Giros Copernicanos

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Serie: Libros Nº3 Junio 1999

Apuntes sobre las políticas exteriores argentinas. Los giros copernicanos y sus tendencias profundas

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"Wpkxgtukfcf"Pcekqpcn"fg"Nc"Rncvc"Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

2 - Alejandro Simonoff

Apuntes sobre las políticas exteriores argentinas. Los giros copernicanos y sus tendencias profundas - 3

Introducción 5 1. Las etapas de la política exterior argentina 6"

1. La formación de un modo de inserción (1810-1862) 9 1.1. La pre-política exterior argentina (1810-1829) 10"1.2. La proto-política exterior argentina (1829-1862) 13"

2. El modelo clásico de inserción (1862-1916) 19 2.1. Los inicios del modelo (1862 y 1880) 19"2.2. El modelo clásico (1880-1916) 21"

3. Los atisbos autonomistas (1916-1930) 27 3.1. El krausismo y la política exterior (1916-1922) 27"3.2. El privilegio de la inserción (1922-1928) 30"3.3. El retorno del krausimo y el autonomismo difuso (1928-1930) 31"

4. El bilateralismo profundizado: la opción por la inserción ante los cambios de poder mundial (1930-1946) 34

4. El bilateralismo profundizado: la opción por la inserción ante los cambios de poder mundial (1930-1946) 35

5. Desafíos y desventuras de la autonomía: la Tercera Posición (1945-1955) 41

5.1. La Tercera Posición y los desafíos de la autonomía 42"5.2. Las desventuras de la Tercera Posición 45"

6. La política exterior en los tiempos de gobiernos débiles (1955-1966) 48

6. La política exterior en los tiempos de gobiernos débiles (1955-1966) 49 6.1. Golpe de Estado y de dirección (1955-1958) 49"6.2. Inserción y desarrollo: el gobierno de Frondizi (1958-1962) 51"6.3. El primer alineamiento automático (1962-1963) 55"6.4. Krausismo y problemática norte-sur (1963-1966) 56"

7. La política exterior frente al alineamiento, el aggiornamiento y el autismo (1966-1983) 61

7.1. Del alineamiento al fin de las barreras ideológicas (1966-1973) 61"7.2. El aggiornamiento de la Tercera Posición (1973-1976) 64"7.3. Más occidentales que occidente: la política autista del Proceso (1976-1983) 66"


8. Un equilibrio entre la autonomía y la inserción: la política exterior de Alfonsín (1983-1989) 71

8.1. Los problemas de la paz, el desarme y la vigencia de los derechos humanos.72"8.2. Una política exterior independiente 73"8.3. Un orden económico internacional más justo 77"

9. La inserción excluyente: la política exterior de Menem (1989-1997) 79 9.1. La política erótica: relaciones carnales y estrategia de seducción 80"

Los dilemas de la política exterior argentina 91 "¿Tienen una respuesta los dilemas? 97"

BIBLIOGRAFIA 103


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1 Cita de Anabella Busso realizada por: - BOLOGNA, Alfredo Bruno. Dos modelos de inserción de Argentina en el mundo: las presidencias de Alfonsín y Menem. Rosario, CERIR, Serie 3 Nø2, Diciembre 1991, 74.


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2 CAPUTO, Dante. "Discurso de... en la Peña El Ombú" Buenos Aires, 28 de Marzo de 1984, aparecido en la cita numero 15 de: MIRANDA, Roberto. El análisis de la política exterior desde las perspectivas de las relaciones internacionales. Rosario, CERIR, Serie 3 Nø1, Diciembre de 1988.

3 ESCUDE, Carlos. El realismo periférico. Fundamento para la nueva política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, Planeta, 1992.

4 PUIG, Juan Carlos (Comp.). América Latina: políticas exteriores comparadas. Buenos Aires, GEL, 1984, I, 73.

5 PUIG, J.C. América Latina: política exteriores..., I, 73.


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10 Aunque con diferencias tomamos esta caracterización realizada por el Dr. Edgardo Paltrinieri en su Cátedra de "Política Exterior Argentina" en la carrera de Ciencias Políticas de la UCALP.


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11 KONETZKE, Richard. América Latina. II. La época colonial. México, 1984, 273.


1.1. La pre-política exterior argentina (1810-1829) Fgufg"3:32"jcuvc"3:4;"qdugtxcoqu" enctcogpvg"wpc" gvcrc"swg" vkgpg"xgt" eqp" nqu" kpeqpxg/pkgpvgu" fg" nc" eqpuvtweekôp" fg" wp" Guvcfq"Pcekôp0" Nc" fgpqokpcoqu" gvcrc" fg" $jgejqu$" fg"rqnîvkec"gzvgtkqt"q"gvcrc"fg"rtg/rqnîvkec"gzvgtkqt0"

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Rqt" uw" ncfq."gn" Korgtkq"Rqtvwiwêu" kpvgpvô"c" vtcxêu"fg" nc" Kphcpvc"Ectnqvc"cuwokt"gn"eqpvtqn"rqnîvkeq"fg"Coêtkec"fgn"Uwt0"Nwgiq"fg" hqtoctug" nc"Rtkogtc" Lwpvc"fg"Iqdkgtpq" gzkuvkgtqp"kpvgpvqu"rctc"swg"Rqtvwicn"ug"jkekgtc"ectiq"fgn"rcîu"eqp"wpc"oqpctswîc0"

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12 FERNS, H.S. Gran Bretaña y la Argentina en el siglo XIX. Buenos Aires, Solar-Hachette, 1966, 90.

13 FERNS, H.S. Gran Bretaña y.. , 104.

14 PETERSON, Harold H. La Argentina y los Estados Unidos. I. 1810-1914. Buenos Aires, Hyspamérica, 1984, 33.


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15 PETERSON, Harold H. La Argentina y.. , I, 47.




19 TULCHIN, Joseph. Argentina Estados Unidos: historia de una desconfianza. Buenos Aires Planeta, 1990, 41.



Okgpvtcu" vcpvq" gp" gn" âtgc" ncvkpqcogtkecpc." Ukoôp" Dônkxct" eqpxqeô" cn" Rtkogt" Eqpitguq"Ncvkpqcogtkecpq0"Uw" guvtcvgikc" eqpvkpgpvcn" eqpukuvîc" gp" ugiwkt" nqu"rcuqu"fg" nc"Hgfgtcekôp"Pqtvgcogtkecpc<"wpkt"c"nqu"guvcfqu"jkurcpqu"fg"Coêtkec"{"pq"fkuitgictug"gp"xctkqu"guvcfqu0"Guvc"eqphgtgpekc"hwg"korqtvcpvg"rqt<"3+"nc"cnkcp|c"gpvtg"nqu"guvcfqu"fg"Coêtkec"jkurcpc="4+"nc"fgnkokvcekôp"vgttkvqtkcn"*kiwcn"cfokpkuvtcekôp"swg"ewcpfq"gtcp"eqnqpkcu+="5+"nc"uqdgtcpîc"fg"ecfc"rctvg"eqpvtcvcpvg="{"6+"nc"pq/kpvgtxgpekôp043"

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Rgtq"xqnxkgpfq"c"nc"tgncekôp"eqp"Itcp"Dtgvcòc."eqp"nc"hktoc"fgn"vtcvcfq"cpinq"ctigpvkpq"fg"3:47"nqu"kpingugu"swkukgtqp"guvcdngegt"wp"octeq"fg"kiwcnfcf"rqnîvkec"{"ngicn"eqp"gn"Guvcfq"Ctigpvkpq"swg"lwpvq"c"Itcp"Dtgvcòc"ug"tgeqpqekgtqp"owvwcogpvg"ncu"cwvqtkfcfgu"eqpukuvk/fcu"{"nqu"rqfgtgu"rctc"ngikunct0"Guvg"vtcvcfq"fglô"ocn"rctcfq"c"Guvcfqu"Wpkfqu."{c"swg"co/dqu"dwuectqp"wp"cewgtfq"rctc"eqogtekct0"Gn"vtcvcfq"fg"Cokuvcf."Eqogtekq"{"Nkdtg"Pcxgic/ekôp"vwxq"vtgu"rwpvqu<"3+"nqu"rtkxkngikqu"eqogtekcngu"c"Itcp"Dtgvcòc"swg"uk"dkgp"pq"nqu"pgeg/ukvcdc."GGWW"rtgukqpcdc"rctc"swg"pq"gzkuvkgtcp<"gn"rtkpekrcn"rtkxkngikq"gtc"$gn"swg"nqu"uûd/fkvqu"dtkvâpkequ"swgfcdcp"gzgpvqu"fg"rtguvct"ugtxkekq"oknkvct"qdnkicvqtkq"gp" ncu"hwgt|cu"ct/ocfcu"ctigpvkpcu$44="4+"nc"tgekrtqekfcf"fg"fgtgejqu"cn"tgeqpqegtug"eqoq"guvcfqu"rctgu="{"5+"nc"nkdgtvcf"tgnkikquc."swg"hwg"gn"curgevq"oâu"fkuewvkfq."enâwuwnc"fgn"cewgtfq."swg"$qdnkicdc"c"ncu"rctvgu"c"eqqrgtct"gp"nc"gnkokpcekôp"fgn"vtâhkeq"fg"guencxqu$045"

Guvg"vtcvcfq"hwg"nc"rkgftc"cpiwnct"fg"vqfcu"ncu"tgncekqpgu"cpinq"ctigpvkpcu"gp"gug"ukinq"{"nc"rtkogtc"okvcf"fgn"ZZ." gpoctecfcu" gp" wpc" ukvwcekôp"fqpfg"Itcp"Dtgvcòc" hwg" nc" rqvgpekc"octîvkoc" jgigoôpkec" {" fqpfg" Ctigpvkpc" gtc" wpc" uqekc" uwdqtfkpcfc" fg" nc" tgncekôp0" Guvg"vtcvcfq"hwg"nc"dcug"fg"nc"kpugtekôp"fg"nc"Ctigpvkpc"gp"gn"owpfq"fwtcpvg"nc"ugiwpfc"okvcf"fgn"ukinq"ZKZ."{c"swg"Itcp"Dtgvcòc."cn"ugt"rqvgpekc"owpfkcn."ictcpvk|cdc"nc"rtgugpekc"fgn"rcîu"gp"gn"owpfq0"

Rgtq" nc" hktoc" fg" gug" cewgtfq" pq" ucnxô" qvtqu" rwpvqu" eqphnkevkxqu" *gp" nc" tgncekôp" fg"Itcp"Dtgvcòc+"eqoq"nqu"tgncekqpcfqu"eqp"ncu"kpxgtukqpgu0"Guvcu"gtcp"fg"vtgu"vkrqu<"

000" ncu" swg" tgcnk|ctqp" kpxgtuqtgu" dtkvâpkequ" tgukfgpvgu" gp" Itcp" Dtgvcòc" {" swg" kpxktvkgtqp"ecrkvcngu"gp"gortgucu"rqt"ceekqpgu"swg"kdcp"c"guvcdngegtug"gp"nc"Ctigpvkpc="ncu"kpxgtukqpgu"tgcnk|cfcu"rqt"dtkvâpkequ"tgukfgpvgu"gp"nc"Ctigpvkpc"gp"gortgucu"hkpcpekgtcu"q"kpfwuvtkcngu"fgn"nwict="{"rqt"ûnvkoq"ncu"kpxgtukqpgu"dtkvâpkecu"gp"vîvwnqu"rûdnkequ"ctigpvkpqu046"

Fgpvtq"fg"gnnq"ug"kpugtvc"gn"gortêuvkvq"eqp"nc"Ecuc"Dctkpi"fg"Nqpftgu"swg"htcecuô"rqtswg"uw"qdlgvkxq"gtc"rcict"c"nqu"cetggfqtgu"fgn"Guvcfq"rqt"ncu"fgwfcu"igpgtcfcu"gp"ncu"iwgttcu"fg"nc"kpfgrgpfgpekc0"Gzkuvgp"fqu"gzrnkecekqpgu<"$nc"iwgttc"{"nc"fgenkpcekôp"fgn"vtâhkeq"c"vtcxêu"fgn"

