K.S.INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 1

Global Warning You are Warned. You will be Warmed.

Ankush A Telkar (Author)

Mechanical

K S Institute of Technology

ankushtelkar@gmail.com

Adithya Pai U (Author)

Mechanical

K S Institute of Technology

adithyapaiu@gmail.com

D S Akshay (Author)

Mechanical

K S Institute of Technology

ds_akshay@yahoo.in

Abstract—rising smokes from chimneys’ of industrial power

plans sighted a huge risk to the nature as well as human species.

It can be seen as a risk to the safety of the planet. The objective

of this paper was to propose a human expert based approach to

global warming reduction management. Discussions regarding

the causes, effect and the solution devised to reduce global

warming have a key to the proposed solutions. Family based

reduction in the use of electricity is the starting step towards

lesser burning of coal energy fuels. The use of non conventional

fuels will help reduce pollution from exhaust of cars and two

wheelers. Tons of wastes can be reduced and significantly help

towards a global warming free world. Use of solar powered cars

working on entirely harvested energy and not that of combustion

of fuels inside is a step towards renewable energy based future.

Simulation results of both solutions devised demonstrated that

the proposed approach is capable of achieving realistic demand

curtailment and cost effective future which if looked into

individually can give India increased chances of attaining

pollution free country in the near future.

Keywords—warming; temperatures; surface; significant;

energy; global; world; India; electricity; consumption; solar;

renewable; reduction; humans.

I. INTRODUCTION

Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface

temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon

dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from

deforestation, which trap heat that would escape from Earth’s

surface. Greenhouse gases are a major concern in the high level

increase of global warming on earth. A gas that contributes to a

greenhouse effect by absorbing and reradiating infrared

radiations is known as a greenhouse gas. However even a slight

increase in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide and other

harmful gases can cause a significant increase in temperature.

Deforestation is the removal of a forest area which is then

converted to a non-forest use. It decreases the amount of

oxygen produced and carbon dioxide absorbed.

From ancient times people suspected that human activity

could change the climate. For example, in the 19th century

many Americans believed that cutting down forests brought

more rainfall to a region. But what caused these changes—was

it variations in the heat of the Sun? Volcanoes erupting clouds

of smoke? The raising and lowering of mountain ranges,

which diverted wind patterns and ocean currents? Or could it

be changes in the composition of the air itself?

As humanity burned fossil fuels such as coal, which added

carbon dioxide gas to the Earth’s atmosphere, we would raise

the planet’s average temperature. This “greenhouse effect”

was only one of many speculations about climate, and not the

most plausible. By the late 1970s global temperatures had

evidently begun to rise again. International panels of scientists

began to warn that the world should take active steps to cut

greenhouse gas emissions. Depending on what steps people

took to restrict emissions, by the end of the century we could

expect the planet’s average temperature to rise anywhere

between about 1.4 and 6°C (2.5 - 11°F).

Although only a small fraction of this warming had

happened so far, predicted effects are already becoming

visible in some regions, more deadly heat waves, rising sea

level, stronger floods and droughts, the spread of tropical

diseases and the decline of sensitive species. Fig. 1 below

shows the increasing global temperatures all over the world

Fig. 1 Graph Showing the Rise of Global Temperatures Since

1860

Present day global warming rises a lot of concerns as to

how longer can the earth survive the change of temperature

over years? With increasing water levels every day and high

alert on less rains in the dry regions of the world are raising

major questions on whether or not everyone concerned are

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working towards the process of decreasing global warming

problems in nature. An annual survey of global temperatures

heat map happened in 2016, a result of which has been shown

below (Fig. 2) .All climatic changes are causing a high effect

on the world’s population and in turn causing panic amongst

the citizens of the world.

Fig. 2 Picture depicts World Temperatures as on January 2016

II. A NEED TO ACT RIGHT NOW

Scientific evidence over last few years indicates that an

increase in the global average temperature of more than 2°F

today poses severe risks to natural systems and human health

and well-being. To avoid this level of warming, we need to

reduce heat-trapping emissions by at least 80 percent below

2000 levels by 2050. Delay in taking such action will cause

situation to get worse and require much sharper cuts later,

which would likely be more difficult and costly.

