Going Net-ZeroAtamate Approach

for Non-Domestic Retrofit

Overview

This white paper will outline the Atamate approach to improving the energy efficiency of an

existing non-domestic building so that it makes no net contribution to the level of greenhouse

gases in the atmosphere.

Going Net-Zero 2

Global warming is driven by the release of carbon dioxide

and other greenhouse gases (see Box 1: eCO2) into the

atmosphere, mostly from burning fossil fuels to generate

energy. The only available solution to global warming

is to stop releasing greenhouse gases, which the UK

government has committed to achieving by 2050.1

Buildings account for 36% of global energy use and 39% of

global greenhouse gas emissions.2 The UK is approximately

in line with the global average with buildings accounting for

around 40% of energy use.3

An important part of achieving net-zero across the whole

economy will be cutting greenhouse gas emissions from

buildings, which is why a major part of the British net-zero

strategy is improving building energy performance.

The relevant regulations are currently undergoing a major

revision with consultation on the 'Future Homes' process for

revising regulation of domestic buildings completed in 2020,4

while the 'Future Buildings' consultation3 on regulatory updates

in the non-domestic sector is ongoing at the time of writing.

However, more than two-thirds of Britain's building stock

predates the current building regulations5 and will continue

to be in use long after decisions based on the Future Buildings

consultation are written into regulation.

Cutting carbon emissions associated with these existing

buildings will require them to be renovated.

Cutting building-associated carbon emissions requires an

understanding of the building as a dynamic entity.

The building's behaviour arises out of the interaction of three

elements (Figure 1):

• Occupants who perform the function of the building

by working, living, learning, visiting or otherwise using

the building.

• Services that facilitate the activities of the occupants

and keep the internal environment comfortable for

them.

• Fabric makes up the building envelope and forms the

interface between the internal and external

environments.

The internal environment is constantly changing because of

the activities of and interactions between the occupants and

services. It is further affected by its interactions with the

external environment across the fabric, while the external

environment itself is constantly changing according to season,

weather and time of day.

The non-domestic sector includes all buildings not designed

as homes, encompassing buildings in the private or the public

sector and may be at least partly residential, such as care

homes or student accomodation blocks.

With such a diversity of buildings, there is a corresponding

diversity in building behaviours which precludes any generic

roadmap to bringing a building to net-zero. The ideal approach

for a school in Torquay will be very different from the ideal

approach for an office block in Birmingham or a gym in

Dundee. Renovating any of those buildings to improve energy

performance requires a bespoke approach based on a detailed

understanding of the building's behaviour and its physical

structure.

Figure 1: The building as a dynamic entity.

Fabric

Services Occupants

Building'sbehaviour

© Atamate Ltd 2021

The Atamate approach to building renovations is based on

the see-think-do framework:

• See: collect data on a building's behaviour and

performance.

• Think: use the data to model the costs and effects

of possible interventions.

• Do: implement the interventions that deliver the

greatest reductions in net carbon emissions.

Box 1: eCO2

Carbon emissions encompass all greenhouse gases: gases that increase the thermal capacity of the atmosphere and

contribute to global warming. The most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide because it is released in large quantities

from burning fossil fuels and persists in the atmosphere for a long period of time.

The effect of greenhouse gasses other than carbon dioxide is quantified in terms of their contribution to global warming as a

multiple of the contribution of carbon dioxide, expressed as an equivalent weight of carbon dioxide (eCO2).

Hence the sum effect of different greenhouse gasses expressed as 10MteCO2 would have a warming effect equivalent to ten

megatons of pure carbon dioxide.

Based on the see-think-do framework, we have developed

the four-stage Atamate Energy Hierarchy (Figure 2). This

document will describe the four stages of the Atamate

Energy Hierarchy and how to achieve them using the

Atamate Building Operating System (atBOS).

Figure 2: The four-stage Atamate Energy Hierarchy.

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Going Net-Zero 3© Atamate Ltd 2021

Calculating carbon

The UK Green Building Council divides the carbon emissions

associated with a building into three categories (Figure 3):

• Embodied carbon emissions: The carbon emissions

associated with producing and assembling structure

and fittings of the building (see Box 2: Embodied

carbon). Embodied carbon can be minimised, such as

by selecting low-carbon construction methods and

using materials that can be recycled or reused directly.

However, there is no way to construct, renovate or

demolish a building without accumulating embodied

carbon.

• Operational carbon emissions: The carbon emissions

associated with the running of the building, mostly

associated with energy consumption. Reducing

operational carbon is the main objective of renovating

an existing building for improved efficiency.

'When the amount of carbon emissions associated with

a building’s embodied and operational impacts over the

life of the building, including its disposal, are zero or

negative'.6

What is net-zero?As the goal for the whole of the UK is to achieve net-zero

carbon emissions, the goal of refurbishing a building for energy

efficiency should be to reduce the carbon emissions of that

building to net-zero.

Different organisations have suggested different definitions

for 'net-zero' but at Atamate, our preferred definition is that

suggested by the UK Green Building Council:

• Offsets: Any scheme that actively lowers carbon

emissions such as investment in a carbon fund, direct

investment in carbon-saving projects or generating

energy onsite that is distributed offsite to replace

energy sources that would otherwise have higher

associated carbon emissions.

If the sum of all three elements is zero or negative across the

whole lifespan of a building from construction to disposal, the

building has achieved net-zero.

Measurement before estimation

Confirming that a building has achieved net-zero requires each

of the three variables to be quantified. Atamate follows the

UK Green Building Council's principle that as far as possible,

emissions should be measured rather than estimated.6 This is

easier to do for some parts of the net-zero equation than others.

Operational carbon emissions and offsets can usually be

quantified directly, although when calculating the lifetime

operational energy of an existing building, some estimation

may be needed to calculate its operational carbon emissions

retrospectively.

Embodied carbon is more difficult to estimate. It involves

many different elements and direct measurement is simply

not possible for many of them. Carbon emissions associated

with disposal represent a particular problem as they are

usually projected decades before the building is demolished. A

solution is offered by the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors

(RICS), whose framework for quantifying embodied carbon can

be applied to any building.7

Figure 3: Calculation of the carbon emissions associated with a building.

Embodiedcarbon

Operational carbon emissions Offsets Net carbon

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RETROFITTABLE

SENSORS ACTUATORS RELAYS

SIMPLE

Affordable

AFFORDABLE

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Simple

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SecurityOpen Standard Self-healing Mesh All Buildings High Bandwidth

RETROFITTABLE

SENSORS ACTUATORS RELAYS

SIMPLE

Affordable

AFFORDABLE

SENSORS ACTUATORS RELAYS

Holistic

ABOS

SENSORS ACTUATORS RELAYS

Simple

HOLISTIC

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HOW

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SIMPLE

Affordable

AFFORDABLE

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HOLISTIC

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HOLISTIC

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Affordable

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INDOORENVIRONMENT

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Option 1

Atamate

Bluetooth Mesh

Air Con

LightSwitchDoor Light

Switch

BTBoard

BTBoard

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Remote SmartPhone

Remote SmartPhone

Local Hub

DoorRelease

PIN &NFC

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Gateway

Bluetooth

Ethernet

Relay

Serial eg Modbus

Meter

Bluetooth Mesh

Bluetooth

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Touch ScreenControlPanel

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BT CeilingSensor Unit

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Actions Routine Complex Systems Lighting Entry Occupancy Bookings

