GM 8192/160 Baud ALDL Interface

GM 8192/160 Baud ALDL Interface

NEW! we'll soon describe an alternative, possibly cheaper, two transistor circuit. Here's a sneak preview. We'll have 160 and 8192 baud software soon too (but see below for a range of free software available now).

A simple hardware interface between GM's 5 Volt 8192 baud ALDL data stream and a PC's serial port is described here. This same hardware can be used for earlier 5 Volt and 12 Volt 160 baud ALDL data streams. But use this simple interface if you only need to look at 12 Volt 160 baud ALDL data.

ALDL 8192 baud Hardware

There have been a number of designs published (none by GM) to enable the GM proprietory ALDL data stream to be tapped into. Our design uses a MAX232 (or MAX233) because this is the simplest way to do it. We also avoid using a separate power supply by powering the MAX chip from the PC's serial port (DTR and RTS signals must be set to +ve).

This circuit can also be used to read older ECU's 160 baud ALDL signals. Here's our circuit using the MAX232 (or MAX232A). Vehicle signals are on the left, PC signals on the right, with DB9 (and DB25 in brackets) pin assignments shown (pin N on DB9 is N/9, etc.).

Note that the 3.3 uF capacitors (C1-C4) may be reduced to 1 uF if these are readily at hand, or to 0.1 uF if you use the MAX232A. If you use a MAX233, which has a different pinout to the MAX232, you don't need to use any of the capacitors C1-C4, but the regulator still requires C5 and C6. More information is available from Maxim, or you can download the data sheets for their 5 Volt Interface Products. As well, get the 78L05 data sheet from Natsemi, and the IN914A data sheet from Fairchild.

Early ECUs produced a fixed 8192 ALDL data stream when the user placed a 10k ohm resistor between ALDL connector pins A and B. Later ECUs added internal receive circuitry (the SXR Delco/Delphi transceiver chip). for enhanced capabilities, and their firmware was upgraded too. Software can be used to enable the 8192 ALDL data stream from these later ECUs.

The 8192 baud Rx and Tx data to/from the PC is combined with a diode and resistor (D3, R1) before being sent to the ECU. The 160 baud data is sent to the PC and appears as a toggling CTS signal. thus no mechanical switching is required to select either 160 or 8192 baud data streams.

The diagnostic sense resistor R3 may not be required for later ECUs where software controls the ALDL data.

The power supply uses two signal lines (RTS and DTR) from the PC to provide a positive voltage for the MAX chip. The two diodes (D1 and D2) are used to ensure power is available even if only one signal line is positive. Capacitor C6 ensures the low power 78L05 regulator is stable in operation. Capacitor C5 provides decoupling

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GM 8192/160 Baud ALDL Interface

and filtering from the PC. C1 through C4 are the charge pump and inverter capacitors - their orientation (assuming you use tantalum types) should be double checked.

Connectors

To our knowledge, there have been at least four different ALDL connectors used world wide (and probably more exist too!). Tell us about them!

6 Pin Australian connector

In Australia, the VN and VP models used a 6 pin connector. The diagnostic link, a paper clip (red dotted line), is used to enable "flashing diagnostic mode", and is not described here. The data from this connector is at 160 baud when the diagnostic link is a 10k ohm resistor. You'll find this connector under the glove box on the VN/VP.

12 pin US style connector

Here's a view of the 12 pin US style ALDL connector, and where to connect the above circuit to. The pin numbering scheme is the same as that used on the VN/VP Holden Commodores (but those vehicles used the 6 pin connector shown above). This connector is also found in the Holden JE Camira and the Nissan LE Pulsar. This diagram is courtesy Carsten Meyer.

16 pin OBD-II style Australian Connector

Later Australian Commodore models (VR, VS, etc.) use a 16 pin OBD-II style connector, but the pinouts are unique to Australia. This connector is located under the steering wheel.

10 pin European (Opel) Connector

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GM 8192/160 Baud ALDL Interface

European Opels use a 10 pin connector. Image courtesy Bert de Boer of Holland.

Software - 160 & 8192 Baud

A number of people have produced free software of varying complexity and platform support that will work with the above interface. We don't have any 8192 baud software yet, but we do have 160 baud simple and generic software for DOS.

Here's a short list of some of the people/web pages I've come across (under construction, and in no particular order, tell me if you find a broken link, or you have another link to add).

Andrew Whittaker's Esprit99 for Lotus Esprit, in C++ for 32 bit Windows. Alan McNicol's ElanScan for Lotus Elan M100. Paul Blackmore's EFI Live ALDL program for 32 bit Windows. Carsten Meyer's ALDMON for the 1227727 and 1227730 in Turbo Pascal 7, for DOS. Dave Hempstead's PCMComm for 16188051, a 16 bit Windows program. Craig Moates' ECUtest for 1227165, a QBasic 4.5 DOS program. Andrew Mattei's GCAR for the 16188051, in C for DOS. Peter Ohler's EV1 (electric vehicle) monitor, for Palm Pilot (nb., follow links).

160 baud WinALDL by Jonas Bylund, supports the 1227808 too. Dan Burk's 160 baud mostly US Vehicle ALDL data stream information (no code).

