1

B MN THUNG MI IN T

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GIO TRNH

THNG MI IN T CN BN

H ni, 2009

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Mc lc

Chng 1. Tng quan v Thng mi in t ............................................... 7

1. Khi nim chung v Thng mi in t ................................................... 7

1.1. S ra i v pht trin ca Internet ........................................................... 7

1.2. Khi nim thng mi in t .................................................................. 8

1.3. Cc phng tin thc hin thng mi in t ...................................... 13

1.4. H thng cc hot ng c bn trong thng mi in t ..................... 15

1.5. Qu trnh pht trin thng mi in t ................................................. 16

1.6. Cc vn chin lc trong thng mi in t .................................... 17

2. c im, phn loi thng mi in t ..................................................... 18

2.1. c im ca thng mi in t ........................................................... 18

2. 2. Phn loi thng mi in t ................................................................. 20

3. Li ch v hn ch ca thng mi in t ................................................ 22

3.1. Li ch ca thng mi in t ............................................................... 22

3.2. Hn ch ca thng mi in t ............................................................. 25

4. nh hng ca thng mi in t ............................................................ 26

4. 1. Tc ng n hot ng marketing ....................................................... 26

4. 2. Thay i m hnh kinh doanh ................................................................ 27

4. 3. Tc ng n hot ng sn xut .......................................................... 28

4. 4. Tc ng n hot ng ti chnh, k ton ............................................ 29

4. 5. Tc ng n hot ng ngoi thng .................................................. 29

4. 6. Tc ng ca Thng mi in t n cc ngnh ngh ........................ 30

5. C s vt cht, k thut v php l pht trin TMT ......................... 35

5. 1. Xy dng c s php l v chnh sch (v m) ..................................... 36

5. 2. Pht trin h tng cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng ........................ 39

5. 3. Xy dng h tng kin thc - chnh sch v o to nhn lc .............. 40

5. 4. Xy dng h thng bo mt trong thng mi in t .......................... 40

5. 5. Xy dng h thng thanh ton in t ................................................... 41

5. 6. Xy dng chin lc v m hnh kinh doanh ph hp ......................... 42

5. 7. Xy dng ngun nhn lc cho thng mi in t ............................... 42

5. 8. p dng ph hp cc phn mm qun l tc nghip ............................. 43

6. Thc trng pht trin Thng mi in t ti Vit Nam v trn Th gii

43

6. 1. Thc trng pht trin thng mi in t trn th gii ........................ 43

6. 2. Thc trng pht trin TMT ti Vit Nam ........................................... 47

Chng 2. Giao dch in t ............................................................................ 61

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1. Hp ng in t ........................................................................................... 61

1.1. Khi nim, c im hp ng in t ................................................... 61

1.2. K kt hp ng in t ......................................................................... 68

1.3. Quy trnh thc hin hp ng in t ..................................................... 77

1.4. So snh hp ng in t vi hp ng truyn thng ............................ 81

1.5. iu kin hiu lc ca hp ng in t ................................................ 84

1.6. Mt s im cn lu khi s dng hp ng in t ............................ 85

2. Thanh ton in t ........................................................................................ 91

2.1. Tng quan v thanh ton in t ............................................................ 91

2.2. Mt s hnh thc thanh ton in t ph bin ........................................ 99

2.3. Case study: Flylady ng dng thanh ton in t qua PayPal ............. 106

2.4. Thanh ton i vi thng mi in t ti Vit Nam .......................... 109

3. Ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s .............................................. 146

3.1. Tng quan v ch k in t v ch k s ........................................... 146

3.2. Chng thc ch k in t v dch v chng thc ch k in t ...... 162

3.3. iu kin m bo cho s pht trin dch v chng thc CKT ... 182

Ngi nm gi ch k: l ngi khi to ch k c trong cc thng ip

d liu hay i din ca ngi k.Chng 3. Marketing in t ............... 189

Chng 3. Marketing in t .......................................................................... 190

1.1. Cc khi nim c bn v E-marketing .................................................. 190

1.2. Cc hnh thc pht trin c bn ca marketing in t ........................ 190

1.3. u im ca marketing in t so vi marketing truyn thng ........... 193

1.4. Tc ng ca thng mi in t n hot ng marketing ................ 194

1.5. Mt s iu kin cn p dng marketing in t thnh cng .......... 195

2. ng dng marketing in t trong doanh nghip ..................................... 196

2.1. Nghin cu th trng qua mng .......................................................... 196

2.2. Phn tch hnh vi mua sm ca khch hng qua mng ........................ 198

2.3. Phn on th trng trong marketing in t ...................................... 200

2.4. Cc chin lc marketing in t hn hp (E-marketing mix) ............ 203

3. ng dng marketing in t trong hot ng xut nhp khu ............... 210

3.1. Khai thc h thng cc Trade Points trn Internet qung co ......... 210

3.2. Khai thc cc sn giao dch thng mi in t B2B .......................... 212

3.3. Tm hiu thng tin th trng qua S giao dch hng ho trn Internet 213

3.4. Tm kim th trng v bn hng trn Internet ..................................... 214

3.5. H thng thng tin xc tin thng mi trn Internet .......................... 215

3.6. Cc website thng tin xc tin thng mi in hnh .......................... 216

3.6. Mt s vn cn lu khi ng dng marketing in t .................... 218

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3.7. Nhng lu khi vn dng marketing in t trong xut nhp khu .... 219

4. Bi tp tnh hung ......................................................................................... 222

Chng IV. Ri ro v phng trnh ri ro trong thng mi in t .......... 225

1. Tng quan v an ton v phng trnh ri ro trong thng mi in t . 225

1.1. Vai tr ca an ton v phng trnh ri ro trong thng mi in t .... 225

1.2. Ri ro trong thng mi in t ti Vit Nam ..................................... 226

1.3. Vai tr ca chnh sch v quy trnh bo m an ton i vi TMT .. 227

2. Ri ro chnh trong thng mi in t ....................................................... 228

2.1. Mt s ri ro chnh doanh nghip c th gp phi trong thng mi in t

228

2.2. Mt s dng tn cng chnh vo cc website thng mi in t ........ 228

3. Xy dng k hoch an ninh cho thng mi in t ................................. 232

3.1. Nhng bin php c bn no m bo an ton cho giao dch TMT .. 233

3.2. Cc bin php c bn nhm m bo an ton cho h thng TMT .... 237

3.3. Mt s bin php khc nhm m bo an ton cho h thng TMT .. 239

4. Bi tp tnh hung ......................................................................................... 240

4.1. i ph vi cc v tn cng vo website thng mi in t ............. 240

4.2. Phng chng la o qua mng (phishing) .......................................... 241

4.3. Gii php gim ri ro trong thng mi in t ca iPremier ............. 243

Chng V. ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip ................... 249

1. Xy dng h thng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip .................... 249

1.1. Lu tr wesbite thng mi in t ..................................................... 250

1.2. Phn mm gii php thng mi in t cho doanh nghip ................ 269

1.3. Mt s gii php thng mi in t cho doanh nghip ln ................ 280

1.4. Bi tp tnh hung ................................................................................. 285

Case 1. Lands End u t vo Thng mi in t ..................................... 285

Case 2. Sear ng dng thng mi in t ............................................... 287

2. Trin khai d n thng mi in t trong doanh nghip ....................... 289

2.1. Cc phng php trin khai d n thng mi in t trong doanh nghip

289

2.3. Quy trnh mua v trin khai phn mm thng mi in t ................ 309

2.4. K nng qun l d n thng mi in t trong doanh nghip .......... 316

3. ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo qun tr quan h khch hng ........... 320

3.1. Tng quan v CRM ............................................................................... 320

3.2. Cc chc nng c bn ca CRM........................................................... 332

3.3. Quy trnh trin khai CRM trong doanh nghip ..................................... 334

3.4. La chn gii php CRM ph hp vi doanh nghip .......................... 335

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3.5. Kinh nghim ng dng CRM trong doanh nghip ............................... 341

3.6. Ci t v s dng mt s phn mm CRM ......................................... 349

4. ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo qun tr chui cung ng ca doanh

nghip.................................................................................................................. 353

4.1. Tng quan v Qun tr Chui cung ng (SCM - Supply Chain Management)

353

4.2. Cc li ch ca SCM ............................................................................. 361

4.3. Cc chc nng ch yu ca h thng SCM .......................................... 362

4.4. Phn tch cc bi hc v ng dng SCM thnh cng ........................... 364

4.5. Cc phn mm ng dng trong qun l chui cung ng ...................... 367

4.6. Tch hp chui cung ng v qun tr ngun lc doanh nghip ............ 374

4.7. Bi tp tnh hung ................................................................................. 375

5. ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo qun tr ngun lc doanh nghip ..... 377

5.1. Tng quan v ERP ................................................................................ 377

5.2. Trin khai d n ERP ............................................................................ 379

5.3. La chn gii php ERP ph hp vi doanh nghip ............................ 391

5.4. Bi hc kinh nghim v ng dng ERP thnh cng ............................. 400

5.5. Ci t v s dng phn mm ERP ...................................................... 404

6. Xy dng k hoch kinh doanh in t ...................................................... 412

6.1. Tng quan v k hoch kinh doanh in t .......................................... 412

6.2. Cu trc k hoch kinh doanh in t .................................................. 416

6.3. M t chung v hot ng kinh doanh: S mng, tm nhn, mc tiu . 424

6.4. M hnh kinh doanh .............................................................................. 434

6.5. Phn tch th trng............................................................................... 441

6.6. Phn tch cnh tranh .............................................................................. 447

6.7. T chc thc hin ................................................................................. 454

6.8. Phn tch hiu qu ti chnh .................................................................. 460

6.9. Trnh by k hoch kinh doanh in t mt cch hiu qu .................. 464

7. Xy dng website v qun l website thng mi in t v bn hng trc

tuyn.................................................................................................................... 465

7.1 Cc cng ngh xy dng website thng mi in t ........................... 465

7.2. My ch web, H qun tr c s d liu, Ngn ng lp trnh web ...... 466

7.3. Ci t v qun l website thng mi in t .................................... 471

7.4. Ci t v qun l ca hng trc tuyn ................................................ 479

7.5. Nng cp v pht trin website thng mi in t ............................. 481

7.6. Thc hnh s dng hp ng in t v thanh ton in t B2C ........ 481

Chng VI. Lut iu chnh thng mi in t .......................................... 486

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1. Khi qut khung php l v thng mi in t trn th gii ................. 486

1.1. Lut mu v thng mi in t ca UNCITRAL ............................... 486

1.2. Lut mu v ch k in t ca UNCITRAL ...................................... 487

1.3. Cng c ca Lin hp quc v s dng chng t in t trong hp ng

thng mi quc t ...................................................................................... 488

2. Khung php l v thng mi in t ca mt s nc v khu vc........ 489

2.1. Khung php l v thng mi in t ca Hoa K .............................. 489

2.2. Khung php l v thng mi in t ca Singapore .......................... 492

2.3. Khung php l v thng mi in t ca Canada ............................... 494

2.4. Khung php l v thng mi in t ca EU ..................................... 495

2.5. Khung php l v thng mi in t ca APEC ................................ 497

3. Nhng quy nh lin quan n thng mi in t ................................... 499

3.1. Incoterms 2000...................................................................................... 499

3.2. eUCP ..................................................................................................... 499

4. Khung php l v thng mi in t ca Vit Nam ................................ 500

4.1. Lut cng ngh thng tin ...................................................................... 500

4.2. Lut giao dch in t ........................................................................... 500

4.3. Ngh nh s 57/2006/N-CP v thng mi in t .......................... 501

4.4. Ngh nh s 26/2007/N-CP v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s

503

4.5. Ngh nh s 27/2007/N-CP v giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh

506

4.6. Ngh nh s 35/2007/N-CP v giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn hng

508

Ph lc 1: Cc m hnh thng mi in t thnh cng trn th gii ......... 511

Ph lc 2: Qui trnh k kt v thc hin hp ng in t bng email ...... 554

Ph lc 3: Lut mu ca UNCITRAL v thng mi in t (Model Law on

Electronic Commerce) ...................................................................................... 572

Phc lc 3: UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures .................... 582

Ph lc 4: United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic

Communications in International Contracts .................................................. 589

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Chng 1. Tng quan v Thng mi in t

1. Khi nim chung v Thng mi in t

1.1. S ra i v pht trin ca Internet

Internet l mng lin kt cc mng my tnh vi nhau. Mc d mi thc s

ph bin t nhng nm 1990, internet c lch s hnh thnh t kh lu :

1962: J.C.R. Licklider a ra tng kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau, tng

lin kt cc mng thng tin vi nhau c t khong nm 1945 khi kh nng hy

dit ca bom nguyn t e da xa s nhng trung tm lin lc qun s, vic lin

kt cc trung tm vi nhau theo m hnh lin mng s gim kh nng mt lin lc

ton b cc mng khi mt trung tm b tn cng.