Well-beingSanitisationPassive Cooling

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RETROFITTABLE

SENSORS ACTUATORS RELAYS

HOLISTIC

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SIMPLE

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Devices: 3 main categories

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Specialist systems

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Lighting

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Control Apps Print

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Data Apps

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HOLISTIC RETROFITTABLE

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MANAGEMENT MAINTENANCESAFETY &SECURITY

INDOORENVIRONMENTENERGY

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SENSORS ACTUATORS RELAYS

Devices

Local Data

Apps

MANAGEMENT MAINTENANCESAFETY &SECURITY

INDOORENVIRONMENT

SYSTEMSSPACE

USE

Atamate Solution

SYSTEMSSPACE

USE

SYSTEMSSPACE

USE

SYSTEMSSPACE

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Control …Anticipation of UseAnd fast Response

Simple Control

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Option 2

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Option 1

Atamate

Bluetooth Mesh

Air Con

LightSwitchDoor Light

Switch

BTBoard

BTBoard

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Remote SmartPhone

Remote SmartPhone

Local Hub

DoorRelease

PIN &NFC

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Gateway

Bluetooth

Ethernet

Relay

Serial eg Modbus

Meter

Bluetooth Mesh

Bluetooth

Relay

Touch ScreenControlPanel

Serial eg Modbus

Local Hub

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Remote SmartPhone

LightSwitch

Air Con

DoorRelease

Remote SmartPhone

LightSwitch

LightSwitch

Meter

BTBoard

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Remote SmartPhone

Local Hub

Door

PIN &NFC

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Gateway

Bluetooth

Ethernet

Relay

Serial eg Modbus

Bluetooth Mesh

Touch ScreenControlPanel

Air Con

Door

Touch ScreenControlPanel

LightSwitchDoor

Meter

BTBoard

BTBoard

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Remote SmartPhone

DoorDoor

Release

PIN &NFC

Gateway

Bluetooth

Ethernet

Relay

Serial eg Modbus

Bluetooth Mesh

Door

BTBoard

Actions Routine Complex Systems Lighting Entry Occupancy Bookings

Well-beingSanitisationPassive Cooling

Audio Visual

Current UseElderlyRenewablesIntruder

Intercom

Comfort

Historic

Renewables

Sanitisation

OccupancyLighting

Complex Systems

Passive Cooling

Elderly

Routine

Well-being

Sanitisation

Intruder

Intruder

Entry

Bookings

Current Use

Historic

Air Quality

Actions

Renewables Compley Systems

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Intruder

Alerts

Well-beingMetering

Current Use Historic

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Routine

Entry

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Entry andSecurity

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Occupancy

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Air Quality

Occupancy

Well-being

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Elderly

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Bookings

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downlights options

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Routine

Actions

Historic

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Full Hatch

Sanitisation

Well-being

Lighting

Historic

Multiple buildings one platform

Complex Systems

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Renewables

OccupancyLighting

Complex Systems

Passive Cooling

Routine

Well-being

Sanitisation

Intruder

Actions

Historic

Current Use

Entry

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Actions

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Air Quality

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Energy

Occupancy

Compley Systems

Actions Routine Complex Systems Lighting Entry Occupancy Bookings

Well-being

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Analysis

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Current Use

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Routine

Design Tools

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Apps

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Devices

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Devices

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Devices

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Design toolsCommission wirelessly Simpler mechanicalSystems

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2CO

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Energy

Maintenance

BuildingManagement

Security

atBOS

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Data RecodingAnd Machine Learning

Data RecodingAnd Machine Learning

Simple Control

Anticipation of UseAnd fast Response

atBOS

atBOS

atBOS

atBOS

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CommissionWirelessly

Air Quality

Elderly Care

FutureCurrent

Responsive

Security

Energy

Management

Maintenance

IndoorEnvironment

Security Management

Audio VisualSpecialist Systems

Entry Fire& Security

Hot WaterVentilationHeatingCooling

Open standard Self-healing meshSecurity High bandwidthAll buildings

All Icons

Past

Maintenance

EnergyIndoorEnvironment

Occupancy Bookings

Well-beingSanitisationPassive CoolingCurrent UseElderlyRenewablesIntruder Comfort

Historic Actions Routine Complex Systems Lighting Entry

Data RecodingAnd Machine Learning

Limited Dataand Knowledge

Limited Comfortand Control

Limited Dataand Knowledge

Show progress signal!! From sensor to… recorded etc

ABOS

ABOSSecurity

BuildingManagement

IndoorEnvironment

Maintenance

Energy

ABOSSecurity

BuildingManagement

IndoorEnvironment

Maintenance

Energy

ABOSSecurity

BuildingManagement

IndoorEnvironment

Maintenance

Energy

Data Apps

Control Apps

Data Apps

Control Apps

ABOS

Box 2: Embodied carbon

Quantifying a building's embodied carbon (sometimes called embedded carbon) involves a cradle-to-grave analysis that takes

account of all carbon emitted by processes associated with the structure and fittings of a building. Embodied carbon may be

divided into two categories:

• Directly emitted carbon: Carbon emitted by the processes involved in the construction, maintenance and demolition

of the building, including extraction and refining of raw materials, manufacture and assembly of components and all

associated transport.

• Sequestered carbon: Carbon physically contained in the building materials that may be released after demolition,

such as the carbon in timberframe construction or accumulated as the calcium oxides in concrete react with

atmospheric carbon dioxide.

For a cradle-to-grave analysis, it can be helpful to break down the building's lifespan into three parts:8

• Initial embodied carbon: Carbon emissions associated with the initial construction and commissioning of the

building.

• Recurring embodied carbon: Carbon emissions associated with maintenance and renovation carried out during

the building's lifespan.

• Demolition carbon: Carbon emissions associated with the demolition of the building and the disposal of its

components.

Not all components of embodied carbon can be directly measured, especially in existing buildings where there may never

have been a past assessment of embodied carbon. The Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) provide a framework7 for

assessing a building's embodied carbon which can be used to assess initial and recurring embodied carbon to date as well as

projecting the demolition carbon.

Going Net-Zero

Going Net-Zero 5© Atamate Ltd 2021

A successful intervention to cut a building's carbon emissions

must be based on a thorough understanding of the building's

behaviour (Figure 1). That understanding needs to encompass

its fabric, the operation of its services and critically, how the

building is used.

Collecting data

This is the 'see' part of the see-think-do framework. The more

detailed the data that can be collected on a building, the better

an intervention.

Energy meters reveal what energy is being used and where.

Most buildings have meters that record the total gas or

electricity usage by the building, but a more detailed picture

can be developed by metering subcircuits or individual

devices.9

However, understanding the building as a dynamic entity

requires an understanding of how all aspects of the building

interact. It is usually worth installing a network of sensors and

meters to build a comprehensive model of the behaviour of the

building and the people who live, work, learn or play in it. The

sensors and meters may include:

• Environmental sensors to capture a broad range of

parameters relating to the internal environment that

services use energy to control, such as temperature,

lighting and humidity. Combined with occupancy

detection, environmental monitoring in each room can

build a picture of the building's internal environment as

its occupants experience it.

• Occupancy detection combined with environmental

sensors can highlight how the building's internal

environment is experienced by its occupants.

• Specialist sensors that measure a limited range of

parameters that cannot be captured by environmental

sensors, such as the temperature and pressure inside a

hot water pipe or the airflow through a ventilation duct.

• Equipment meters fitted to building services like air

handling units or heat pumps, or to items of equipment

that perform the building's function like computers or

machinery. Meters indicate how often device is used

and what its energy consumption is.

• External sensors such as temperature, wind, sunlight

and rain provide data that allows the building's internal

environment to be related to its external environment.

