Good Morning! Please pick up a copy of the Key Ideas review by the door……

End of Course Exam Review

Objective: Review the key terms and topics in biology that students find most confusing.

Finish for HW!

1. Validity refers to whether or not an experiment is a “fair test” of the research question.

Robert wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. He set up two groups of plants as shown below:

Is this a valid experiment? Explain why or why not.• No.• Group A and B plants not getting the same amount of

light.

Cardboard box

music player

window

Group A Group B

2. Reliability refers to how to much confidence you can have that the results of an experiment are accurate.

Alicia wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. She set up two plants as shown below:

Yes.No.Repeat experiment or use more plants.

Cardboard boxmusic player

Group A Group B

Light bulb

Is this a valid experiment? Is it reliable? What should Alicia do to make sure the results of his experiment are reliable?

2. Reliability refers to how to much confidence you can have that the results of an experiment are accurate.

Alicia wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. He set up two plants as shown below:

Cardboard boxmusic player

Group A Group B

Light bulb

Is this a valid experiment? Is it reliable? What should Alicia do to make sure the results of his experiment are reliable?

Yes.No.Repeat experiment or use more plants.

3. Manipulated variable refers to the one thing that’s changed in an experiment.

Alicia wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. He set up two groups of plants as shown below:

Playing of music

Cardboard boxmusic player

Group A Group B

Light bulb

What is the manipulated variable in Alicia’s experiment?

4. Responding variable refers to the thing that’s measured to see how it responds to the manipulated variable.

Alicia wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. She set up two groups of plants as shown below:

Height of plants

Cardboard boxmusic player

Group A Group B

Light bulb

What is the responding variable in Alicia’s experiment?

5. Controlled variables refer to all the things that are kept the same between experimental groups to make sure that it’s a fair test, to make sure the experiment is valid.

• All same kind of plants.• Same amount of light, same amount of water, same

amount of soil.

Cardboard boxmusic player

Group A Group B

Light bulb

What should be the controlled variables in Alicia’s experiment?

6. What is photosynthesis and why is it important to life on Earth?• Way plants use light to make food (sugar, glucose). • Plants at beginning of almost all food chains.

Hydrothermal vent

7. Identify the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis using words and/or chemical formulas

Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells? ______________________________In the chloroplasts

carbon dioxide + water + light Sugar (glucose) + oxygen

inputs outputs

8. In photosynthesis, where do the carbon atoms in glucose come from?

CO2 + H2O + energy C6H12O6 + O2 Carbondioxide

water light Glucose(sugar)

oxygen

• From carbon dioxide.• CO2 molecules are taken apart, and atoms rearranged

to form glucose and oxygen.

9. What is cellular respiration and why is it important to plants and animals?• Way living things break down sugar to get energy• All living things get energy from sugar.

10. Identify the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration using words and/or chemical formulas.

Where does cellular respiration take place in cells? _______________________In the mitochondria

Cell respiration produces energy by adding a 3rd phosphate to ADP, converting it to ___________ATP

carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

Sugar (glucose) + oxygen

inputs outputs

• Both forms of energy, both needed by cells.• Glucose has more energy, but less usable form.• ATP has less energy, but more usable form.

Glucose like $100 bill -- ATP like $1 bills

Glucose and ATP

Do plants do cellular respiration?

Yes!Plants need to break down sugar for energy too!

Questions?

Video: Photosynthesis & Cell Respirationhttp://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-simple-but-fascinating-story-of-photosynthesis-and-food-amanda-ooten#watch

11. What’s the difference between osmosis and diffusion?

• Diffusion = movement of any molecules from area of high concentration to low.

• Osmosis = diffusion of water molecules across a membrane.

Red food coloring diffuses through a glass of water

Water moves by osmosis from left to right

12. How does osmosis affect movement of water in and out of cells?

Water tends to move in or out of cells by osmosis in such a way as to reach equilibrium (equal concentrations inside and outside)

Cells in salt water tend to become dehydrated as water moves out of cells.

Cells in pure water tend to become swollen as water moves into cells.

Salt water Pure water

13. What’s the difference between active and passive transport in cells?

• Active transport requires energy, passive doesn’t.• Is diffusion active or passive transport?

What’s the difference betweenosmosis and diffusion?

active and passive transport?

Diffusion or Osmosis?

diffusion

osmosis

High concentrationLow concentration

1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport.2. Rolling ball uphill is like ____________transport.