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21 BOESENER, Demetrio. Relaciones internacionales de América Latina. México, Nueva Imagen, 1982, 107.





rwgtvq"fg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu0$47"Gn"rciq"fg"guvc"fgwfc" kornkeô"c"owejqu"iqdkgtpqu"fwtcpvg"gn"ukinq"rcucfq0"

Nc"iwgttc"gpvtg"ncu"Rtqxkpekcu"Wpkfcu"{"gn"Dtcukn"gp"3:47"gu"wp"glgornq"fgn"gswknkdtkq"fg"rqfgt"swg"ug"dwuecdc"gp"nc"tgikôp"fgn"Rncvc0"Guvg"vkgpg"uw"qtkigp"gp"nc"tkxcnkfcf"gpvtg"Gurc/òc"{"Rqtvwicn"rqt"nc"Dcpfc"Qtkgpvcn."|qpc"kpxcfkfc"rqt"gn"Korgtkq"rqtvwiwêu"c"rtkpekrkqu"fg"nc"fêecfc"fg"3:420"Nqu"qtkgpvcngu"vgpîcp"oâu"nc|qu"eqp"nqu"rqtvgòqu"swg"eqp"nqu"rqtvwiwg/ugu0"Ewcpfq"ug"eqpxqeô"c"nc"Cucodngc"eqpuvkvw{gpvg"gp"3:46"ug"cegrvô"eqoq"okgodtqu"c"nqu"qtkgpvcngu"{"guvq"ukipkhkeô"gn"kpkekq"fg"nc"iwgttc"eqp"gn"Dtcukn"swg"ug"jcdîc"kpfgrgpfk|cfq"fg"Rqtvwicn0"

Dtcukn" dnqswgô" nqu" rwgtvqu" ctigpvkpqu" eqornkecpfq" cn" eqogtekq" fg" Dwgpqu" Cktgu" swg" ug"rctcnk|ô"rgtlwfkecpfq"c"Itcp"Dtgvcòc0"Tqdgtv"Rctkuj."eqoq"tgrtgugpvcpvg"dtkvâpkeq"vtcvô"fg"cdtkt"gn"dnqswgq0"Nc"iwgttc<"

000" vgtokpô"rqt" gpvgtq" nc" tgncekôp" eqogtekcn0"Uk" ncu"jquvknkfcfgu"pq"jwdkgtcp" vgtokpcfq"gp"hqtoc" târkfc" gp" 3:4:." nc" eqowpkfcf"ogtecpvkn" dtkvâpkec" rqftîc" jcdgtug" xkuvq" qdnkicfc" c"cdcpfqpct"fghkpkvkxcogpvg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu048"

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Nc"fkuqnwekôp"fgn"iqdkgtpq"fg"Tkxcfcxkc"qdnkiô"c"Itcp"Dtgvcòc"c"wpc"pwgxc"pgiqekcekôp<"nc"pwgxc"rtqrwguvc"kpinguc"gtc"nc"kpfgrgpfgpekc"fgn"Wtwiwc{0"Fqttgiq"nc"gpvgpfkô"eqoq"kpfg/rgpfgpekc"fgn"Dtcukn"{"pq"fg"ncu"Rtqxkpekcu"Wpkfcu"cwpswg"nc"rtqrwguvc"gtc"fg"codcu0"Nc"ecîfc"fg"Fqttgiq"pqu"cdtg"c"nc"rtôzkoc"rctvg"fgn"ecrîvwnq."nc"nngicfc"fg"Tqucu"cn"rqfgt0"

1.2. La proto-política exterior argentina (1829-1862) Nc"rtqvq/rqnîvkec"ug"ectcevgtk|c"rqt"guvct"wp"rqeq"oâu"cxcp|cfc"nc"eqpuvtweekôp"fgn"Guvcfq."cwpswg"vqfcxîc"pq"guvâ"hkpcnk|cfq"gn"rtqeguq0"Cswî"nc"rtqxkpekc"fg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu"tgrtgugpvc"c"nc"Eqphgfgtcekôp"fwtcpvg"nc"êrqec"fg"Tqucu"{"gp"nc"uwdukiwkgpvg"cn"tqukuoq."gzkuvgp"fqu"guvc/fqu<"gn"fg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu."{"nc"Eqphgfgtcekôp0"Rqt"gug"oqvkxq"nqu"jgoqu"eqpukfgtcfq"lwpvqu0"

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1.2.1. La proto-política exterior en la época de Rosas (1829-1852) Vtcu"nc"ecîfc"fg"Fqttgiq"{"gn"kpvgttgipq"fg"Ncxcnng."gp"3:4;"Tqucu"cuwog"gn"rqfgt0"Xc"c"ugt"wp"iqdkgtpq" hwgtvg0"Vgpîc"wpc"xkukôp" ukornkuvc"fg" eôoq"ocpglct" nc" equc"rûdnkec."rqt" guq"swgtîc"nc"uwoc"fgn"rqfgt"rûdnkeq04:"

Fgufg" nq" geqpôokeq." Tqucu" tgrtgugpvcdc" nqu" kpvgtgugu" fgn" eqornglq" icpcfgtq/ucncfgtq/eqogtekcn<"nqu"kpvgtgugu"fg"guvqu"ugevqtgu"qtkgpvcdcp"uw"rqnîvkec"jcekc"nqu"ogtecfqu"gzvgtkqtgu0"Gp" nqu"fqu"rtkogtqu"còqu"fg"iqdkgtpq"xc"c"jcegt"wpc" tgrgtewukôp"fg"wpc"etkuku" geqpôokec"gwtqrgc"swg"ug"uwoc"c"wpc"ugswîc"swg"rtqfwlq"nc"owgtvg"fg"wp"oknnôp"fg"ecdg|cu"fg"icpcfq04;"

Gp"nc"gvcrc"tqukuvc"cpcnk|ctgoqu"nc" kornkecpekc"fgn"Rcevq"Hgfgtcn"gp"guvc"gvcrc." nc"Ng{"fg"Cfwcpc."nc"qewrcekôp"kpinguc"fg"ncu"kuncu"Ocnxkpcu."nqu"Dnqswgqu"Htcpeêu"{"Cpinq"Htcpeêu"eqoq"cuî"vcodkêp"nc"rqnîvkec"fg"pq/tgeqpqekokgpvq"fg"nc"kpfgrgpfgpekc"fg"xctkqu"rcîugu"swg"jcdîcp"hqtocfq"rctvg"fgn"Xkttgkpcvq"fgn"Tîq"fg"nc"Rncvc"*Wtwiwc{."Rctciwc{"{"Dqnkxkc+0"Gu"oâu." vqfqu" guvqu" eqphnkevqu" uwtigp" rqt" guc" rqnîvkec" fg" pq/tgeqpqekokgpvq" fg" ncu" pwgxcu"pcekqpgu"hqtocfcu"vtcu"nc"fkuqnwekôp"fgn"xkttgkpcvq0"

Gn"Rcevq"Hgfgtcn"fg"3:53"ug"hqtoc"eqoq"wpc"tgurwguvc"c"nc"Nkic"fgn"Kpvgtkqt"swg"gtc"wpkvc/tkc0"Gn"igpgtcn"Rc|"fgttqvô"c"nqu"iqdgtpcfqtgu"hgfgtcngu"fgn"kpvgtkqt"{"pwengô"c"nqu"pwgxqu"iqdkgtpqu"gp"eqpvtc"fg"nqu"fgn"nkvqtcn0"Fgufg"gn"rwpvq"fg"xkuvc"fg"nc"rqnîvkec"gzvgtkqt"gpeqp/vtcoqu"fqu"curgevqu"korqtvcpvgu<"gn"fgdcvg"uqdtg"gn"rtqvgeekqpkuoq."{"nc"hqtoc"fg"nc"tgrtg/ugpvcekôp"gzvgtkqt"fg"ncu"rtqxkpekcu0"

Ncu"rtqxkpekcu"swg"hqtocdcp"rctvg"fg"guc"|qpc"*Ucpvc"Hg."Eqttkgpvgu"{"Gpvtg"Tîqu+"ng"gzkiî/cp"c"Dwgpqu"Cktgu"gn"tgrctvq"fg"nqu"tgewtuqu"fg"nc"Cfwcpc"{"swg"ug"hklctcp"vcucu"rctc"rtqvg/igt"c"nqu"rtqfwevqu"fgn"rcîu."cfgoâu"fg"nc"crgtvwtc"fg"pwgxqu"rwgtvqu"gp"eqpvtc"fgn"oqpqrq/nkq"fg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu0"Guvcu"ogfkfcu"fgdknkvcdcp"gn"rqfgt"{"gn"oqfq"fg"kpugtekôp"swg"gn"tq/ukuoq"jcdîc"rgtlgòcfq0"Rgtq"gp"tgcnkfcf"nq"swg"dwuecdc"gtc"ocpvgpgt"nqu"xîpewnqu"gzvgtpqu"fg"nc"geqpqoîc"rqtvgòc0"

Tqzcu"{"Rcvtôp."tgrtgugpvcpvg"fg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu."uquvgpîcp"swg"gtc"nq"okuoq"eqortct"vcdceq"gp"Rctciwc{"swg"gp"Eqttkgpvgu."{c"swg"cswên"gtc"fg"oglqt"ecnkfcf"{"oglqt"rtgekq."{"eqp"guvq"ug"dgpghkekcdc"c"nqu"eqpuwokfqtgu"rqtvgòqu0"Vcodkêp"gzkuvkô"wp"tgejc|q"c"nc"cfwcpcu"kpvgtkqtgu"rqtswg"nko

Eqp"tgurgevq"c"nc"Cfwcpc."gn"ctiwogpvq"rqt"gn"ewcn"Dwgpqu"Cktgu"ug"jcdîc"jgejq"ectiq"fg"gnnc"gtc"rqtswg"nc"Rtqxkpekc"rcicdc"ncu"fgwfcu"fg"nc"iwgttcu"fg"nc"kpfgrgpfgpekc"{"ncu"eqpu/vtcîcu"rqt" nc"iwgttc"eqp"gn"Korgtkq"fgn"Dtcukn."eqoq"cuî" vcodkêp"gn"gortêuvkvq"eqp"nc"ecuc"Dctkpi"fg"Nqpftgu"cn"fgucrctgegt"gn"Guvcfq"Pcekqpcn"gp"3:490"

Rqt"gn"Rcevq"ug"etgc"wpc"eqokukôp"tgrtgugpvcvkxc"fg"nqu"iqdkgtpqu"nkvqtcngu"swg"vgpîcp"eqoq"hkp"fgenctct"nc"iwgttc."hktoct"vtcvcfq"fg"rc|."gve0520"Guvg"curgevq"gtc"wpc"gxqnwekôp"jcekc"wpc"hqtoc"rctc"guvcvcn"rgtq"fg"jgejq"ukiwkô"hwpekqpcpfq"gn"ukuvgoc"fg"fgngicekôp"gp"nc"rtqxkp/ekc"fg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu0"

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28 BUSANICHE, José Luis. Juan Manuel de Rosas. Buenos Aires, Theoría, 1983, 56-58.