1965: Mng gi cc d liu c chia nh thnh tng packet, i theo cc

tuyn ng khc nhau v kt hp li ti im n (Donald Dovies); Lawrence G.

Roberts kt ni mt my tnh Massachussetts vi mt my tnh khc

California qua ng dy in thoi

1967: Lawrence G Roberts tip tc xut tng mng ARPANet

(Advanced Research Project Agency Network) ti mt hi ngh Michigan; Cng

ngh chuyn gi tin - packet switching technology em li li ch to ln khi nhiu

my tnh c th chia s thng tin vi nhau; Pht trin mng my tnh th nghim

ca B quc phng M theo tng ARPANet

1969: Mng ny c a vo hot ng v l tin thn ca Internet;

Internet - lin mng bt u xut hin khi nhiu mng my tnh c kt ni vi

nhau

1972: Th in t bt u c s dng (Ray Tomlinson)

1973: ARPANet ln u tin c kt ni ra nc ngoi, ti trng i hc

London

1984: Giao thc chuyn gi tin TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol v

Internet Protocol) tr thnh giao thc chun ca Internet; h thng cc tn min

DNS (Domain Name System) ra i phn bit cc my ch; c chia thnh

su loi chnh bao gm .edu -(education) cho lnh vc gio dc, .gov -

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(government) thuc chnh ph, .mil - (miltary) cho lnh vc qun s, .com -

(commercial) cho lnh vc thng mi, .org - (organization) cho cc t chc, .net -

(network resources) cho cc mng

1990: ARPANET ngng hot ng, Internet chuyn sang giai on mi,

mi ngi u c th s dng, cc doanh nghip bt u s dng Internet vo mc

ich thng mi

1991: Ngn ng nh du siu vn bn HTML (HyperText Markup

Language) ra i cng vi giao thc truyn siu vn bn HTTP (HyperText

Transfer Protocol), Internet thc s tr thnh cng c c lc vi hng lot cc

dch v mi. World Wide Web (WWW) ra i, em li cho ngi dng kh nng

tham chiu t mt vn bn n nhiu vn bn khc, chuyn t c s d liu ny

sang c s d liu khc vi hnh thc hp dn v ni dung phong ph. WWW

chnh l h thng cc thng ip d liu c to ra, truyn ti, truy cp, chia s...

thng qua Internet. Internet v Web l cng c quan trng nht ca TMT, gip

cho TMT pht trin v hot ng hiu qu. Mng Internet c s dng rng ri

t nm 1994, Cng ty Netsscape tung ra cc phn mm ng dng khai thc

thng tin trn Internet vo thng 5 nm 1995. Cng ty IBM gii thiu cc m hnh

kinh doanh in t nm 1997... Dch v Internet bt u c cung cp ti Vit

Nam chnh thc t nm 1997 m ra c hi hnh thnh v pht trin thng mi

in t. Nm 2003, thng mi in t chnh thc c ging dy mt s trng

i hc ti Vit Nam.

1.2. Khi nim thng mi in t

Thng mi in t c bit n vi nhiu tn gi khc nhau, nh thng

mi in t (Electronic commerce), thng mi trc tuyn (online trade),

thng mi khng giy t (paperless commerce) hoc kinh doanh in t (e-

business). Tuy nhin, thng mi in t vn l tn gi ph bin nht v c

dng thng nht trong cc vn bn hay cng trnh nghin cu ca cc t chc hay

cc nh nghin cu. Thng mi in t bt u bng vic mua bn hng ha v

dch v thng qua cc phng tin in t v mng vin thng, cc doanh nghip

tin ti ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo mi hot ng ca mnh, t bn hng,

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marketing, thanh ton n mua sm, sn xut, o to, phi hp hot ng vi nh

cung cp, i tc, khch hng... khi thng mi in t pht trin thnh kinh

doanh in t, tc l doanh nghip ng dng thng mi in t mc cao c

gi l doanh nghip in t. Nh vy, c th hiu kinh doanh in t l m hnh

pht trin ca doanh nghip khi tham gia thng mi in t mc cao v ng

dng cng ngh thng tin chuyn su trong mi hot ng ca doanh nghip.

* Khi nim TMT theo ngha hp

Theo ngha hp, thng mi in t l vic mua bn hng ho v dch v

thng qua cc phng tin in t v mng vin thng, c bit l my tnh v

internet.

Cch hiu ny tng t vi mt s cc quan im nh:

- TMT l cc giao dch thng mi v hng ho v dch v c thc hin

thng qua cc phng tin in t (Din n i thoi xuyn i Ty Dng,

1997)

- TMT l vic thc hin cc giao dch kinh doanh c dn ti vic chuyn

giao gi tr thng qua cc mng vin thng (EITO, 1997)

- TMT l vic hon thnh bt k mt giao dch no thng qua mt mng

my tnh lm trung gian m bao gm vic chuyn giao quyn s hu hay quyn s

dng hng ho v dch v (Cc thng k Hoa K, 2000)

Theo ngha hp, thng mi in t bt u bng vic cc doanh nghip s

dng cc phng tin in t v mng internet mua bn hng ha, dch v ca

doanh nghip mnh, cc giao dch c th gia doanh nghip vi doanh nghip

(B2B) hoc gia doanh nghip vi khch hng c nhn (B2C), c nhn vi nhau

(C2C); V d: Alibala.com; Amazon.com, eBay.com

* Khi nim TMT theo ngha rng

c nhiu t chc quc t a ra khi nim theo ngha rng v thng mi

in t

- EU: TMT bao gm cc giao dch thng mi thng qua cc mng vin

thng v s dng cc phng tin in t. N bao gm TMT gin tip (trao i

hng ho hu hnh) v TMT trc tip (trao i hng ho v hnh).

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- OECD: TMT gm cc giao dch thng mi lin quan n cc t chc

v c nhn da trn vic x l v truyn i cc d kin c s ho thng qua

cc mng m (nh Internet) hoc cc mng ng c cng thng vi mng m (nh

AOL).

- Thng mi in t cng c hiu l hot ng kinh doanh in t, bao

gm: mua bn in t hng ho, dch v, giao hng trc tip trn mng vi cc ni

dung s ho c; chuyn tin in t - EFT (electronic fund transfer); mua bn c

phiu in t - EST (electronic share trading); vn n in t - E B/L (electronic

bill of lading); u gi thng mi - Commercial auction; hp tc thit k v sn

xut; tm kim cc ngun lc trc tuyn; mua sm trc tuyn - Online

procurement; marketing trc tip, dch v khch hng sau khi bn...

- UNCTAD:

* Thng mi in t bao gm cc hot ng ca doanh nghip. Trn gc

doanh nghip TMT l vic thc hin ton b hot ng kinh doanh bao gm

marketing, bn hng, phn phi v thanh ton thng qua cc phng tin in t

Khi nim ny cp n ton b hot ng kinh doanh, ch khng ch

gii hn ring mua v bn, v ton b cc hot ng kinh doanh ny c thc

hin thng qua cc phng tin in t.

Khi nim ny c vit tt bi bn ch MSDP, trong :

M Marketing (c trang web, hoc xc tin thng mi qua internet)

S Sales (c trang web c h tr chc nng giao dch, k kt hp ng)

D Distribution (Phn phi sn phm s ha qua mng)

P Payment (Thanh ton qua mng hoc thng qua bn trung gian nh

ngn hng)

Nh vy, i vi doanh nghip, khi s dng cc phng tin in t v

mng vo trong cc hot ng kinh doanh c bn nh marketing, bn hng, phn

phi, thanh ton th c coi l tham gia thng mi in t.

* Di gc qun l nh nc, thng mi in t bao gm cc lnh vc :

I - C s h tng cho s pht trin TMT (I)

M - Thng ip (M)

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B - Cc quy tc c bn (B)

S - Cc quy tc ring trong tng lnh vc (S)

A - Cc ng dng (A)

M hnh IMBSA ny cp n cc lnh vc cn xy dng pht trin

TMT nh sau:

+ I: Infrastructure: C s h tng Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng.

Mt v d in hnh l dch v Internet bng thng rng ADSL. Ti nc ta, theo

thng k nm 2008 ca Cc Thng mi in t, c n 99% doanh nghip kt

ni internet, trong 98% doanh nghip l s dng dch v bng thng rng

ADSL truy cp Internet vi tc cao giao dch qua mng. Suy cho cng,

nu khng ph cp dch v Internet th khng th pht trin thng mi in t

c. Chnh v vy, UNCTAD a ra lnh vc u tin cn pht trin chnh l C

s h tng Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, to lp v u tin cho TMT.

+ M : Message: Cc vn lin quan n Thng ip d liu. Thng ip

chnh l tt c cc loi thng tin c truyn ti qua mng, qua Internet trong

thng mi in t. V d nh hp ng in t, cc cho hng, hi hng qua

mng, cc chng t thanh ton in t ... u c coi l thng ip, chnh xc hn

l thng ip d liu. Ti cc nc v ti VN, nhng thng ip d liu khi

c s dng trong cc giao dch TMT u c tha nhn gi tr php l. iu

ny c th hin trong cc Lut mu ca Lin hp quc v giao dch in t hay

Lut TMT ca cc nc, cng nh trong Lut Giao dch in t ca Vit Nam.

+ B : Basic Rules: Cc quy tc c bn iu chnh chung v TMT: chnh l

cc lut iu chnh cc lnh vc lin quan n TMT trong mt nc hoc khu

vc v quc t..V d: Vit Nam hin nay l Lut Giao dch in t (3/2006),

Lut Cng ngh Thng tin (6/2006). i vi khu vc c Hip nh khung v

TMT ca cc khu vc nh EU, ASEAN, Hip nh v Cng ngh thng tin

ca WTO, v Bo h s hu tr tu, v v vic tha nhn gi tr php l khi giao

dch xuyn bin gii quc gia.

+ S : Sectorial Rules/ Specific Rules: Cc quy tc ring, iu chnh tng

lnh vc chuyn su ca TMT nh chng thc in t, ch k in t, ngn hng

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in t (thanh ton in t). Th hin di kha cnh php lut Vit Nam c th

l cc Ngh nh chi tit v tng lnh vc. Hay cc tp qun thng mi quc t

mi nh Quy tc v xut trnh chng t in t trong thanh ton quc t (e-UCP),

hay quy tc s dng vn n in t (ca Bolero)

+ A: Applications: c hiu l cc ng dng TMT, hay cc m hnh

kinh doanh thng mi in t cn c iu chnh, cng nh u t, khuyn

khch pht trin, trn c s gii quyt c 4 vn trn. V d nh: Cc m

hnh Cng TMT quc gia (ECVN.gov), cc sn giao dch TMT B2B

(Vnemart.com) cng nh cc m hnh B2C (golmart.com.vn, Amazon.com), m

hnh C2C (Ebay.com), hay cc website ca cc cng ty XNK... u c coi chung

l cc ng dng TMT.

- WTO: Thng mi in t bao gm vic sn xut, qung co, bn hng v

phn phi sn phm c mua bn v thanh ton trn mng Internet, nhng c

giao nhn c th hu hnh hoc giao nhn qua internet di dng s ho.

- AEC (Association for Electronic Commerce): Thng mi in t l lm

kinh doanh c s dng cc cng c in t, nh ngha ny rng, coi hu ht cc

hot ng kinh doanh t n gin nh mt c in thoi giao dch n nhng trao

i thng tin EDI phc tp u l thng mi in t.

Lut mu v Thng mi in t ca y ban lin hip quc v lut thng

mi quc t (UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce, 1996) nh ngha:

Thng mi in t l vic trao i thng tin thng mi thng qua cc phng

tin in t, khng cn phi in ra giy bt c cng on no ca ton b qu trnh

giao dch.

Thng tin c hiu l bt c th g c th truyn ti bng k thun in

t, bao gm c th t, cc file vn bn, cc c s d liu, cc bn tnh, cc bn

thit k, hnh ho, qung co, hi hng, n hng, ho n, bng gi, hp ng,

hnh nh ng, m thanh...

Thng mi c hiu theo ngha rng, bao qut mi vn ny sinh t

mi mi quan h mang tnh thng mi, d c hay khng c hp ng. Cc mi

quan h mang tnh thng mi bao gm, nhng khng gii hn , cc giao dch

13

sau y: bt c giao dch no v cung cp hoc trao i hng ho hoc dch v; i

din hoc i l thng mi; u thc hoa hng; cho thu di hn; xy dng cc

cng trnh; t vn; k thut cng trnh; u t cp vn; ngn hng; bo him; tho

thun khai thc hoc t nhng; lin doanh v cc hnh thc khc v hp tc cng

nghip hoc kinh doanh; chuyn ch hng ho hay hnh khch bng ng bin,

ng khng, ng st hoc ng b.