Cell membrane

passive

Concentration gradient

High concentrationLow concentration

1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport.2. Rolling ball uphill is like ____________transport.

Cell membrane

passive

Concentration gradient

High concentrationLow concentration

1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport.2. Rolling ball uphill is like ____________transport.

Cell membrane

passiveactive

Concentration gradient

High concentrationLow concentration

1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport.2. Rolling ball uphill is like ____________transport.

Cell membrane

passiveactive

Concentration gradient

Animations and Quiz: (diffusion, active vs. passive transport)http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/diffusion.html

Videos

Diffusion & Osmosis• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXCKjhE1xco

Active & Passive Transport• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfy92hdaAH0

Questions?

Check for UnderstandingOf what’s been covered so far….– Put a by the questions you understand well.✓– Put a ? By the questions you don’t understand well.

On scratch paper:

• Your name• Tell me what topics/words you don’t understand well.• Any questions you have about anything.

Finish for HW!

14. Explain how DNA, chromosomes, genes, ribosomes, and proteins are related to each other.• DNA = holds code for making proteins.• Chromosomes = bundles of DNA.• Gene = section of DNA, holds code for making particular

protein.• Ribosome = part of cell that joins amino acids together to

make proteins.

Video: DNAhttp://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-twisting-tale-of-dna-judith-hauck#watch

15. How many sets of chromosomes does a typical animal cell have?

2 sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

How many chromosomes does each human body cell have? _______How many homologous pairs? __________

4623

16. What kind of cells are made in mitosis? How do daughter cells compare with the parent cells?• Body cells.• Daughter cells same as parent cell.

Parent cell

Daughter cellsMitosis = “My TOES-ees”. How you make more toe cells, body cells.

17. What kind of cells are made in meiosis? How do daughter cells compare with parent cells?

• Reproductive cells, gametes (sperm and egg).

• Daughter cells different from parent cells.

Parent cell

Daughter cells

Mei-O-sis =

The way we make EGG and sperm cells. All offspring look DIFFERENT.

Videos: Mitosis & Meiosis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ba9LXKH2ztU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toWK0fIyFlY

Short (2 minutes)

Long (7 minutes)

18. Why does sexual reproduction result in more genetic variation in offspring than asexual reproduction?

• Sexual: each offspring gets different mix of genes from 2 parents.

• Asexual: each offspring gets same genes from 1 parent. Same as cloning.

19. What is the difference between a dominant allele and a recessive one? How many recessive alleles does an organism have to have in order to show that trait?

• Dominant stronger, recessive weaker. Dominant overpowers recessive.

• Need 2 recessive alleles to show the trait.

20. A homozygous blue eyed man marries a heterozygous brown-eyed woman. What is the probability that their first child will have blue eyes? Use a Punnett square to explain your answer. (B = brown eyes, b = blue eyes)

b b

B

b

Bb Bb

bb bb

50% probability blue eyes (bb)50% probability brown eyes (Bb)

Punnett Square Practice Problems

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/geneprob.htm

Check for UnderstandingOf what’s been covered so far….– Put a by questions you understand well.✓– Put a ? by questions you don’t understand well.

On scratch paper:

• Your name• Tell me what topics/words you don’t understand well.• Any questions you have about anything.

What is evolution?

How life changes over time, how new species of living things come from old ones.

22. How does sexual reproduction contribute to evolution by natural selection?

• Sexual reproduction = more variations (differences) in offspring.

• More chance some will be better adapted for survival.

23. What are mutations?

Changes in DNA. Caused by…– Mistakes made in copying DNA for new cells, or– Exposure to chemicals, radiation from environment.

Nucleotides = A’s, G’s, C’s,

and T’s

24. How can mutations affect evolution of a species by natural selection?

• Mutations = more variations (differences ) in offspring.• More chances some may be better adapted for survival

than others.

How did mutations in finch beaks and tortoise necks affect evolution of these animals in the Galapagos islands?

25. What’s the difference between inherited and acquired characteristics? Give an example of each.

• Inherited characteristics passed from parents to offspring by DNA. Ex: hair color, eye color.

• Acquired characteristics are not. Ex: getting big muscles from exercising, losing leg in accident.

26. How does evolution by natural selection explain why giraffes have long necks?• Giraffes born with longer necks better able to survive, so

reproduced and passed trait to offspring. Short neck giraffes didn’t survive and died out.