In many buildings, data from existing meters is only used to

generate bills and is not used to inform improvements to energy

efficiency. Adding more meters and sensors can produce an

overwhelming amount of data so if that data is to be useful,

they need to be part of an operating system that can store and

process the data.

Using data

Moving from seeing to thinking, the collected data is analysed

to reveal inefficiencies in how the building services are used.

Comparing data on occupancy, temperature and air quality can

establish whether the building's services are being used poorly

or whether the services themselves are using an unwarranted

amount of energy. For example, if meter data reveals a high air

conditioning demand in an open-plan office, it may be because

nobody switches off the air conditioner when the room is empty

or it may be that the air conditioner is unable to cool the room

to the thermostat temperature when the room is occupied.

The latter case would suggest that the room is uncomfortably

hot when the staff are at work, which is an example of how

collecting data can add value to the building management in

ways that go beyond the primary goal of achieving net-zero.

Stage : Understand the building1

Going Net-Zero

Going Net-Zero 6© Atamate Ltd 2021

Applying the seeing and thinking stages of the see-think-do

framework usually reveals simple wins that can be realised

without needing major investments. Simple wins fall into two

broad categories: changing the operation of the building or

changing the behaviour of the people who interact with the

building.

Managing a building for energy efficiency

Savings based around occupant behaviour are usually

based around eliminating glaring inefficiencies rather than

dramatically changing their behaviour.

The difficulties in changing occupant behaviour have been

highlighted by the domestic smart meter programme.

The intention was to supply homes with gas and electricity

meters that show real-time energy consumption which would

encourage people to change their behaviour to cut their energy

consumption. In practice, the programme's lack of effect on

energy consumption revealed the weakness of the approach.10

Most people think about building services in terms of how they

will improve comfort or enable them to perform a task. Few

people consider the mechanical or engineering processes of

the service, let alone the financial cost or operational carbon

emissions. The smart meter programme exposed the fact that

most people are unable or unwilling to make a substantial

change in their behaviour for the sake of their bills:

• Unable because most people schedule their day

around work, leisure and family life and understand

that they were using energy to support those priorities

before they received a smart meter. Quantifying the

energy does not rearrange priorities.

• Unwilling because once the energy use that cannot

be rearranged is removed from consideration, the

potential savings from the remaining energy use are

rarely worth the inconvenience of realising them.

Applying the lessons of the domestic smart meter programme

to the non-domestic setting requires consideration of two key

differences:

• Most occupants of non-domestic buildings are not

responsible for the energy bills, so they have even

less of an incentive to arrange their behaviour around

energy costs.

• Many non-domestic buildings are used in a more

predictable way than homes, in that all or part of a

building may only be in use at certain times or may need

to be pre-booked.

Hence the most fruitful way for a building manager to use the

collected data is to find ways to optimise efficiency that do not

demand a major change in the way that people use a building.

Atamate's experience is that data collection often reveals

major inefficiencies that can be corrected without requiring

significant changes in the behaviour of the building's users.

Common examples include:

• Heating or cooling empty rooms is a common source

of energy waste that occurs when it is not a priority for

a building's occupants.

• Uncoordinated window opening leading to windows

being opened while the heating or air conditioning is

running.

• Under/over ventilation with the ventilation either

being turned off while the air quality is still poor or

continuing to run unnecessarily when air quality is

already good.

• Simultaneous heating and cooling in which one system

is switched on without the other being switched off.

Stage : Simple wins2

Going Net-Zero

Going Net-Zero 7© Atamate Ltd 2021

Such gross inefficiencies can usually be corrected without

requiring a substantive difference to the occupants' behaviour.

Data often suggest other efficiency improvements that can be

realised without occupants needing to rearrange their priorities.

For example, detailed data on how much it costs to run a boiler

can allow a building manager to compare the costs of keeping

the boiler temperature high while the building is unoccupied at

night and over weekends with the costs of allowing the water

temperature to cool and then heating it again before the staff

come back to work.

Quick wins provide efficiency improvements that can be

implemented quickly, but any change that requires a building's

occupants to reorder their priorities is unlikely to be sustained.

Further improvements require changes in the management of

the services themselves.

Optimising control of building services

Where a building's occupants cannot fine-tune their behaviour

to maximise the energy efficiency of the building, automation

may be able to fine-tune the building's services to meet their

needs more efficiently.

A comprehensive guide of all the possibilities for automation is

beyond the scope of this white paper but some examples are:

• A switch on a window may detect it being opened and

automatically switch off the heating or air conditioning.

Alternatively, the windows may be motorised and

automated as part of the building's ventilation system.

• Air quality data can be used to control a mechanical

ventilation system, maintaining high air quality

throughout a building but also avoiding over-ventilation,

in which fans are running when air quality is already

high.

• The sensor network can detect whether a room is

occupied so lighting and fast-response temperature

control systems like air conditioning and infra-red

heaters can switch on when someone enters a room

and switch off when the last person leaves it.

• Service controls may be linked to a room booking

system so the heating or air conditioning of a meeting

room or hotel room may be switched on a few minutes

before it is used and switched off as soon as it is

vacated.

• Thermostatic radiator valves attached to radiators

and underfloor heating can improve the efficiency of

a central heating system by ensuring that heat is only

piped to where it is needed when it is needed.

All of the above interventions are likely to enhance the comfort

and wellbeing of the building's users at the same time as they

save energy which eliminates any conflict between priorities.

Going Net-Zero

Going Net-Zero 8© Atamate Ltd 2021

Figure 4: Fluctuations in the UK's gas and electricity demands.11

1 Jan 1 Jan 1 Jan 1 Jan 1 Jan 1 Jan 1 Jan 1 Jan 1 Jan2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Dai

ly D

eman

d (

TWh)

Natural gas Electricity

Major renovation will significantly increase a building's

embodied carbon as well as incurring a substantial financial

cost but sometimes data analysis shows the investment is

justified over the lifespan of the building.

Upgrades must be tailored to the individual building and the

full range of options is beyond the scope of this document.

However, the approaches may be divided into the broad

categories of service and fabric upgrades.

Fabric upgrades tend to be more expensive, more disruptive

and to involve more embodied carbon than service upgrades.

Atamate's experience is that the principle of 'services first', in

which fabric upgrades are only carried out if the data shows

they will deliver significant improvements after the services

have been upgraded, delivers the best results in most cases.

Service upgrades: optimising existing services

A service upgrade involves replacing all or part of a service,

which is a more expensive and complex operation than the

simple wins achieved by automating an existing service.

An upgrade may be a simple modernisation. For example, air

conditioning units have been substantially improving in their

energy efficiency in recent years. Sometimes the financial and

embodied carbon costs of replacing air conditioning units are

repaid through savings in operational carbon and costs over

the lifetime of the new units.

Alternatively, upgrading key elements of a service may improve

the efficiency of the whole service. Such upgrades often

involve incorporating an element of automation that may be

connected to the sensor network. Examples include:

• Replacing single-speed fans and pumps, which

necessarily run at the maximum output needed, with

variable speed drives that usually run at a lower speed

with the potential to increase speed if needed.

• Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) operates

mechanical ventilation based on the air quality so that

heated or cooled air is not vented when the air quality

is high.

• Thermostatic radiator valves that only allow heated

water into a radiator in a room that needs heating, which

reduces the energy demand on the heating system.

• Chilling water using a free cooling system, using

a heat exchanger to make use of low external air

temperatures.