Mc d mn hc c tn gi thng mi in t nhng phm vi nghin cu

rng hn bao trm ln c cc m hnh v cc vn kinh doanh in t vi mc

ch trang b cc kin thc, k nng v thng mi v kinh doanh in t ngi

hc p dng trong mi lnh vc kinh doanh v cc t chc lin quan.

1.3. Cc phng tin thc hin thng mi in t

Cc phng tin thc hin thng mi in t (hay cn gi l phng tin

in t) bao gm: in thoi, fax, truyn hnh, in thoi khng dy, cc mng my

tnh c kt ni vi nhau,... v mng Internet. Tuy nhin, thng mi in t pht

trin ch yu qua Internet v thc s tr nn quan trng khi mng Internet c

ph cp. Mc d vy, gn y cc giao dch thng mi thng qua cc phng tin

in t a dng hn, cc thit b in t di ng cng dn dn chim v tr quan

trng, hnh thc ny c bit n vi tn gi thng mi in t di ng (Mobile-

commerce hay M-commerce).

- in thoi: l mt phng tin ph thng, d s dng, v gn nh xut

hin sm nht trong cc phng tin in t c cp. Mt s dch v c th

cung cp trc tip qua in thoi nh dch v bu in, ngn hng, hi p, t vn,

gii tr. Vi s pht trin ca in thoi di ng, lin lc qua v tinh, ng dng ca

in thoi ang v s tr nn rng ri hn. Nhng in thoi c mt hn ch l ch

truyn ti c m thanh v mi cuc giao dch vn phi kt thc bng giy t.

Ngoi ra, chi ph giao dch bng in thoi, nht l giao dch in thoi ng di,

cn kh t. Thng mi in t vn s dng in thoi nh mt cng c quan

trng, tuy nhin in thoi c hiu theo ngha rng, khng gii hn in

thoi c nh m c hiu l tt c cc hnh thc giao tip bng ging ni thng

qua cc phng tin in t: in thoi qua Internet, voice chat, voice message

14

qua Yahoo Messenger (YM) hay Skype... y cng chnh l li th ni bt ca

Internet vi cc ng dng truyn thoi qua mi trng ny v cc thit b in t

nh my tnh c s dng trong giao dch thng mi in t ny. V d: m

phn, k kt hp ng qua YM & th in t.

- My fax: C th thay th dch v a th v gi cng vn truyn thng.

Tuy nhin hn ch ca my fax l ch truyn c vn bn vit, khng truyn ti

c m thanh, hnh nh ng, hnh nh ba chiu. Fax qua Internet l mt dch v

mi c ng dng kh rng ri gim chi ph trong giao dch in t. Thit b

in t cng khng gii hn my fax truyn thng m m rng ra my vi tnh v

cc thit b in t khc s dng cc phn mm cho php gi v nhn vn bn fax.

Hot ng ny cng lm m rng khi nim thng mi in t v nhng quy nh

v vn bn gc, bng chng, vn bn do bn gc ca fax trc y l vn bn giy,

bn gc ca fax qua my vi tnh c th l vn bn in t. V d: s dng winfax

gi vn bn word t my vi tnh n my fax ca i tc.

- Truyn hnh: ngy nay, truyn hnh tr thnh mt trong nhng cng c

in t ph thng nht. Truyn hnh ng vai tr quan trng trong thng mi,

nht l trong qung co hng ha. Song truyn hnh mi ch l mt cng c truyn

thng mt chiu, qua truyn hnh, khch hng khng th tm kim c cc cho

hng, khng th m phn vi ngi bn v cc iu khon mua bn c th. Gn

y, khi my thu hnh c kt ni vi my tnh th cng dng ca n c m

rng hn. Vic giao dch v m phn bng video conference thc hin qua

Internet tr nn quan trng v y mnh thng mi in t khi tit kim c thi

gian v chi ph ca cc bn m vn c hiu qu nh m phn giao dch trc tip

truyn thng. V d: e-learning s dng video-conference v net-meeting

- My tnh v mng Internet: thng mi in t ch thc s c v tr quan

trng khi c s bng n ca my tnh v internet vo nhng nm 90 ca th k 20.

My tnh v Internet gip doanh nghip tin hnh giao dch mua bn, hp tc trong

sn xut, cung cp dch v, qun l cc hot ng trong ni b doanh nghip, lin

cc cc doanh nghip trn ton cu, hnh thnh cc m hnh kinh doanh mi.

Khng ch gii hn my tnh, cc thit b in t v cc mng vin thng khc

15

cng c ng dng mnh m vo thng mi lm a dng cc hot ng thng

mi in t t vic s dng th thng minh trong thanh ton in t, mobile phone

trong cc giao dch in t gi tr nh, h thng thng mi in t trong giao

thng x l v tu in, xe bus, my bay n giao dch chng khon, ti chnh,

ngn hng in t, hai quan in t trong nc v quc t. Nhng tp on ton

cu cng chia s thng tin trong hot ng thng mi qua mng ring ca mnh

hoc qua internet. V d: ngn hng in t (e-banking), mua sm in t (e-

procurement).

1.4. H thng cc hot ng c bn trong thng mi in t

Theo Micheal Porter, thng mi in t c th ng dng vo tt c cc giai

on trong chui gi tr. Tt nhin, khi ng dng su v rng thng mi in t

y c hiu theo ngha rng, tr thnh kinh doanh in t.

Hnh 1.1. ng dng thng mi in t trong cc giai on ca chui gi tr

Sn phm v Dch v

1

Inbound

Logistics

2

Outbound Logistics

4

R&D in t

- R&D trc tuyn

- Thit k sn phm

mi qun o, my tnh

- Pht trin sn phm

mi nhanh hn ( t)

Sn xut in t

- Sn xut theo n

hng ca khch hng

- Hp tc gia nh sn

xut linh kin v lp rp

- Chia s kin thc

- K hoch ho vic s

dng cc ngun lc

Marketing in t

- Marketing theo i tng

khch hng

- Nghin cu th trng in t

- Qung co in t

- Tng tc vi khch hng

- Bn hng trc tuyn

- X l giao dch trc tuyn

- nh gi tng tc

Mua sm trc tuyn

- Mua nguyn liu trc tuyn

(sn xut t, my bay...)

- u thu trc tuyn mua

nguyn liu

- Kt ni ERP gia cc cng

ty v cc nh cung cp

- Chia s thng tin nguyn

liu sn xut cho nh cung

cp

Dch v sau bn hng

- Theo di bn hng trc

tuyn

- H tr khch hng trc

tuyn

- Qun tr quan h khch

hng

- Qun tr bn ph

kin/hng thay th

Outbound logistics

- Qun tr t hng trc

tuyn

- K kt hp ng t ng

qua mng

- Cho php khch hng truy

xut ti danh mc sn phm

mi v thi hn giao hng

- Qun tr qu trnh thc

hin hp ng

X l nghip v

3

Marketing & Bn hng

5

Dch v sau

bn hng

6

16

Ngun: Marketing Management, Porter M.E. 2001

1.5. Qu trnh pht trin thng mi in t

Thng mi in t pht trin qua 3 giai on ch yu

* Giai on 1: Thng mi thng tin (i-commerce)

Giai oan nay a co s xut hin cua Website . Thng tin v hang hoa va

dch v ca doanh nghip cng nh v bn thn doanh nghip c a ln

web. Tuy nhin thng tin trn chi mang tinh gii thiu va tham khao . Vic trao i

thng tin , am phan v cac iu khoan hp ng , gia doanh nghip vi doanh

nghip hay gia doanh nghip vi khach hang ca nhn chu yu qua email , din

an, chat roomThng tin trong giai oan nay phn ln chi mang tinh mt chiu,

thng tin hai chiu gia ngi ban va mua con han ch khng ap ng c nhu

cu thc t . Trong giai on ny ngi tiu dng c th tin hnh mua hng trc

tuyn, tuy nhin th thanh ton vn theo phng thc truyn thng.

* Giai on 2: Thng mi giao dch (t-commerce)

Nh co s ra i cua thanh toan in t m thng mi in t thng tin

tin thm mt giai oan na cua qua trinh phat trin thng mai in t o la

thng mai in t giao dich . Thanh toan in t ra i a hoan thin hoat ng

mua ban hang trc tuyn . Trong giai oan nay nhiu san phm mi a c ra i

nh sach in t va nhiu sn phm s ha.

Trong giai on ny cc doanh nghip xy dng mng ni b nhm chia

s d liu gia cc n v trong ni b doanh nghip, cng nh ng dng cc phn

mm qun l Nhn s, K ton, Bn hng, Sn xut, Logistics, tin hnh k kt

hp ng in t

* Giai on 3: Thng mi cng tc (c-Business)

y l giai on pht trin cao nht ca thng mi in t hin nay . Giai

oan nay oi hoi tinh cng tac , phi hp cao gia ni b doanh nghip , doanh

nghip vi nh cung cp , khch hng, ngn hng, c quan qun l nh nc . Giai

oan nay oi hoi vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong ton b chu trnh t u

vo ca qu trnh sn xut cho ti vic phn phi hng ha.

17

Giai on ny doanh nghip trin khai cc h thng phn mm Qun l

khch hng (CRM), Qun l nh cung cp (SCM), Qun tr ngun lc doanh

nghip (ERP)

Hnh 1.2. S pht trin kinh doanh in t

Ngun: UNCTAD, E-commerce development 2003

1.6. Cc vn chin lc trong thng mi in t

Theo nghin cu ca UNCTAD nm 2003, pht trin thng mi in t

c 25 hot ng cc nc cn trin khai t thp n cao. i vi cc nc pht

trin c h tng cng ngh thng tin tin tin th vic trin khai thng mi in t

s d dng v nhanh chng hn. Theo nh nghin cu ca UNCTAD, pht trin

thng mi in t cc nc cn quan tm, ch trng nht vo 4N trong thng

mi in t bao gm: Nhn thc, Ni mng, Nhn lc v Ni dung. Thng mi

in t l mt lnh vc hon ton mi nn vic nng cao nhn thc v vai tr ca

thng mi l v cng quan trng. Nng cao nhn thc v thng mi in t s

gip cho vic trin khai v pht trin thng mi in t c nhanh chng hn.

Ngoi ra thng mi in t l mt lnh vc rt rng i hi s phi hp cao nn

cn phi c s kt ni tt gia y nhanh hot ng thng mi vi pht trin cng

ngh thng tin. lm c iu ny i hi phi c mt i ng gii chuyn

mn.

18

Vn kh khn nht hin nay i vi thng mi in t gm: thanh ton trc

tuyn, an ninh, bo mt trong giao dch thng mi in t, chng thc in t

quc t

Hnh 1.3. Cc bc trin khai thng mi in t

2. c im, phn loi thng mi in t

2.1. c im ca thng mi in t

- S pht trin ca thng mi in t gn lin v tc ng qua li vi

s pht trin ca ICT. Thng mi in t l vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin

vo trong mi hot ng thng mi, chnh v l m s pht trin ca cng ngh

thng tin s thc y thng mi in t pht trin nhanh chng, tuy nhin s pht

Mi quan tm

ca cc nc

ang pht trin

v km pht

trin

Mi quan tm

ca cc nc

pht trin v

cc tp on

cng nghip

hng u

H tng vin thng

Truy cp c vo internet

i ng nhn lc

Cc thit b c kh nng truy cp internet (nh my tnh c nhn, PDA)

Chnh sch v k hoch ca Chnh ph v pht trin ngnh cng ngh thng tin

Nhng mi e do do t do ha mang li

S dng cc phn mm ph hp (hp php, gn nh v chi ph thp)

My tnh c th hin th ngn ng a phng

Nhng ni dung c a phng ha

Cc cng thng tin

Chnh ph in t - cc c s h tng do chnh ph cung cp

Cc tiu chun v sn xut, an ton lao ng v sc khe.

Lut php v Cng ngh thng tin (cc giao dch in t, ch k in t, ti phm my tnh)

Vn an ninh - thng tin, tnh h thng, h thng mng

Vn chng thc, m kho

Truy cp internet bng bng thng rng (ti doanh nghip, gia nh)

Pht trin ngun nhn lc v cng ngh thng tin

Hp tc v h thng mng

Cc c hi do t do ha v khu vc ha mang li

Cc ch in t

C s h tng cho vic thc hin thanh ton qua mng

Bo v ngi tiu dng

Vn chp nhn xc thc lin quc gia

Bo h quyn s hu tr tu

Vn bo mt thng tin c nhn

19

trin ca thng mi in t cng thc y v gi m nhiu lnh vc ca ICT nh

phn cng v phn mm chuyn dng cho cc ng dng thng mi in t, dch

v thanh ton cho thng mi in t, cng nh y mnh sn xut trong lnh vc

ICT nh my tnh, thit b vin thng, thit b mng.