29 GIBERTI, Horacio. Historia económica de la ganadería argentina. Buenos Aires, Hyspamérica, 1985, 131-134.

30 BUSANICHE, J. Juan Manuel..., 61.


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Gn" kpekfgpvg" fg" nc" Ngzkpivqp" hwg" ow{" vtcwoâvkeq" rctc" ncu" tgncekqpgu" ctigpvkpq/pqtvgcogtkecpcu"{c"swg"eqpuvkvw{gtqp"$wp"qduvâewnq"oc{qt"rctc"nqitct"ncu"tgncekqpgu"coku/vqucu"eqp"Guvcfqu"Wpkfqu"swg"eqp"tgurgevq"c"ncu"tgncekqpgu"eqp"Itcp"Dtgvcòc0$55"

Gp"3:57"Tqucu"ucpekqpô"wpc" ng{"fg"Cfwcpcu"rtqvgeekqpkuvc."equc"swg"pq"ug"eqttgurqpfîc"eqp" uw" rqnîvkec" igpgtcn=" gu" wp" eqpvtcugpvkfq0"Cfgoâu." gzkuvg" wp" fgdcvg" uqdtg" uw" ghgevkxq"ewornkokgpvq."{c"swg"cn"còq"ukiwkgpvg"ug"gorkg|c"c"fgufkdwlct"rqt"tgceekqpgu"gp"gn"kpvgtkqt0"

Nc" etgcekôp" fg" nc"Eqphgfgtcekôp" Rgtwcpq/Dqnkxkcpc" rqt" rctvg" fg"Cpftêu" Ucpvc"Etw|" hwg"xkuvc"eqoq"wpc"cogpc|c"rqt"rctvg"fg"Tqucu"rctc"gn"pqtvg"ctigpvkpq0"Guvg"etg{ô"swg"nc<"

000" etgcekôp" fg" wp" hwgtvg" dnqswg" rqnîvkeq" vgttkvqtkcn" cn" pqtvg" fkuokpwktîc" nc" ugiwtkfcf" {" nc"kphnwgpekc"tkqrncvgpug0"Tqucu"fgekfkô"cegtectug"c"Ejkng"{"vtcvct"fg"nngict"c"wp"rcevq"eqpvtc"Ucpvc"Etw|000"Ncu"dcugu"rctc"wp"cewgtfq"ctigpvkpq/ejkngpq"rtqrwguvcu"rqt"Tqucu"hwgtqp"nc"fkuqnwekôp"fg"nc"Eqphgfgtcekôp." nc"egukôp"fg"Vctklc"c" nqu"ctigpvkpqu"{"nc" nkokvcekôp"fg"ncu"hwgt|cu" ctocfcu" dqnkxkcpcu0" Rgtq" cwpswg" Ctigpvkpc" {" Ejkng" eqkpekfîcp" gp" uw" jquvknkfcf"jcekc"Ucpvc"Etw|"nc"fgueqphkcp|c"owvwc"korkfkô"swg"eqpegtvctcp"wp"vtcvcfq"fg"cnkcp|c0"Rqt"gnnq."c"rtkpekrkqu"fg"3:5:"ncu"hwgt|cu"ctigpvkpcu"kpxcfkgtqp"gn"vgttkvqtkq"dqnkxkcpq"ukp"eqqt/fkpcekôp"eqp"nqu"ejkngpqu056"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

31 BUSANICHE, J. Juan Manuel..., 69.


33 TULCHIN, Joseph. Argentina Estados ..., 47.

34 BOESSENER, D. Relaciones..., 141.


Guvc"hcnvc"fg"eqqtfkpcekôp"eqp"Ejkng"nngxô"c"nc"fgttqvc"fg"ncu"hwgt|cu"ctigpvkpcu."pq"cuî"ncu"ejkngpcu"swg"xgpekgtqp"c"Ucpvc"Etw|"{"vgtokpctqp"eqp"gnnc0"

Nc" eqpuvcpvg" kpvgtxgpekôp" ctigpvkpc" gp" nqu" cuwpvqu" wtwiwc{qu" c" ecwuc" fg" uw" pq/tgeqpqekokgpvq"rqt"rctvg"fg"Tqucu"fg"guc"pcekôp."nngxô"c"wp"etweg"fg"cnkcp|cu"rqnîvkecu"fg"fkxgtuqu"itwrqu"ctigpvkpqu"{"qtkgpvcngu0"Okgpvtcu"Tqucu"crq{cdc"c"Qtkdg."Ncxcnng"crq{cdc"c"Tkxgtc0"Guvc"ukvwcekôp"ug"citcxô"ewcpfq"nqu"htcpegugu"ukpvkgtqp"swg"uwu"kpvgtgugu"gp"Oqp/vgxkfgq"ug"xgîcp"rgtlwfkecfqu"rqt"nq"guvkrwncfq"gp"nc"Ng{"fg"Cfwcpcu"swg"guvcdngeîc"vcucu"fkhgtgpekcngu"rctc"nqu"dctequ"swg"cvtcecdcp"gp"Dwgpqu"Cktgu0"

Guvc"iwgttc"ekxkn"{"nqu"rtqdngocu"ctcpegnctkqu"eqp"nc"Ctigpvkpc"fkhkewnvcdcp"uw"eqogtekq0"Nc"iqvc"swg"fgucoô"gn"xcuq"hwg"nc"kpvgpekôp"fg"tgenwvct"c"wp"ekwfcfcpq"htcpeêu"rctc"gn"glêtekvq"tqukuvc0"Gzkuvg"wpc"rtqvguvc"rqt"rctvg"fgn" gpecticfq"fg"pgiqekqu"icnq"swg"gu"fgueqpqekfq"eqoq"vcn"{"igpgtc"wp"rtqdngoc"fkrnqoâvkeq0""

Gpvqpegu"qrgtctqp"rctc"hcxqtgegt"c"Tkdgtc"{"rqt"guq."dnqswgctqp"gn"rwgtvq"fg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu"etgcpfq"wpc"twrvwtc"fg"nc"eqttkgpvg"eqogtekcn"korqtvcpvg0"

Kpincvgttc"cecvc"gn"dnqswgq"rctc"pq"eqphtqpvct"eqp"Htcpekc."rgtq"Guvcfqu"Wpkfqu"nqitô"kp/itguct"wpqu"vtgkpvc"dctequ"eqpvtc"wpq"fg"nqu"kpingugu"ug"vtcpuhqtoô"gp"wpc"rtgukôp"rqnîvkec"rctc"nqu"icnqu0"Rqt"gnnq"ug"nqitc"hktoct"gn"vtcvcfq"Ctcpc/Ocemcw"fqpfg"ug"ng"fc"c"Htcpekc"gn"vtcvq" fg"Pcekôp"oâu" hcxqtgekfc." ug" kpfgopk|ô" c" nqu" ekwfcfcpqu" htcpegugu" swg" ug" jcdîcp"rgtlwfkecfq"rqt"gn"eqphnkevq"rgtq"pq"ug"qvqtictqp"nqu"fgtgejqu"fkhgtgpekcngu"{"rquvgtkqtogp/vg"ug"egttô"nc"pcxgicekôp"fg"nqu"tîqu0"

Tqucu" vcorqeq" tgeqpqekô" nc" gzkuvgpekc" fgn" Rctciwc{." equc" swg" ug" rwuq" fg"ocpkhkguvq" cn"cuwokt"gn"iqdkgtpq"fg"Ectnqu"Cpvqpkq"Nôrg|"gp"3:66<"

000"Tqucu"pq"uônq"ug"pgiô."ukpq"swg"cfgoâu"fgenctô"egttcfqu"nqu"tîqu"Rctciwc{"{"Rctcpâ"c"nc"pcxgicekôp"gzvtcplgtc"{"rncpgô"kpxcfkt"Rctciwc{"eqp"gn"hkp"fg"kpeqtrqtct"cswgn"vgttkvqtkq"c"nc"Pcekôp"Ctigpvkpc." uqdtg" nc"dcug"fg"swg"êuvg"cpvgtkqtogpvg"jcdîc" hqtocfq"rctvg"fgn"xk/ttgkpcvq"{"cngicpfq"swg"gn"iqdkgtpq"fg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu"gtc"jgtgfgtq"fg"cswgnnc"cwvqtkfcf0"Ncu"rqvgpekcu"gwtqrgcu"pq"crtqdcdcp"gn"tgencoq"vgttkvqtkcn"ctigpvkpq"{"ug"pgicdcp"c"cegrvct"swg"ug"ncu"gzenw{gtc"fgn"ukuvgoc"hnwxkcn00057"

Cniwpqu"etggp"xgt"gp"guvcu"pgicvkxcu"fg" tgeqpqekokgpvq"wpc" kpvgpekôp"fg" hqtvcngekokgpvq"vgttkvqtkcn0"Gp"tgcnkfcf."nq"swg"uqrgucdc"Tqucu."gtc"nc"kfgc"fg"nc"uwrtgoceîc"rqtvgòc"gp"vqfq"gn"gurcekq"fgn"cpvkiwq"Xkttgkpcvq."equc"swg"pq"ug"eqttgurqpfg"eqp"nc"tgcnkfcf"{c"swg"owejcu"gnkvgu"jcdîcp"uwdukuvkfq"ow{"dkgp"ukp"Dwgpqu"Cktgu"pk"Tqucu"{"pq"swgtîcp"swgfct"uwlgvcu"c"uw"rqfgt0"Gp"hwpekôp"fg"nc"fgdknkfcf"vgttkvqtkcn"jc{"swg"jcegt"pqvct"swg"gn"ûpkeq"fgurqlq"swg"uwhtkô"nc"Ctigpvkpc"hwg"gp"guvc"êrqec0"

Gp"3:67" Kpincvgttc"{"Htcpekc" kpvgtxkpkgtqp"eqp"wp"pwgxq"dnqswgq"rqt"gn"rtqdngoc"fg" nqu"ctcpegngu"swg"pq"jcdîcp"ukfq"oqfkhkecfqu"vtcu"gn"cpvgtkqt"eqphnkevq"eqoq"vcorqeq"nc"ewgu/vkôp"fg"nc"nkdtg"pcxgicekôp"fg"nqu"tîqu0"Fwtcpvg"guvc"citgukôp."ncu"pcxgu"gzvtcplgtcu"kpitguc/tqp"gp"gn"ukuvgoc"hnwxkcn"vtcu"tqorgt"ncu"ecfgpcu"gp"nc"Xwgnvc"fg"Qdnkicfq0"Uk"dkgp"vtkwphc/tqp"fgufg"gn"rwpvq"fg"xkuvc"oknkvct."fgufg"nq"eqogtekcn<"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

35 TULCHIN, Joseph. Argentina Estados ..., 52.


000" nc" cxgpvwtc" hwg" wp" hkcueq0" Ncu" xgpvcu" hwgtqp" rqdtgu" {" cniwpqu" dctequ" xqnxkgtqp" c" uwu"rwpvqu"fg"rctvkfc"vcp"ecticfqu"eqoq"jcdîcp"ucnkfq."rwgu"ncu"uqdtgecticu"pq"rwfkgtqp"eqnq/ect"pcfc058"

Nc" kpvgpekôp"fg"xgfct"gn" kpitguq"gp" nqu"tîqu"gu"wp" kpvgpvq"rqt"ocpvgpgt"gn"oqpqrqnkq"fgn"rwgtvq"fg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu"gp"fgvtkogpvq"fg"nqu"rwgtvqu"fgn"kpvgtkqt0"Rqt"qvtq"ncfq"eqoq"ugòcnc"Rwki."guvq"gu"wpc"ugòcn"fg"nq"swg"ug"nncoc"nc"fgrgpfgpekc"tcekqpcnk|cfc"gp"nc"ewcn"ug"cegrvô"gn"eqogtekq"rgtq"dclq"uwu"rtqrkcu"tgincu0"

Gp"3:6;"ug"hktoc"gn"vtcvcfq"Ctcpc/Uqwvjgtp"rqt"gn"swg"ug"fgxqnxkgtqp"nqu"dctequ"ecrvwtcfqu"{" nc" kunc"Octvîp"Icteîc" 0" Ug" tgeqpqeg" nc" rqvguvguvcf" fg" nc" Eqphgfgtcekôp" rctc" tgiwnct" gn"ocpglq"fg"nqu"tîqu"kpvgtkqtgu"eqoq"cuî"vcodkêp."gn"Wtwiwc{0"Cn"còq"ukiwkgpvg."nqu"htcpegugu"hktoctqp"wp"vtcvcfq."ukgpfq"êuvg."wpq"fg"nqu"vtkwphqu"oâu"pqvcdngu"fg"Tqucu0"

Gn"dnqswgq"vtclq"eqpugewgpekcu"geqpôokecu."{c"swg"Gpvtg"Tîqu"eqogtekô"fktgevcogpvg"eqp"nc"rqvgpekcu."equc"swg"tgrgtewvkô"gp"uw"geqpqoîc0"Ewcpfq"vgtokpc"gn"dnqswgq"nc"geqpqoîc"uwhtkô"wpc"tgvtceekôp."ukgpfq"wpq"fg"nqu"oqvkxqu"swg"lwuvkhkectqp"gn"ngxcpvcokgpvq"fg"Wtswk/|c"eqpvtc"Tqucu0"Rgtq"gp"Dwgpqu"Cktgu<"