Service upgrades: replacing gas

Most older buildings use boilers that provide low-temperature

hot water (LTHW) to a 'wet' heating system, distributing heat

through terminal heating devices such as radiators, fan coil

units or underfloor heating. This system may also provide

the building with hot water although in larger buildings an

independent set of water heaters are likely to be used. The

majority of boilers are powered by mains gas although some

use heating oil.

The UK's dependence on gas heating is reflected in the dramatic

seasonal fluctuations in gas consumption. Gas demand is

typically five to six times higher in winter than in summer

while demand for electricity, which is less affected by heating

demand, is far less variable (Figure 4).

Stage : Upgrade the building3

Going Net-Zero

Going Net-Zero 9© Atamate Ltd 2021

A gas or oil-powered boiler is likely to be the single largest

source of a building's operational carbon emissions. Moreover,

burning gas or oil indoors degrades indoor air quality by

producing nitrogen oxides.12

By contrast, mains electricity has been undergoing a paradigm

shift in recent years. The replacement of coal-fired power

stations with wind turbines and solar power accounts for most

of the 43% drop in UK greenhouse gas emissions between 1990

and 2018.13

The speed at which the national grid is moving away from fossil

fuels can be seen in the number of days in which it operated at

'coal zero', meaning that no coal was burned in a 24h period.

In 2017, the national grid hit the headlines by running at coal

zero for two full days. In 2018, the national grid achieved coal

zero for 21 days and in 2019, it was 83 days,14 amounting to

an increase in more than 4,000% in coal zero operation in two

years.

For a building with a gas or oil-powered boiler, replacing

heating with mains electrical power is likely to be the single

biggest step toward achieving net-zero which is why moving

buildings away from fossil fuel power is a key part of the British

decarbonisation strategy.15

However, while mains electricity is far more carbon-efficient

than gas or oil, it is considerably more expensive per unit energy

(Table 1) and the price difference between gas and electricity is

expected to increase further by 2030.16

Moving from fossil fuels to electricity is likely to incur higher

costs for an individual building but those costs can be mitigated

by planning the restructured services for efficiency.

Minimising the electricity used not only minimises the bills but,

as mains electricity provides low-carbon but not zero-carbon

energy, minimises carbon emissions.

There is no ‘one to one’ electrical replacement for a gas or oil-

powered boiler so switching to electric involves completely

changing how a building's heating and hot water needs are met.

A data-driven approach informs the selection of the services

best suited to a given building's behaviour.

Some examples include:

• Spaces that are intermittently occupied at high

densities, such as classrooms, require fast-response

heating such as infra-red, which can immediately

provide heat when people enter the room and switch

off as they warm it with their body heat.

• A building like a care home, which is permanently

occupied and has a higher need for hot water than

most non-domestic buildings, may be better served

by retaining the central heating system but powering it

with electricity, possibly powered by a heat pump (see

Box 3: Air-source heat pumps).

• In some buildings with fabric that does not retain heat,

fan-assisted storage heaters fitted with occupancy

controls give a better balance between cost and

operational carbon emissions.

• Reconfiguring the plumbing of many buildings can

reduce energy losses from the hot water distribution

system.

Table 1: Comparison of the prices and carbon emissions of main sources of domestic space and water heating.17

Fuel Type Carbon emissions (eCO2/kWh) Price (pence/kWh)

Mains electricity

Mains gas

Heating oil

0.136

0.210

0.298

17.56

3.93

4.35

Going Net-Zero

Going Net-Zero 10© Atamate Ltd 2021

Fabric upgrades

Assessing the potential of a fabric upgrade involves assessing

the transfer of heat energy across the building's fabric.

Keeping a building comfortable requires the indoor air

temperature to be maintained at 20-25°C (68-77°F),18 which is

often lower or higher than the outdoor temperature.

The more heat energy is exchanged between the internal and

external environment, the more energy is required for heating

or air conditioning. Minimising heat transfer was not a design

priority for many older buildings so fabric upgrades can

significantly cut operational carbon emissions.

However, fabric performance often varies from one part of a

building to another and upgrading a part of a building where

there is little heat transfer will cost money and increase

embodied carbon without affecting energy use.

Upgrades can be targeted using data that reveals where heat

transfer is high enough to be worth addressing. The first step is

to find the rooms that lose the most heat (see Box 4: Calculating

the heat loss coefficient).

The next step is a more detailed assessment of those rooms

to find out exactly where the heat is being lost and how.

There are two ways in which heat energy can be transferred

across a building's fabric (Figure 5):

• Conduction of heat energy across the fabric, which

can be minimised with high-quality insulation.

• Infiltration of outside air which needs to be heated

or cooled to the temperature of a comfortable internal

environment only for it to flow out of the building and

take the energy used to regulate its temperature with

it.

When investigating heat loss from a given room, there are

various ways to identify where and how the heat is being lost:

• Thermal imaging of a building from the outside can

identify the fabric elements that allow significant

conduction (Figure 6).

• Pressure sensors can compare the effect of fans on

the pressure inside a room, which indicates how much

infiltration takes place there.

• Fans and smoked pencils can identify where the

fabric allows drafts through the fabric.

A detailed model of heat exchange across the building fabric

directs upgrades to where they will be effective, while fabric

elements that are performing adequately can be left alone.

Going Net-Zero

Going Net-Zero 11© Atamate Ltd 2021

Figure 6: Thermal imaging.Figure 5: Heat losses through a building's fabric.

Infiltration

Conduction

Infiltration

Box 4: Calculating the heat loss coefficient

Box 3: Air-source heat pumps

Field trials of air-source heat pumps (ASHPs) have shown that they can draw enough heat energy from the air to double or

triple the energy drawn from mains electricity, which can then be used to heat water. The government's Future Buildings

Standard3, which is under consultation at the time of writing, suggests a broad role for ASHPs as a carbon-efficient approach

to heating and cooling in the non-domestic sector.

Atamate's view is that the government tends to present ASHPs as having a broader role than is justified by the evidence, both

in the Future Buildings consultation and in last year's Future Homes consultation which laid out proposals for decarbonising

domestic buildings.19

The limitation of ASHPs is that they are most efficient when the external air temperature is above 6°C (43°F) and the flow

temperature is 35°C (95°F). However, the heating load is highest when the external air temperature is well below 6°C and

many existing buildings are designed around flow temperatures of 75°C (45°F).

Incorporating ASHPs is likely to necessitate either significant fabric upgrades or replacing the heat emitters, such as radiators

or underfloor heating, with systems with much higher surface areas.

A further problem with low flow temperatures arises when there is a high hot water load as commercial regulations mandate

temperature must be maintained at over 60°C (140°F) at all times to kill Legionella bacteria.20

There are situations where a thorough understanding of the building's behaviour will support ASHPs as the most carbon-

efficient option, but they should always be considered as one of several possible solutions.

The heat loss coefficient is a measure of the heat energy conducted across a part of the building's fabric. Any fabric upgrade

aims to lower the u-value of the part of the fabric being upgraded.

Part L of the UK building regulations mandate that the heat loss coefficients of a building's fabric should be projected before

a new building is constructed or a major renovation of an existing building starts. The Atamate approach is to use direct

measurement instead of projection wherever possible.

Sensor data can be used to compare the outside temperatures with the internal temperature. By knowing the area of external

fabric and energy consumption in the space a heat loss coefficient can be calculated across a wall, window, floor or ceiling

to provide such a direct measurement.

Going Net-Zero

Going Net-Zero 12© Atamate Ltd 2021

One way of cutting operational emissions is through renewable

energy generation onsite, avoiding the carbon factors

associated with mains electricity (Table 1). There are several

possible ways to do so and as with everything else, the best

option varies from one building to another and, a cost-benefit

analysis is necessary to decide which is best for a given

building.