If you have a free ALDL program that will work with the above hardware, then send me eMail and I'll attempt to include you here.

Prototype Hardware - Construction

Here's a picture of the prototype constructed on a plated thru' prototype base. Note the connector on the left hand side that goes to the vehicles ALDL connector via a "patch plug" (not shown) that will suit your particular vehicle and ALDL connector. The right side connector is a DB9-S (solder tail style) that plugs direct to my laptop for in-car use or to a long RS232 extension cable for remote operation on my desktop PC.

Here's the other (solder) side showing the 22 k ohm resistor.

The assignments of the 6 pin connector on the left are (pin 1 has a black stripe on connector body, ie. bottom of top picture):

Pin Schematic Assignment

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GM 8192/160 Baud ALDL Interface

1 A Vehicle GND 2 B 10 k ohm - Mode Select Resistor 3 M 8192 Baud Data Stream 4 E 160 Baud Data Stream 5 n/c Polarisation marker (plugged) 6 H Vehicle +12 Volts

Note that pin 5 is plugged to prevent the "patch plug" from being inserted the wrong way.

Another thing to watch, if you use a plated through prototype PCB as I have done, make sure that you drill the pads off one side of the board under the DB9. The second photo shows this rather indistinctly. If you don't do this then you'll inevitably get a short from one side of the DB9 to the other.

Updated 19 July 2004 | There's a broken link here!

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8192 Baud ALDL Description

GM's 8192 baud ALDL Data StreamThis page will eventually give a more compleat description of GM's 8192 Baud ALDL data stream.

If you want an 8192 baud ALDL data stream to PC interface then they can be made cheaply. Free software is also available from many sources.

Information on GM's 160 baud ALDL data streams is also available.

Different ALDL data streams

Early GM ECUs provide limited information about their operational status, and the status of the vehicle. This is provided at the leisurely rate of about 20 bytes per second (160 baud). Later ECUs provide more information at the faster rate of about 800 bytes per second (8192 baud), but they only output a fixed amount information. Setting the ECU to output this information requires a mode sense resistor across two of the ALDL connector's pins.

Still later ECUs, as well as transmitting data, could receive commands from diagnostic equipment and other in-vehicle computers. With these ECUs you can (if you know how) modify their internal operating parameters on the fly. These ECUs have a single bi-directional ALDL data stream, and require a special interface before commands can be sent, and data received.

8192 baud ALDL description

The low level logical format of GM's 8192 baud ALDL data stream is a simple async data stream with 8 data bits, no parity bit, and 1 stop bit. This is the type of data stream that most UARTs (Universal Async Receiver Transmitter) can handle. The PC (IBM clone) has a UART that can be set close to 8192 baud (actually 8226.6 baud, using a divisor of 14 with the 115,200 Hz UART clock - giving a 0.42% fast clock, a negligible difference).

8192 baud Frame Format

Commands to the ECU are organised into groups of bytes called command frames. Command frames

If you have suggestions as to what information would be appropriate here then contact us via eMail.

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8192 Baud ALDL Description

last updated Nov 20 1999.

Copyright (c) 1999, Tech Edge Pty. Ltd.Author P. Gargano,

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Information on GM's 160 baud ALDL data stream

GM's 160 baud ALDL data stream General Motors 160 baud ALDL data stream is described here. The abbreviation ALDL is

generally known as Assembly Line Data Link (or Diagnostic Link), and refers to the fact that it is used on the assembly line (during manufacture) to determine that the vehicles ECU systems are functioning correctly. This data stream can be tapped into and used as a diagnostic tool. A simple device (or a more complex "universal" device) that attaches to a PCs serial port can be made to intercept this data stream. Simple software (or more complex software) can then be used to read the ALDL information.

Further, and more recently written, 160 baud information can be be found here.

Many GM ECUs used the 160 baud format. These same ECU can also be found on some Australian Nissans, Daewoos, etc. Any specific information shown below (eg. oscilloscope traces) relates to the author's 1990 VN 3.8L V6 Holden Commodore (described as a "VN" below) using an ECU with GM/Delco part number 1227808 (often referred to as an '808, or '7808)

We have attempted to make information in this document as generic as possible and have omitted physical details such as a description of the different ALDL connectors. Note: 8192 baud ALDL info can be found here.

160 baud ALDL Voltage Levels - 5 and 12 Volts

Some early US ECU equipped vehicles, and Australian VN/VP Commodores, came with 12 Volt levels where the ALDL data output pin is connected to the CEL (Check Engine Lamp) or SES (Service Engine Soon) lamp. Later US models came with 5 Volt (often described erroneously as TTL) levels, and the SES lamp was connected to the ECU via a different circuit. If you have a 12 volt signal then you can use the simple 160 baud interface, otherwise you'll need to make the universal 160/8192 baud interface (more expensive, but more useful too).

I believe that all 12 Volt ALDL data streams will flash the SES/CE lamp (at 160 baud) when set to 160 baud ALDL (diagnostic) mode, and 5 Volt models don't do this (to be conformed!). All models will flash the SES/CE lamp when set to "flashing error code" mode.