A. Causes of Global Warming

Global warming is primarily a problem of excessive carbon

dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, which acts as a blanket,

trapping heat and warming the planet. As we continuously

burn fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas for energy or cut

down and burn forests to create pastures and plantations,

carbon accumulates and overloads our atmosphere.

Fig. 3 Pie Chart depicting Global Warming Emissions by

Economic Sectors in the Past Decade

Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007

A few human causes contributing to the increase in global

warming are:-

Increase in CO2 concentration

The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has

increased by about thirty percent. The population has

increased and this increase is proportional to

increases in fossil fuel combustion, electricity

generation, transportation, heating, and (human

caused) emissions. It is predicted by NASA research

that we’ll soon reach carbon dioxide concentrations

that haven’t been seen on Earth in the last 50 million

years, which is eventually leading to changes in the

Earth’s average surface temperature, which is really

proving fatal to human lives.

The graph proves to us the very concept of how

over the decades the amount of carbon dioxide

content in the atmosphere has changed which has

contributed to the increase in global warming all over

the world.

Fig. 4.Shows the rapid increase in the levels of

carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere. The more

the carbon dioxide in atmosphere, increased warming

occurs hence affecting the population as well as the

nature.

Fig. 4 Graph depicting the rise of CO2 over last few

centuries

Ozone Depletion Ozone depletion is a phenomenon of thinning of

the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Ozone

depletion occurs when chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ,

found in aerosol spray cans and refrigerants,are

released into the atmosphere. These gases, through

chemical reactions, cause the ozone molecules to

break down, reducing ozone's ultraviolet (UV)

radiation-absorbing capacity. Reduce in this capacity

results in easier penetration of the UV rays into the

earth’s atmosphere. This can further cause harmful

effects on nature as well as human species. Fig. 5

shows the ozone levels all over the globe as per

survey in 2009.

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. Fig. 5 Ozone levels across the globe as on February

2009

Deforestation

Forests are very human friendly, they clean the air as

they act as natural filters which remove and store

carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Deforestation is

the removal of forest lands for the purpose of human

use and land occupying purpose. Deforestation

indirectly increases amounts of carbon in atmosphere,

as well as reduces the amount of carbon gas capture

on the earth.

Methane and Nitrous oxide emissions from

agriculture, Arctic sea beds and factories

Methane is one of the greenhouse gases, which

causes global warming. When organic matter is

broken down by bacteria under oxygen-starved

conditions as in agricultural fields, methane is

produced. The process also takes place in the

intestines of herbivorous animals, and with the

increase in the amount of concentrated livestock

production, the levels of methane released into the

atmosphere is increasing.

Another source of methane is methane clathrate

(CH4·5.75H2O), a compound of large amounts of

methane trapped in the crystal structure of ice. As

methane escapes from the Arctic seabed, the rate of

global warming increases, accordingly.

Aerosols present in the Atmosphere Atmospheric aerosols are able to alter the climate in

two important ways. They scatter and absorb solar

and infra-red radiation. They may change the micro-

physical and chemical properties of clouds and

possibly their lifetime and extent. This can be

explained as follows, scattering of solar radiation acts

to cool the planet, while the absorption of solar

radiation by aerosols warms the air directly instead of

absorption of sunlight from the surface of the Earth.

The human contributions to the amount of aerosols in

the atmosphere are: Burning of Biomass produces a

combination of organic droplets. A schematic

representation of which has been shown in Fig. 6.

Exhaust emissions from transport generate pollutants

that are either aerosols from the outset, or are

converted by chemical reactions in the atmosphere to

aerosols.

Fig. 6 Picture Depicts Aerosol contaminating Our

Atmosphere

Burning of Fossil Fuels Each time a fossil fuel burns, carbon dioxide levels in

the atmosphere increase. As we know carbon dioxide

absorbs infra-red energy emitted from the earth’s

surface, preventing it from returning to space. Coal is

the largest producer of carbon dioxide emissions.

Therefore countries across the world want to switch

to nuclear power plants.

Every tiny percent of the other harmful gases

released due to the burning of fossil fuels contributes

to an increase in global warming as well as affects

the human population, raising major concerns across

the world. Fig. 7 below shows the fumes rising from

a factory.

Fig. 7 Burning of Fossil Fuel causes Fumes which

are being left into the atmosphere

Mining Activities Mining oil, coal and other mineral products

underlying in deep beds allow methane, a greenhouse

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gas, to escape from the earth. Disturbing the soil,

stored gases make their way into the environment.