- V hnh thc: giao dch thng mi in t l hon ton qua mng . Trong

hot ng thng mi truyn thng cc bn phi gp g nhau trc tip tin hnh

am phan , giao dich va i n ky kt hp ng . Cn trong hot ng thng mi

in t nh vic s dung cac phng tin in t c kt ni vi mng ton cu, ch

yu l s dng mng internet , m gi y cc bn tham gia vo giao dch khng

phi gp g nhau trc tip m vn c th m phn , giao dich c v i nhau d

cho cac bn tham gia giao dich ang bt c quc gia nao . V d nh trc kia

mun mua mt quyn sach th bn c phai ra tn cua hang tham khao , chn

mua mt cun sach ma minh mong mun . Sau khi a chon c cu n sch cn

mua thi ngi c phai ra quy thu ngn thanh toan mua cun sach o . Nhng

gi y vi s ra i cua thng mai in t thi chi cn co mt chic may tinh va

mng internet, thng qua vai thao tac kich chut, ngi c khng cn bit mt cua

ngi ban hang th h vn co th mua mt cun sach minh mong mun trn cac

website mua ban trc tuyn nh amazon.com; vinabook.com.vn.

- Phm vi hot ng: trn khp ton cu hay th trng trong thng mi

in t l th trng phi bin gii. iu ny th hin ch mi ngi tt c cc

quc gia trn khp ton cu khng phi di chuyn ti bt k a im no m vn

c th tham gia vo cng mt giao dch bng cch truy cp vo cc website thng

mi hoc vo cc trang mng x hi.

- Ch th tham gia: Trong hot ng thng mi in t phi c ti thiu

ba ch th tham gia. l cc bn tham gia giao dch v khng th thiu c

tham gia ca bn th ba l cc c quan cung cp dch v mng v c quan

chng thc, y l nhng ngi to mi trng cho cc giao dch thng mi in

t. Nh cung cp dch v mng. Nh cung cp dch v mng v c quan chng

thc c nhim v chuyn i, lu gi cc thng tin gia cc bn tham gia giao dch

20

Thng mi in t, ng thi h cng xc nhn tin cy ca cc thng tin trong

giao dch Thng mi in t.

- Thi gian khng gii hn: Cc bn tham gia vo hot ng thng mi

in t u c th tin hnh cc giao dch sut 24 gi 7 ngy trong vng 365 ngy

lin tc bt c ni no c mng vin thng v c cc phng tin in t kt ni

vi cc mng ny, y l cc phng tin c kh nng t ng ha cao gip y

nhanh qu trnh giao dch.

- Trong thng mi in t, h thng thng tin chnh l th trng.

Trong thng mi truyn thng cc bn phi gp g nhau trc tip tin hnh

m phn, giao dch v k kt hp ng. Cn trong thng mi in t cc bn

khng phi gp g nhau trc tip m vn c th tin hnh m phn, k kt hp

ng. lm c iu ny cc bn phi truy cp vo h thng thng tin ca nhau

hay h thng thng tin ca cc gii php tm kim thng qua mng internet, mng

extranet. tm hiu thng tin v nhau t tin hnh m phn k kt hp ng.

V d gi y cc doanh nghip thng mi mun tm kim cc i tc trn khp

ton cu th ch cn vo cc trang tm kim nh google, yahoo hay vo cc cng

thng mi in t nh trong nc l ecvn.com hay ca hn quc l ec21.com.

2. 2. Phn loi thng mi in t

C nhiu tiu ch khc nhau phn loi cc hnh thc/ m hnh Tmdt nh:

+ Phn loi theo cng ngh kt ni mng: Thng mi di ng (khng dy),

thng mi in t 3G.

+ Phn loi theo hnh thc dch v: Chnh ph in t, gio dc in t, ti

chnh in t, ngn hng in t, chng khon in t.

+ Phn loi theo mc phi hp, chia s v s dng thng tin qua mng:

Thng mi thng tin, thng mi giao dch, thng mi cng tc

+ Phn loi theo i tng tham gia: C bn ch th chnh tham gia phn ln

vo cc giao dch thng mi in t: Chnh ph (G), doanh nghip (B), khch

hng c nhn (C), ngi lao ng (E). Vic kt hp cc ch th ny li vi nhau s

cho chng ta nhng m hnh thng mi in t khc nhau. Di y l mt s m

hnh thng mi in t ph bin nht hin nay:

21

2. 2.1. Thng mi in t gia Doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng (B2C)

Doanh nghip s dng cc phng tin in t bn hng ha v dch v

ti ngi tiu dng; ngi tiu dng thng qua cc phng tin in t la

chn, mc c, t hng, thanh ton v nhn hng. M hnh B2C ch yu l m hnh

bn l qua mng nh www.Amazon.com, qua doanh nghip thng thit lp

website, hnh thnh c s d liu v hng ha, dch v, tin hnh cc quy trnh tip

th, qung co v phn phi trc tip ti ngi tiu dng. Thng mi in t B2C

em li li ch cho c doanh nghip ln ngi tiu dng: doanh nghip tit kim

nhiu chi ph bn hng do khng cn phng trng by hay thu ngi gii thiu

bn hng, chi ph qun l cng gim hn. Ngi tiu dng s cm thy thun tin

v khng phi ti tn ca hng, ngi bt c ni u, bt c khi no cng c kh

nng la chn v so snh nhiu mt hng cng mt lc, cng nh tin hnh vic

mua hng. Hin nay, s lng giao dch theo m hnh thng mi in t B2C rt

l ln, tuy nhin th gi tr giao dch t hot ng ny chim t l nh trong tng

gi tr thng mi in t ngy nay, chim khong 5%. Trong tng lai thng

mi in t theo m hnh B2C s cn pht trin nhanh hn na. M hnh thng

mi in t B2C cn c gi di ci tn khc l bn hng trc tuyn (e-

tailing)

2. 2.2. Thng mi in t gia doanh nghip vi doanh nghip (B2B)

B2B l loi hnh giao dch qua cc phng tin in t gia doanh nghip

vi doanh nghip. Cc giao dch B2B ch yu c thc hin trn cc h thng

ng dng Thng mi in t nh mng gi tr gia tng VAN, SCM, cc sn giao

dch Thng mi in t B2B (emarketplaces)... Cc doanh nghip c th cho

hng, tm kim bn hng, t hng, k kt hp ng, thanh ton qua cc h thng

ny. mc cao, cc giao dch ny c th din ra mt cch t ng v d nh

www.alibaba.com. Thng mi in t B2B em li li ch rt thc t cho cc

doanh nghip, c bit gip cc doanh nghip gim cc chi ph v thu thp thng

tin tm hiu th trng, qung co, tip th, m phn, tng cng cc c hi kinh

doanh. Ngy nay, s lng giao dch thng mi in t B2B cn rt khim tn

http://www.amazon.com/http://www.alibaba.com/

22

ch khong 10%, tuy nhin th gi tr giao dch t hot ng ny chim rt cao, trn

85% gi tr giao dch thng mi in t hin nay.

2.3. Thng mi in t gia doanh nghip vi c quan nh nc (B2G)

Trong m hnh ny, C quan nh nc ng vai tr nh khch hng v qu

trnh trao i thng tin cng c tin hnh qua cc phng tin in t. C quan

nh nc cng c th lp cc website, ti ng ti nhng thng tin v nhu cu

mua hng ca c quan mnh v tin hnh vic mua sm hng ha, la chn nh

cung cp trn website. V d nh hi quan in t, thu in t, chng nhn xut

x in t, u thu in t, mua bn tri phiu chnh ph.....

2. 2.4. Thng mi in t gia ngi tiu dng vi ngi tiu dng (C2C)

y l m hnh Thng mi in t gia cc c nhn vi nhau. S pht trin

ca cc phng tin in t, c bit l internet lm cho nhiu c nhn c th tham

gia hot ng thng mi vi t cch ngi bn hoc ngi mua. Mt c nhn c

th t thit lp website kinh doanh nhng mt hng do mnh lm ra hoc s

dng mt website c sn u gi mn hng mnh c. Gi tr giao dch t hot

ng thng mi in t C2C ch chim khong 10% tng gi tr giao dch t hot

ng thng mi in t. Ebay.com l mt v d thnh cng nht trn th gii cho

m hnh thung mi in t C2C.

2. 2.5. Thng mi in t gia C quan nh nc v c nhn (G2C)

M hnh G2C ch yu cp ti cc giao dch mang tnh hnh chnh, tuy

nhin cng c th mang nhng yu t ca thng mi in t. V d nh hot ng

ng thu c nhn qua mng, tr ph ng k h s,...

3. Li ch v hn ch ca thng mi in t

3.1. Li ch ca thng mi in t

3.1.1. Li ch i vi t chc

- M rng th trng: Vi chi ph u t nh hn nhiu so vi thng mi

truyn thng, cc cng ty c th m rng th trng, tm kim, tip cn ngi cung

cp, khch hng v i tc trn khp th gii. Vic m rng mng li nh cung

cp, khch hng cng cho php cc t chc c th mua vi gi thp hn v bn

c nhiu sn phm hn.

23

- Gim chi ph sn xut: Gim chi ph giy t, gim chi ph chia s thng tin,

chi ph in n, gi vn bn truyn thng.

- Ci thin h thng phn phi: Gim lng hng lu kho v tr trong

phn phi hng. H thng ca hng gii thiu sn phm c thay th hoc h tr

bi cc showroom trn mng, v d trong ngnh sn xut t (GM, Ford Motor)

tit kim c chi ph hng t USD t gim chi ph lu kho.

- Vt gii hn v thi gian: Vic t ng ha cc giao dch thng qua Web

v Internet gip hot ng kinh doanh c thc hin 24/7/365 m khng mt

thm nhiu chi ph bin i.

- Sn xut hng theo yu cu: Cn c bit n di tn gi Chin lc

ko, li ko khch hng n vi doanh nghip bng kh nng p ng mi nhu

cu ca khch hng. Mt v d thnh cng in hnh l Dell Computer Corp.

- M hnh kinh doanh mi: Cc m hnh kinh doanh mi vi nhng li th

v gi tr mi cho khch hng. M hnh ca Amazon.com, mua hng theo nhm

hay u gi nng sn qua mng n cc sn giao dch B2B l in hnh ca nhng

thnh cng ny.

- Tng tc tung sn phm ra th trng: Vi li th v thng tin v kh

nng phi hp gia cc doanh nghip lm tng hiu qu sn xut v gim thi gian

tung sn phm ra th trng.

- Gim chi ph thng tin lin lc: email tit kim hn fax hay gi th truyn

thng

- Gim chi ph mua sm: Thng qua gim cc chi ph qun l hnh chnh

(80%); gim gi mua hng (5-15%)

- Cng c quan h khch hng: Thng qua vic giao tip thun tin qua

mng, quan h vi trung gian v khch hng c cng c d dng hn. ng thi

vic c bit ha sn phm v dch v cng gp phn tht cht quan h vi khch

hng v cng c lng trung thnh.

- Thng tin cp nht: Mi thng tin trn web nh sn phm, dch v, gi c...

u c th c cp nht nhanh chng v kp thi.

24

- Chi ph ng k kinh doanh: Mt s nc v khu vc khuyn khch bng

cch gim hoc khng thu ph ng k kinh doanh qua mng.

- Cc li ch khc: Nng cao uy tn, hnh nh doanh nghip; ci thin cht

lng dch v khch hng; i tc kinh doanh mi; n gin ha v chun ha cc

quy trnh giao dch; tng nng sut, gim chi ph giy t; tng kh nng tip cn

thng tin v gim chi ph vn chuyn; tng s linh hot trong giao dch v hot

ng kinh doanh.