160 baud ALDL Data BIT Format

The 160 baud (also called bps, or bits per second) data stream is sent as a continuous stream of single data bits. Each bit, as viewed at ALDL connector (pin E on the VN), is made up of a number of signal transitions within a single bit time of 6.25 mSec.

All voltages described below are measured relative to the vehicle's ground (considered to be at 0 Volts). For 12 Volt ALDL data (connected to the vehicles CE/SES lamp) The lamp will go on when the ECU pulls the ALDL data pin low (to 0 Volts). When the ALDL data pin is high, the CE lamp is off, this is the normal state of the CE lamp and data pin. When the ALDL mode is first entered, the ECU will pull the ALDL data pin low, and the CEL will come on for a short period.

For 5 Volt ALDL data the CE/SES lamp is independantly operated, and may not flash when the ECU sends ALDL data.

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Information on GM's 160 baud ALDL data stream

Each data bit starts as a rising edge of the ALDL data stream (shown at T0 and at T4 in the diagram). After a small delay (T0 to T1) called the start time, the line is driven to the value of the data bit to be sent. For a logic 1 level this means the voltage level will be remain high. For a logic 0 level the line will be driven to a low voltage level.

At time T2, between 1.5-2.3 mSec into the character time, the data level is guaranteed to be

stable and should be sampled here. At T3, the end of the character time, the signal line is driven low (or remains low for a logic 0). The interval T3 to T4, called the stop time, is a minimum of 0.5 mSec. At time T4 the process starts again for the next data bit.

T0 = Rising edge indicating start of a new bit. this is the start time. T1 = Falling edge if the bit is a zero, the line stays high if the bit is a one. T2 = Sample period (high voltage = logic 1, low voltage = logic 0) T3 = Falling edge indicating end of current bit (only if we had a logic 1 bit). T4 = Start of next bit (ie. T0 for the next bit).

The period T0 to T4, called a bit time should be exactly 6.25 mSec. thus there are 1000/6.25 or exactly 160 bits transmitted per second. A bit per second is called a baud (after Baudot, a developer of the teletype) Although I have not found a definitive specification for the individual times T0 to T4, they can be observed on real units. As measured from the above signal, the following intervals are calculated for the VN (although, in reality, the ECU memcal program actually determines these times):

T0-T1 = B = 0.5 mSec.

T1-T3 = C = 4.75 mSec.

T3-T4 = E = 1.0 mSec. T0-T4 = total = 6.25 mSec

The easiest way to determine if a 0 or 1 bit is being transmitted is to measure the time interval between negative going transitions (ie. the end of the start time) and then the next positive going transition's (ie. the start of the stop time). A method for doing this is described on this site.

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Information on GM's 160 baud ALDL data stream

160 baud ALDL Data BYTE Format

Data bytes (8 bits) are transmitted with the most significant bit (MSB) first. A leading 0 logic level start bit (indicated as the P bit in the photo) is added to delimit successive bytes. This gives a total of 9 bits per transmitted byte. The screen shot here shows 3 groupings of 9 data bits (the waving signal is due to the measurement technique - a sound card based oscilloscope).

The first character is a SYNC character (described below) followed by the character 20H (000100000) and 0FH (000001111).

160 baud ALDL FRAME Format

A unique 9 bit combination of characters is used to begin each new grouping of data bytes. This grouping is called a data frame and begins with a SYNC (or synchronisation) character made up of a logic 1 start bit and 8 logic 1 bits. The screen shot above shows the SYNC character as 111111111 (note the preceeding short inter-frame delay). This combination of 9 ones cannot occur within the data part of a frame as each normal start bit is a 0 and at most we could expect to see 8 ones (a FFH character) both followed and preceeded by a 0 start bit.

GM has not defined a standard "frame data format" for the ALDL information. Rather, each ECU, and in fact, each specific ECU's memcal program, determines what ECU/memcal data is present in the ALDL data stream. Thus a '808 with a VN memcal may have different ALDL data than the same ECU used on a Nissan Pulsar. Additionally, automatic, manual and airconditioned variants may have slightly different data interpretations.

As an exercise, we have completed an interpretation of the VN Holden Commodore's ALDL data stream.

Serial port interface to read 160 baud ALDL data

The 160 baud ALDL data stream is NOT a standard format that can be read directly into a standard PC. However the data rate is relatively slow and it can be fed into a PC's serial port and interpreted even on a machine as slow as the original IBM XT.

One simple scheme, used by the author, is to feed the data into a single transistor level converter that is connected to the PC's serial port. Rather than use the traditional Rx (or receive) line, the CTS signal line receives the data stream. The corresponding software measures the time intervals between signal transitions on the CTS line (using the PC's 8253/8254 counter/timer) and regenerates the ALDL data bytes for display on the PCs screen. Note however that this scheme is prone to noise, and the newer serial RX data approach described here should be understood.

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Information on GM's 160 baud ALDL data stream

Further technical information on building a PC based ALDL interface is available from this site.

last updated 29 November 2001 (CSS styles, 160 serial link).

To ensure the correctness of this document, we greatly appreciated your feedback on the information presented here.