Population Expansion As the population on Earth increases, food and

housing demands along with other basic necessities

also increase. The cutting down of forests to make

space for housing and other buildings accounts for

close to 11-12 % of carbon emissions.

Fig.8 shown below depicts the population increase in

the world over decades. The more the population, the

more is the demand for oxygen, land and other

resources. Hence to meet all these demands,

resources are utilized due to which carbon content

increases, thus leading to global warming rise in the

world.

Fig. 8 Graph depicting the Rise in population over centuries

B. Effects of Global Warming on the Planet.

Climate change has brought about possibly

permanent alterations to our planet’s geological, biological

and ecological systems. These changes have led to the

emergence of large scale environmental hazards to human

health. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that

160,000 deaths, since 1950, are directly attributable to climate

change. Many believe this to be a conservative estimate.

Human impacts can be both negative and positive. Climatic

changes in Siberia, for instance, are expected to improve food

production and local economic activity, at least in the short to

medium term. Numerous studies suggest, however, that

the current and future impacts of climate change on human

society are and will continue to be overwhelmingly negative.

Melting of Glaciers: The melting of glaciers will

create a plethora of problems for human kind and the

animals living on the earth. Due to increased global

warming, the level of the sea will rise which will

lead to flooding and this will in turn create havoc in

human life. Apart from raising the sea levels, it will

also endanger several species of animals and thus

will hamper the balance of the ecosystem. Areas in

the Arctic are diminishing and flowing into major

oceans. Fig. 9 depicts a cumulative volume change

in the amount of glaciers in 160 years. Rising

temperatures create a much accelerated threat to

wildlife and whole ecosystems in these regions. With

glaciers melting at vast rates, a chain of events is

being set into motion that cannot be reversed.

Fig. 9 Graph depicting Global Glacier Cumulative

Volume Change.

Climate Change: Irregular weather patterns have

already started showing results. Increased

precipitation in the form of rain has already been

noticed in polar and sub-polar regions. More global

warming will lead to more evaporation which will

cause more rains. Animals and plants cannot easily

adapt to increased rainfall. Plants may die and

animals may migrate to other areas, which can cause

entire ecosystem out of balance.

El Nino is a climate pattern that describes the

unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern

tropical Pacific Ocean. El Nino can lead to drastic,

though temporary, changes in the environment such

as temperature fluctuations and flash floods. In

addition, with global warming, there has been a

marked trend towards more variable and anomalous

weather. This has led to an increase in the number

and severity of extreme weather events. This trend

towards more variability and fluctuation is perhaps

more important, in terms of its impact on human

health, than that of a gradual and long-term trend

towards higher average temperature

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Fig.10 the El Nino Phenomenon.

Higher sea levels: The Polar Regions are particularly

vulnerable to a warming atmosphere. Average

temperatures in the Arctic are rising twice as fast as

they are elsewhere on earth, and the world's ice

sheets are melting fast. This not only has grave

consequences for the region's people, wildlife, and

plants; its most serious impact may be on rising sea

levels. By 2100, as shown in Fig. 11,it's estimated

that our oceans will be one to four feet higher,

threatening coastal systems and low-lying areas,

In Mumbai we have seen floods during the rainy

season, the main reason behind it being the increased

sea levels which fill even more with continuous rains

in the rainy season. A lot of lives have been lost due

to floods in India. The shorelines of many coastal

cities have been pulled back due to rising sea levels.

Fig.11 Graph Depicting the Rise of Sea Level over

the Years

Heat Waves: Heat waves cause dangerously hot

weather and in recent years, more deaths have

occurred due to heat waves than in the last sixty

years. A prediction for the future years (Fig. 12)

doesn’t seem really good for our next generation.

Fig.12 Predicted Heat Waves in the Upcoming

Years.

Air Quality: As more chain of events is set in

motion, air quality will continue to get worse. As bad

as it is now in some areas in the world, multiply that

by a million. Air quality has seen a rapid change in

its constituents of polluting gases (Fig. 13) over a

period of time. This is due to the increasing human

activity which has reached limits that even the nature

cannot withstand anymore. Each time there is even a

0.01% change in constituent of any gas, global

warming increases by a 10 % of that increase. Hence

as per statistics to reduce the chances of increase,

human activity must reduce and usage of less

polluting resources must increase.

