmative vs. Negative sentence.a. Affirmative vs. Negative sentence.

E. Questions:E. Questions: a. Yes/No questionsa. Yes/No questions b. W/h questionsb. W/h questions

F. Prepositions.F. Prepositions.

NounsNouns

Singular Nouns:Singular Nouns: We have to use articles with We have to use articles with

singular nouns. (a/an/the)singular nouns. (a/an/the)

Definite article (the)Definite article (the) Ex: I like the school.Ex: I like the school.

Indefinite article (a/an)Indefinite article (a/an) Ex: I eat a banana (Use Ex: I eat a banana (Use a a before a before a

consonant)consonant) He wants an umbrella ( Use He wants an umbrella ( Use anan

before a vowel)before a vowel)

The Sounds of EnglishThe Sounds of English Consonants:Consonants: The consonant sounds are different from the vowel The consonant sounds are different from the vowel

sounds. sounds.

Vowel Sounds:Vowel Sounds: (a, e, i, o, u)(a, e, i, o, u)

Articles: a/anArticles: a/an Before a consonant sound, we use (a). Ex: a boyBefore a consonant sound, we use (a). Ex: a boy Before a vowel sound, we use (an). Ex: an ice.Before a vowel sound, we use (an). Ex: an ice.

Note: we care about sounds, not letters.Note: we care about sounds, not letters. Horse: a horseHorse: a horse Hour: an hour Hour: an hour

Plural Nouns:Plural Nouns:

*Plurality means more than one.

A boy (singular)___ boys (plural)

There are regular and irregular plurals

Noun ending Noun ending 1)Most 1)Most consonantsconsonants

2)Specific 2)Specific consonants consonants (s, ss, sh, ch (s, ss, sh, ch and xand x

3)Conosnant 3)Conosnant +y+y

4)Vocal+y4)Vocal+y

5)F5)F

Rule Rule

1) +s 1) +s

2) +es2) +es

3)Drop (y) 3)Drop (y) and add-iesand add-ies

4) Add –s4) Add –s

5) Change to 5) Change to –ves–ves

exampleexample

BooBooksks

BuBusesses

BabiesBabies

BoysBoys

KnivesKnives

Regular pluralsRegular plurals

Irregular pluralIrregular plural

Irregular plurals: There is no particular rule. So, we have to memorize them.

Ex: a woman _____women a child_______ children a fish________ fish

asas

We use subject pronouns to replace the noun We use subject pronouns to replace the noun I, you, he, she ,it (singular)I, you, he, she ,it (singular)

We, you, they (plural) We, you, they (plural)

Subject pronouns+ Verb to beSubject pronouns+ Verb to beI am a student (Affirmative)I am a student (Affirmative)

I am not a student (Negative) I am not a student (Negative)

“Marxism & Literature”Subject pronouns

AdjectivesAdjectives

Possessive Possessive Adjectives Adjectives

Nationality Adjectives Descriptive Demonstrative Nationality Adjectives Descriptive Demonstrative

Ex: I am Ex: I am Saudi Saudi Adjectives Adjectives ex: This is my Adjectives Adjectives ex: This is my penpen ex: He is ex: He is cutecute. Ex: . Ex: ThisThis is a pen. is a pen.

QuestionsQuestions

W/h questions Yes/ No questionsW/h questions Yes/ No questions ex: Where’s the flag? Ex: is it a dollar? ex: Where’s the flag? Ex: is it a dollar? Here’s the flag Yes, It is. Here’s the flag Yes, It is.

Note: WhereNote: Where’s’s the girl? here the girl? here’s’s the girl the girl Where Where isis the girl? here the girl? here isis the girl the girl

W/H QuestionW/H Question

When?When? Time Time Where?Where? place place Who? personWho? person Why? reasonWhy? reason How? Manner How? Manner WhatWhat? ? Object/Idea/Action Object/Idea/Action

Prepositions of place:Prepositions of place: In/on/at/above/under/behind….etc. In/on/at/above/under/behind….etc.