Copyright (c) 1999, Tech Edge Pty. Ltd.Author P. Gargano

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160 Baud ALDL Hardware Interface

160 Baud ALDL Hardware InterfaceA simple hardware interface between GM's 160 baud ALDL data stream and a PC's serial port is described here. Additionally, simple software is available to display the captured information, and details of a simple ALDL data stream emulator are presented. I also have newer information on reading GM's 160 baud ALDL with a serial port which uses the Rx data line rather than the CTS line, as describd here.

Note: This description is for Australian VN and VP vehicles where the CEL (also known as SES or Service Engine Soon) light is connected between 12 Volts and the ALDL data stream from the ECU (1227808 pin A5). US and other vehicles that use an ALDL data stream that switches between 0 and 5 Volts requires a 5 Volt 8192 baud ALDL circuit that can also be used for 8192 baud ALDL data.

This interface allows the vehicle's ALDL data stream to be displayed in real time on a PC using simple software. The hardware is designed to be able to be constructed by the average hobbyist who has a temperature controlled soldering iron and basic skills in constructing simple electronics. It uses a minimum of (readily available) components consistent with good electronics design.

ALDL 160 baud Hardware

I describe here one of the simplest 160 baud ALDL interface that connects to a PC's serial port. Because RS232 cables can be quite long, and can pick up electrical noise easily, the serial port was chosen as the PC interface.

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160 Baud ALDL Hardware Interface

The design uses one transistor, 5 resistors and an LED for diagnostic display purposes. A schematic and also a component and solder side view of the prototype are shown here.

The transistor (a general purpose PNP transistor, like the BC557 or 2N2907) is used as a level converter for the 0 to 12 Volt levels from the 160 baud ALDL data stream to the RS232 levels expected by the serial port. The LED is used as an indicator of the 160 baud data stream and also to ensure the transistor is cut off when the ALDL data is HI.

When the ALDL signal is close to 12 Volts (the dash Check Engine Light will be OFF) the transistor will be turned off and its collector will be close to the (negative) DTR level (from pin 4 of 9). The DTR pin is set by the software to a negative RS232 level so that the level read on CTS (pin 8 of 9) will also be negative.

When the ALDL signal is close to 0 Volts the transistor will be saturated and drawing its maximum collector current. Collector voltage will be close to 12 Volts less the voltage drop across the LED and the transistor's Vces. The CTS input will be at a positive level which will be compatible with a positive RS232 level.

The RS232 levels on CTS are inverted by the PC's RS232 receiver and again by the PC's 8250 serial controller (or variant such as the 16550) chip. The level read from the 8250's modem status register will reflect the level at the transistor's collector. Put another way, as the transistor also inverts the signal, the 8250's status register will read a 0 when the ALDL data is at 12 Volts, and a 1 when the ALDL data is at 0 Volts.

Parts List

The parts are almost junk box components and most hobbyists will have no trouble obtaining these parts. I used a BC557 transistor but a 2N2907 should work fine too. The resistors are 1/4 watt metal film parts but anything that is physically compatible should work fine. Using perforated board for construction may make your version more robust and easier to construct but it can equally be built in "free air". You may think about building the unit so it fits into a DB9 or DB25 plastic shell, but make sure you anchor the ALDL cable to the circuit as this will be one of the first points of failure.

BC557 (or 2N2907) - General purpose PNP transistor LED any GP LED - prototype used a green LED 1k x 2 resistors - (black-brown-red) 3.3k resistor - (orange-orange-red) 10k resistor - (black-brown-orange) 22k resistor - (red-red-orange) DB9S connector - or DB25S (socket=female) as appropriate for your PC

perforated board, solder, wire, etc. (optional DB shell or case)

Connectors

The connections A through H on the schematic are connected, via another cable with appropriate plugs, to the vehicles ALDL connector. There are at least two vehicle ALDL connectors that are used worldwide (and probably many more!). The following details are by no means exhaustive. Note that the connections are shown as one would see when viewing the connector from it "front", or the end that plugs into its mating connector. Some connectors may actually have markings on them indicating the pin's numbering.

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160 Baud ALDL Hardware Interface

Australian Commodore VN/VP 6 pin ALDL connector

The Australian VN and VP Holden Commodores (1988-1992) were the first Australian Holdens to have a Delco/GM EFI system. The ALDL connector is found under the glove box compartment, close to the ECU. Shorting pins A and B (with a paper clip?) will enable the vehicles "flashing diagnostic codes" mode.

----------- Mating connector type XB4 (make unknown) | G E F B | | H A | GM "Tech 1" mating connector TA02329A ----| |---- ---

Pin Function A Earth, 0 Volts B Diagnostic test terminal F Torque converter clutch E Check engine light (CEL) and ALDL data (0 to +12v) G Fuel pump test H +12 volts

North American 12 pin ALDL connector

----------------------- --| F | E | D | C | B | A |-- | |-----------------------| | --| G | H | J | K | L | M |-- ----------------------- North American ALDL connector pinouts

This connector is found in many North American vehicles of the mid to late 1980s and early 1990s.