Nc"rtqurgtkfcf"eqogtekcn"swg"ukiwkô"cn"vgtokpct"nc"kpvgtxgpekôp"cpinqhtcpeguc"{"nc"chnwgp/ekc" fg" kpokitcpvgu"swg" ceqorcòô" c" guc"rtqurgtkfcf" eqogtekcn." eqpvtkdw{gtqp" c" etgct" gug"pwgxq"guvcfq"fg"âpkoq"swg"eqogp|cdc"c"rgpgvtct"gp"vqfc"nc"uqekgfcf"ctigpvkpc059"

Ug" hwg" igpgtcpfq" nc" ukvwcekôp" geqpôokec" pgeguctkc" rctc" rtqfwekt" nqu" ecodkqu" rqnîvkequ"kpfkurgpucdngu"rctc"fgurnc|ct"nc"geqpqoîc"fgn"ucncfgtq"rqt"qvtc"oâu"oqfgtpc0"

1.2.2. La proto-política exterior de la Confederación Argentina y el Estado de Buenos Aires (1852-1862) Gp"guvg"octeq"ug"kpuvcnô"nc"ecîfc"fg"Tqucu0"Gp"wp"rtkogt"oqogpvq."nqu"dtkvâpkequ"nq"fghgp/fkgtqp"{c"swg"gtc"nc"ictcpvîc"fg"qtfgp0"Uw"tggornc|q"rqt"Wtswk|c"pq"vgtokpô"nqu"rtqdngocu"gpvtg"gn"kpvgtkqt"{"Dwgpqu"Cktgu."{c"swg"fg"jgejq"ug"eqphqtoctqp"fqu"guvcfqu"fkuvkpvqu<"nc"Eqphgfgtcekôp"Ctigpvkpc"{"gn"Guvcfq"fg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu0"

Nc"rqnîvkec"ugiwkfc"rqt"Wtswk|c<"

000"gzrtgucdc"gn"fgugq"fgn"fgucttqnnq"geqpôokeq."gtc"wpq"fg"nqu"oâu"itcpfgu"guvcpekgtqu"{"ecwfknnqu"fg"nc"Ctigpvkpc"{"gn"okgodtq"oâu"rqfgtquq"fg"nc"encug"oâu"rqfgtquc"fg"nc"Pcekôp"Ctigpvkpc0"Gn"jgejq"fg"swg"cjqtc"pkpiûp"kpvgtêu"korqtvcpvg"fg"nc"eqowpkfcf"ug"qrwukgtc"cn"nkdtg"vtâhkeq."c"ncu"kpxgtukqpgu"fg"ecrkvcn"{"c"nc"korqtvcekôp"fg"ocpq"fg"qdtc"gtc"nc"pwgxc"g"jkuvôtkecogpvg"korqtvcpvg"eqpugewgpekc"fg"nc"ecîfc"fg"Tqucu05:"

Guvg"rtqitcoc"guvcdc"kpugtvq"gp"nc"rtqrkc"Eqpuvkvwekôp"Pcekqpcn."{"eqoq"nq"ugòcnc"Hkictk."gu" nc"ocpkhguvcekôp"fg" wpc" guvtwevwtc" geqpôokec"fg" rcîu" swg" $jcdîc" ukfq"fgucttqnncfc" gp"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""





xktvwf"fg"nc"fkxkukôp"kpvgtpcekqpcn"fgn" vtcdclq0$5;"["uw"hqtoc"eqorngogpvctkc."dclq"nc"hôt/ownc" cndgtfkcpc" vgpîc" eqoq"ogvcu" rctc" nc"rqnîvkec" gzvgtkqt" $cugiwtct" nc" rc|." rtqoqxgt" gn"eqogtekq."pq"eqortqogvgtug"gp"cnkcp|cu$"swg"ugtîcp"ncu"rcwvcu"rctc"nqu"iqdkgtpqu"ctigpvk/pqu"fgufg"gpvqpegu620"

Fg"guvc"rqnîvkec"nqu"dtkvâpkequ"ucectqp"têfkvqu."{c"swg<"

000"ug"hktoô"gn"Vtcvcfq"fg"nkdtg"pcxgicekôp."ug"gxkvô"wpc"iwgttc"ekxkn"vqvcn"gpvtg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu"{"nqu"qvtqu"Guvcfqu"fg"nc"Tgrûdnkec"{"ug"nngiô"c"wp"cewgtfq"uqdtg"gn"rciq"eqorngvq"fgn"go/rtêuvkvq"fg"3:46."eqp"uwu"kpvgtgugu"cvtcucfqu063"

Wtswk|c" tgxktvkô" nc" fgueqphkcp|c" hktocpfq." cfgoâu" fgn" vtcvcfq" fg" nkdtg" pcxgicekôp" eqp"Kpincvgttc."qvtqu"ukoknctgu"eqp"Guvcfqu"Wpkfqu"{"Htcpekc0"Vcodkêp"tgeqpqekô"c"Wtwiwc{"{"Rctciwc{." {" hktoô" wp" cewgtfq" fg" nkdtg" pcxgicekôp" eqp" Dqnkxkc" {"ogfkô" gp" wp" eqphnkevq"fkrnqoâvkeq"gpvtg"Guvcfqu"Wpkfqu"{"Rctciwc{0"Okgpvtcu" vcpvq."gn"Guvcfq"fg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu"tgeqpqeg"cn"Rctciwc{"{"nc"nkdtg"pcxgicekôp"fg"nqu"tîqu064"

Rgtq"c"rguct"fg"guvc"xgpvclc"swg"nc"Eqphgfgtcekôp"qhtgeîc."nqu"eqogtekcpvgu"kpingugu"rgpuc/dcp"swg<"

000"Itcp"Dtgvcòc"fgdîc"cuwokt"wpc"rqnîvkec"fg"crq{q"c"Dwgpqu"Cktgu." eqpvtc"Wtswk|c"{" nc"Eqphgfgtcekôp0" Rgtq" gn" Hqtgkpi"Qhhkeg" vgpîc" wpc" qrkpkôp" fkhgtgpvg000" ug" tgukuvkô" gp" hqtoc"fgekfkfc" c" nc" uwiguvkôp" fg" tgeqpqegt" nc" kpfgrgpfgpekc" fg" Dwgpqu"Cktgu" q" fg" cegrvct" ncu"rtgvgpukqpgu"swg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu"vgpîc"fg"tgrtgugpvct"c"nc"Tgrûdnkec"Ctigpvkpc"gp"nc"eqowpk/fcf"kpvgtpcekqpcn065"

Nqu"kpingugu"rtqrkekctqp"gn"gpvgpfkokgpvq"gpvtg"Dwgpqu"Cktgu"{"nc"Eqphgfgtcekôp"{"gp"guvg"ugtkq"eqphnkevq"cwogpvô"eqpukfgtcdngogpvg"uw"kphnwgpekc="fcpfq"qtkigp."lwpvq"cn"rtqeguq"fg"oqfgtpk|cekôp."cn"kpitguq"fg"nc"Ctigpvkpc"c"nc"guhgtc"fg"kphnwgpekc"dtkvâpkec0"

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39 FIGARI, Guillermo. Pasado, Presente y Futuro de la política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, Biblos, 1993, 160.

40 PARADISO, José‚. Debates y trayectoria de la política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, GEL, 1993, 25.


42 FERRARI, Gustavo. Esquemas de política exterior. Buenos Aires, EUDEBA, 1981, 44-47.



2. El modelo clásico de inserción (1862-1916) Owejqu"fg"nqu"rtguwrwguvqu"swg"ug"kpkekctqp"gp"ncu"gvcrcu"rtgegfgpvgu"vgtokpctqp"rqt"eqp/uqnkfctug"gp"guvc"gvcrc."rwpvq"fg"rctvkfc"fg"nc"rqnîvkec"gzvgtkqt"vtcfkekqpcn0"Ug"kpkekc"wp"rtq/eguq"fg"oqfgtpk|cekôp"fqpfg"ug"rtqfwegp"ecodkqu"gp"nc"guvtwevwtc"rtqfwevkxc"vgpfkgpvgu"c"dwuect"wpc"kpugtekôp"gp"gn"ogtecfq"owpfkcn0"Gn"rcîu"gpvtc"gp"nc"fkxkukôp"kpvgtpcekqpcn"fgn"vtcdclq"cuwokgpfq"gn"tqn"fg"rtqxggfqt"fg"ocvgtkcu"rtkocu"rctc"ncu"pcekqpgu"kpfwuvtkcnk|cfcu."hwpfcogpvcnogpvg"Kpincvgttc0"

Fgufg"gn"âodkvq"fg"ncu"tgncekqpgu"kpvgtpcekqpcngu."Ctigpvkpc"eqrkc"gn"oqfgnq"fg"ogtecfqu"{"rqnîvkec"gzvgtkqt"kpinêu"swg"nc"xgtvgdtc"vqfqu"nqu"qvtqu"rtguwrwguvqu"{"ng"fc"tcekqpcnkfcf"c"nc"rqnîvkec"gzvgtkqt0"

2.1. Los inicios del modelo (1862 y 1880) Uk"dkgp"Itcp"Dtgvcòc" vqfcxîc"pq"gtc"wpq"fg" nqu"rtkpekrcngu"eqortcfqtgu"fg"pwguvtqu"rtq/fwevqu"gp"guvg"rgtîqfq."uî"nq"gu"gp"ewcpvq"c"ncu"kpxgtukqpgu"{"eqoq"rtqxggfqt."cevkxkfcfgu"swg"eqpuqnkfctqp"uw"rtgugpekc"gp"gn"rcîu0"

Vqfcxîc"pq"ug"jcdîc"rtqfwekfq"gn"itcp"ecodkq"uk"dkgp"gu"ekgtvq"swg"gn"icpcfq"ncpct"/"rtq/fwevq"rtgfqokpcpvg"gp"nc"êrqec"/"ugpvô"ncu"dcugu"rctc"nc"oqfgtpk|cekôp"ukiwkgpvg0"Gp"gug"rgtîqfq."rqt"glgornq"gpvtg"3:97"{"gn"9;"$ncu"gzrqtvcekqpgu"ctigpvkpcu"cûp"guvcdcp"eqpuvk/vwîfcu"hwpfcogpvcnogpvg"rqt"ncpcu."ewgtqu"{"ectpg"ucncfc0$66"Guvc"ukvwcekôp"gu"ukipkhkecvkxc"fgn"guvcfq"fg"vtcpukekôp"fg"nc"geqpqoîc"ctigpvkpc"{c"swg"eqpxkxkgtqp"gngogpvqu"fgn"xkglq"qtfgp"ucncfgtkn"{"fgn"pwgxq"gp"uwu"gzrqtvcekqpgu0"

Eqp"tgurgevq"c"nqu"Guvcfqu"Wpkfqu"vwxkgtqp"eqoq"kpeqpxgpkgpvg<"

Nc"cwugpekc"fg"wp"ogfkq"fg"eqowpkecekôp"octîvkoq"fktgevq"{"gn"fcòq"c"nqu"kpvgtgugu"ocvg/tkcngu"{"cn"qtiwnnq"pcekqpcn"ctigpvkpq."c"vtcxêu"fg"wpc"ngikuncekôp"rtqvgeekqpkuvc="tgrtgugpvc/tqp"itkgvcu"gp"nc"tgncekôp"gpvtg"nqu"fqu"rcîugu067"

Uk"dkgp"êuvc"gu"nc"vgpfgpekc"rtgfqokpcpvg"gp"guvg"rgtîqfq."gzkuvgp"kpvgpvqu"fg"cegtecokgpvqu"eqogtekcngu."eqoq"vtcu"nc"etkuku"fg"3:88."fqpfg"nqu"ctigpvkpqu"dwuectqp"cn"ogtecfq"pqtvgc/ogtkecpq"eqoq"qrekôp"cpvg"gn"ekgttg"fg"nqu"ogtecfqu"gwtqrgqu."rgtq"hwgtqp"tgejc|cfqu"rqt"ogfkfcu"rtqvgeekqpkuvcu068"

Gp"tgcnkfcf"nc"qrqukekôp"c"Guvcfqu"Wpkfqu"vqoô"hwgt|c"ewcpfq"ug"rtqfwlgtqp"ncu"Eqphgtgpekcu"rcpcogtkecpcu"c"hkpgu"fg"nqu"fl:2"fgn"ukinq"rcucfq."{c"swg"guvc"cevkvwf"vqoô"ewgtrq"rqnîvkeq0"

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44 DIAZ ALEJANDRO, Carlos F. "La economía argentina durante el período 1880-1913" (En: FERRARI, Gus-tavo y GALLO, Ezequiel (Comp.) La Argentina del ochenta al centenario. Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 1980), 371.