3.1.2. Li ch i vi ngi tiu dng

- Vt gii hn v khng gian v thi gian: Thng mi in t cho php

khch hng mua sm mi ni, mi lc i vi cc ca hng trn khp th gii

- Nhiu la chn v sn phm v dch v: Thng mi in t cho php

ngi mua c nhiu la chn hn v tip cn c nhiu nh cung cp hn

- Gi thp hn: Do thng tin thun tin, d dng v phong ph hn nn

khch hng c th so snh gi c gia cc nh cung cp thun tin hn v t tm

c mc gi ph hp nht

- Giao hng nhanh hn vi cc hng ha s ha c: i vi cc sn phm

s ha c nh phim, nhc, sch, phn mm.... vic giao hng c thc hin d

dng thng qua Internet

- Thng tin phong ph, thun tin v cht lng cao hn: Khch hng c th

d dng tm c thng tin nhanh chng v d dng thng qua cc cng c tm

kim (search engines); ng thi cc thng tin a phng tin (m thanh, hnh nh)

gip qung b, gii thiu sn phm tt hn

- u gi: M hnh u gi trc tuyn ra i cho php mi ngi u c th

tham gia mua v bn trn cc sn u gi v ng thi c th tm, su tm nhng

mn hng mnh quan tm ti mi ni trn th gii.

- Cng ng thng mi in t: Mi trng kinh doanh TMT cho php

mi ngi tham gia c th phi hp, chia s thng tin v kinh nghim hiu qu v

nhanh chng.

- p ng mi nhu cu: Kh nng t ng ha cho php chp nhn cc

n hng khc nhau t mi khch hng

25

- Thu: Trong giai on u ca TMT, nhiu nc khuyn khch bng

cch min thu i vi cc giao dch trn mng

3.1.3. Li ch i vi x hi

- Hot ng trc tuyn: Thng mi in t to ra mi trng lm vic,

mua sm, giao dch... t xa nn gim vic i li, nhim, tai nn

- Nng cao mc sng: C nhiu hng ha, nhiu nh cung cp s to p lc

gim gi, do tng kh nng mua sm ca khch hng, nng cao mc sng

- Li ch cho cc nc ngho: Nhng nc ngho c th tip cn vi cc sn

phm, dch v t cc nc pht trin hn thng qua Internet v TMT. ng thi

cng c th hc tp c kinh nghim, k nng... o to qua mng cng nhanh

chng gip cc nc ny tip thu cng ngh mi

- Dch v cng c cung cp thun tin hn: Cc dch v cng cng nh y

t, gio dc, cc dch v cng ca chnh ph... c thc hin qua mng vi chi

ph thp hn, thun tin hn. Cp cc loi giy php c cp qua mng, dch v

t vn y t.... l cc v d thnh cng in hnh

3.2. Hn ch ca thng mi in t

C hai loi hn ch ca Thng mi in t, mt nhm mang tnh k thut,

mt nhm mang tnh thng mi.

HN CH CA THNG MI IN T

Hn ch v k thut Hn ch v thng mi

1. Cha c tiu chun quc t v cht

lng, an ton v tin cy

1. An ninh v ring t l hai cn tr

v tm l i vi ngi tham gia

TMT

2. Tc ng truyn Internet vn

cha p ng c yu cu ca

ngi dng, nht l trong Thng

mi in t

2. Thiu lng tin v TMT v ngi

bn hng trong TMT do khng

c gp trc tip

3. Cc cng c xy dng phn mm

vn trong giai on ang pht trin

3. Nhiu vn v lut, chnh sch,

thu cha c lm r

26

4. Kh khn khi kt hp cc phn

mm TMT vi cc phn mm

ng dng v cc c s d liu

truyn thng

4. Mt s chnh sch cha thc s h

tr to iu kin TMT pht

trin

5. Cn c cc my ch thng mi

in t c bit (cng sut, an

ton) i hi thm chi ph u t

5. Cc phng php nh gi hiu

qu ca TMT cn cha y ,

hon thin

6. Chi ph truy cp Internet vn cn

cao

6. Chuyn i thi quen tiu dng t

thc n o cn thi gian

7. Thc hin cc n t hng trong

thng mi in t B2C i hi h

thng kho hng t ng ln

7. S tin cy i vi mi trng kinh

doanh khng giy t, khng tip

xc trc tip, giao dch in t cn

thi gian

8. S lng ngi tham gia cha

ln t li th v quy m (ho

vn v c li)

9. S lng gian ln ngy cng tng

do c th ca TMT

10. Thu ht vn u t mo him kh

khn hn sau s sp hng lot

ca cc cng ty dot.com

4. nh hng ca thng mi in t

4. 1. Tc ng n hot ng marketing

Thng mi in t l vic ng dng cc phng tin in t v mng vin

thng tin hnh cc hot ng thng mi, m y ch yu chnh l vic tin

hnh hot ng thng mi thng qua website. Chnh v vy m hot ng

marketing trong thng mi in t c nhiu thay i so vi hot ng marketing

truyn thng. Trong hot ng thng mi truyn thng ch yu trin khai chin

lc marketing y th trong hot ng thng mi in t ch yu l trin khai

27

hot ng marketing ko. Hng ha trong thng mi in t c tnh c bit ha

cao do thng qua website doanh nghip c th giao tip trc tip vi mt lng

khch hng ln cng mt thi im, nh vy doanh nghip s bit c th hiu

ca ngi tiu dng cng nh nhng thay i v th hiu ngi tiu dng t

to ra nhng sn phm cht lng tt nht p ng cao nht nhu cu ngi tiu

dng. iu ny ng ngha vi vic vng i sn phm s rt ngn li. Ngoi ra

thng mi in t cn gip cc doanh nghip gim chi ph phn phi, chi ph bn

hng xung ti mc thp nht do loi bt c cc thnh phn trung gian tham gia

vo hot ng marketing. c bit l i vi hng ha s ha th vic mua bn,

trao i v thanh ton din ra cng mt lc cho d ngi mua v bn cc quc

gia khc nhau trn th gii.

4. 2. Thay i m hnh kinh doanh

Mt mt, cc m hnh kinh doanh truyn thng b p lc ca Thng mi

in t phi thay i, mt khc cc m hnh kinh doanh thng mi in t hon

ton mi c hnh thnh. V d nh:

-Dell c bit ti l mt trong s cc nh sn xut thnh cng nht trn th

gii. Nm 1996, Dell bt u bn my tnh qua mng. Nm 2000, cng ty bn

c trn 50 sn phm mi ngy qua mng. Dell l cng ty u tin xy dng mt

h thng sn xut theo yu cu ca khch hng( BTO). Vi m hnh kinh doanh

mi, Dell em li cho khch hng nhiu s chn la vi nhng sn phm tt

nht, v sn phm mang tnh c bit cao. Nh vic ng dng internert vo trong

hot ng kinh doanh m gi y cng ty bn hng trc tip ti khch hng

cui cng m khng phi s dng ti cc nh phn phi trung gian.

- Amazon.com: l doanh nghip thng mi in t u tin trn th gii.

Ngay t ngy u thnh lp cng ty xy dng cho mnh mt m hnh kinh

doanh l bn hng hon ton trc tuyn trn mng ( click and motor). Thay v

xy dng cc gian hng ngoi i thc th cng ty xy dng cc gian hng o trn

trang web ca cng ty l amazon.com, ni m ngoi tiu dng c th vo tm kim

thng tin sn phm, tin hnh vic mua hng v thanh ton ti trang web cng ty.

28

Amazon.com c nh gi l trang web bn l ln nht trn th gii hin nay v

n c mt tm nh hng ln ti hu ht cc ca hng bn l.

- Cisco: l cng ty sn xut cc thit b kt ni, router v switch hng u

trn th gii. Nm 1994, cng ty trin khai vic bn hng trc tuyn. Cng ty

cng xy dng mt m hnh kinh doanh gn ging Dell l sn xut theo yu cu

ca khch hng bng cch trin khai mt h thng h tr trc tuyn c tn l

Cisco Connection Online - CCO. Dch v h tr trc tuyn ny c rt nhiu

khch hng v i tc ca cng ty quan tm. 85% dch v khch hng trc tuyn l

c trin khai qua h thng ny.

4. 3. Tc ng n hot ng sn xut

Thng mi in t lm thay i hot ng sn xut t sn xut hng lot

thnh sn xut ng lc v theo nhu cu. Trong thng mi in t, h thng sn

xut c tch hp vi h thng ti chnh, hot ng marketing, v cc h thng

chc nng khc trong v ngoi t chc. Gi y nh ng dng thng mi in t

m doanh nghip c th hng dn khch hng t hng theo nhu cu ca tng c

nhn ch trong vi giy bng cch s dng phn mm ERP trn nn website. Vng

i ca mt s sn phm c rt ngn khong 50% nh ng dng thng mi

in t. V d nh:

- Li&Fung l mt doanh nghip thng mi in t ch yu theo m hnh

B2B chuyn sn xut qun o, hng dt may, th cng, chi, th thao v

cc sn phm cho gia nh. Thnh cng ca Li&Fung ngy hm nay c c l

nh doanh nghip bit ng dng thng mi in t vo trong chui cung ng

nhm to ra c nhiu gi tr gia tng trong mi trng sn xut khng bin gii.

Cng ty l doanh nghip u tin trin khai mng intranet ton cu cho hot ng

sn xut vo nm 1995. Vic trin khai mng intranet gip cho doanh nghip

mua v vn chuyn nguyn ph liu ng lc, kim tra trc tuyn qu trnh sn

xut thng qua hnh nh s ha ghi c t nh my. Ngoi ra vo nm 1997, cng

ty xy dng c mt mng extranet nhm kt ni cng ty vi cc i tc v

khch hng. Mng extranet ca cng ty cho php pht trin sn phm trc tuyn

cng nh theo di n hng trc tuyn, xa b cc cng vic giy t

29

- Ford l cng ty sn xut oto ln th hai trn th gii, hot ng trn 40

quc gia vi 114 nh my sn xut v hn 350.000 nhn vin. Cng ty tin

hnh thay i hot ng kinh doanh bng cch ng dng cng ngh cao v internet

vo trong hot ng sn xut cng nh phn phi sn phm v dch v ti khch

hng mt cch nhanh nht, tt nht v hiu qu ti a. Nh vic s dng website

lin lc v giao tip vi cc nh cung cp v nh phn phi m cng ty tit

kim c khong 25% gi thnh xe oto. Ford cng cho php khch hng thit k

ra cc kiu xe trn web v t sn xut da trn nhng thit k ny.

4. 4. Tc ng n hot ng ti chnh, k ton

Thng mi in t l vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo trong mi

hot ng thng mi, chnh v l m hot ng ti chnh v k ton trong lnh

vc ny c nhng c trng ring. Khc bit ln nht gia hot ng ti chnh, k

ton trong lnh vc thng mi in t so vi truyn thng ch yu l nm h

thng thanh ton in t. Gi y h thng thanh ton truyn thng l khng cn

hiu qu vi hot ng thng mi in t, thay vo l vic trin khai cc gii

php thanh ton trc tuyn. Gii php thanh ton trc tuyn gip cho khch

hng v doanh nghip tit kim c rt nhiu chi ph v thi gian ng thi y

nhanh tc giao dch trong hot ng ti chnh, k ton. Hin ny, trong lnh vc

thng mi in t xut hin nhiu thut ng mi nh v in t, tin in

t.. Hay v d nh trong lnh vc ngn hng hnh thnh v pht trin nhiu

hot ng mi nh: ngn hng trc tuyn, thanh ton th tnh dng trc tuyn,

thnh ton bng th thng minh, ngn hng di ng.

4. 5. Tc ng n hot ng ngoi thng

Thng mi in t c mt c im l th trng ton cu, phi bin gii

cho nn hot ng ngoi thng trong giai on ny c nhng im khc bit so

vi hot ng ngoi thng trc y. Nh vic ng dng thng mi in t m

vic tin hnh cc hot ng ngoi thng ngy cng tr ln d dng hn, c bit

l i vi hot ng xut nhp khu hng ha s ha nh sch in t, bn nhc,

phim, nh.hay dch v nh dch v ti chnh, dch v vn ti.Ngoi ra thng

mi in t gip cc doanh nghip gim c rt nhiu chi ph v thi gian bao

30

gm chi ph i li, chi ph giao dch, chi ph cho trung gian. Hin nay thng mi

in t c xem l mt cng c hu hiu cho vic tin hnh cc hot ng xut

nhp khu ca cc doanh nghip va v nh c bit l cc doanh nghip mi

thnh lp. Trin khai thng mi in t, hay y l vic dng internet vo trong

hot ng kinh doanh gip cc doanh nghip c th tip cn nhanh chng ti tt

c th trng trn ton cu vi chi ph thp nht m khng phi qua bt c trung

gian no.

M l quc gia u tin tin hnh cc hot ng thng mi in t v

thu c nhiu li ch to ln trong vic thc y hot ng ngoi thng. Hin

nay, hot ng thng mi in t ca M chim khong 4/5 tng s giao dch

thng mi in t trn ton cu. Trong khi nm 2007 tng kim nghch xut

nhp khu ca M chim khong 1/9 tng kim nghch xut nhp khu ca ton th

gii. Qua y thy rng thng mi in t c tc ng to ln ti hot ng ngoi

thng ca nc M.