Pin Function A Earth, 0 Volts B Diagnostic Terminal, (short to pin A to activate diagnostic mode) C D E 160 baud ALDL Serial Data. F G H 12 Volts (switched from Ignition) J K

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160 Baud ALDL Hardware Interface

L M

CTS Interface Hardware

I built a prototype of the interface on a piece of perforated board. Both sides of my prototype are shown below. I used a DB9 (9 pin) connector but the schematic above also shows the corresponding DB25 (25 pin) connections should you wish to use that connector instead. Whichever DB plug you use you can readily obtain an 9->25 or 25->9 pin adapter for use with PCs having the other DB plug. On your interface, the LED should be mounted on the side that most suits your PCs serial port orientation. The LED has a diagnostic use as well as being a part of the electrical design, it cannot be omitted. Note also that the LED will be OFF when the vehicles check engine light (CEL) is ON. When the ALDL data stream is being read, both the LED and the vehicles CEL lamp will flicker irregularly.

The connector to the left in the above pictures does NOT connect directly to the vehicle's ALDL connector. Another cable, with corresponding plugs, adapts to each connector. This was done so that a short cable for in-vehicle use and a longer cable for workshop use can be use as appropriate.

The component side of the prototype 160 baud ALDL interface showing the transistor and 4 resistors.

The solder side of the prototype 160 baud ALDL interface showing the green LED and another resistor.

Simpe Software

Simple software to display the raw ALDL data stream is available on this site. It is not designed to be fancy, but provides enough information to diagnose many simple ECU and vehicle EFI problems. Tech Edge intends to make a more complete feature packed package that will be available at low cost from this web site. If you wish to be informed of the availability of this software then we'll contact you as soon as we have completed our prototype.

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160 Baud ALDL Hardware Interface

last updated 29 Nov. 2001 (links).

To ensure the correctness of this document, we greatly appreciated your feedback on the information presented here.

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LM78LXX Series3-Terminal Positive RegulatorsGeneral DescriptionThe LM78LXX series of three terminal positive regulators isavailable with several fixed output voltages making themuseful in a wide range of applications. When used as a zenerdiode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78LXX usu-ally results in an effective output impedance improvement oftwo orders of magnitude, and lower quiescent current. Theseregulators can provide local on card regulation, eliminatingthe distribution problems associated with single point regu-lation. The voltages available allow the LM78LXX to be usedin logic systems, instrumentation, HiFi, and other solid stateelectronic equipment.

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micro SMD Marking Orientation

00774433

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May 2003LM

78LXX

Series

3-TerminalP

ositiveR

egulators

© 2003 National Semiconductor Corporation DS007744 www.national.com

Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/Distributors for availability and specifications.

Power Dissipation (Note 5) Internally Limited

Input Voltage 35V

Storage Temperature −65˚C to +150˚C

ESD Susceptibility (Note 2) 1kV

Operating Junction Temperature

SO-8, TO-92 0˚C to 125˚C

micro SMD −40˚C to 85˚C

Soldering Information

Infrared or Convection (20 sec.) 235˚C

Wave Soldering (10 sec.) 260˚C (lead time)

LM78LXX Electrical Characteristics Limits in standard typeface are for TJ = 25˚C, Bold typefaceapplies over 0˚C to 125˚C for SO-8 and TO-92 packages, and −40˚C to 85˚C for micro SMD package. Limits are guaran-teed by production testing or correlation techniques using standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods. Unless other-wise specified: IO = 40mA, CI = 0.33µF, CO = 0.1µF.

LM78L05Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 10V

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units

VO Output Voltage 4.8 5 5.2

V

7V ≤ VIN ≤ 20V1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA(Note 3)

4.75 5.25

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 70mA(Note 3)

4.75 5.25

∆VO Line Regulation 7V ≤ VIN ≤ 20V 18 75

mV8V ≤ VIN ≤ 20V 10 54

∆VO Load Regulation 1mA ≤ IO ≤ 100mA 20 60

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA 5 30

IQ Quiescent Current 3 5

mA∆IQ Quiescent Current Change 8V ≤ VIN ≤ 20V 1.0

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA 0.1

Vn Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz(Note 4)

40 µV

Ripple Rejection f = 120 Hz8V ≤ VIN ≤ 16V 47 62 dB

IPK Peak Output Current 140 mA

Average Output Voltage Tempco IO = 5mA−0.65 mV/˚C

VIN (Min) Minimum Value of Input VoltageRequired to Maintain Line Regulation

6.7 7 V

θJA Thermal Resistance(8-Bump micro SMD)

230.9 ˚C/W

LM78L62ACUnless otherwise specified, VIN = 12V

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units

VO Output Voltage 5.95 6.2 6.45

V

8.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 20V1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA(Note 3)

5.9 6.5

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 70mA(Note 3)

5.9 6.5

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LM78LXX Electrical Characteristics Limits in standard typeface are for TJ = 25˚C, Bold typefaceapplies over 0˚C to 125˚C for SO-8 and TO-92 packages, and −40˚C to 85˚C for micro SMD package. Limits areguaranteed by production testing or correlation techniques using standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods. Unlessotherwise specified: IO = 40mA, CI = 0.33µF, CO = 0.1µF. (Continued)