Energy generated onsite tends to fluctuate according to the

weather, the time of day and the season of the year so it needs

to be combined with a control system that makes full use of

all available onsite energy and makes up the difference with

energy bought from a provider.

The three main sources of local energy generation are described

below.

Photovoltaic cells

Photovoltaic cells generate electricity from sunlight and are

the commonest source of onsite electricity generation. They

are most likely to be used in buildings that have a high cooling

demand, which will be at its highest in the summer when the

longer days provide ample solar power.

Examples include supermarkets that need to power fridges and

freezers or office blocks that require air conditioning for most of

the year. Both are situations where electricity demand is likely

to be higher in the summer when the longer days guarantee a

higher electricity supply through the solar panels.

Photovoltaic panels are less likely to deliver value where the

major energy demand is heating, which is required most during

the shorter days of winter. For instance, they may deliver little

usable energy to a school that is unoccupied for much of the

summer.

Solar thermal panels

Like photovoltaic cells, solar thermal panels draw energy from

the sun but instead of converting it into electricity, they collect

heat energy directly. They work by heating fluid that is then

pumped through a heat exchanger to heat a building's water

supply.

Solar thermal panels are most likely to deliver significant

savings to a building with a high demand for hot water. For

example, they may be worthwhile in a hotel that is busiest in

the summer and needs to heat a swimming pool while an office

block with little demand for hot water would be better served

by photovoltaic cells.

Energy storage

A limitation of onsite renewables is that they generate energy

when the sun is shining rather than when the building needs

it. Storing energy onsite can help to balance discrepancies

between supply and demand. A building without onsite

generation can still use onsite storage to take advantage of

flexible tariffs that vary the price of mains electricity according

to demand, making it cheaper at night when demand is lowest.

At present, the biggest fluctuations in the space of a day are

driven by variable heating demand which is mostly met by

mains gas (Figure 9). As gas is replaced by electricity in the

coming years, fluctuations in electricity demand are likely to

increase which will lead to bigger differences between the

highest and lowest prices on flexible tariffs

Stage : Utilise local energy4

Going Net-Zero

Going Net-Zero 13© Atamate 2021

Figure 8: Solar thermal panels on a rooftop.30

Figure 7: Photovoltaic cells on a rooftop.29

Most current systems are based on thermal energy storage:22

excess energy is used to heat or cool a medium with a high

thermal capacity. Most systems use water although some

use solid mediums like ceramic bricks and some use ground

storage, in which hot or cold water is pumped underground to

heat or cool the geology underneath the building.

If the storage medium is water, the process may be as simple

as heating or chilling a tank of water that is used to supply a

building's hot water supply or a wet heating or cooling system.

With other storage media, a heat pump is needed to discharge

the energy into the water supply.

Thermal storage is the most efficient approach to storage in

terms of the ratio between the energy collected and the energy

discharged, but only if that discharge is used to meet a demand

for hot or cold water.

Batteries offer an alternative approach that is likely to be more

efficient for a building with low demand for temperature-

controlled water but a high electricity demand.

Battery storage is already widely used where blackouts

are common. However, building batteries are not a mature

technology and in Britain, they rarely justify their capital costs

or embodied carbon.

In future, technology may improve to the point where new

batteries become a viable solution but another approach

was suggested by a recent study by Warwick University and

Element Energy23 which suggests that in the next few years,

buildings may be able to make use of second-hand batteries

repurposed from electric vehicles. By 2030, the first wave of

electric vehicles purchased in the UK will be reaching the end

of their lifespans and while their batteries will have degraded

in that time, many will still have a capacity of 65% or more

and be considerably cheaper than a brand-new battery while

avoiding the embodied carbon implications of disposing of an

old battery while manufacturing a new one.

Figure 9: UK heating demand over 24h during winter, exemplified by

Time of Day8 AM 6 PM

50

100

0

150

200

250

300

350

Hea

t D

eman

d (

GW

)

16 GW67 GW

304 GW291 GW

Going Net-Zero

Going Net-Zero 14© Atamate 2021

18th December 2018.21

If so, then the balance between the carbon emissions associated

with the mains electricity and the equivalent energy produced

by burning petrol or diesel may be counted as an offset.

Further options are opened up if a building generates or stores

electricity onsite. Schemes are becoming available that allow

small generators to sell excess electricity to a service provider

or possibly over a peer-to-peer network. In this case, the offset

would be the carbon emissions associated with the mains

electricity replaced by the onsite renewables.

A building without onsite generation capacity can use a similar

approach by purchasing and distributing renewable energy

from a third party that can confirm that it is more carbon

efficient than mains electricity.24

Polluter pays

Carbon funds offer opportunities to invest in renewable

technologies or carbon sequestration and quantify how much

carbon a given investment offsets, allowing calculation of how

much investment is needed to bring a given building to net-zero

(Figure 3).

Different carbon funds apply different approaches to reducing

greenhouse gasses, and some funds are more reputable than

others. Treehugger's website provides an annually updated list

of reputable carbon funds.25

Going Net-Zero

Going Net-Zero 15© Atamate Ltd 2021

Offsetting greenhouse gas emissions

The four-step programme outlined above can minimise a

building's operational carbon emissions but that is only part

of the route to net-zero. Unless a building can be completely

independent of mains power, operational carbon emissions

cannot be completely eliminated. Even the greenest building

cannot avoid accumulating embodied carbon throughout its

lifespan.

Achieving net-zero requires a building's operational emissions

and embodied carbon to be offset by actively reducing carbon

emissions elsewhere.

Various approaches to offsets can be divided into:

• Operational approaches use the building to distribute

low-carbon energy in a way that reduces the need for

higher carbon energy.

• Polluter pays is the principle recommended by the UK

Green Building Council,6 and is achieved by payments

into schemes that reduce emissions or sequester

atmospheric carbon elsewhere.

Some possible ways to achieve the two approaches are

described in the following.

Operational offsets

If a building can be used to lower greenhouse gas emissions in

other areas of an organisation's operations, those reductions

may be counted as offsets against the building's operations.

If the organisation that operates the building operates vehicles

or issues company cars, then using the building as a distribution

hub may allow it to replace petrol or diesel vehicles with electric

vehicles (see Box 5: Electric vehicles).

Disclosure

Atamate shares the UK Green Building Council's position that

a building's carbon budget should be reported, disclosed and

publicly verified:

Disclosure should be made through any publicly

accessible information, such as an organisation’s annual

sustainability report or clearly presented on a website.

This form of public disclosure is intended for building

developer, owner or occupier to ‘show their working’ on

how they have achieved net-zero carbon. This information

should be the subject of third-party auditing to avoid self-

made claims.6

Measuring the aspects of the carbon budget across its lifespan

involves the following elements:

• Measurement should be carried out directly wherever

possible but is only likely to be possible with operational

carbon emissions and some types of offset.

• Estimation of carbon emissions to date, including

operational carbon emissions where direct

measurements are not available and embodied carbon.

• Projection of carbon emissions in the future, including

the demolition and disposal of the building.

The UK Green Building Council provide templates for the

reporting of carbon emissions associated with construction

and operations that can be adapted for all aspects of the

building's carbon emissions.

The reporting should incorporate a regular update schedule

to take account of fluctuations in factors such as changes in

emissions associated with mains electricity, maintenance-

associated increases in embodied carbon and changes in any

factor that may impact the carbon emissions associated with

demolition and disposal.