Fig. 13 Amounts of Atmosphere Contaminants

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C. Solutions to Global Warming

Fig. 14

There is no single solution to global warming, which is

primarily a problem of high concentration of heat-trapping

carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide in the

atmosphere. Fig. 14 is a popular poster on the internet

requesting us to save our mother earth.

The technologies and approaches outlined below are all

needed to bring down the emissions of these gases by at least

80 percent by mid-century. Various solutions to reduce global

warming are discussed below

Boosting energy efficiency: The energy used to

power, heat, and cool our homes, offices, and

industries is the single largest contributor to global

warming. Energy efficiency technologies allow us to

use less energy to get the same or higher level of

production, service, and comfort. This approach has

vast potential to save both energy and money, and

can be deployed quickly.

Greening transportation: The transportation sector's

emissions have increased at a faster rate than any

other energy-using sector over the past decade. A

variety of solutions are at hand, including improving

efficiency (miles per gallon) in all modes of

transport, switching to low-carbon fuels, and

reducing vehicle miles travelled through smart

growth and more efficient mass transportation

systems.

Revving up renewables: Renewable energy sources

such as solar, wind, geothermal and bioenergy are

available around the world. Multiple studies have

shown that renewable energy has the technical

potential to meet the vast majority of our energy

needs. Renewable technologies can be deployed

quickly, are increasingly cost-effective, and create

jobs while reducing pollution.

Phasing out fossil fuel electricity: Dramatically

reducing our use of fossil fuels, especially carbon-

intensive coal, is essential to tackle climate change.

There are many ways to begin this process. Key

action steps include: not building any new coal-

burning power plants, initiating a phased shutdown of

coal plants starting with the oldest and dirtiest, and

capturing and storing carbon emissions from power

plants. While it may sound like science fiction, the

technology exists to store carbon emissions

underground. This technology has not been deployed

on a large scale or proven to be safe and permanent,

but it has been demonstrated in other contexts such as

oil and natural gas recovery. Demonstration projects

to test the viability and costs of this technology for

power plant emissions are worth pursuing.

Managing forests and agriculture: Taken together,

tropical deforestation and emissions from agriculture

represent nearly 30 percent of the world's heat-

trapping emissions. We can Fig.ht global warming by

reducing emissions from deforestation and forest

degradation and by making our food production

practices more sustainable.

Developing and deploying new low-carbon and

zero-carbon technologies: Research and

development of the next generation of low-carbon

technologies will be critical to deep mid-century

reductions in global emissions. Current research on

battery technology, new materials for solar cells,

harnessing energy from novel sources like bacteria

and algae, and other innovative areas could provide

important breakthroughs.

Below picture is an animated version of what actually

happens in the atmosphere.

Fig. 15

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III. METHODOLOGIES

It’s high time for a change and that change should be right now. With each going day we are probably cutting down the life of earth and we ,as citizens of the world, have a task in our hands to control it. Here are our solutions to control the global warming situation in India.

A. Save Electricity, Stop burning coal.

We suggest a solution to reduce the amount of electricity

being consumed by individuals and families which will

contribute to help in decreasing global warming. Since

electricity plays an important role in everybody’s livelihood, it

is essential that we try to save as much energy as possible so

that our future generations may look forward to a better living.

Fig. 16 Graph depicting the rise in need for electricity in India

Above graph (Fig. 16) depicts the consumption rates over a

period of 11 plans on electricity since independence. As we

can observe in the graph the need has been growing which

further implies that more amount of fossil fuels are being

burnt to meet these energy requirements.

A statistical approach to the current situation shows us the fact

that a lot of coal is being burnt in order to produce electricity

to the entire country. Table 1 depicts the consumption of

various sources of fuel used to produce electricity in India.

TABLE 1: Consumption of Different sources to produce electricity

Sources Capacity (MWh) % used

Coal 164635.88 61.51

Hydroelectricity 41267.43 15.41

Renewable energy source 31692.14 11.84

Natural gas 23062.15 8.61

Nuclear 5780.00 2.16

Oil 1199.75 0.44

Total 267637.35

We as engineers suggest a solution to decrease consumption

rates by at least 10% of the original usage in India.