• Misconception: Giraffes used to have short necks. They made their necks get longer by stretching, passed trait to offspring.

Video: Evolution & Natural Selection

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Me_041nrRZk

27. Constraints = Things that limit how much you can do in an experiment. Suppose you wanted to find out how many bald eagles there are in Washington state.. Describe two constraints, other than cost, that scientists could encounter while trying to solve this problem. In your description be sure to:

- Identify two constraints other than cost. - Describe how each constraint is a limitation on the solution .

• Hard to count something that moves around.• Hard to see in trees.

28. Nitrogen makes up 78% of atmosphere, and living things need it to make proteins. But atmospheric nitrogen has to be changed into a different forms for living things to use it for making proteins. How do plants and animals get nitrogen in a form they can use?

• N in air taken in by bacteria in soil, changed to form plants can take in through roots.

• Animals get nitrogen from eating plants, other animals

Peanuts are high in protein because the roots of the peanut plant contain bacteria that can “fix” nitrogen for making protein.

N2

NO2 NO3

Red Alder

Which Naturescape tree is able to “fix” nitrogen?

Use the space below to draw a simplified diagram of the nitrogen cycle. Be sure to identify and explain the following: nitrogen fixation, decomposition, excretion, uptake by producers, reuse by consumers, and denitrification.

N2 in Atmosphere

Nitrogen fixation (bacteria)

Uptake by producers

Decomposition,Excretion (dying anddefecating)

Denitrification (bacteria)

Reuse by consumers (eating)

29. How is energy transformed and transferred in the forest ecosystem?

• Light energy transformed to chemical energy (sugar) during photosynthesis by plants. Transform = change form

• Chemical energy transferred when animals eat plants or other animals. Transfer = same form, moving from one thing to another.

30. Unintended consequences = bad things that happen because of something we did. Describe two unintended consequences that could result from adding plants to your garden that are new to the Pacific NW, and explain how the unintended consequences could affect other plants and animals here.

• Might crowd out other plants in garden.

• Could escape from your garden . Could crowd out other plants in ecosystems.

What has been an unintended consequence of people using antibacterial soaps and house cleaners?

Causing spread of antibiotic-resistant germs…...

By overusing them, we are leaving the naturally resistant ones to survive and reproduce…..

If a doctor prescribes antibiotics when you get sick, why is it important for you to take all the pills, even if you get better halfway through?

If you don’t take them all, you’ll leave behind the ones that are already resistant to the antibiotic. They’ll reproduce, meaning the antibiotic won’t work next time.

Check for UnderstandingOf what’s been covered so far….– Put a by questions you understand well.✓– Put a ? by questions you don’t understand well.

On scratch paper:

• Your name• Tell me what topics/words you don’t understand well.• Any questions you have about anything.

HW: Due Monday!

That’s it!

3 Test Taking Tips:

1. Skip hard ones, come back to them later2. READ & FOLLOW DIRECTIONS! 3. Check answers when done. Did you include everything asked

for in answers?

More EOC Review stuff on class website….

Still Unclear….?• Punnett Squares (dihybrid cross)• Osmosis & diffusion• Active & passive transport• Cell respiration & photosynthesis• DNA, chromosomes, genes, & proteins• Meiosis & mitosis• Energy transformation and transferral• Constraints• Unintended consequences• Nitrogen cycle

Equilibrium = Everything in _________balance

Equilibrium = Everything in balance

What happens if there are too many frogs….?

Equilibrium = Everything in balance

What happens if there are too many grasshoppers….?

Equilibrium = Everything in balance

Maintaining water balance

Sea water

Fresh water

Before salt water After salt water

Pure water Low saltwater High salt water

A CB

corn syrup More water diffused out of egg

pure water More water diffused into egg

salt water Water diffused in and out of egg equally.

Which jar contains pure water? Salt water? Corn syrup?

21. In mice, black fur (B) is dominant over brown (b) and short tails (S) are dominant over long (s). If a mouse heterozygous both for black fur and short tail is crossed with a mouse homozygous both for black fur and long tail, what is the probability that the first offspring will have black fur and long tails?

BS Bs bS bs

Bs BBSs BBss BbSs Bbss

 50% chance of black fur, long tail

BbSs x BBss F.O.I.L.(First-Outside-Inside-Last)