The road to net-zero lies through reducing a building's carbon

emissions as far as possible and making up the difference

with offsets. A rigorous approach to disclosure allows an

organisation to demonstrate the distance it has travelled down

that road.

Going Net-Zero

Going Net-Zero 16© Atamate Ltd 2021

Box 5: Electric vehicles

The transport sector accounts for 28% of the UK's greenhouse gas emissions, which is more than any other sector of the

economy. Electric vehicles are currently rare but with sales of petrol and diesel-powered vehicles due to be banned by 2030,26

electric vehicles will become progressively more common over the next decade.

As most chargepoints for electric vehicles are in buildings, the distinction between energy used by the transport sector

and the building sector will become increasingly blurred. The blurring is a matter of policy in the UK where, at the time of

writing, the government is consulting on regulations that will mandate minimum numbers of chargepoints for different types

of buildings.31

One consequence is that at any given time, there will be a significant battery capacity connected to the grid which can be

used to meet periods of high demand. The approach is typified by the 'Powerloop' 27 scheme currently offered by Octopus

Energy in South East England and East Anglia. Powerloop covers both provision of electricity to a building and the lease of an

electric car, offering rebates on energy bills if the car battery is made available at certain times of day.

From the perspective of bringing a building to net-zero, electric vehicles offer a way to offset the building's greenhouse gas

emissions. However, it is also possible that their battery capacity will reduce the discrepancy in energy prices between high

and low demand periods which may reduce the potential returns on energy storage systems that exploit those differences.

Atamate

Going Net-Zero 17© Atamate Ltd 2021

The Atamate approachThe Atamate Building Operating System (atBOS) can drive all stages of the Atamate energy hierarchy. It is designed to be flexible

enough to operate in any type of building with any type of service (Figure 10). It is designed to monitor a building in considerably

more detail than the building management systems (BMS) installed in most large buildings, although it can operate alongside them.

Stage : Understand the building

Atamate's sensor network does the 'seeing' that is the

keystone of the see-think-do framework. Central to the

network is the ceiling sensor unit28 (Figure 11) which collects

data on the following:

• Indoor temperature (air and surface temperature).

• Air quality (carbon dioxide, humidity and volatile

organic compounds).

• Noise and vibration.

• Ambient light.

• Room occupancy.

Ceiling sensors are powered by lighting circuits and

communicate using the Bluetooth wireless protocol,

enabling them to be fitted to an existing building without

needing extensive cabling. A further function of the ceiling

sensors is to support a Bluetooth network that encompasses

the entire building. Each unit functions as a network node,

meaning that data from a sensor may be relayed to the hub

via several other sensors.

1

How atBOS can be applied to each step is described below.

ABOS

1

Serial eg Modbus

Serial eg Modbus

Serial eg Modbus

Serial eg Modbus

Serial eg Modbus Serial eg Modbus

Bluetooth

Bluetooth

Bluetooth Mesh

Bluetooth Mesh

Bluetooth

Bluetooth

BluetoothBluetooth Mesh

Bluetooth Mesh

Bluetooth

Bluetooth Mesh

Bluetooth Mesh

Enlarged

Maybe highlight dotted

Enlarged

Maybe highlight dotted

Conductionthrough fabric

Enlarged

Ethernet

Infiltration ofwarm air

Ethernet

Ethernet

Internal Gains

Ethernet

Ethernet

Ethernet

Relay Relay

Relay

Relay

Relay

Relay

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

Solar Gains

TouchScreenControlPanel

Door

Air Con

Database

Local Hub

Local Hub

WindowSensor

Ethernet

Serial eg Modbus

Database

Bluetooth

Serial eg Modbus

Local Hub

Light

Heater

Bluetooth Mesh

Gateway

Local Webenabled Device

Remote Webenabled Device

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Air Con

Database

TouchScreenControlPanel

BTBoard

Remote SmartPhone

Heater

Meter

PIN &NFCLight

Switch

PIN &NFC

BT CeilingSensor Unit

LightSwitch

Light

Light

Light

Fan CoilUnit

Remote SmartPhone

BTBoard

Local Hub

Door

TouchScreenControlPanel

Bluetooth

WindowSensor

WindowSensor

LightSwitch

Meter

Light BT CeilingSensor Unit

LightSwitch

TouchScreenControlPanel

Relay

Local Hub

Bluetooth Mesh

Gateway

Relay

Remote SmartPhone

Bluetooth

GatewayBT Ceiling

Sensor Unit

PIN &NFC

DoorRelease

Gateway

Database

Local Hub

Remote SmartPhone

Light

Air Con

Gateway

PIN &NFC

Remote SmartPhone

Gateway

Light

Local Webenabled Device

Local Hub

Database

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Remote SmartPhone

DoorRelease

Bluetooth Mesh

BT TRV

Remote Webenabled Device

Fan CoilUnit

Bluetooth

Relay

Heater

Serial eg Modbus

Serial eg Modbus

Bluetooth Mesh

Ethernet

Air Con

Heater

Relay

Ethernet

Bluetooth

GatewayBT Ceiling

Sensor Unit

PIN &NFC

Heater

Door

Local Hub

Remote SmartPhone

Light

Heater

Remote SmartPhone

Light

WindowSensor

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Fan coil Unit BTBoard

BTBoard

Meter

LightSwitchDoor

BT TRV

TouchScreenControlPanel

Air Con

BTBoard

Bluetooth Mesh

Serial eg Modbus

Relay

Ethernet

Fan CoilUnit

GatewayBT Ceiling

Sensor Unit

PIN &NFC

DoorRelease

Door

Database

Local Hub

BT TRV

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Heater

Remote SmartPhone

Light

WindowSensor

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Fan coil Unit

Fan CoilUnit

BTBoard

Meter

LightSwitch

TouchScreenControlPanel

LightSwitch

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Air Con

BT CeilingSensor Unit Fan Coil

Unit

Light

Air Con

TouchScreenControlPanel

LightSwitch

PIN &NFC

BTBoard

Door LightSwitch

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Meter

BTBoard

Light

BT TRV

BTBoard

Fan coil Unit

WindowSensor

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Database

PIN &NFC

WindowSensor

LightSwitch

Light

Remote SmartPhone

Meter

Remote SmartPhone

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Heater

Bluetooth Mesh

Bluetooth

Relay

Serial eg Modbus

Ethernet

Remote SmartPhone

Database

Local Hub

Gateway

Database

Local Hub

TouchScreenControlPanel

Air Con

Light

BTBoard

Meter

Gateway

Local Webenabled Device

Remote Webenabled Device

Light

BT CeilingSensor Unit

BTBoard

Meter

LightSwitch

WindowSensor

Light

downlights options

‘expect change inlight level’

‘expect change inlight level’

‘expect change inlight level’

‘expect change inlight level’

‘expect change inlight level’

‘expect change inlight level’

‘expect change inlight level’

‘Ambient lightincreased’

‘No changein light level’