45 TULCHIN, Joseph. La Argentina y los Estados Unidos. Historia de una desconfianza. Buenos Aires, Planeta, 1990, 57.

46 PANETTIERI, José. La crisis ganadera. Ideas en torno a un cambio en la estructura económica y social del país (1866-1871). La Plata, UNLP, 1965.


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47 FERRARI, Gustavo. Esquemas de política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires. EUDEBA, 1981, 47-48.

48 FERRARI, Gustavo. Esquemas..., 51.

49 PARADISO, José. Debates y trayectoria de la política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, GEL, 1993, 29.



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51. ESCUDE, Carlos. "El nacionalismo territorial argentino" (En: PERINA, Rubén y RUSSELL, Roberto. Argen-tina en el mundo. 1973-1987. Buenos Aires, GEL, 1988).

52 Si bien es cierto que esta tendencia se había manifestado en las presidencias históricas, es reconocido por varios autores como el citado: - VILLEGAS, Abelardo. Reformismo y revolución en el pensamiento latinoamericano. México, Siglo XXI, 1986, 186.

53 ROMERO, José Luis. Las ideas políticas en la Argentina. Buenos Aires, FCE, 1986, 185.

54 DIAZ ALEJANDRO, C. "La economía argentina..., 371.

55 PUIG, Juan Carlos. "Política Internacional Argentina" (En: PERINA, R. y RUSSELL, R. Argentina en el...), 21.


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56 PUIG, Juan Carlos. "La política exterior argentina y sus tendencias profundas" (En: Revista Argentina de Relaciones Internacionales. Buenos Aires, Año I, N° 1, Enero-Abril de 1975), 10.

57 PUIG, Juan Carlos. "La política exterior..., 10.


59 PUIG, Juan Carlos. "La política exterior..., 14-5.


61 MONETA, Carlos. "La política exterior del peronismo 1973-1976"(En: PERINA, R. y RUSSELL, R. Argentina en el...), 51-2.

62 FERN H.S. "Las relaciones angloargentinas 1880-1910". (En: FERRARI, G. y GALLO, E. La Argentina del...), 641.

63 FERN H.S. "Las relaciones angloargentinas..., 642.


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64 MC GANN, Thomas F. "La Argentina y los Estados Unidos. 1880-1914." (En: FERRARI, G. y GALLO, E. La Argentina del...), 661.

65 MC GANN, Thomas F. "La Argentina y..., 661


67 FRAGA, Rosendo María. Roca y Chile. Buenos Aires, Editorial Centro de Estudios Unión para la Nueva Mayoría, 1996, 7.


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68 FERRARI, Gustavo. "La Argentina y sus vecinos" (En: FERRARI, G. y GALLO, E. La Argentina del...), 679.

69 FRAGA, R. Roca y..., 55.

70 FERRARI, G. "La Argentina y..., 684.



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73 PARADISO, J. Debates y ..., 29.


75 FERRARI, Gustavo. "La Argentina y..., 690.

76 FERRARI, Gustavo. "La Argentina y..., 676.


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77 TULCHIN, J. La Argentina y..., 57.


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78 Para ver estos aspectos previos como así también la influencia krausista en la política exterior del radicalismo véase nuestro:

- SIMONOFF, Alejandro. La UCR y la política exterior: análisis de cien años de discurso radical. La Plata, IRI (Serie Tesis N° 2), Noviembre de 1996.

79 YRIGOYEN, Hipólito. "Mensaje" (En: Diario de Sesiones de la H. Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. Buenos Aires, Imprenta Oficial, 1917), 90.

80 La bibliografía consultada dice que tales calificaciones "no ayudan mucho" para marcar su distinción. Véase:

- PARADISO, José. Debates y trayectoria de la política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, GEL, 1993, 64.

- TULCHIN, Joseph. La Argentina y los EEUU: historia de una desconfianza. Buenos Aires, Planeta, 1990, 106-7


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81 PUIG, Juan Carlos. "La política internacional argentina" (En: PERINA, Urbe y RUSSELL, Roberto. Argentina en el mundo 1973-1987). Buenos Aires, GEL, 1988), 24.

82 BARRACLOUGH, Geoffrey. Introducción a la historia contemporánea. Madrid, Gredos, 1985, 31-4

83 YRIGOYEN, Hipólito. "Mensaje" (En: Diario de Sesiones de la H. Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. Buenos Aires, Imprenta Oficial, 1919), 163.

84 WILSON, Woodrow. "La Paz sin victoria" Discurso pronunciado ante el Congreso el 22 de enero de 1917.

85 PARKER, R.A.C. El siglo XX. 1. Europa 1918-1945. Madrid, Siglo XXI, 1982, 1-21.


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Eqp"tgurgevq"c"Coêtkec"ug"pqvc"wpc"enctc"fkhgtgpekc"eqp"nqu"iqdkgtpqu"cpvgtkqtgu." nc"dûu/swgfc"fg"eqpvcevqu"oâu"q"ogpqu"rgtocpgpvgu"gp"nc"tgikôp"vkgpg"eqoq"hwpfcogpvq"nc"$curk/tcekôp"fg" ctoqpîc$" swg" nqu"rcîugu" fg"Coêtkec"rquggp." ugiûp" nc" xcnqtcekôp"mtcwukcpc"fgn"nîfgt"tcfkecn."rgtq"cfgoâu"rqt"gn"etgekokgpvq"fgn"eqogtekq"tgikqpcn0::"

Nc" kpvgtxgpekôp"pqtvgcogtkecpc" gp" gn" eqphnkevq" gu" wp"oqvkxq"fg" rtgqewrcekôp." {c" swg" ug"rtgukqpcdc"rctc"nc"rctvkekrcekôp"gp"gn"eqphnkevq0"Guvc"ukvwcekôp"qdnkiô"cn"iqdkgtpq"c"igpgtct"wp"âodkvq"fqpfg"nqu"rcîugu"pgwvtcngu"cûpgp"uwu"guhwgt|qu."{"rctc"gnnq"ug"eqpxqeô"c"wp"Eqp/itguq"fg"Pgwvtcngu."rgtq"dqkeqvgcfq"rqt"GG0WW0."oqvkxq"rqt"gn"ewcn"hkpcnogpvg"htcecuô0"

Nc"ukvwcekôp"gp"nc"Tgrûdnkec"Fqokpkecpc"/fqpfg"nc"ctocfc"pqtvgcogtkecpc"jcdîc"kpvgtxgpk/fq"gp"gug"rcîu/"nngxô"c"[tkiq{gp"c"tgchktoct"gn"rtkpekrkq"fgn"fgtgejq"fg"cwvqfgvgtokpcekôp"uqdgtcpc"/fqpfg"gn"rtgukfgpvg"ctigpvkpq"jk|q"icnc"fg"uw"mtcwukuoq"/0"

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86 STORANI, Federico. "La neutralidad activa" (En: JALABE, Silvia Ruth. La política exterior argentina y sus protagonistas. 1880-1995. Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1995), 33.

87 Sobre este punto existe una prolifera bibliografía, al margen de la general, que solo mencionaremos dada la especificidad del mismo:

- ALEN LESCANO, Luis C. Pueyrredón, el mensajero de un destino. Buenos Aires, Raigal, 1951.

- ALVAREZ GUERRERO, Osvaldo. Las razones de la libertad. Buenos Aires, Lugar, 1990, 102-106.

- DIAZ CISNEROS, Cesar. La Liga de las Naciones y la actitud argentina. Buenos Aires, Mercatali, 1921.

- MORENO QUINTANA, Lucio. La diplomacia de Yrigoyen. La Plata, Inca, 1928.

- MOSQUERA, Ricardo. Yrigoyen y el mundo nuevo. Buenos Aires, Raigal, 1951.

- ROJAS, Ricardo. Ensayos de critica historia sobre episodios de política internacional argentina. Buenos Aires, Raigal, 1951, 113-153.

- SOMMI, Luis. Yrigoyen-Alvear y la guerra. Buenos Aires, Problemas, 1940.



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3.2. El privilegio de la inserción (1922-1928) Cnxgct"kpkekc"gn"ugiwpfq"iqdkgtpq"tcfkecn"ceqorcòcfq"rqt"Gnrkfkq"Iqp|âng|."vtcu"wpc"gnge/ekôp" fqpfg" gn" tcfkecnkuoq" ug" korqpg" gp" 34" fg" nqu" 37" fkuvtkvqu" swg" eqphqtocdcp" gn" rcîu0"Fwtcpvg"uw"iqdkgtpq"gn"tcfkecnkuoq"uwhtkô"gp"3;46"wpc"fkxkukôp"gpvtg"rgtuqpcnkuvcu"*q"ugiwk/fqtgu"fg"[tkiq{gp+"{"cpvkrgtuqpcnkuvcu"*swg"gtc"wp"itwrq"dcuvcpvg"jgvgtqiêpgq+0"Guvq"fgdknk/vô" uw" ceekôp" rqnîvkec." {c" swg" nqu" {tkiq{gpkuvcu" eqphqtoctqp" nc"oc{qtîc" gp" nc"Eâoctc" fg"Fkrwvcfqu0"

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90 TULCHIN, J. La Argentina y ..., 109.

91 ALONSO, Beatriz. La presidencia de Alvear. Buenos Aires, CEAL, 1983, 86.


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3.3. El retorno del krausimo y el autonomismo difuso (1928-1930) [tkiq{gp"cuwog"pwgxcogpvg"nc"rtgukfgpekc"cn"jcdgt"icpcfq"nc"gngeekôp"gn"rtkogtq"fg"cdtkn"fg"3;4:"eqp"wp"vqvcn"fg":620222"xqvqu"{"46;"gngevqtgu"rctc"gn"eqngikq"gngevqtcn0"

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92 ALONSO, B. La presidencia..., 86.



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95 PARADISO, J. Debates y ..., 74-5.

96 FIGARI, Guillermo. Pasado, Presente y ..., 157.

97 Como lo sostiene mucha bibliografía. Para ello véase, por ejemplo a:

- CLEMENTI, Hebe. El radicalismo. Nudos gordianos de su economía. Buenos Aires, Siglo Veinte, 1983, 106.

98 . Al respecto véase:

- MAYO, Carlos y OTROS. La diplomacia del petróleo. Buenos Aires, CEAL, 1983.


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99 VACS, Aldo. "El nuevo carácter de las relaciones argentino-soviéticas" (En: América Latina y la Unión Sovié-tica: una nueva relación. Buenos Aires, GEL, 1987), 117.


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100 RAPOPORT, Mario. ¿Aliados o Neutrales? La Argentina frente a la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Buenos Aires, EUDEBA, 1988, 22.

101 TULCHIN, Joseph. Argentina Estados Unidos: historia de una desconfianza. Buenos Aires, Planeta, 1990, 123.


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102 NEWTON, Ronald C. El cuarto lado del triángulo. La amenaza nazi en la Argentina, 1931-1947. Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 1995, 23/4.

103 FODOR, Jorge y O´CONNELL, Arturo. "La Argentina y la economía atlántica en la primera mitad del siglo XX." (En: Desarrollo Económico. Buenos Aires, 1973, N° 49), 44.