4. 6. Tc ng ca Thng mi in t n cc ngnh ngh

4. 6.1. Tc ng ca Thng mi in t n ngnh m nhc, gii tr

Trong m hnh trn, cu trc v quy trnh ca ngnh m nhc hu nh vn

gi nh truyn thng, hu ht hot ng phn phi c thc hin thng qua bn

Trong cu trc ca ngnh m nhc truyn

thng, cng ngh c pht trin t bn trong

ngnh cng nghip in sang bng, hoc t

nhng nh phn phi hoc cc b phn

marketing. Tng b phn c chc nng ring,

lung thng tin v ni dung hng ha cng

c chuyn ti theo mt hng duy nht (t

ngh s ti ngi tiu dng). Do , cc ng

dng, cng ngh v cc m hnh kinh doanh

u mang tnh tnh. Hn na, khng cho php

hon i vai tr ca ngh s v ngi tiu dng

nhng ngi 2 u ca chu trnh, v c

ngh s cng nh ngi tiu dng u khng

can thip g v c mt cng ngh v thng

mi trong chu trnh trn. S nh hng ca

cng ngh mi ch xy ra ti nhng khu vc

ring bit. Cng ngh P2P ch c s dng

ngoi chu trnh trn

31

l, v marketing ca cc cng ng ngi nghe nhc thng qua cc knh truyn

thng. S tin b r rng nht l vic phn phi bn l ng dng thng mi in

t vi cc a nhc nn c rao bn qua mng nhng c giao hng bng

phng php truyn thng (qua dch v bu in hoc chuyn pht nhanh). Cc

nh bn l trc tuyn cng cung cp thm cc dch v h tr tm kim v cung cp

thng tin v cc ngh s thng qua web hoc email cho cc khch hng.

Tuy nhin, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh, internet tc

ng mnh m hn ti ngnh m nhc. Vi internet, c 2 loi my tnh, l my

ch v my khch. My ch (cc nh phn phi, cung cp sn phm m nhc)

lu tr d liu v thng tin, my khch (ngi tiu dng) dnh cho ngi s dng

tm kim v tra cu thng tin. Tuy nhin hin nay, ranh gii ny m i: Th

nht l cng ngh ng truyn bng thng rng, lun trong trng thi kt ni. Vi

a ch IP c nh, my tnh c th tr thnh my ch trong nhng trng hp

nht nh. Th hai l cng ngh chia s d liu ngang hng cng c kh nng

chuyn mt my tnh c nhn thng thng nht thnh mt my ch. Tnh t do v

tnh m ny lm nn cuc cch mng thng tin trong thi gian qua. M hnh cu

trc ca ngnh m nhc thay i.

Thay i th nht, l hng duy nht t sn xut ti vic phn phi thng

thay i, ngh s, ngi tiu dng v cc b phn trong ngnh m nhc ha

trong mt mng vi s h tr ca cng ngh internet.

Thay i th hai, l cc chc nng ca hot ng sn xut, phn phi v

marketing tr thnh cc ng dng, mang tnh trung lp hn v t b ph thuc

hn vo s khng chc chn ca mi quan h tng tc qua li gia cc ngh s v

cc doanh nghip kinh doanh lnh vc m nhc. Cng ngh tr thnh ngun lc

chung cho tt c nhng ai tham gia vo ngnh v cng ngh P2P cng c p

dng trn phm vi quc t, vic sn xut cc sn phm n theo ca cc fan cng

tng ln. Vic s dng cc phn mm ti nn cc tp t cc a CD v DVD cng

khuyn khch ngnh m nhc tm kim gii php cho cng ngh bo h quyn s

hu s (DRM) m v mt k thut.

32

4. 6.2. Tc ng ca Thng mi in t n ngnh gio dc

Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh in t v c bit l s ra i v pht trin

ca internet, ngnh gio dc cung cp nhng hnh thc o to mi: ngoi o

to trc tip trn ging ng hay o to t xa truyn thng cn c hnh thc o

to in t (e-learning). o to in t c th l o to trc tuyn (online

education) hoc hn hp (blended learning).

o to in t l vic s dng cc phng tin in t (nh i, tivi, CD/DVD,

my tnh hay email, web) thc hin cc hnh thc o to. o to trc tuyn l

mt phn ca o to in t, trong ch yu s dng internet cung cp cc

kha hc trc tuyn trong cho php trao i gia gio vin v ngi hc qua

mng. o to hn hp l s kt hp ca cc hnh thc trn, tuy trn thc t ch

yu l s kt hp gia o to trc tuyn v hng dn trc tip.

Hnh 1.4. M hnh o to trc tuyn

o to trc tuyn pht trin mnh. Nguyn nhn, chnh l cng ngh

internet to ra nhng ng lc cho vic u t v pht trin hnh thc o to ny:

- Nng cao nng lc cung cp dch v o to: Internet cho php tip cn

c vi nhiu i tng hc hn nhng vng a l xa hn, kh c iu kin s

dng dch v o to truyn thng

33

- Nng cao cht lng hc: Hc trc tuyn cho php tng cng kh nng c

bit ha vi tng ngi hc, mm do hn v tng s la chn cho ngi hc, t

nng cao cht lng hc.

- Tng cng kh nng tip cn: o to in t c th cung cp cc gii

php hu hiu i vi nhng vn v tip cn gio vin

- Hiu qu v chi ph: o to in t c kh nng lm tng nng lc cung

cp dch v v tng kh nng tip cn ca sinh vin, do c kh nng tit kim

chi ph (cung cp dch v cho nhiu ngi hc hn vi chi ph thp hn) thng qua

vic gim chi ph i vi tng hc vin, t nng cao v th ti chnh ca t chc

o to. Tuy nhin, tnh kinh t quy m ca o to trc tuyn trn thc t cn

cha th hin r v u t ban u vo c s h tng kh cao, v bc khi u cn

nhiu thi gian.

- Tng cng kh nng nm gi cc k nng v c s h tng v cng ngh

thng tin, t y mnh vic tip cn n nn kinh t tri thc.

- Chin lc marketing v cnh tranh: V o to trc tuyn chnh l thuc

v tng lai, nn cc t chc cung cp dch v o to phi u t vo h tng cho

o to trc tuyn c th cnh tranh v tn ti c

- Hin nay, rt nhiu trng i hc trn th gii, c nhng nc pht trin

v nhng nc ang pht trin cung cp dch v o to trc tuyn: University

of Monterrey (Mexico); Mauritius University; National University (Lesotho);

Indira Gandhi Open University (n ); UK Open University; LEAD (Anh); UN

University (UNCTAD TrainForTrade); Finnish Virtual University; UK

eUniversity; Malaysia University of Science and Technology; Massachusetts

Institute of Technology (M);

Doanh s o to trc tuyn trn th gii nm 2002 l 6.6 t USD (5,6 t t

nc M) v d kin nm 2006 l 23.7 t USD) v s cn tng cao.

Vit Nam: Ch s sn sng cho o to trc tuyn: xp hng 57 th gii (3.7 im)

4. 6.3. Tc ng ca Thng mi in t n Chnh ph in t

Chnh ph ca hu ht cc quc gia hin nay, vi s pht trin mnh m ca

thng mi in t, cng ang c nhng bc i tch cc tin ti xy dng mt

34

Chnh ph in t, trong cc dch v cng ca chnh ph v cc giao dch vi

chnh ph c thc hin qua mng, thng mi hoc phi thng mi. Cc dch v

phi thng mi thng bao gm: thng tin cng cng (xut bn cc kt qu nghin

cu khoa hc, thng tin y t trc tuyn, o to cng trc tuyn), thun li ha

vic thanh ton (np t khai thu in t, np pht,) hoc cc dch v khc. Cc

dch v thng mi ca chnh ph bao gm: nhng hot ng xc nhn danh tnh

(h chiu, chng minh th,), bng cp (bng li xe, ng k t xe my), cng

nh ng k thu thu in t. Tt c cc giao dch trn u c th s dng vi s

h tr ca phng tin in t, c bit l internet.

Thng mi in t cng c tc ng mnh n quy trnh mua sm ca

chnh ph. Vi s khc bit r nt trong mua sm t (kinh doanh thng mi) v

mua sm cng, quy trnh mua sm cng cn phi m bo tt c nhng nh cung

cp tim nng u phi c thng bo v cuc u thu, v khng c nh cung

cp no c th c thng tin li th hn ngi khc, v d nh vo thng tin bn

trong. Ngoi ra, yu t trong sch, trong cc quy nh mi thu phi r rng v

d hiu d chm thu, v vic quyt nh trng thu cng phi theo nhng trnh

t c thit lp, thng nht v r rng trn giy t. V Chnh ph in t cng

phi m bo thc hin c nhng tiu chun trn cho vic mua sm.

Hin nay, chin lc mua sm in t p ng cc yu cu trn ang c

cc quc gia nghin cu v nhiu nc a vo p dng. Mt chin lc in

hnh l m hnh ca Phn Lan.

4. 6.4. Tc ng ca Thng mi in t n ngnh Bo him

Cng vi s ra i ca internet, ngnh bo him cng c hnh thc kinh

doanh Bo him in t v cu trc ca ngnh bo him cng thay i. Khi cha

c internet, cu trc ngnh bo him hu nh theo chiu ngang, trong , cc

khch hng ngi c bo him (c nhn hoc cng ty) chun ri ro sang cho

ngi bo him hoc ti bo him. Vic chuyn ri ro c th thc hin trc tip

hoc thng qua trung gian l cc i l hay mi gii bo him.

Hnh 1.5. M hnh kinh doanh bo him khi cha c internet

35

Ngun: UNCTAD, 2002

Khi th trng v ngnh bo him hot ng da trn nn internet, m hnh

trn thay i. ng chuyn ri ro v thng tin t ngi mua bo him sang

ngi bo him/ti bo him khng cn. Ngi mua bo him c th c nhiu

cch c c thng tin v cc dch v bo him v chnh sch bo him. Nh

bo him v ti bo him cng nh i l v trung gian bo him cng m rng th

trng hn thng qua vic hin din trn internet. Mt im mi, l vic s

dng cc tiu chun trong ngnh bo him (ACORD), to thun li hn trong giao

dch v tha thun bo him. Mt im mi na l s xut hin ca phn mm

tng tc (middleware), cho php chia s ngun thng tin v d liu gia cc nh

bo him vi nn kinh t internet.

5. C s vt cht, k thut v php l pht trin TMT

Theo nghin cu ca CommerceNet (commerce.net), 10 cn tr ln nht ca

TMT ti M ni ring v cc nc trn th gii ni chung theo th t l:

1. D mt an ton

2. Thiu tin tng v ri ro

3. Thiu nhn lc v TMT

4. Khc bit vn ha

5. Thiu h tng v ch k s ha (hot ng ca cc t chc chng thc

cn hn ch)

6. Nhn thc ca cc t chc v TMT cn cha cao

7. Gian ln trong TMT (th tn dng...)

8. Cc sn giao dch B2B cha thc s thn thin vi ngi dng

9. Cc ro cn thng mi quc t truyn thng

Khch hng Ngi bo

him

Ti bo him

Trung gian

36

10. Thiu cc tiu chun quc t v TMT

Vy hn ch nhng ro cn ni trn nhm pht trin thng mi in t hn

na th cn phi quan tm ti nhng vn di y:

5. 1. Xy dng c s php l v chnh sch (v m)

TMT pht trin, trc ht cn c mt h thng php lut v chnh sch

vng vng, to mi trng thun li cho cc giao dch TMT. iu ny s khuyn

khch cc doanh nghip, c quan v t chc tham gia vo TMT; to lng tin v

bo v ngi tiu dng.

TMT vi c trng c h tng cng ngh pht trin rt nhanh, do xy

dng c s php l cho TMT khng nhng phi t c mc tiu to thun li

cho cc hot ng TMT, m cn phi mang tnh m to iu kin ng dng

nhng cng ngh mi cho TMT ngy cng pht trin hn.

Xy dng c s php l v chnh sch cho TMT phi gii quyt c

nhng vn chnh sau:

(i) Tha nhn gi tr php l cho tt c nhng giao dch c thc hin

thng qua cc phng tin in t. iu ny m bo cho cc doanh nghip tham

gia TMT, trong khun kh cho php, tnh hp php khi thc hin nhng hot

ng thng mi in t.

(ii) Hi ha ha gia cc quy nh c lin quan ca php lut lin quan n

TMT: Ngoi vic tha nhn gi tr php l cho cc giao dch TMT, cc vn

lin quan nh: gi tr nh vn bn, vn bn gc, vn ch k v con du, vn

gi tr lm chng c, m trong cc lut chung hoc lut chuyn ngnh yu

cu i vi cc giao dch truyn thng, phi c quy nh c th i vi giao dch

TMT.