ABOS

1

Serial eg ModbusSerial eg Modbus

Serial eg Modbus

Serial eg Modbus Serial eg Modbus

Serial eg Modbus

Serial eg Modbus

Bluetooth Mesh

Bluetooth MeshBluetooth

Bluetooth MeshBluetooth

Bluetooth

Bluetooth

Bluetooth Mesh

Bluetooth

Bluetooth Mesh

Bluetooth Mesh

Bluetooth

Bluetooth Mesh

Bluetooth

Enlarged

Enlarged

Enlarged

Maybe highlight dottedMaybe highlight dotted

Conductionthrough fabric

Ethernet

Internal Gains

Ethernet

Ethernet

Ethernet

Infiltration ofwarm air

Ethernet

Ethernet

Ethernet

Relay

Relay

Relay

Relay

Relay

RelayRelay

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

ABOS

Solar Gains

TouchScreenControlPanel

Door

Air Con

Database

Local Hub

Local Hub

WindowSensor

Ethernet

Serial eg Modbus

Database

Bluetooth

Serial eg Modbus

Local Hub

Light

Heater

Bluetooth Mesh

Gateway

Local Webenabled Device

Remote Webenabled Device

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Air Con

Database

TouchScreenControlPanel

BTBoard

Light

Remote SmartPhone

Heater

Meter

PIN &NFC

Light

Fan CoilUnit

Remote SmartPhone

BTBoard

Local Hub

Door

TouchScreenControlPanel

LightSwitch

PIN &NFC

BT CeilingSensor Unit

LightSwitch

Light

Bluetooth

WindowSensor

WindowSensor

LightSwitch

Relay

Local Hub

Bluetooth Mesh

Gateway

Relay

Remote SmartPhone

Bluetooth

GatewayBT Ceiling

Sensor Unit

PIN &NFC

DoorRelease

Meter

Database

Local Hub

Remote SmartPhone

Light BT CeilingSensor Unit

LightSwitch

TouchScreenControlPanel

Gateway

Light

Air Con

Gateway

PIN &NFC

Remote SmartPhone

Gateway

Light

Local Webenabled Device

Local Hub

Database

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Remote SmartPhone

DoorRelease

Bluetooth Mesh

BT TRV

Remote Webenabled Device

Fan CoilUnit

Bluetooth

Bluetooth

Relay

Heater

Ethernet

Relay

Serial eg Modbus

GatewayBT Ceiling

Sensor Unit

PIN &NFC

Serial eg Modbus

Door

Local Hub

Remote SmartPhone

Light

Heater

Remote SmartPhone

Light

WindowSensor

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Fan coil Unit BTBoard

BTBoard

Meter

LightSwitchDoor

Bluetooth Mesh

TouchScreenControlPanel

Air Con

BTBoard

Bluetooth Mesh

Serial eg Modbus

Relay

Ethernet

Ethernet

GatewayBT Ceiling

Sensor Unit

PIN &NFC

DoorRelease

Door

Database

Local Hub

Air Con

Heater

Heater

Remote SmartPhone

Light

WindowSensor

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Fan coil Unit

BT CeilingSensor Unit

BTBoard

Meter

LightSwitch

BT TRV

LightSwitch

Heater

Air Con

BT TRV

Fan CoilUnit

BT CeilingSensor Unit Fan Coil

Unit

Light

TouchScreenControlPanel

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Light

PIN &NFC

Light

BTBoard

Air Con

TouchScreenControlPanel

LightSwitch

PIN &NFC

BTBoard

Door LightSwitch

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Database

Meter

Database

BTBoard

Light

BT TRV

BTBoard

Remote SmartPhone

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Fan coil Unit

Bluetooth Mesh

Bluetooth

Relay

Serial eg Modbus

Ethernet

Remote SmartPhone

Database

Local Hub

Gateway

Database

Local Hub

WindowSensor

BT CeilingSensor Unit

PIN &NFC

WindowSensor

LightSwitch

Gateway

Local Webenabled Device

Remote Webenabled Device

Light

Light

WindowSensor

LightSwitch

Remote SmartPhone

Meter

Meter

BT CeilingSensor Unit

BTBoard Light

Fan CoilUnit

BT CeilingSensor Unit

BT TRVHeater

Heater

Fan CoilUnit

TouchScreenControlPanel

Local Hub

Air Con

Light

BTBoard

Meter

BT CeilingSensor Unit

Gateway

Local Webenabled Device

Remote Webenabled Device

Air Con

TouchScreenControlPanel

WindowSensor

Meter

LightSwitch

downlights options

‘expect change inlight level’

‘expect change inlight level’

‘expect change inlight level’

‘expect change inlight level’

‘expect change inlight level’

‘expect change inlight level’

‘expect change inlight level’

‘Ambient lightincreased’

‘No changein light level’

Figure 10: The Atamate Building Operating System (atBOS).

Relaying messages saves on energy costs by allowing

communication across a large building without the need for

signals more powerful than is needed to reach the nearest

node.

At the centre of the network is the hub which collates the

data and passes it into storage in the cloud, ensuring it is

backed up against hardware failures.

Atamate's software tools allow the data to be analysed for

the 'think' in see-think-do. For example, combining data on

the temperature in a room, the heating and cooling services

in that room and data from the external sensors can be used

to calculate how much energy the heating or air conditioning

is required to maintain that room at a given temperature.

However, energy use needs to be considered in the context

of a building's behaviour and the needs of its occupants.

Comparing energy use before and after the changes are

introduced allows their impact on carbon emissions to be

measured as well as allowing the approach to be refined if

necessary.

Stage : Upgrade the building

The same data that informs simple wins also shows where

a service upgrade would be worthwhile. In addition, the

sensor network can provide some data on the building fabric,

partly by comparing indoor and outdoor temperatures (see

Box 4: Calculating the heat loss coefficient) and partly by

using pressure data to estimate whether there is enough

infiltration across the building fabric to warrant more

detailed investigation.

Once the upgrade has been completed, the sensor network

is still in place and able to evaluate the effect of the upgrade

on energy expenditure and carbon emissions.

Comparing that data with a model of the building based on

data collected before the upgrade allows the impact of the

upgrade to be quantified.

3

Stage : Utilise local energy sources

Any system for onsite generation or storage can be con-

trolled by atBOS although how that works will depend on

the system in place and the circumstances.

Some examples are:

• Photovoltaic arrays usually supply some but not

all of a building's energy demand so atBOS balances

the supply to use all the solar energy available and

make up the difference from the mains.

• Solar thermal cells produce an output that is

dependent on the weather so atBOS reviews the

time and local weather reports to anticipate their

likely output, deciding whether mains energy is

only needed to keep a water tank at a minimum

temperature until there is ample solar heat later in

the day or to heat it using only mains energy when a

cold day is predicted.

• Storage options can deliver substantial savings

if they are paired with a flexible electricity tariff

so atBOS can be set to only draw electricity from

the mains when the tariff is low enough to make it

worthwhile.

4

Stage : Simple wins

Reducing demand usually involves automating services.

Using the same technology that controls the Atamate sensor

network, atBOS controls services through actuators that

may have a cabled connection to a sensor unit or may be a

Bluetooth node in its own right.

The Atamate platform can control any type of building

service in any type of building. However, full automation is

not always the best option. Any extension of the platform

should be based on a cost/benefit analysis which may

reveal that some services are worth automating while others

are not.

The services that are automated can be controlled through

the Atamate user interface, which can be accessed from any

internet-enabled device and offers several ways to control

services:

• Direct control allows a service to be switched on

or off by an authorised user who has access to the

interface (Figure 12).

• Occupancy control activates a service only when

someone is in a room and switches it off when the

last person leaves a room. This is often used for

lighting, air conditioning and fast response heaters

such as infra-red (Figure 13).

• Calendar controls switch services on or off at

preset times, which allows a heating system to be

engaged so that it heats a building before the staff

come to work or heats a room that needs to be pre-

booked.

Comparing energy use before and after the changes are

introduced allows their impact on carbon emissions to be

measured as well as allowing the approach to be refined if

necessary.

2

Atamate

Going Net-Zero 18© Atamate Ltd 2021

Figure 12: atBOS user interface.Figure 11: Ceiling sensor unit.