Let’s assume an average home of 4 people consume

200units per month. Whereas their actual

consumption without wasting power unnecessarily

would be 150units. We propose to reduce the excess

50 units consumed by imposing certain limits to

consumption.

Depending on the number of people and the size of

the house the central government or the state

government can impose a limit on number of units of

electricity that the house can consume. If the limit is

exceeded then we suggest the power to be cut or

certain penalties be imposed on the family.

This proposal will ensure that the power isn’t

unnecessarily being wasted as well people will be

more careful and aware of how much electricity to

consume.

If any requirement of excess of power is needed by

the family certain procedures must be taken and paid

for ,to use it

Our proposal for Rich people in India, who consume

a lot of electricity, is that they need to pay 3 times the

actual cost for every extra unit of power consumed.

There might be a lot of problems trying to implement

this rule but, even 1% of saving will result in

significant reduction of global warming.

We did a research on our solution and our results are as

stated below:-

Let us assume one house in an area occupied by 4 people

consumes a total of 200kWh of power in a month. We already

know that so much of power is being wasted due to lack of

importance shown towards conserving energy. Now we

suggest that by saving the wasted power we can contribute

towards the reduction of global warming.

Actual situation Figures:-

One house consumption per month =200kWh

500 houses in the locality = 100000kWh

In an entire year the locality will consume = 1200000kWh

Let’s consider a state has 40 localities, i.e. a total of 2000

houses in all .Hence

The consumption of one state in a year is =48000000kWh

For 29 states in India the total consumption would be

= 1392*103 MWh

Let’s assume that 592*103 MWh is being produced by

renewable energy resources such as hydal energy or wind

energy

Total consumption in India per year = 800*103MWh

Seeing the above approximately calculated Figures, it is clear

that a lot of coal is burnt to produce such a high amount of

power. The table 1 we mentioned before proved this point.

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If our solution is to cut down, the power consumption per

house, to 150kWh. Therefore our approximated Figures are:-

One house consumption per month = 150kWh

500 houses in the locality = 75000kWh

In an entire year the locality will consume = 900000kWh

Let’s consider a state has 40 localities, i.e. a total of 2000

houses in all.

Hence the consumption of one state in a year is

=36000000kWh

For 29 states in India the total consumption would be

= 1044*103 MWh

Let’s assume that 592*103 MWh is being produced by

renewable energy resources such as hydal energy or wind

energy

Total consumption in India per year = 452*103 MWh

Hence percentage reduction would be: -

= (actual – our Figures)/ actual

= 43.5%

This is an approximate and unpredicted calculation we have

assumed to put forth our theory. Just with assumed number of

houses if 43.5% is the total reduction in consumption then

imagine how much would it be in actual use?

Our solution proves to the point that limiting use of electricity

per house in India will provide a significant reduction in

burning of coal and thus decrease a major cause to global

warming around the world. Switching to non conventional

energy routines to power our daily lives is another solution.

Though our solution is farfetched we must look to utilize our

renewable resources better.

B. Solar Powered Car- A Future to Lower Pollution Levels

Our next proposed solution is the use of low cost, highly

efficient SOLAR POWERED CARS. This solution is to tackle

the high usage of petrol and diesel to run the engine cars on

road. The engine cars which run in India right now are not fuel

efficient also they release a lot of gases out into the nature

upon consumption. This release is causing air pollution i.e.

contaminating the air with harmful gases which contribute to

global warming process.

Solar powered cars work on renewable energy i.e. the

Sun’s radiation. To reduce air pollution in India we suggest

the use of solar powered cars to run. There are running talks

about the use of bicycles and also carpooling in Indian cities

recently. But we the people of this country aren’t showing a

good response as a family doesn’t find it comfortable to use

bicycles to go on a family trip and hence opt to go on a car.

Fuel run cars or 4-wheelers are the most used transport

vehicles in India. A lot of pollution is caused due to

combustion of fuels by running the cars. According to

statistics as provided, India stands 4th in the largest

contributors to air pollution in the world only after USA,

China and Russia.

A Solar car is a 4 wheeler transport device which runs on solar

energy harvested from the Sun. Prototypes of this design have

been all over the internet lately. In India this solution hasn’t

been implemented that well, sole reason behind this is that it’s

not feasible in the night as well the prices are way too high.