104 FODOR, J. y O´CONNELL, A. "La Argentina y la..., 53.

105 TULCHIN, J. Argentina Estados ..., 139-40.

106 FODOR, J. y O CONNELL, A. "La Argentina y la..., 55.

107 FODOR, J. y O CONNELL, A. "La Argentina y la..., 55.

108 TULCHIN, J. Argentina Estados ..., 149.


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109 LLACH, Juan José. “El Plan Pinedo de 1940, su significado histórico y los orígenes de la economía política del peronismo” (En: Desarrollo Económico. Buenos Aires, Nro. 92, enero-marzo 1984), 524.

110 LLACH, J.J. “El Plan Pinedo de 1940..., 525.

111 HOBSBAWM, Eric J. El siglo XX. Barcelona, Crítica, 1995, 217.

112 Como ejemplo de las políticas propuestas por este grupo, véase:

SCALABRINI ORTIZ, Raúl. Política Británica en el Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires, Plus Ultra, 1981.


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113 BOESENER, Demetrio. Relaciones internacionales de América Latina. México, Nueva Imagen, 1982, 236-7.

114 KACOWICZ, Anie. La larga paz sudamericana, 1883-1995. Buenos Aires, FLACSO (Serie Documentos e Informes de Investigación N° 203), Septiembre de 1996, 14.

115 RAHI, Arturo. La entrega del Chaco y otros capítulos de la historia paraguaya. Asunción, Schauman, 1988, 59.

116 Existe una ardua discusión sobre el rol de la Argentina en la Segunda Guerra Mundial sólo recientemente, en la década de los ochenta el mundo académico ha logrado centrar su análisis, alejándose de las disputas político-ideológicas que enmarcaban esta discusión. Un ejemplo de ello es la polémica entre Rapoport y Escudé‚ respecto a la aparición de la publicación del libro de este último, Gran Bretaña, Estados Unidos y la declinación argenti-na. 1942-1949 (Buenos Aires, Belgrano, 1983) en la revista Desarrollo Económico.

117 RAPOPORT, Mario. ¿Aliados o..., 8


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118 CIRIA, A. Partidos y..., 104.


120 NEWTON, R. El cuarto lado ..., 23-4.


122 FERRARI, Gustavo. Esquema de política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, EUDEBA, 1981, 80.


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123 TULCHIN, J.. Argentina Estados ..., 154.

124 RAPOPORT, Mario. "Imágenes de la política exterior argentina. Tres enfoques tradicionales 1930-1945." (En: JALABE, Silvia Ruth. La política exterior argentina y sus protagonistas. 1880-1995. Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1995), 45.


5. Desafíos y desventuras de la autonomía: la Tercera Posi-ción (1945-1955)125 Rtqfwevq"fg"nqu" korqtvcpvgu"ecodkqu"uqekcngu"{"geqpôokequ"qewttkfqu"gp"nqu"còqu"vtgkpvc."cfgoâu"fg"ncu"xkpewncekqpgu"gpvtg"nc"rqnîvkec""{"nc"eqttwrekôp."ug"igpgtctqp"ncu"eqpfkekqpgu"rctc"gn"cuegpuq"cn"rqfgt"fg"wp"pwgxq"oqxkokgpvq"rqnîvkeq."gn"rgtqpkuoq0"

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125 En líneas generales el siguiente capítulo sigue el texto:

- RAPOPORT, Mario y SPIGUEL, Claudio. Estados Unidos y el peronismo. La política norteamericana en la Argentina. Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1994.

126 . RAPOPORT, Mario. ¿Aliados o Neutrales? La Argentina frente a la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Buenos Aires, Eudeba, 1988, 22.

127 . RAPOPORT, M. y SPIGUEL, C. Estados Unidos y ..., 10.


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"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

128 . RAPOPORT, M. y SPIGUEL, C. Estados Unidos y..., 226.

129 PUIG, Juan Carlos. "Política Internacional Argentina" (En: PERINA, Urbe y RUSSELL, Roberto. Argentina en el mundo (1973-1987). Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1988), 29.


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"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

130 PUIG, J. C. "Política Internacional..., 30-1.

131 FIGARI, Guillermo. Pasado, Presente y Futuro de la política exterior argentina. Buenos Aire, Biblos, 1993, 187-8.

132 LANUS, Juan A. De Chapultepec al Beagle. Política exterior argentina. 1945-1980. Buenos Aires, Hyspamé-rica, 1984, I, 75.

133 RAPOPORT, M. y SPIGUEL, C. Estados Unidos y el..., 35.


135 PUIG, Juan Carlos. "Política Internacional..., 29.


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136 FIGARI, G. Pasado..., 188.

137 FIGARI, G. Pasado..., 188.

138 LANUS, Juan A. De Chapultepec al..., I, 137-8.


5.2. Las desventuras de la Tercera Posición Gp"3;72"crctgegp"eqpfkekqpcokgpvqu"cn"oqfgnq"rqt"nc"etkuku"geqpôokec"gp"gn"citq."{c"swg"gn"oqfgnq"tghqtokuvc"$tgxgnô"nqu"nîokvgu"fg"uw"rtqitcoc$."fcpfq"nwict"c"wpc"ugiwpfc"cevkvwf"swg"rtqfwlq"$ecodkqu"korqtvcpvgu"gp"uw"rqnîvkec"kpvgtpcekqpcn$"{"cdtkgpfq"gn"ecokpq"jcekc"nc"ugiwpfc"gvcrc35;0"Guvc"ûnvkoc"igpgtc"ecodkqu"gp"nc"rqnîvkec"geqpôokec"eqoq"rqt"glgornq"nc"nkdgtcnk|cekôp"fgn"KCRK."{"vcodkêp"guvtcvêikequ."eqoq"xgtgoqu0"

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"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""


140 LANUS, Juan A. De Chapultepec al ..., I, 84.


142 LANUS, Juan A. De Chapultepec al..., II, 7-11.

143 PUIG, J. Cs. "Política Internacional..., 32.


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Rtqfwevq"fgn"fgvgtkqtq"fgn"oqfgnq"tghqtokuvc" korngogpvcfq"swg"vwxq"eqpugewgpekcu"gp"nc"geqpqoîc" g" kpogfkcvcogpvg" ug" vtcfwlq" gp" wp" cwogpvq" fg" nc" tgrtgukôp" c" nc" qrqukekôp." ug"

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144 LLAIRO, Monserrat y SIEPE, Raimundo. Perón y las relaciones económicas con el este. 1946-1955. Buenos Aires, Editores de América Latina, 1997, 77.

145 LANUS, Juan A. De Chapultepec al..., I, 186-195.


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6. La política exterior en los tiempos de gobiernos débiles (1955-1966) Nqu"oknkvctgu"kpkekctqp"wp"rtqeguq"fg"cnglct"cn"rgtqpkuoq"fg"nc"tgcnkfcf"rqnîvkec"ctigpvkpc"{"guvc"ukvwcekôp"rqvgpekô"wpc"itcp"kpguvcdknkfcf"kpuvkvwekqpcn"swg"rgtfwtô"jcuvc"3;:5."tghnglc/fc"gp"gn"rgtîqfq"swg"xc"fgn"77"cn"88"{"gp"gn"jgejq"fg"swg"jc{c"jcdkfq"ekpeq"rtgukfgpvgu"gp"wp"rgtîqfq"fg"qpeg"còqu."{"eqp"wpc"uwegukôp"ow{"itcpfg"fg"okpkuvtqu"fg"tgncekqpgu"gzvgtkq/tgu."crtqzkocfcogpvg"swkpeg0"

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6.1. Golpe de Estado y de dirección (1955-1958) Nc"Tgxqnwekôp"Nkdgtvcfqtc"ug"jcdîc"rncpvgcfq"c"nc"jqtc"fg"cuwokt"vtgu"qdlgvkxqu"dâukequ.""cn"octigp"fgn"ecodkq"swg"gzkuvkô"fg"Nqpctfk"{"Ctcodwtw."swg"gtc<"3+"ocpvgpgt"wp""guvâpfct"fg"xkfc"{"wp"qtfgp."okgpvtcu"ug"tgeqorqpîc"nc"geqpqoîc="4+"gxkvct"qrkpkqpgu"cfxgtucu"gp"gn"gzvgtkqt"rctc"ceegfgt"c"nqu"rtêuvcoqu="5+"korqukdknkvct"gn"tgvqtpq"fgn"rgtqpkuoq0"

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146 CAVAROZZI, Marcelo. Autoritarismo y democracia en la Argentina. Buenos Aires, Centro Editor de América Latina, 1983.

147 PUIG, Juan Carlos. "Política internacional argentina" (En: PERINA, Rubén y RUSSELL, Roberto. Argenti-na y el mundo (1973-1987). Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano), 33.


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148 RAPOPORT, Mario y SPIGUEL, Claudio. Estados Unidos y el peronismo. La política norteamericana en la Argentina: 1949-1955. Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1994, 217.


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149 ROUQUIE, Alai. Radicales y desarrollistas. Buenos Aires, Schapire, 1975, 51.

150 ROUQUIE, A. Radicales y..., 88.


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151 ROUQUIE, A. Radicales y..., 88.

152 FRONDIZI, Arturo. "Mensaje" (H. Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. Diario de Sesiones. Buenos Aires, Imprenta Oficial, 1958), 81.

153 ACUÑA, Marcelo. De Frondizi a Alfonsín. La tradición política del radicalismo. Buenos Aires, Centro Editor Latinoamericano, 1984, 122.

154 PUIG, Juan C. "Política internacional..., 34.


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155 PUIG, Juan C. "Política internacional..., 34.


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156 LANUS, Juan A. De Chapultepec al Beagle. Política exterior argentina, 1945-1980. Buenos Aires, Hyspamé-rica, 1984, II, 12

157 LANUS, Juan Archibaldo. De Chapultepec..., I, 200-1.

158 LANUS, Juan A. De Chapultepec..., II, 12.

159 LANUS, Juan A. De Chapultepec..., I, 4-15.


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6.3. El primer alineamiento automático (1962-1963) ""

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161 PUIG, Juan C. "Política internacional...,II, 34.

162 ACUÑA, M. De Frondizi a ..., 122


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163 AJA ESPIL, Jorge A. "El antagonismo ideológico en América 1962-1963" (En: JALABE, Silvia Ruth. La política exterior argentina y sus protagonistas 1880-1995. Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1996), 188.

164 PUIG, Juan C. "Política internacional...,II, 96.


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165 ALVAREZ GUERRERO, Osvaldo. Las razones de la libertad. Las plataformas de la U.C.R. Buenos Aires, Lugar, 1990, 145.

166 ILLIA, Arturo. "Mensaje" (H. Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. Diario de Sesiones. Buenos Aires, Impren-ta Oficial, 1963), 72.

167 PARADISO, José‚. Debates y trayectoria de la política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, GEL. 1993, 148.


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168 MIRANDA, Roberto. "Idealismo y paradoja. La política exterior argentina entre 1963 y 1973". (En: Aportes de PIA. Rosario, Investigación y Docencia, Diciembre de 1994/I, 2.

169 ILLIA, Arturo. "Mensaje" (H. Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. Diario de Sesiones. Buenos Aires, Impren-ta Oficial, 1966), 16-7.

170 ZAVALA ORTIZ, Miguel Angel. "La política exterior Argentina, 1963-1966" (En: Revista Argentina de Rela-ciones Internacionales. Nro. 4, Buenos Aires, 22.



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175 Como los casos de: - FIGARI, Guillermo. Pasado, presente y futuro de la política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, Biblos, 1993, 196 y ss. - MIRANDA, Roberto. "Idealismo y..., 4-6. - PARADISO, J. Debates y ..., 148-9.

176 La cita pertenece a: - SOTILLO, Reina. "Acción del gobierno del doctor Miguel Angel Zavala Ortíz" (En: Pensamiento político. Bue-nos Aires, s/ ed., 1993, 54 y ss. Pero también lo encontramos en: - ZAVALA ORTIZ, M. A. "La política exterior Argentina..., N° 4, 13 y ss.


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180 PARADISO, José. Debates y trayectoria de la política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, GEL, 1993, 152.


182 PUIG, Juan Carlos." Política Internacional Argentina" (En: PERINA, Rubén y RUSSELL, Roberto. Argentina en el mundo (1973-1987). Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1988), 35.