Atamate

Going Net-Zero 19© Atamate Ltd 2021

Disclosure

In all cases, atBOS keeps a record of what energy has been drawn from and where, meeting the World Green Building Council

requirement for a building's carbon budget to be based on measurements. The data can then be used to calculate any necessary

offsets and can also be used to produce any necessary reports.

Figure 13: Occupancy-based electrical heating under atBOS controls in a single bedroom, showing the temperature dropping during a prolonged

Temperature OccupancyHeating On

Temperature

Heating On

Occupancy

absence for the Christmas holidays but rapidly returning to the 21°C setpoint when the occupant returned.32

Footnotes

Going Net-Zero 20© Atamate Ltd 2021

DBEIS (2019). UK becomes first major economy to pass net zero emissions law.

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-becomes-first-major-economy-to-pass-net-zero-emissions-law

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Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (2019) 2019 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction. UNEP, Nairobi.

41pp.

https://www.worldgbc.org/news-media/2019-global-status-report-buildings-and-construction

MHCLG (2021) The Future Buildings Standard. Crown Copyright, London. 183pp.

https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/the-future-buildings-standard

MHCLG (2021). The Future Homes Standard: 2019 Consultation on changes to Part L (conservation of fuel and power)

and Part F (ventilation) of the Building Regulations for new dwellings. Crown Copyright, London. 114pp.

https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/the-future-homes-standard-changes-to-part-l-and-part-f-of-the-building-

regulations-for-new-dwellings

Energy Transitions Commission (2019) Mission Possible sectoral focus: building heating. Energy Transitions Commission,

London. 34pp.

https://www.energy-transitions.org/publications/mission-possible-sectoral-focus-building-heating/

UKGBC (2019) Net Zero Carbon Buildings: A Framework Definition. UK Green Building Council, London. 25pp.

https://www.ukgbc.org/ukgbc-work/net-zero-carbon-buildings-a-framework-definition/

RICS (2017) Whole life carbon assessment for the built environment, 1st edition. Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors

(RICS), London. 41pp.

https://www.rics.org/uk/upholding-professional-standards/sector-standards/building-surveying/whole-life-carbon-assess-

ment-for-the-built-environment/

ICE (2015). Embodied Energy and Carbon.

https://www.ice.org.uk/knowledge-and-resources/briefing-sheet/embodied-energy-and-carbon

(accessed on 02 February 2021).

Atamate (2021) Atamate Guide to Energy Metering. Atamate, Oxford. 18pp.

https://www.atamate.com/guide-to-metering

Atamate (2018). How much will a smart meter reduce my home energy bill?

https://www.atamate.com/atamate-blog/how-much-will-a-smart-meter-reduce-my-home-energy-bill

(accessed on 02 February 2021).

DBEIS (2018) Clean Growth - Transforming Heating. UK government, London. 136pp.

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/heat-decarbonisation-overview-of-current-evidence-base

WHO (2010) WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants. WHO, Geneva. 484pp.

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/260127

DBEIS (2020) 2018 UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Final figures. UK government, London. 41pp.

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/862887/2018_Final_

greenhouse_gas_emissions_statistical_release.pdf

Carbon Brief (2020). Analysis: UK low-carbon electricity generation stalls in 2019.

https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-uk-low-carbon-electricity-generation-stalls-in-2019

(accessed on 02 February 2021).

DBEIS (2020). Powering our Net Zero Future. Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2020, London. 170pp.

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/energy-white-paper-powering-our-net-zero-future

CCC (2017) Energy prices and bills - impacts of meeting carbon budgets. Committee on Climate Change, London. 119pp.

https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/energy-prices-and-bills-report-2017/

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FootnotesBRE (2019) SAP 10.1. BRE Garston, Watford. 180pp.

https://www.bregroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/SAP-10.1-01-10-2019.pdf

Beshir, MY & Ramsey, JD (1981). Comparison between male and female subjective estimates of thermal effects and

sensations. Applied Ergonomics 12:29-33.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0003687081900910

Atamate (2020). Future Homes 1: Atamate Calls For an Outcome-based Approach.

https://www.atamate.com/atamate-blog/future-homes-1-atamate-calls-for-an-outcome-based-approach

(accessed on 23 February 2021).

HSE (2013) Legionnaires' disease. The control of legionella bacteria in water systems. Crown Copyright, London. 28pp.

https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/l8.htm

Energy Technologies Institute (2015) Smart Systems and Heat Decarbonising Heat for UK Homes. Energy Technologies

Institute, Birmingham. 44pp.

https://www.eti.co.uk/insights/heat-insight-decarbonising-heat-for-uk-homes

Sarbu, I & Sebarchievici, C (2018). A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage. Sustainability 10:191

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/1/191

Clements, S & Ruf, L (2020) UK Energy Storage Lab Project. Element Energy, Warwick. 13pp.

http://www.element-energy.co.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/UKESL-Non-technical-Public-Report_2020.pdf

Burrows, VK & Adams, M (2019) WorldGBC Net Zero Carbon Buildings Commitment. World Green Building Council, London.

49pp.

https://www.worldgbc.org/resources-further-guidance

Treehugger (2020). The 6 Best Carbon Offset Programs of 2021.

https://www.treehugger.com/best-carbon-offset-programs-5076458 (accessed on 02 February 2021).

DoT, OLEV, DBEIS, Sharma, A & Shapps, G (2020). Government takes historic step towards net-zero with end of sale of new

petrol and diesel cars by 2030.

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-takes-historic-step-towards-net-zero-with-end-of-sale-of-new-petrol-

and-diesel-cars-by-2030 (accessed on 23 February 2021).

Octopus Electric Vehicles (2021). Powerloop.

https://www.octopusev.com/powerloop (accessed on 02 February 2021).

Atamate (2021). Hardware datasheet: Mesh-3 ceiling sensor.

https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4763425/Devices%20datasheets/DEC162DataSheet_CeilingSensor.pdf

(accessed on 02 February 2021).

U.S. Green Building Council (2017). Top four benefits of installing solar panels on your home.

https://www.usgbc.org/articles/top-four-benefits-installing-solar-panels-your-home (accessed on 08 March 2021).

The Eco Experts (2020). Solar Thermal Panels: Everything You Need to Know.

https://www.theecoexperts.co.uk/solar-panels/thermal (accessed on 08 March 2021).

Department of Transport (2019) Electric Vehicle Charging in Residential and Non-Residential Buildings. Crown copyright 2018,

London. 50pp.

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/818810/electric-vehi-

cle-charging-in-residential-and-non-residential-buildings.pdf

Kelly, KA, Sassi, P & Miles, J (2019). In-use Energy Performance Study Of Automated Smart Homes. SDAR* Journal of

Sustainable Design & Applied Research 7: Article 2.

https://arrow.dit.ie/sdar/vol7/iss1/2/

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Atamate is a dynamic Oxford-based smart buildingsoftware company started in 2007. We aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings in the UK and around the world while reducing both capital and running costs of properties.

Collaborations with top-class universities such as Oxford University, Oxford Brookes,

Loughborough as well as publishing academic papers withthe Chartered Institute of

Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) means that we are always on the cutting edge of

our field.

Contact usPlease get in touch to see how Atamate can benefit your next project.

Email: info@atamate.com

Visit: www.atamate.com

Call: 01865 920 101

Atamate Ltd,

Old House,

The Ridings,

Oxford

OX3 8TB, UK.

Registered in Wales, no. 07130716

About Us

Going Net-Zero 22© Atamate Ltd 2021