(iii) C chnh sch to ra mi trng cnh tranh nht pht trin nhng

nn tng cho TMT nh: chnh sch u t v pht trin i vi th trng ICT,

chnh sch u tin pht trin v ng dng cng ngh ICT vo trong hot ng ca

cc t chc, doanh nghip v c nhn,

(iv) C chnh sch bo v quyn s hu tr tu v bo v ngi tiu dng

37

Hin nay, vic xy dng c s php l cho Thng mi in t ang rt

c quan tm trn c phm vi quc t v phm vi quc gia:

a. Cc t chc Quc t (Ngun: Ecommerce Legal kit Volume 1)

- UNCITRAL - y ban ca LHQ v Lut Thng mi Quc t: i u trong

vic a ra Lut mu v Thng mi in t vo nm 1996

- OECD - T chc Hp tc v Pht trin Kinh t: i u v cc nghin cu,

iu tra mt s lnh vc ca Thng mi in t nh thu, bo v ngi tiu dng

v ring t c nhn, tc ng ca ICT n tng trng kinh t

- WIPO - T chc Bo v S hu tr tu: i u v cc lnh vc bn quyn,

nhn hiu thng mi v cc vn lin quan n tn min

- ICANN - gii quyt cc tranh chp v tn min quc t

- WTO - gii quyt cc vn lin quan n ro cn thng mi in t

quc t

- Phng Thng mi quc t ICC: ra bn ph trng ca UCP (eUCP) quy

nh cc vn lin quan n vic xut trnh chng t in t

b. Cc nc Trn th gii v Khu vc:

- EU: Nm 2000 a ra hng dn chung v thng mi in t Directive

on electronic commerce

- M: Lut giao dch in t thng nht UETA (Uniform Electronic

Transactions Act)

- Canada: Lut giao dch in t

- Australia: Lut giao dch in t cc bang

- Singapore: Lut giao dch in t, nm 1998

c. Vit Nam

- V chnh sch: Vit Nam cng sm nhn ra nhng li ch v thng

mi in t em li cho nn kinh t, th hin s quan tm inh hng ca chnh

ph trong chnh sch pht trin kinh t t nhng nm 2005 tr li y nh sau:

+ Chnh sch quan trng nht, lin quan trc tip ti hot ng thng mi

in t l K hoch tng th pht trin thng mi in t giai on 2006-2010.

38

+ Chnh sch lin quan n pht trin h tng chung v cng ngh thng tin

nh Chin lc pht trin cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng Vit Nam giai

on 2011-2020( gi tt l Chin lc ct cnh)

+ Chnh sch h tr doanh nghip ng dng cng ngh thng tin nh

n H tr doanh nghip ng dng cng ngh thng tin phc v hi nhp v pht

trin giai on 2005 2010

+ K hoch tng th pht trin Chnh ph in t n nm 2010

+ K hoch tng th ng dng v pht trin cng ngh thng tin nghnh

thng mi n nm 2010

+ n thanh ton khng dng tin mt giai on 2006-2010 v nh hng

n nm 2020 ti Vit Nam

+ ......

- V lut php: Trong thi gian qua, cc c quan nh nc tch cc xy

dng, hon chnh v b sung cc quy nh php lut lin quan ti thng mi in

t. Nh nc ban hnh rt nhiu lut chi tit cng ngh nh v thng t hng

dn

+ Thng 12/2005 Vit Nam ban hnh Lut giao dch in t (c hiu lc

t 1/3/2006)

+ Ngh nh s 57/2006/N-CP v Thng mi in t

+ Ngh nh s 26/2007/N-CP qui nh chi tit thi hnh Lut giao dch in

t v Ch k s v Dch v chng thc ch k s.

+ Ngh nh s 27/2007/N-CP v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ti

chnh

+ Ngh nh s 35/2007/N-CP v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn

hng

+ Thng t s 09/2008/TT-BCT hng dn ngh nh thng mi in t v

cung cp thng tin v giao kt hp ng trn website thng mi in t

+......

Ngoi ra th Vit Nam ang d tho thng t hng dn v giao dch in t

trong lnh vc chng khon. Bn cnh nhng lut, ngh inh iu chnh chi tit cc

39

hot ng trong lnh vc thng mi in t, th thng mi in t ti nc ta cn

chu s iu chnh ca cc ngun lut chung nh B lut Dn s, Lut Thng

mi, Lut Hi quan, Lut Cng ngh....

5. 2. Pht trin h tng cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng

TMT l nhng giao dch thng mi c thc hin ch yu thng qua

my tnh v mng internet. Do , TMT c th pht trin c, yu cu v h

tng cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng l khng th thiu.

Cc yu t trong h tng CNTT v truyn thng bao gm:

- Ngnh cng nghip thit b ICT (my tnh, thit b mng, ...). y l cc

yu t thuc v phn cng trong u t cho TMT.

- Ngnh cng nghip phn mm

- Ngnh vin thng (cc h thng dch v vin thng c nh, di ng,...)

- Internet v cc dch v gia tng da trn nn internet

- Bo mt, an ton v an ninh mng

- Xy dng h tng CNTT v truyn thng TMT pht trin phi t

c nhng mc tiu sau:

- Cho php ngi dn v cc t chc, doanh nghip c th s dng cc thit

b CNTT v truyn thng nh my tnh v cc thit b x l.

- Cho php ngi dn v cc t chc, doanh nghip tip cn v s dng dch

v vin thng c bn v internet vi gi r. Ngoi ra, mi doanh nghip, cng ng

v cng dn u c kt ni v tip cn ti c s h tng bng rng v mobile

- Thit lp c cc h thng mng vin thng c nh v khng dy mnh.

Nng cao nng lc ng tuyn vi h thng bng thng rng, cho php cc

t chc v doanh nghip c th s dng cc dch v cht lng cao vo cc ng

dng TMT ca mnh vi chi ph chp nhn c. Ngoi vic u t mi cho cc

thit b, vic nng cp cc h thng thit b hin thi l iu khng th thiu, v cc

ng dng TMT ngy cng phc tp hn, dung lng d liu cn truyn ti ngy

cng ln hn, do , yu cu v mt thit b v cng ngh cng cao hn.

40

5. 3. Xy dng h tng kin thc - chnh sch v o to nhn lc

TMT lin quan n vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo cc giao dch

thng mi. Do , c th trin khai c hot ng thng mi in t th i

hi ngun nhn lc cho hot ng ny cn phi hiu r nhng kin thc c bn v

thng mi in t. iu ny ng ngha vi vic phi c chnh sch v tuyn

truyn v o to ngun nhn lc cho TMT, ph bin kin thc chung cho mi

ngi dn v vic s dng cng nh vn hnh cc phn mm TMT. Thng mi

in t li l mt lnh vc cn rt mi nhng li pht trin nhanh chng do vy o

to nhn lc nhm pht trin thng mi in t hn na l rt cn thit. Ngoi ra,

trong hot ng thng mi in t th trng l ton cu, v ch c duy nht mt

gi cho mt loi sn phm tt c cc th trng khc nhau, do vy m con ngi

l nhn t quyt nh to s khc bit gia cc doanh nghip. Chnh v vy m o

to ngun lc thng mi in t l mt yu t ti quan trng ti s thnh cng

ca tng doanh nghip ni ring cng nh ti s pht trin ca hot ng thng

mi ni chung.

5. 4. Xy dng h thng bo mt trong thng mi in t

Trong bi cnh lng thng tin v giao dch trao i qua mng tng nhanh,

vn an ton, an ninh mng ni chung v cho thng mi in t ni ring ang

ngy cng c cc t chc, doanh nghip quan tm.

Vic xy dng h thng bo mt trong TMT phi t c nhng mc tiu

c bn:

- Chng li cc cuc tn cng vi mc ch ly cp thng tin: Thng tin

trong cc giao dch TMT rt nhy cm v cn thit phi c bo v. C rt

nhiu dng tn cng nhm nm bt ni dung thng tin: tn cng trn ng truyn

d liu, ngn chn cc thng bo gia my ch v my khch, hoc truy cp vo

my ch/my khch, l cc im ngun v ch ca thng bo, c c ni

dung ca cc thng bo. D dng no, cc h thng cng cn phi c cc bin

php thch hp phn ng v ngn chn cc cuc tn cng trn.

- Bo m tnh b mt ca thng tin: ch nhng ngi c quyn mi c

php xem v sa i ni dung thng tin. Trn thc t, nhiu thng tin nhy cm c

41

th b xm phm bt hp php v iu ny c th gy ra nhng hu qu rt ln nu

khng c ngn chn. V d, cc tha thun hp ng gia cng ty A v cng ty

B l hon ton ring t v ch nhng ngi c trch nhim lin quan hai cng ty

l c bit. Trng hp mt ngi ca cng ty i th cnh tranh vi cc cng ty

trn bit c v mun gy hi, h c th c v s dng thng tin ny trong cuc

cnh tranh trn thng trng. iu ny c th gy thit hi ln cho c hai cng ty

A v B. Nhng trng hp tng t cn c loi b trong mt h thng TMT.

- Bo m tnh tnh ton vn ca thng tin: Thng tin i t ngun ti ch

khng b sa i. Trn thc t, nhiu thng tin nhy cm b i th chn li trn

ng i, tm cch sa i ni dung ri tip tc gi n a ch ch m ngi

nhn hon ton khng bit v vic sa i ny. Do vy, h thng TMT cn c

nhng gii php kim sot thng tin, nhm pht hin ra s mo danh cng nh s

khng ton vn ca thng tin.

- Bo m tnh sn sng ca d liu: khi ngi s dng cn n thng tin,

chng phi c v trng thi c th khai thc c. Trn thc t, tin tc c th

dng nhiu hnh thc lm gim tnh sn sng ca h thng, hoc nghim trng

hn, lm t lit h thng vi cch thc n gin nht l to ra mt s lng ln cc

gi tin yu cu c x l trong cng mt thi gian, lm cho h thng khng c

kh nng p ng.

t c nhng mc tiu trn, mi t chc hay c nhn u phi nghin

cu u t, xy dng mt chin lc an ton mng cho chnh mnh. Bc u tin

cho chin lc ny, chnh l xc nh nhng ti sn hay nhng thng tin g

cn phi bo mt (v d s th tn dng ca cc khch hng). Sau , xc nh

quyn truy cp nhng thng tin thuc v nhng ai trong cng ty hay t chc ca

mnh, v cui cng, tm kim nhng ngun lc v gii php bo v nhng thng

tin y. Nhng ngun lc y c th l: t xy dng hoc mua cc phn mm bo

mt, phn cng, cc thit b bo v,..

5. 5. Xy dng h thng thanh ton in t

Mt trong nhng khu c bn trong quy trnh thc hin thng mi in t l

khu thanh ton. S pht trin ca hot ng thanh ton trong thng mi in t

42

gip cho hot ng thng mi tr ln d dng v l mt chu trnh khp kn.

Thanh ton in t c s dng n cc phng tin in t kt ni mng vin

thng cho nn thanh ton trong thng mi in t cng c nhng c th ring,

trong hot ng thanh ton in t khng nht thit phi gn lin vi mt ngn

hng hay t chc ti chnh truyn thng m c th thng qua mt t chc trung

gian cung cp dch v thanh ton qua mng. Thanh ton in t pht trin gip y

nhanh hot ng ngoi thng gia cc quc gia vi nhau, khng ch trong hot

ng xut nhp khu gia cc doanh nghip vi nhau m cn thc y hot ng

mua bn gia cc sc nhn vi nhau. Hin nay hot ng thanh ton in t rt

pht trin ti cc quc gia pht trin nh M, Canada.

5. 6. Xy dng chin lc v m hnh kinh doanh ph hp

Mi hot ng trong i sng kinh t mun pht trin u phi c chin

lc c th cho tng bc i. Vy mun pht trin thng mi in t th trc ht

doanh nghip thng mi in t cn phi xy dng cho mnh mt chin lc c

th. xy dng mt chin lc thng mi in t thnh cng trc ht phi xy

dng mt chin lc cho pht trin cng ngh thng tin, m y chnh l xy

dng c s h tng cng ngh thng tin, o to ngun lc cho nghnh cng ngh

thng tin nhm h tr cho hot ng thng mi in t.