LM78L62AC (Continued)Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 12V

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units

∆VO Line Regulation 8.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 20V 65 175

mV9V ≤ VIN ≤ 20V 55 125

∆VO Load Regulation 1mA ≤ IO ≤ 100mA 13 80

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA 6 40

IQ Quiescent Current 2 5.5

mA∆IQ Quiescent Current Change 8V ≤ VIN ≤ 20V 1.5

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA 0.1

Vn Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz(Note 4)

50 µV

Ripple Rejection f = 120 Hz10V ≤ VIN ≤ 20V 40 46 dB

IPK Peak Output Current 140 mA

Average Output Voltage Tempco IO = 5mA−0.75 mV/˚C

VIN (Min) Minimum Value of Input VoltageRequired to Maintain Line Regulation

7.9 V

LM78L82ACUnless otherwise specified, VIN = 14V

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units

VO Output Voltage 7.87 8.2 8.53

V

11V ≤ VIN ≤ 23V1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA(Note 3)

7.8 8.6

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 70mA(Note 3)

7.8 8.6

∆VO Line Regulation 11V ≤ VIN ≤ 23V 80 175

mV12V ≤ VIN ≤ 23V 70 125

∆VO Load Regulation 1mA ≤ IO ≤ 100mA 15 80

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA 8 40

IQ Quiescent Current 2 5.5

mA∆IQ Quiescent Current Change 12V ≤ VIN ≤ 23V 1.5

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA 0.1

Vn Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz(Note 4)

60 µV

Ripple Rejection f = 120 Hz12V ≤ VIN ≤ 22V 39 45 dB

IPK Peak Output Current 140 mA

Average Output Voltage Tempco IO = 5mA−0.8 mV/˚C

VIN (Min) Minimum Value of Input VoltageRequired to Maintain Line Regulation

9.9 V

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LM78LXX Electrical Characteristics Limits in standard typeface are for TJ = 25˚C, Bold typefaceapplies over 0˚C to 125˚C for SO-8 and TO-92 packages, and −40˚C to 85˚C for micro SMD package. Limits areguaranteed by production testing or correlation techniques using standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods. Unlessotherwise specified: IO = 40mA, CI = 0.33µF, CO = 0.1µF. (Continued)

LM78L09ACUnless otherwise specified, VIN = 15V

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units

VO Output Voltage 8.64 9.0 9.36

V

11.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 24V1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA(Note 3)

8.55 9.45

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 70mA(Note 3)

8.55 9.45

∆VO Line Regulation 11.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 24V 100 200

mV13V ≤ VIN ≤ 24V 90 150

∆VO Load Regulation 1mA ≤ IO ≤ 100mA 20 90

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA 10 45

IQ Quiescent Current 2 5.5

mA∆IQ Quiescent Current Change 11.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 24V 1.5

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA 0.1

Vn Output Noise Voltage 70 µV

Ripple Rejection f = 120 Hz15V ≤ VIN ≤ 25V 38 44 dB

IPK Peak Output Current 140 mA

Average Output Voltage Tempco IO = 5mA−0.9 mV/˚C

VIN (Min) Minimum Value of Input VoltageRequired to Maintain Line Regulation

10.7 V

LM78L12ACUnless otherwise specified, VIN = 19V

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units

VO Output Voltage 11.5 12 12.5

V

14.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 27V1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA(Note 3)

11.4 12.6

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 70mA(Note 3)

11.4 12.6

∆VO Line Regulation 14.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 27V 30 180

mV16V ≤ VIN ≤ 27V 20 110

∆VO Load Regulation 1mA ≤ IO ≤ 100mA 30 100

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA 10 50

IQ Quiescent Current 3 5

mA∆IQ Quiescent Current Change 16V ≤ VIN ≤ 27V 1

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA 0.1

Vn Output Noise Voltage 80 µV

Ripple Rejection f = 120 Hz15V ≤ VIN ≤ 25 40 54 dB

IPK Peak Output Current 140 mA

Average Output Voltage Tempco IO = 5mA−1.0 mV/˚C

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LM78LXX Electrical Characteristics Limits in standard typeface are for TJ = 25˚C, Bold typefaceapplies over 0˚C to 125˚C for SO-8 and TO-92 packages, and −40˚C to 85˚C for micro SMD package. Limits areguaranteed by production testing or correlation techniques using standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods. Unlessotherwise specified: IO = 40mA, CI = 0.33µF, CO = 0.1µF. (Continued)

LM78L12AC (Continued)Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 19V

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units

VIN (Min) Minimum Value of Input VoltageRequired to Maintain Line Regulation

13.7 14.5 V

LM78L15ACUnless otherwise specified, VIN = 23V

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units

VO Output Voltage 14.4 15.0 15.6

V

17.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 30V1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA(Note 3)

14.25 15.75

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 70mA(Note 3)

14.25 15.75

∆VO Line Regulation 17.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 30V 37 250

mV20V ≤ VIN ≤ 30V 25 140

∆VO Load Regulation 1mA ≤ IO ≤ 100mA 35 150

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA 12 75

IQ Quiescent Current 3 5

mA∆IQ Quiescent Current Change 20V ≤ VIN ≤ 30V 1

1mA ≤ IO ≤ 40mA 0.1

Vn Output Noise Voltage 90 µV

Ripple Rejection f = 120 Hz18.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 28.5V 37 51 dB

IPK Peak Output Current 140 mA

Average Output Voltage Tempco IO = 5mA−1.3 mV/˚C

VIN (Min) Minimum Value of Input VoltageRequired to Maintain Line Regulation

16.7 17.5 V

Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Electrical specifications do not apply when operating the deviceoutside of its stated operating conditions.