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185 PUIG, J.C." Política Internacional..., 35.

186 PUIG, J. C." Política Internacional...,35.

187 LANUS, Juan A. De Chapultepec al Beagle. Política exterior argentina. 1945-1980. Buenos Aires, Emecé, 1984, 20.



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189 LANUS, J. A. De Chapultepec..., II, 97.



192 FIGARI, Guillermo. Pasado, presente y futuro de la política exterior argentina, Buenos Aires, Biblos, 1993, 204.


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193 Existen explicaciones más complejas sobre las etapas por las que transitó la política exterior del peronismo en esa epoca, para ello véase: MONETA, Carlos. "La política exterior del peronismo 1973-1976" (En: PERINA, R. y RUSSELL, R. Argentina en el..., 40.


195 FIGARI, Guillermo. Pasado, presente..., 206.

196 PUIG, J. C." Política Internacional...,36/7.





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201 PEROSA, Hugo R. Las relaciones argentino-soviéticas contemporánea. II Tomos, Buenos Aires, Centro Editor de América Latina, 1989, 171.



204 MONETA, Carlos. "La política exterior..., 40.



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Gn"oqfgnq"fg"kpugtekôp"swg"nc"Ctigpvkpc"gpuc{ô"gpvtg"nqu"ugugpvc"{"rtkpekrkqu"fg"nqu"ugvgpvc"gpvtô"gp"etkuku"rqt"oqvkxqu"gzvgtpqu"g"kpvgtpqu<"gn"ecqu"rqt"nc"nwejc"fg"hceekqpgu."{"nqu"eco/dkqu"gp"gn"owpfq"c"rctvkt"fg"nc"etkuku"fgn"rgvtôngq0"Rctc"uwrgtct"guvc"ukvwcekôp"nqu"oknkvctgu"vgpîcp"eqoq"qdlgvkxq"rqnîvkeq"gn"cnkpgcokgpvq"eqp"Guvcfqu"Wpkfqu"{"fgufg"nq"geqpôokeq."gn"okpkuvtq"fg"Geqpqoîc"fg"Xkfgnc."Lquê"Cnhtgfq"Octvîpg|"fg"Jq|."swgtîc"dclct"nc"kphncekôp"{"tgewrgtct" nqu" îpfkegu" fg" etgekokgpvq0"Qvtqu" qdlgvkxqu" gtcp<" 3+"ocpvgpgt" wp" cnvq" rgthkn" gp"Coêtkec"ncvkpc="4+"rtqoqxgt"wp"rtciocvkuoq"geqpôokeq="{"5+"ocpvgpgt"wp"dclq"rgthkn"gp"gn"gphtgpvcokgpvq"pqtvg/uwt0429"

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206 LANUS, J. A. De Chapultepec..., II, 203.

207 RUSSELL, Roberto. Sistemas de creencias y política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, FLACSO (Serie de Documentos e Informes de Investigación), 1996, 12.


Gn"iqdkgtpq"oknkvct"$jcdtîc"fg"gphtgpvct"wp"gpvqtpq"kpvgtpcekqpcn"fguhcxqtcdng"gp"xktvwf"fg"uw"qtkigp"kngicn$"{"rqt"nc"hqtoc"gp"swg"gphtgpvô"cn"vgttqtkuoq042:"

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"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""




211 PEROSA, Hugo R. Las relaciones..., 201.

212 PEROSA, H. Las relaciones..., 201-2.

213 PEROSA, H. Las relaciones..., 202-3.


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214 PEROSA, H. Las relaciones..., 203.

215 PEROSA, H. Las relaciones..., 205.





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221 PUIG, J. C." Política Internacional...,41-2.

222 FIGARI, Guillermo. Pasado, presente..., 205-6.


224 ESCUDE, Carlos. La Argentina: ¿Paria internacional? Buenos Aires, Belgrano, 1984, 9-11.


8. Un equilibrio entre la autonomía y la inserción: la política exterior de Alfonsín (1983-1989)447 Fgufg"nc"kpuvcwtcekôp"fg"nc"fgoqetcekc"gp"nc"Ctigpvkpc."êuvc"vwxq"{"vkgpg"wp"fguchîq"korqt/vcpvîukoq"fgpvtq"fg"nc"rqnîvkec"gzvgtkqt"fg"nc"Pcekôp"swg"gu"nc"eqodkpcekôp"fg"nc"tgkpugtekôp"fg"nc"Ctigpvkpc"gp"gn"owpfq"eqp"nc"dûuswgfc"fg"wp"octeq"cwvqpôokeq"rctc"uw"rtqrkc"fgek/ukôp0"

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Nc"rqnîvkec" gzvgtkqt" fgn" rtkogt" iqdkgtpq"fgoqetâvkeq" vwxq" eqoq"qdlgvkxq"wpc" tgkpugtekôp"ctigpvkpc"gp"gn"owpfq"eqp"nc"dûuswgfc"fg"oâtigpgu"fg"cwvqpqoîc0"

Rqt"gnnq."fgufg"nc"ecorcòc"gngevqtcn."Cnhqpuîp"rncpvgô"uw"ceekqpct"hwvwtq"gp"ewcvtq"rwpvqu<"3+"wpc"tgkxkpfkecekôp"fg"nc"vguku"mtcwukuvc"fg"swg"nqu"jqodtgu"uqp"ucitcfqu"rctc"nqu"jqo/dtgu"eqoq"nqu"rwgdnqu"uqp"ucitcfqu"rctc"nqu"rwgdnqu"*gp"gn"octeq"fg"nq"swg"hwg"uw"fkuewtuq"uqdtg"nc"fgoqetcekc+="4+"qvtq"curgevq"vkgpg"swg"xgt"eqp"nc"cfqrekôp"fg"ncu"vguku"fg"Dtcpfv."swg"fkxkfîc"cn"owpfq"gp"wp"gphtgpvcokgpvq"pqtvg/uwt"{"swg"octec"nc"xgtfcfgtc"eqphtqpvc/ekôp"gpvtg"nqu"rcîugu="5+"fgnkpgct"wpc"hwgtvg"rtgugpekc"fg"Coêtkec"Ncvkpc"gp"nc"hwvwtc"rqnîvk/ec" gzvgtkqt" tcfkecn." equc" swg"qdugtxcoqu" ecuk" kpkpvgttworkfcogpvg" fgufg"[tkiq{gp" jcuvc"jq{="{"6+"wpc"hwgtvg"etîvkec"c"nc"cevkvwf"quekncpvg"fgn"iqdkgtpq"oknkvct"swg"rcuô"fgn"fkuewtuq"fg"nc"fghgpuc"fg"nc"ugiwtkfcf"jgokuhêtkec."qeekfgpvcnkuvc"{"cnkpgcfq"eqp"GG0WW0"cpvgu"fgn"eqphnkevq"fg"Ocnxkpcu."c"wpc"cevkvwf"vgtegtowpfkuvc"c"nc"swg"ug"xkq"qdnkicfq"c"cfqrvct"vtcu"ên0448"

Guvqu"rwpvqu"guvâp"eqpvgpkfqu"gp"nc"rncvchqtoc"rctc"guc"gngeekôp"fqpfg"uqp"uwuvgpvcfqu"gp"vtgu"nkpgcokgpvqu"dâukequ"swg"ug"tghnglcp"vcodkêp"gp"gn"fkuewtuq"kpcwiwtcn"fg"fkekgodtg"fg"3;:50"Gnnqu"uqp<"3+"nqu"rtqdngocu"fg"nc"rc|."gn"fguctog"{"nc"xkigpekc"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"jwoc/pqu="4+"nc"hqtocekôp"fg"wpc"rqnîvkec"gzvgtkqt"kpfgrgpfkgpvg="{."5+"gn"tgencoq"rqt"wp"qtfgp"geqpôokeq"kpvgtpcekqpcn"oâu"lwuvq0449"

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225 El presente capítulo se realizó sobre la base de nuestro:

- SIMONOFF, Alejandro. "Las políticas exteriores desde la instauración de la democracia" (En: Anuario 1997. La Plata, IRI, Septiembre de 1997), 583-599.

226 ALFONSIN, Raúl. Recuperemos la Nación con Democracia y Participación. Buenos Aires, JR-JCN (Cuader-nos de divulgación 1), 1982.

227 Véase:

- ALVAREZ GUERRERO, Osvaldo. Las razones de la libertad. Las plataformas de la U.C.R. (1937-1989). Buenos Aires, Lugar, 1990, 181-184.

- ALFONSIN, Raúl. "Mensaje del Sr. Presidente de la Nación a la Honorable Asamblea Legislativa, el día 10 de Diciembre de 1983" (En: Discursos presidenciales. Buenos Aires, Imp. Of., 1984), 36-43


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228 RUSSELL, Roberto. "El proceso de toma de decisiones en la política exterior argentina (1976-1989)." (En: PERINA, Rubén (Comp.) Política exterior y toma de decisiones América Latina. Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1990), 25.

229 CAPUTO, Dante. "Jornada Académica: 30 meses de Política Exterior Argentina. Disertación del Canci-ller..." Buenos Aires, Mimeo, 1986, 7.


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8.2. Una política exterior independiente Guvg"itwrq"fg"vgocu"ug"uwuvgpvô"gp"nc"fgvgtokpcekôp"fg"ugt"wp"rcîu"qeekfgpvcn"{"pq"cnkgpcfq0"Gp"ncu"rcncdtcu"fgn"Ecpeknngt<"

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230 FIGARI, Guillermo. Pasado, presente y futuro de la política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, Biblos, 1993, 222.

231 ALFONSIN, Raúl. "Mensaje a la Asamblea Legislativa" (En: Discursos Presidenciales. Buenos Aires, Imp. Of., 1984), 31.

232 CAPUTO, D. "Jornada Académica..., 4.



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235 ALFONSIN, Raúl. "Mensaje a la Asamblea Legislativa del Sr. Presidente de la Nación del día 1 de Mayo de 1984" (En: H. CAMARA DE DIPUTADOS DE LA NACION. Diario de Sesiones. Buenos Aires, Imp. Of., 1984), 29.

236 RUSSELL, Roberto. "Un año de política exterior: las relaciones con Estados Unidos, América Latina y Europa Occidental." (En: PERINA, Rubén y RUSSELL, Roberto (Comp.) Argentina en el Mundo (1973-1987). Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1988), 149.


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237 RAPOPORT, Mario. "La posición internacional de la Argentina y las relaciones argentino-soviéticas." (En: PERINA, R. y RUSSELL, R.(Comp.) Argentina en el Mundo...), 192.

238 CAPUTO, Dante. "Entrevista efectuada por América Latina/Internacional al ex Canciller..." (En: América Latina/Internacional. N° 21, Buenos Aires, Julio-Setiembre de 1989), 264.

239 PEROSA, Hugo R. Las relaciones argentino-soviéticas contemporáneas/1. Buenos Aires, Centro Editor de América Latina, 1989, 99.

240 FIGARI, Guillermo. De Alfonsín a Menem. Política exterior y globalización. Buenos Aires, Memphis, 1997, 21.


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241 FIGARI, G. De Alfonsín a..., 22.

242 RUSSELL, Roberto. "Un año de política exterior..., 130.

243 La visión positiva véase: - GARCIA DEL SOLAR, Lucio. "Comentario a Cultura política y política exterior: el salto cualitativo de la políti-ca exterior argentina inaugurada en 1989 de Carlos Escudé‚." (En: RUSSELL, Roberto. La política exterior argentina en el nuevo orden mundial. Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1992), 198-99. Y la negativa: - ESCUDE, Carlos. El realismo periférico. Buenos Aires, Planeta, 1992.

244 Véase nuestro: - SIMONOFF, Alejandro. "Comentario al El realismo periférico de Carlos ESCUDE." La Plata, Mimeo, 1994.


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245 PARADISO, José. Debates y trayectoria de la política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Lati-noamericano, 1993, 195.

246 PARADISO, José‚. Debates y trayectoria..., 188.

247 RUSSELL, Roberto. "Democracia y política exterior." (En: PERINA, R. y RUSSELL, R. (Comp.) Argentina en el Mundo...), 161.

