Grammar and usageVerb-ed form

Verb-ed phrases

Verb-ing and verb-ed used as adjectives

Verb-ed form can be used like an adjective or an adverb in a sentence serving as(充当 ) attribute(定语 ), predicative(表语 ) and object complement(宾语补足语 )When the verb-ed form is used as an attribute, it can be changed into an attributive clause. The verb-ed form can also be used as an adverb modifying(修饰 ) some verbs such as stand, sit, lie … etc. to show the two actions happening at the same time.

Verb-ed form

Please identify the parts of speech(词性 ) of the verb-ed form in different sentences.

1) The handwritten notes are from jack.2) The kidnappers were using a stolen car.3) A dark-haired man went into the room.adjective4)The cake was left untouched on the table.5) The girl lay trapped under the wreckage(船舶残骸 ). adverb

The functions of verb-ed form1. attribute(定语 )

1)A single verb-ed can appear before a noun modifying the noun like an adjective. It can be changed into an attributive clause.

We should drink boiled water.We should drink water which has been boiled.

They took the injured woman to the nearby hospital at once.

They took the woman who was injured to the nearby hospital at once.

2) Generally speaking(一般说来 ), the verb-ed form of transitive verbs(及物动词 ) expresses passive meanings while the verb-ed form of intransitive verbs(不及物动词 ) expresses active and past meanings. Some verb-eds before nouns can express past meanings, such as escaped, retired and fallen.

the escaped criminal　逃犯 past

the developed countries　发达国家

past

a widely used language

passivethe retired scientist past

the highly praised scientist

passive

fallen leaves 落叶 pastthe risen sun　升起的太阳 past

the exploited classes 被剥削阶级 passive

3) A verb-ed phrase can appear after a noun to modify the noun like an attributive clause does.The name mentioned in the letter was unknown to me.

The name which was mentioned in the letter was unknown to me.

The firemen were trying to rescue the people trapped in the fire.

The firemen were trying to rescue the people who were trapped in the fire.

Scientific experiments carried out by students without the teacher’s instructions can be dangerous.

Scientific experiments which are carried out by……

4) A verb-ed can be part of a compound(复合词 ) with an adverb or a noun before it.

a so-called professorhomemade pizzaa well-accepted ideaa highly-respected professor

a well-paid job

一个所谓的教授自制的比萨饼广泛接受的想法

极受尊重的教授报酬颇丰的工作

underdeveloped regions

不发达地区handmade furniture手工制作的家具

5) A verb-ed can also be used as a non-restrictive attribute (非限定性定语 ) which is separated from the noun it modifies by a comma(逗号 ).

The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.

The books, which were written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.

The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.

The meeting, which was attended by one thousand students, was a success.

2. predicative (表语 ) It can be put after some link-verbs (系动词 ) such as: be, seem, appear, look, sound ,feel, remain, stay, become…

1) Edison became interested in science when he was very young.

2) The little boy was very excited when he heard that he could go to the party.

3. Object complement (宾语补足语 ) It can be used after some verbs such as: see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep …

1) As he knows little English, he finds it difficult to make himself understood.2) I had my hair cut yesterday.

3) She found the door locked.

4.A verb-ed can be used after verbs like stand, sit and lie to show that the two actions are happening at the same time.

The girl lay in bed lost in thought.The girl lay in bed and was lost in thought.

The boy sat at the table buried in his homework.The boy sat at the table and was

buried in his homework.

Key for Exercise A : (1) disappointed (2) puzzled (3) excited (4) thrilled (5) interested (6) boredKey for Exercise B:

2.The problems created by cloning will soon be clear.3.We don’t want beasts produced by scientists to replace us one day.

4.The technology used is amazing.

5.The only thing needed is just a cell from your old pet.

The usage of verb-ed phrases

A verb-ed phrase is actually a verb-ed followed by an object or /and adverbial. The verb-ed phrases can be used as the adverbial　 (状语 ) to express the time, the reason and condition

1.A verb-ed phrase can be a verb-ed on its own. It can also be followed by an object and/or adverbial.

1) She left the restaurant, disappointed.2) She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.3) Heated, water changes into steam.4) The girl was sent to the hospital, seriously injured.5) The girl was sent to the hospital, seriously injured in the car accident.

2.Passive verb-ed phrases can express time, reason and condition. We can use adverbial clauses(状语从句 ) to rewrite the phrases.1) timeSeen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.When the park is seen from the hill, it

looks very beautiful.

When completed, the museum will be open to the public.

When it is completed, the museum will be open to the public.

Once seen, it can never be forgotten.

Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.

2) reasonFrightened by the thunder and lightning in the night, the girl did not dare sleep alone in her own room.

Because she was frightened by the thunder and lightning in the night, the girl did not dare sleep alone in her own room.

Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

3) conditionGiven more time, we could do it much better.If we were given more time, we could

do it much better.

Unless invited to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.

Unless you are invited to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.

Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.

(= If she was compared with other professors...)

3. Understood subject(逻辑主语 )1)The understood subject is usually the same as the subject of the main clause. (refer to the above sentences)2) When verb-ed is used as adverbial(状语 ) or predicative(表语 ), its understood subject is the subject of the main sentence.

She became discouraged at the news.

3)动词－ ed形式作定语时 ,它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词，它和名词之间是被动关系。The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

4) verb－ ed形式在句中作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语 ,它们之间的关系是被动关系。Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain.(trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语 fingers)

The valuable vase was found stolen.(stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语 vase)

We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in.(turned up side down的逻辑主语是句子的宾语 house)

Key to Exercise A2.Encouraged by her teachers, Suzie did well at school.

3.Inspired by his grandfather, the child wrote more poems.

4.Bored by the game, the dog will not play any more.

Verb-ing and verb-ed used as adjectivesRead the instructions on the book and finish the following exercises to choose the correct words from the brackets.People have always been _________(interested/ interesting) in finding out about world records.

interested

Hugh Beaver went to interview the two brothers and found their knowledge ______(amazed/amazing)

amazingAfter being told several times, Mr Smith still felt __

______ (puzzled/puzzling) and did not know what to do.puzzled

The film ‘Pearl Harbor’ is really_______ (excited/exciting).

exciting

His response to the question was quite__________

(disappointed/disappointing).

disappointing

Key to Exercise B

(1)tired (2) burnt (3) bored

(4) disappointing(5) pleased (6) challenging(7) relaxed

Homework

Finish Parts C1 and C2 on page 108 in Workbook.