Note 2: Human body model, 1.5 kΩ in series with 100pF.

Note 3: Power dissipation ≤ 0.75W.

Note 4: Recommended minimum load capacitance of 0.01µF to limit high frequency noise.

Note 5: Typical thermal resistance values for the packages are:

Z Package: θJC = 60 ˚C/W, = θJA = 230 ˚C/W

M Package: θJA = 180 ˚C/W

micro SMD Package: θJA = 230.9˚C/W

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Typical Performance CharacteristicsMaximum Average Power Dissipation (Z Package) Peak Output Current

00774414 00774416

Dropout Voltage Ripple Rejection

00774417 00774418

Output Impedance Quiescent Current

00774419 00774420

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Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)

Quiescent Current

00774421

Equivalent Circuit

LM78LXX

00774407

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Typical Applications

Fixed Output Regulator

00774408

*Required if the regulator is located more than 3" from the power supply filter.

**See (Note 4) in the electrical characteristics table.

Adjustable Output Regulator

00774409

VOUT = 5V + (5V/R1 + IQ) R2

5V/R1 > 3 IQ, load regulation (Lr) ≈ [(R1 + R2)/R1] (Lr of LM78L05)

Current Regulator

00774410

IOUT = (VOUT/R1) + IQ>IQ = 1.5mA over line and load changes

5V, 500mA Regulator with Short Circuit Protection

00774411

*Solid tantalum.

**Heat sink Q1.

***Optional: Improves ripple rejection and transient response.

Load Regulation: 0.6% 0 ≤ IL ≤ 250mA pulsed with tON = 50ms.

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Typical Applications (Continued)

±15V, 100mA Dual Power Supply

00774412

*Solid tantalum.

Variable Output Regulator 0.5V-18V

00774413

*Solid tantalum.

VOUT = VG + 5V, R1 = (−VIN/IQ LM78L05)

VOUT = 5V (R2/R4) for (R2 + R3) = (R4 + R5)

A 0.5V output will correspond to (R2/R4) = 0.1 (R3/R4) = 0.9

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Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted

NOTES: UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

1. EPOXY COATING

2. 63Sn/37Pb EUTECTIC BUMP

3. RECOMMEND NON-SOLDER MASK DEFINED LANDING PAD.

4. PIN A1 IS ESTABLISHED BY LOWER LEFT CORNER WITH RESPECT TO TEXT ORIENTATION. REMAINING PINS ARE NUMBEREDCOUNTERCLOCKWISE.

5. XXX IN DRAWING NUMBER REPRESENTS PACKAGE SIZE VARIATION WHERE X1 IS PACKAGE WIDTH, X2 IS PACKAGE LENGTH AND X3 ISPACKAGE HEIGHT.

6. REFERENCE JEDEC REGISTRATION MO-211, VARIATION BC.

8-Bump micro SMDOrder Number LM78L05IBP or LM78L05IBPX

NS Package Number BPA08AABX1 = 1.285 X2 = 1.285 X3 = 0.850

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Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)

S.O. Package (M)Order Number LM78L05ACM, LM78L05ACMX, LM78L12ACM, LM78L12ACMX or LM78L15ACM, LM78L15ACMX

NS Package Number M08A

Molded Offset TO-92 (Z)Order Number LM78L05ACZ, LM78L09ACZ, LM78L12ACZ,

LM78L15ACZ, LM78L62ACZ or LM78L82ACZNS Package Number Z03A

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Notes

LIFE SUPPORT POLICY

NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORTDEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERALCOUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:

1. Life support devices or systems are devices orsystems which, (a) are intended for surgical implantinto the body, or (b) support or sustain life, andwhose failure to perform when properly used inaccordance with instructions for use provided in thelabeling, can be reasonably expected to result in asignificant injury to the user.

2. A critical component is any component of a lifesupport device or system whose failure to performcan be reasonably expected to cause the failure ofthe life support device or system, or to affect itssafety or effectiveness.

National SemiconductorAmericas CustomerSupport CenterEmail: new.feedback@nsc.comTel: 1-800-272-9959

National SemiconductorEurope Customer Support Center

Fax: +49 (0) 180-530 85 86Email: europe.support@nsc.com

Deutsch Tel: +49 (0) 69 9508 6208English Tel: +44 (0) 870 24 0 2171Français Tel: +33 (0) 1 41 91 8790

National SemiconductorAsia Pacific CustomerSupport CenterEmail: ap.support@nsc.com

National SemiconductorJapan Customer Support CenterFax: 81-3-5639-7507Email: jpn.feedback@nsc.comTel: 81-3-5639-7560

www.national.com

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rmin

alP

ositi

veR

egul

ator

s

National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.