248 CAPUTO, Dante. "Entrevista efectuada por América Latina/Internacional..., 264.


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249 GENEYRO, Rodolfo. Todo el Mercosur. Desde sus primeros antecedentes a la Unión Aduanera. La Plata, IRI (Serie Documentos N° 12, Octubre de 1995, 24.


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250 El presente capitulo se realizó sobre la base de nuestro: - SIMONOFF, Alejandro. "Las políticas exteriores desde la instauración de la democracia" (En: Anuario 1997. La Plata, IRI, Septiembre de 1997), 583-599.

251 FIGARI, Guillermo. Pasado, presente y futuro de la política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, Biblos, 1993, 218.

252 RUSSELL, Roberto. "La agenda global en los años 90: antiguos y nuevos temas" (En: La agenda internacio-nal en los años 90. Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1990), 25.

253 GRANOVSKY, Martín. "Política Exterior. Las relaciones carnales" (En: BORON, Atilio y otros. El menema-to. Radiografía de dos años de gobierno de Carlos Menem. Buenos Aires, Letra Buena, 1991), 173-4.


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254 BOLOGNA, Alfredo B. y BUSSO, Anabella. "La política exterior argentina a partir del gobierno de Menem: una presentación" (En: La política exterior del gobierno de Menem. Seguimiento y reflexiones al promediar su mandato. Rosario, CERIR, 1994), 18.

255 MIRANDA, Roberto. "Los bordes del pragmatismo: la política exterior de Menem " (En: Revista de Relacio-nes Internacionales, N° 7, La Plata, Octubre de 1994), 103.

256 GRANOVSKY, Martín. "Política Exterior..., 182-3.

257 GRANOVSKY, Martín. "Política Exterior..., 183.


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258 CAPARROS, Martín. "El caballero menemista. Martín Caparrós conversa con el canciller Guido Di Tella" (En: Trespuntos. N° 2, Buenos Aires, 17 de Junio de 1997), 46.


260 BOLOGNA, Alfredo B. y BUSSO, Anabella. "La política exterior argentina a partir..., 36.

261 GARCIA DEL SOLAR, Lucio. "Con el Embajador..." (En: Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, N° 11, La Plata, Junio-Noviembre de 1996), 26.


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262 ESCUDE, Carlos "Hay que ir a Haití" (En: Clarín. Buenos Aires, 4 de Agosto de 1994), 23.

263 "Anexo" (En: CONSANI, Norberto (Dir.) Anuario 1995. La Plata, IRI, 1995), 606.

264 GARCIA DEL SOLAR, Lucio. "Con el Embajador..., 26-27.

265 DI TELLA, Guido. "Esta política exterior logró la transformación argentina" (En: Clarín, Buenos Aires, 6 de Octubre de 1997), 19.

266 DI TELLA, Guido. "Esta política exterior..., 19.


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267 DI TELLA, Guido. "Palabras de cierre del Canciller..." (En: RUSSELL, R. La política exterior argentina en el nuevo orden...), 269.

268 _. DI TELLA, Guido. "Política exterior argentina: actualidad y perspectivas. 1991-1995" (En: JALABE, Silvia Ruth. La política exterior argentina y sus protagonistas. 1880-1995. Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoa-mericano, 1995), 383-4.

269 BUSSO, Anabella. "Menem y Estados Unidos: un nuevo rumbo en la política exterior argentina" (En: La política exterior del gobierno de Menem...), 102.

270 GARCIA DEL SOLAR, Lucio. "Con el Embajador..., 27.

271 PARADISO, José.Debates y trayectoria de la política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Lati-noamericano, 1993, 200.


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272 FIGARI, Guillermo. De Alfonsín a..., 23

273 Clarín, Buenos Aires, 29 de Julio de 1997, 24.

274 Clarín, Buenos Aires, 11 de septiembre de 1997, 31.

275 TOMA, Miguel Angel. "Hay que felicitar a Menem" (En: Clarín, Buenos Aires, 8 de Diciembre de 1996), 7.


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276 O DONNELL, María. "El gobierno analiza los costos de una alianza extra NATO." (En: La Nación, Buenos Aires, 29 de Mayo de 1997), 9.

277 DI TELLA, Guido. "Palabras de cierre ..., 266.

278 Clarín, Buenos Aires, 23 de agosto de 1997, 2.

279 CAPUTO, Dante. "EE.UU. intenta debilitar al Mercosur" (En: Clarín, Buenos Aires, 3 de septiembre de 1997), 14-15.

280 ORTIZ DE ROSAS, Carlos. "La Argentina y su posición por las candidaturas en el Consejo de Seguridad" (En: La Nación, Buenos Aires, 21 de Agosto de 1997), 8.


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281 SACCONE, María Alejandra. "Aspectos políticos-diplomáticos de la nueva prioridad en la política exterior argentina: el Mercosur" (En: La política exterior del gobierno de Menem...), 127.

282 MARINUCCI, Elsa. "Argentina en el Mercosur: ¿Desarrollo de nuevos mercados o simple compensación de déficit? (En: La política exterior del gobierno de Menem...), 147.


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283 ROMERO, Pedro "Argentina ante el año de Europa". (BOLOGNA, Alfredo B. y otros. La política exterior del gobierno de Menem...), 163-218.

284 CAVALLO, Domingo. "La inserción de la argentina en el primer mundo. 1989-1991" (En: JALABE,S. La política exterior argentina y sus protagonistas..., 362.

285 ALCONADA SEMPE, Raúl. "No es para festejar" (En: Clarín, 22 de septiembre de 1995), 17.

286 ESCUDE, Carlos. "Enorme logro diplomático" (En: Clarín, 22 de septiembre de 1995), 17.


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287 RESTIVO, Nestor "Malvinas: postergan licitación"(En: Clarín, 28 de agosto de 1997), 17.

288 Véase: - BONASSO, Miguel. "Los resultados de la diplomacia de seducción" (En: Página/12, Buenos Aires, 15 de di-ciembre de 1994), . - CAMPORA, Mario. "La diplomacia y sus medios para recuperar Malvinas"(En: Clarín, 22 de diciembre de 1994), 21.

289 GARCIA DEL SOLAR, Lucio. "Con el Embajador..., 23.

290 "Pérez Llana criticó la política de Di Tella" (En: Hoy, La Plata, 21 de Febrero de 1996), 5.


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000" kornkecdc"vgtokpct" nc"fgoctecekôp0"Gn" vgoc"fgn"cewgtfq"uqdtg"jkgnqu"eqpvkpgpvcngu"{"gn"cewgtfq"uqdtg"ctdkvtclg"gp"gn"ecuq"fgn"Nciq"fgn"Fgukgtvq"rqpgp"wp"rwpvq"hkpcn"c"ekgp"còqu"fg"fgugpvgpfkokgpvqu0"Fqu"rcîugu."fqpfg"nq"pcvwtcn"gu"eqncdqtct"{"eqqrgtct."jgoqu"guvcfq"cn"dqtfg"fg"nc"iwgttc04;:"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

291 ESCUDE, Carlos. "Si queremos las islas, tenemos que oponernos" (En: Clarín, Buenos Aires, 14 de Mayo de 1996), 14.

292 BECERRA, Carlos. "El gobierno delega la soberanía en Malvinas" (En: Clarín, Buenos Aires, 6 de Enero de 1996), 16.

293 CAMILION, Oscar. "Malvinas: soberanía sin paraguas" (En: La Nación, Buenos Aires, 16 de Enero de 1997), 17.

294 ESCUDE, Carlos. "Algo flexible y razonable" (En: Clarín, Buenos Aires, 31 de Diciembre de 1996), 4.

295 CAPUTO, Dante. "Una nueva arbitrariedad" (En: Clarín, Buenos Aires, 31 de Diciembre de 1996), 4.

296 ALCONADA SEMPE, Raúl. "Ver todas las posibilidades" (En: Clarín, Buenos Aires, 31 de Diciembre de 1996), 5.

297 IGLESIAS, Graciela. "Di Tella se reunió por primera vez con el Canciller Laborista" (En: La Nación, Buenos Aires, 29 de Julio de 1997), 7.

298 DI TELLA, Guido. "Palabras de cierre..., 269.


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Fgufg" gn" iqdkgtpq" ug" jc" kpfkecfq" swg" gn" vgoc" ug" jc" rqnkvk|cfq0524" Rgtq" nc" rtgiwpvc" gu."Àswkêp"rqnkvk|ôA"Cn"octigp"fg"nc"curktcekôp"fgn"rtgukfgpvg"fg"eqpenwkt"cpvgu"fgn"40222"eqp"nqu"rtqdngocu" htqpvgtk|qu" Àswkêp"jc" hklcfq"wpc" nîpgc"fgoctecvqtkc." gugpekcnogpvg"rqnîvkec"swg"pq"tgurqpfg"c"pkpiwpq"fg"nqu"rtkpekrkqu"uquvgpkfqu"{"tgurgvcfqu"rqt"pwguvtq"rcîu"fgufg"3::3A"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

299 CISNEROS, Andrés. "El tema se ha politizado" (En: Clarín, 9 de diciembre de 1996), 4.

300 SOPEÑA, Germán. "El dilema de hielo" (En: La Nación, 17 de noviembre de 1996), VII, 1.

301 Clarín, 10 de septiembre de 1996, 17.

302 CISNEROS, Andrés. "El tema se ha politizado" (En: Clarín, 9 de diciembre de 1996), 4.


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303 ESCUDE, Carlos. El realismo periférico. Fundamentos para la nueva política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, Planeta, 1992, 42.


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304 El comercio exterior argentino ha variado del siguiente modo por Región entre 1990 y 1997: Mercosur (14.8 y 33.5), Resto de América Latina (7.9 y 13.5), Unión Europea (30.7 y 16.3), Japón y el Sudeste asiático (6.6 y 9.0), el NAFTA (16.7 y 8.7), China (2.8 y 5.1) y el resto del Mundo (20.5 y 13.9) (Fuente: Clarín, Buenos Aires, 25 de agosto de 1997, 20). Las inversiones, en el programa de privatizaciones - que fueron el plan más importante del gobierno entre 1990 y 1993 fueron las siguientes: Estados Unidos (26.6), España (23.2), Italia (13.3), Chile (11.3), Francia (10.3), Canadá (3.9), Gran Bretaña (3.3), Islas Cayman (2.7), Australia (1.1), Bélgica (0.9), Suiza (0.9), Brasil (0.7), Arabia (0.6), Japón (0.6), Panamá (0.5), Corea del Sur (0.2) y Países Bajos(0.04) (Fuente: Cash. Suple-mento Económico de Página/12, Buenos Aires, 7 de Agosto de 1994, 5). Pero en la participación de las primeras cien adquisiciones y fusiones de empresas locales con extranjeras hasta 1996, los números son los siguientes: Estados Unidos (35), Chile (22), Francia (8), Reino Unido (7), Alemania (5), Suiza (4), Brasil (4), Italia (3), Bélgica (3), España (3), Australia (3), Irlanda (1), Venezuela (1) y Canadá (1) (Fuente: Producción. Suplemento Económico del diario Hoy. La Plata, 13 de Octubre de 1996, 5).


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305 Véase: - FIGARI, Guillermo. Pasado, presente y futuro de la política exterior argentina. Buenos Aires, Biblos, 1993, 218. - MIRANDA, Roberto. "Los bordes del pragmatismo: la política exterior de Menem " (En: Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, N° 7, La Plata, Octubre de 1994), 109.

306 RUSSELL, Roberto. "Argentina: ¿una nueva política exterior? (En: MU¥OZ, Heraldo (Comp.) Anuario de políticas exteriores latinoamericanas 1989-1990. Caracas, Nueva Visión, 1990), 16.

307 RUSSELL, Roberto. Los ejes estructurantes de la política exterior argentina: apuntes para un debate. Buenos Aires, FLACSO (Serie de Documentos e Informes de Investigación), Junio de 1994, 19.


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308 MIRANDA, Roberto. "Los bordes del pragmatismo..., 109.







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Giros Copernicanos

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Transcript of Giros Copernicanos