Below Fig.17 is the block diagram of working of a solar car

Fig. 17 Block Diagram of a Solar Car

A solar powered vehicle can only run efficiently when the

sun shines, although most vehicles of this type have a battery

backup. Electricity is stored in the batteries when the Sun is

shining and this power can be used when sun light is restricted

(cloudy). Solar cars can accomplish this through photovoltaic

cells (PVC). PVCs are the components in solar paneling that

convert the sun's energy to electricity.

They're made up of semiconductors, usually made of silicon,

that absorb the light. The sunlight's energy then frees electrons

in the semiconductors, creating a flow of electrons. That flow

generates the electricity that powers the battery or the

specialized car motor in solar cars.

Fig. 18 A Basic Prototype of a Solar Car

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The above prototype is a highly efficient solar car but it is

costly as per resources. To reduce this cost we designed an

idea to use less number but high quality solar panels on the car

which can harvest as much energy from the Sun that 15 panels

can.

Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the Sun's rays

as a source of energy for generating electricity or heat.

A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged; connect

assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells. Solar Photovoltaic

panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic system that

generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and

residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output

power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges

from 100 to 365 watts. The efficiency of a module determines

the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8%

efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16%

efficient 230 watt module.

According to our calculations

Let’s say a family is using a swift dzire at their house with a

fuel capacity of 40ltr and mileage is 15kms per liter. If a

person has to travel 30kms up and down for work every day

nearly 2ltrs of fuel is needed per day which implies that he

needs 60ltrs of petrol for a month. The total expense would

sum to 3900Rs.

Use of a solar car would mean this fuel expense is cut down

and hence the money is saved. Buying of a solar car will be a

onetime investment giving the user a huge profit. This solution

has been explained by a USA consumer below

If this above situation is dealt with by our central government,

in 3 years we might see a complete reduction in the use of fuel

powered cars in India, thus we will contribute to decrease in

global warming.

Even a 0.1% reduction is air pollution in India would mean a

significant decrease of global warming.

Our devised technical solution aims at reducing pollution

levels in India which in turn will reduce global warming. Our

solution stands by with a promise to reduce the pollution

levels in India if effectively used and implemented.

Solar power is the future of energy in the world. Hence we

urge the usage of more and more of renewable energy

resources that can be used forever.

CONCLUSION

Every 10kwh of energy saved can reduce the global warming

situation by up to 0.1%. Even 0.1% of reduction matters when

we look at it from a worldwide view. Complete elimination

might be a tough task in our hands but helping in reducing the

same can contribute a lot to help decrease it. The usage of

renewable energy resources is a farfetched idea but still with

continuous research going on it may be in the very near future

that we see such resources coming into use.

Hence until then we must urge the citizens of the world to

save as much energy as possible. Let’s come together and save

our earth from this problem. Being one of the contemporary

world's problems, global warming is a complex phenomenon

with unavoidable immediate and long-term effects on human

health. Climate change through heat waves, cold days, or

extreme weather adversely affects health.

Global warming is expected to influence human health either

directly - through the physiological effects of heat and cold, or

indirectly - by means of changes in human behavior or

increases in food-borne disease transmission.

Hence we conclude this paper by saying Global warming is a

disease lets work for our future by joining hands and help

eradicate it.

Fig. 19 Save earth, save yourself

K.S.INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 10

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research was supported by K.S.Institute of Technology,

Bangalore. We thank our Principal Dr.K.Govindaraju and

Head of the Department for Mechanical Engineering

Dr.K.R.Narasimha, who provided insight and expertise that

greatly assisted the research, and provided us with valuable

inputs to our research.

We thank Professor K.Prasad, Mechanical Engineering

Department, for assistance with a review of the paper, and

Professor M.Balaji for comments that greatly improved the

manuscript.

We would also like to show our gratitude to JSS College of

Engineering for providing us a platform to put up our ideas

and papers. We are also immensely grateful to Professor

L.Nirmala, KSIT, Professor Muralidhar K S, KSIT and

Professor Girish T R, KSIT, for their comments on an earlier

version of the manuscript, although any errors are our own and

should not tarnish the reputations of these esteemed persons

Finally, we would also like to thank our parents and friends

for their unlimited support to our research which helped us to

finish this paper on time

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