1N/FD

LL 914/A/B

/ 916/A/B

/ 4148 / 4448

1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 916/A/B / 4148 / 4448

Small Signal DiodeAbsolute Maximum Ratings* TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted

*These ratings are limiting values above which the serviceability of any semiconductor device may be impaired.

NOTES:1) These ratings are based on a maximum junction temperature of 200 degrees C.2) These are steady state limits. The factory should be consulted on applications involving pulsed or low duty cycle operations.

Thermal Characteristics

2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation

Symbol

Parameter

Value

Units VRRM Maximum Repetitive Reverse Voltage 100 V IF(AV) Average Rectified Forward Current 200 mA IFSM Non-repetitive Peak Forward Surge Current

Pulse Width = 1.0 second Pulse Width = 1.0 microsecond

1.0 4.0

A A

Tstg Storage Temperature Range -65 to +200 °C TJ Operating Junction Temperature 175 °C

Symbol

Characteristic

Max

Units 1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 4148 / 4448

PD Power Dissipation 500 mW

RθJA Thermal Resistance, Junction to Ambient 300 °C/W

1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 916/A/B / 4148 / 4448, Rev. B

1N/FD

LL 914/A/B

/ 916/A/B

/ 4148 / 4448

Typical Characteristics

Small Signal Diode(continued)

Symbol

Parameter

Test Conditions

Min

Max

Units

VR Breakdown Voltage IR = 100 µA IR = 5.0 µA

100 75

V V

VF Forward Voltage 1N914B/4448 1N916B

1N914/916/4148 1N914A/916A

1N916B 1N914B/4448

IF = 5.0 mA IF = 5.0 mA IF = 10 mA IF = 20 mA IF = 20 mA IF = 100 mA

620 630

720 730 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

mV mV V V V V

IR Reverse Current VR = 20 V VR = 20 V, TA = 150°C VR = 75 V

25 50 5.0

nA µA µA

CT Total Capacitance 1N916A/B/4448 1N914A/B/4148

VR = 0, f = 1.0 MHz VR = 0, f = 1.0 MHz

2.0 4.0

pF pF

trr Reverse Recovery Time IF = 10 mA, VR = 6.0 V (60mA), Irr = 1.0 mA, RL = 100Ω

4.0 ns

Electrical Characteristics TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted

110

120

130

140

150

160Ta=25 oC

1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100

Rev

erse

Vol

tage

, V R

[V]

Reverse Current, IR [uA]

Figure 1. Reverse Voltage vs Reverse CurrentBV - 1.0 to 100 uA

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

10 20 30 50 70 100

Ta= 25 oC

Rev

erse

Cur

rent

, I

R [n

A]

Reverse Voltage, VR [V]

Figure 2. Reverse Current vs Reverse VoltageIR - 10 to 100 V

GENERAL RULE: The Reverse Current of a diode will approximatelydouble for every ten (10) Degree C increase in Temperature

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100

Ta= 25 oC

Forw

ard

Volta

ge, V

R [m

V]

Forward Current, IF [uA]

Figure 3. Forward Voltage vs Forward CurrentVF - 1 to 100 uA

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1 2 3 5 10

Ta= 25 oC

Forw

ard

Vol

tage

, V F [m

V]

Forward Current, IF [mA]

Figure 4. Forward Voltage vs Forward CurrentVF - 0.1 to 10 mA

1N/FD

LL 914/A/B

/ 916/A/B

/ 4148 / 4448

Typical Characteristics (continued)

Small Signal Diode(continued)

0 50 100 1500

100

200

300

400

500

IF(AV) - AVERAGE RECTIFIED CURRENT - mA

Cur

rent

(mA

)

Ambient Temperature ( oC)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

TA = 25 oC

Tota

l Cap

acita

nce

(pF)

REVERSE VOLTAGE (V)

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

10 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 800

Ta= 25 oC

Forw

ard

Volta

ge, V

F [m

V]

Forward Current, IF [mA]Figure 5. Forward Voltage vs Forward Current

VF - 10 to 800 mA

0.01 0.1 1 10

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

30.30.03

Typical

Ta= -40 oC

Ta= 25 oC

Ta= +65 oC

Forw

ard

Volta

ge, V

F [m

V]

Forward Current, IF [mA]Figure 6. Forward Voltagevs Ambient Temperature

VF - 0.01 - 20 mA (-40 to +65 Deg C)

10 20 30 40 50 601.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Ta = 25 oC

Rev

erse

Rec

over

y Ti

me,

t

rr [ns]

Reverse Recovery Current, Irr [mA]

Figure 8. Reverse Recovery Time vsReverse Recovery Current

0 50 100 150 2000

100

200

300

400

500

DO-35

SOT-23

Pow

er D

issi

patio

n, P D [

mW

]

Temperature [ oC]Figure 10. Power Derating Curve

Figure 7. Total CapacitanceIF = 10mA - IRR = 1.0 mA - Rloop = 100 Ohms

Figure 9. Average Rectified Current (IF(AV))versus Ambient Temperature (TA)

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