Phn ln cc giao dch thng mi in t ch yu l thc hin qua internet

thng qua cc website. Do vy pht trin thng mi in t, trc ht cc

doanh nghip cn phi c chin lc xy dng v qung b website. Ngoi ra cc

doanh nghip thng mi in t cng cn phi xc nh c m hnh kinh doanh

ca doanh nghip kinh doanh hiu qu sao cho ph hp vi kh nng v ngun

lc ca doanh nghip. V d nh xc nh xem l doanh nghip s hng ti m

hnh hot ng u gi C2C( ebay.com) hay hng ti m hnh hot ng bn

hng trc tuyn B2C ( Amazon.com) , B2B( Dell.com)....

5. 7. Xy dng ngun nhn lc cho thng mi in t

So vi nhiu hot ng kinh t th thng mi in t cn rt non tr. Thng

mi in t mi ch hnh thnh trong khong 20 nm tr li y. Chnh v l m

xy dng v pht trin ngun nhn lc cho thng mi in t l rt cn thit.

43

Ngun nhn lc cho lnh vc thng mi in t i hi khng ch nm vng kin

thc v kinh t m cn cn phi nm vng kin thc v cng ngh thng tin.

5. 8. p dng ph hp cc phn mm qun l tc nghip

6. Thc trng pht trin Thng mi in t ti Vit Nam v trn Th gii

6. 1. Thc trng pht trin thng mi in t trn th gii

6. 1.1 S lng ngi s dng Internet trn th gii, theo khu vc

T nm 2000 n nay, s lng ngi s dng internet trn th gii lin lc

tng nhanh (xem bng). n cui nm 2006, tng s ngi s dng internet l hn

1t ngi, trong hu ht thuc khu vc Chu v Chu u. M vn l quc

gia c s lng ngi s dng internet ln nht th gii vi 185 triu ngi, gp 2

ln nc ng th 2 l Trung Quc. S ngi s dng internet ti cc nc ang

pht trin cng ang dn dn bt kp vi cc nc pht trin.

Xt v tc tng trng, trong giai on 2002-2006, Chu Phi v Chu

vn duy tr tc tng trng cao nht, tc tng trng trng bnh mc

43.5% v 23.9%, trong khi Chu u vt ln Bc M vi t l tng trng

20.7%.

Dch

v ti

chnh

v

thanh

ton

trc

tuyn

Lng

tin v

s tin

cy

h tr

thng

mi

in t

i

mi

trong

kinh

doanh

v

qun

l

Cng

ngh

thng

mi

in t

v ng

dng

Chun

b,

thc

v

pht

trin

k

nng

C s

h

tng

giao

thng

Mt mi trng tt (IPR, tnh ring t, bo v d liu, an ninh)

C s h tng ca mng Internet

Truy nhp internet vi gi c hp l

Nn kinh t in t ti Vit Nam C nhn Doanh nghip

Cc website

Cng ng

Tnh

kt ni

rng

Cung

cp bng

phng

tin in

t cc

dch v

ca

chinh

ph

Chnh ph

44

Bng 1.1. S lng ngi dng internet theo khu vc v mc pht trin

kinh t

Ngun: UNCTAD trn s liu ca trung tm quc t v vin thng,2007

Tuy nhin, im ng lu l dch v internet bng thng rng vi tc

truy cp kh cao mt iu kin thun li cho vic ng dng cc hot ng

TMT, c s dng rt rng ri ti tt c cc nc, k c cc nc ang pht

trin.

6. 1.2. T l ngi s dng Internet trn th gii, theo khu vc

Vo cui nm 2006, ton th gii c 17.3% dn c s dng internet, tuy

nhin c s phn b khng u gia cc nc pht trin v cc nc ang pht

trin mc d s ngi s dng internet ti cc nc ang pht trin tng mnh.

Bng 1.2. T l ngi s dng internet theo khu vc v mc pht trin

kinh t

45

T l ngi dng internet cc nc pht trin l 58.2% dn c trong khi

cc nc ang pht trin ch l 9.7 %. M l nc c t l ngi s dng internet

cao nht th gii hin nay. Tip theo l cc nc: Trung Quc, Nht Bn, c,

n .

6. 1.3. Tc pht trin thng mi in t trn th gii

Thng mi in t tip tc pht trin mnh m trn khp ton cu, c bit

l ti cc nc ang pht trin ni bt ngun ca thng mi in t. Cc nc

pht trin chim hn 90% tng gi tr giao dch thng mi in t ton cu, trong

ring phn ca Bc M v chu u ln ti trn 80%.Tc pht trin thng

mi in t nhanh nht khu vc Bc M, tip n l ti khu vc Chu - Thi

Bnh Dng v Ty u. Ti Chu c hai nc Singapore v Trung Quc l c

tc pht trin thng mi in t nhanh chng v theo kp vi cc nc Bc

M. Cn nhng nc cn li Chu , thng mi in t c pht trin tuy nhin

cn rt l chm.

M l nc c trnh thng mi in t pht trin nht trn th gii. Hin

ny hot ng thng mi in t ca M chim khong trn 70% t l thng

mi in t ca ton cu. Doanh s bn l ca nc ny t hot ng bn hng trc

tuyn tng u hng nm v nm sau cao hn nm trc. Ch trong vng by nm

t 1999-2006 doanh s bn l trc tuyn ca nc ny tng gn 10 ln. Tc

tng doanh s bn l trc tuyn ca M nm sau cao hn nm trc. Trong nm

46

2006 c nh du l nm c tc pht trin nht, tng 24.8% so vi cng k

nm 2005.

Bng1.3. Doanh s bn l t hot ng thng mi in t ca M nm 2000-

2003

Ngun: Cc thng k ca M, 2005

Thng mi in t ti cc nc Chu M La tinh pht trin rt nhanh trong

nhng nm va qua. Trong nm 2005 hot ng thng mi in t ti khu vc

ny thu v 5 t la, nm 2006 l 7.78 t la, nm 2007 l 10.9 t la, tng

121% so vi nm 2005. Venezuela l nc c tc pht trin thng mi in t

nhanh nht trong khu vc, tng 224% trong vng hai nm t 2005 2007. Sau

Venezuela l cc nc Chile, Mexico, Brasil c tc pht trin thng mi in

t tng ng l 183%, 143%, 116% . Chi tiu cho hot ng thng mi in t

ti khu vc ny trong nm 1998 ch l 167 triu la nhng n nm 2003 l 8

t . Hot ng thng mi in t ng gp 0.32% vo tng thu nhp quc

dn( GDP) ca ton khu vc. Hinh thc thanh ton trc tuyn ph bin nht ca

nc ny l th tn dng. Thng mi in t B2B chim 80% gi tr giao dch

thng mi in t ti Chu M La tinh. Brasil l nc c tc pht trin thng

mi in t nhanh nht trong khu vc, tip theo l Mexico, Argentina. Hin

nay, 88% cc website thng mi in t B2B trong khu vc l ca Brasil.

47

Trong nhng nm gn y, ti cc nc ang pht trin, t l cc doanh

nghip gi v nhn n hng qua internet cng tng. Phn Lan l nc c t l

doanh nghip tin hnh cc n hng qua mng internet nhiu nht; tip n l

Thy in, an Mch v c. Singapore l mt trong s rt t cc nc trong khu

vc Chu m c t l doanh nghip trin khai thng mi in t cao, th hin

qua vic cc doanh nghip ca quc gia ny tin hnh nhn gi n hng qua

mng rt nhiu.

Hnh 1.6. Doanh nghip tin hnh nhn gi n hng qua mng

Ngun: UNCTAD,2005

6. 2. Thc trng pht trin TMT ti Vit Nam

6. 2.1. Tnh hnh ban hnh cc lut v vn bn php quy lin quan

Trong bi cnh cng tc xy dng php lut nm 2005 c y mnh

p ng cc yu cu v hi nhp kinh t quc t, cc vn bn quy phm php lut

lin quan n thng mi in t cng bc u c hnh thnh v b sung

Vit Nam:

* Lut Giao dch in t

Ngy 29/11/2005, Lut Giao dch in t c thng qua v c hiu lc

t ngy 1/3/2006. Lut quy nh v thng ip d liu, ch k in t v chng

thc ch k in t, giao kt v thc hin hp ng in t, giao dch in t ca

48

c quan nh nc; an ninh, an ton, bo v, bo mt trong giao dch in t; gii

quyt tranh chp v x l vi phm trong giao dch in t.

Lut Giao dch in t tha nhn thng ip d liu khng b ph nhn

gi tr php l, c gi tr nh vn bn, bn gc v lm chng c. Lut cng cng

nhn hp ng in t v cc loi thng bo c th hin di dng thng ip

d liu.

Tuy to ra nn tng php l cho cc giao dch in t trong thng mi,

nhng Lut Giao dch in t vn khng th th hin ht nhng c trng ring

ca thng mi in t, do vy cn c vn bn di lut hng dn chi tit.

* Lut Thng mi

Lut Thng mi (sa i) c Quc hi thng qua ngy 14/6/2005 v c

hiu lc t ngy 1/1/2006. Lut Thng mi mi m rng phm vi iu chnh

so vi Lut Thng mi nm 1997, khng ch bao gm mua bn hng ha m cn

iu chnh c cung ng dch v v xc tin thng mi. Nhiu loi hnh hot ng

thng mi mi cng c cp nh dch v logistics, nhng quyn thng

mi, bn hng a cp, mua bn qua s giao dch hng ha, v.v...

Lut Thng mi l vn bn php l nn tng cho cc hot ng thng

mi, trong c thng mi in t. iu 15 (Nguyn tc tha nhn gi tr php l

ca thng ip d liu trong hot ng thng mi) ca Lut ghi nhn: "Trong

hot ng thng mi, cc thng ip d liu p ng cc iu kin, tiu chun k

thut theo quy nh ca php lut th c tha nhn c gi tr php l tng

ng vn bn."

Ngoi ra, mt iu khon khc lin quan n thng mi in t l khon 4,

iu 120 (Cc hnh thc trng by, gii thiu hng ho, dch v), trong coi

"Trng by, gii thiu hng ha, dch v trn Internet" l mt hnh thc trng by,

gii thiu hng ha, dch v.

* B lut Dn s

B lut Dn s c Quc hi kha XI, k hp th 7 thng qua ngy

14/6/2005 c hiu lc thi hnh ngy 1/1/2006 l mt vn bn php lut quan trng

iu chnh cc quyn v ngha v ca cc ch th tham gia quan h dn s. Khon

49

1, iu 124 "Hnh thc giao dch dn s" thng ip d liu c gi tr nh vn

bn: "Giao dch dn s thng qua phng tin in t di hnh thc thng ip

d liu c coi l giao dch bng vn bn."

Bn cnh cc quy nh v giao dch dn s, ti sn v cc hnh thc s hu,

B lut Dn s dnh mt ni dung quan trng cho hp ng dn s. Cc quy nh

v hp ng dn s l nn tng cho php lut v hp ng ni chung, trong c

hp ng thng mi.

B lut Dn s a ra quy nh c th v cc trng hp giao kt, sa i,

thc hin, hy b hp ng. Theo , thi im giao kt hp ng l thi im bn

ngh nhn c tr li chp nhn giao kt. i vi hp ng bng vn bn th

thi im giao kt l thi im bn sau cng k vo vn bn. a im giao kt

hp ng dn s do cc bn tho thun, nu khng c tho thun th a im giao

kt hp ng dn s l ni c tr ca c nhn hoc tr s ca php nhn a ra

ngh giao kt hp ng. y l nhng khi nim quan trng cn tnh n khi

xy dng cc vn bn php lut lin quan n giao kt hp ng trong mi trng

in t.

* Lut Hi quan

Lut Hi quan (sa i) c Quc hi thng qua ngy 14/6/2005 v c hiu

lc t ngy 1/1/2006. So vi Lut Hi quan nm 2001, lut ny b sung mt s

quy nh m ng cho p dng hi quan in t (trnh t khai hi quan in t,

a im khai, h s hi quan in t). iu 39 quy nh v th tc hi quan i

vi hng ha xut nhp khu bng thng mi in t.

Lut Hi quan l mt vn bn php lut c ng gp tch cc vo vic trin

khai chnh ph in t v thng mi in t trong giai on hin nay.

* Lut S hu tr tu

c Quc hi kha XI, k hp th 8 thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 v c hiu

lc thi hnh ngy 1/7/2006, Lut S hu tr tu th hin mt bc tin trong vic

hon thin h thng vn bn php lut bo h quyn s hu tr tu.

Lut S hu tr tu c mt s iu khon lin quan n thng mi in t,

v d quy nh v cc hnh vi b xem l xm phm quyn tc gi, quyn lin quan

50

trong mi trng in t: c hy b hoc lm v hiu cc bin php k thut do

ch s hu quyn tc gi, quyn lin quan thc hin bo v quyn ca mnh; c

xa, thay i thng tin qun l quyn di hnh thc in t c trong tc phm;

d b hoc t