Section (2)Section (2)OutlineOutline

A.A. (It) to talk about weather(It) to talk about weather

B. (It) to tell the time and the date.B. (It) to tell the time and the date.

C. Questions with what, when. Prepositions of TimeC. Questions with what, when. Prepositions of Time

D. Statements with (there+ to be).D. Statements with (there+ to be).

E. Questions with (There+ to be) E. Questions with (There+ to be)

F. The Conjunctions.F. The Conjunctions.

G. The simple past of to beG. The simple past of to be

H. The simple past of to be : QuestionsH. The simple past of to be : Questions

Section (2)Section (2)It, There, and the It, There, and the

simple past of to besimple past of to be We Use the pronoun (it) We Use the pronoun (it)

To refer to to refer to weather To refer to to refer to weather

Things. Ex: Things. Ex: ItIt is sunny. is sunny.

Ex: Ex: ItIt is a cat. is a cat.

(It) to talk about weather:(It) to talk about weather:

What’s the weather like? It is sunny. What’s the weather like? It is sunny.

It to talk about It to talk about Time and DateTime and Date

What time is it?What time is it? It is eleven minutes past ten. It is eleven minutes past ten.

What’s the date today?What’s the date today? It is July 6It is July 6thth. (or it is the 6. (or it is the 6thth of July). of July).

When is your birthday?When is your birthday? It is on Monday. It is on Monday.

A. (In): A. (In): 1. Parts of the day (ex: in the morning)1. Parts of the day (ex: in the morning) 2. Seasons (ex: in the summer)2. Seasons (ex: in the summer) 3. Months (ex: in July).3. Months (ex: in July). 4. Years ex: (in 1986). 4. Years ex: (in 1986).

B. (On)B. (On) 1. Days (ex: on Sunday)1. Days (ex: on Sunday) 2. Dates (ex: on the 42. Dates (ex: on the 4thth of July 1998) of July 1998)

C. (At)C. (At) we use it before a specific time (at 10:00 O'clock)we use it before a specific time (at 10:00 O'clock) Before the word (night) (at night)Before the word (night) (at night)

Prepositions of TimePrepositions of Time

Statements with (There)Statements with (There)

There + verb to be = something exists.There + verb to be = something exists.

There is a book on the table. (Affirmative)There is a book on the table. (Affirmative)

There is not a book on the table (Negative)There is not a book on the table (Negative)

If the sentence is negative and plural, we have If the sentence is negative and plural, we have to put (any) after verb to be. to put (any) after verb to be.

There There aren’taren’t anyany books on the table. books on the table.

. .

Also, If the sentence is plural and we want to Also, If the sentence is plural and we want to form Yes/no Question out of it, we have to form Yes/no Question out of it, we have to use the word any. use the word any.

Ex: Are there any eggs in the refrigerator?Ex: Are there any eggs in the refrigerator? No, there aren't any eggs in the No, there aren't any eggs in the

refrigerator. refrigerator.

Questions with Questions with HowHow many?many?How manyHow many restaurantsrestaurants (plural noun) (plural noun) are are (to (to

be) there?be) there?

The conjunctionsThe conjunctions ((andand, , butbut, and , and oror ): ): The use of a comma: (2 sentences)The use of a comma: (2 sentences) Ex: The food is good, and it is cheap.Ex: The food is good, and it is cheap.

We don’t use a comma:We don’t use a comma:1.1. Descriptive Adjectives: (good and cheap)Descriptive Adjectives: (good and cheap)2.2. Two nouns: (Ahmed and Ali)Two nouns: (Ahmed and Ali)3.3. Two prepositional phrases: (in the fridge and on the Two prepositional phrases: (in the fridge and on the

table)table)

A phrase is “a group A phrase is “a group of words acting as a single part of of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb.speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. It It is a part is a part of a sentence,of a sentence, and does not express a and does not express a complete thought. complete thought.

The simple Past of The simple Past of to be: Affirmative and negativeto be: Affirmative and negative

Sentence: She is a doctor. (simple present)Sentence: She is a doctor. (simple present) She was a doctor. (simple past).She was a doctor. (simple past). Was she a doctor? (Question) Was she a doctor? (Question)

I, he, she, it wasI, he, she, it was You, we, they were You, we, they were

Negative: She was (not) a doctor. Negative: She was (not) a doctor.

Time expressions:Time expressions: Yesterday, four hours ago, last week, etc..Yesterday, four hours ago, last week, etc..

W/H questions:W/H questions: Where were you born? I was born in Saudi. Where were you born? I was born in Saudi.

RevisionRevision

Sections 1,2.Sections 1,2.

Good luck!Good luck!