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Westward Expansion

CAUSES OF WESTWARD EXPANSION

Oregon had fertile land

Texas was ideal for raising cattle and growing cotton

Many Americans believed in Manifest Destiny

EFFECTS OF WESTWARD MOVEMENT

U.S. annexed TexasBritain and the U.S. divided the Oregon Territory

U.S. gained southwestern territory after Mexican WarU.S. made The Gadsen Purchase

Gold was discovered in California

Mormons sought a safe home

The U.S. stretched “from sea to shining sea”Cotton Kingdom spreads

By the time you are finished studying By the time you are finished studying this unit you should understand this unit you should understand

the following ideas: the following ideas:

The period from 1790-1850 is defined by The period from 1790-1850 is defined by growth of territory and federal powergrowth of territory and federal power

There were significant changes ushered in There were significant changes ushered in by the first presidential administrationsby the first presidential administrations

Not everyone benefited Not everyone benefited from the nation's growth from the nation's growth

Westward Expansion AKA

“Manifest Destiny”

DEFINITIONS…DEFINITIONS…

““Clear or obvious”Clear or obvious”

MANIFEST:MANIFEST:

DESTINY:DESTINY:““Something that is sure to happen”Something that is sure to happen”

MANIFEST DESTINY:MANIFEST DESTINY:““Belief that the United States had the right to all Belief that the United States had the right to all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans,

and was destined to own it” and was destined to own it”

Many Americans saw the Many Americans saw the culture and democratic government culture and democratic government

of the U.S. as the best in the world of the U.S. as the best in the world

The U.S. had the right and duty to spread its ruleThe U.S. had the right and duty to spread its rule

Many Americans believed that they were better Many Americans believed that they were better than the Native Americans and Mexicansthan the Native Americans and Mexicans

RacismRacism and and ethnocentrismethnocentrism justified taking over justified taking over lands belonging to the Natives and Mexicanslands belonging to the Natives and Mexicans

WHAT? MORE DEFINITIONS?WHAT? MORE DEFINITIONS?

““Hatred or intolerance of another race”Hatred or intolerance of another race”RACISM:RACISM:

ETHNOCENTRISM:ETHNOCENTRISM:

““Belief in the superiority of one’s Belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture” own ethnic group or culture”

““The tendency to view alien groups or cultures The tendency to view alien groups or cultures from the perspective of one's own”from the perspective of one's own”

““The idea that one's own race is The idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to rule others”superior and has the right to rule others”

The

Louisiana Purchase

(1803)

In 1795, In 1795, Spain signed a Spain signed a

treaty with treaty with Napoleon Napoleon

Bonaparte , Bonaparte , the ruler of France, the ruler of France,

giving the giving the Louisiana Territory Louisiana Territory

back to back to FranceFrance

President Thomas Jefferson President Thomas Jefferson feared that Napoleon might feared that Napoleon might

attempt to build an empire attempt to build an empire in North Americain North America

Jefferson wanted to be sure Jefferson wanted to be sure that Americans would always that Americans would always

be able to ship their goods be able to ship their goods through the port of through the port of

New Orleans New Orleans

Jefferson offered Napoleon $2 million Jefferson offered Napoleon $2 million for New Orleans and was willing to offer for New Orleans and was willing to offer

as much as $10 million as much as $10 million

Napoleon needed money to finance his wars in Europe, Napoleon needed money to finance his wars in Europe, so offered ALL of the so offered ALL of the

Louisiana Territory for $15 millionLouisiana Territory for $15 millionDOUBLING THE SIZE OF THE UNITED STATES!

Did the U.S. Constitution give Jefferson the Did the U.S. Constitution give Jefferson the power to purchase this land from Napoleon?power to purchase this land from Napoleon?

CONSTITUTIONALITY?CONSTITUTIONALITY?

Jefferson had a very strict interpretation of the Constitution Jefferson had a very strict interpretation of the Constitution and believed strongly in a small Federal governmentand believed strongly in a small Federal government

CONSTITUTIONALITY?CONSTITUTIONALITY?

Jefferson reasoned that Jefferson reasoned that he COULD purchase he COULD purchase

the territory because the the territory because the Constitution specifically Constitution specifically

allows the President allows the President to make treaties to make treaties

Lewis and Clark

Expedition

Few Americans knew anything about Few Americans knew anything about the Louisiana Purchase Territory the Louisiana Purchase Territory

Jefferson chose Jefferson chose Meriwether Lewis and Meriwether Lewis and

William Clark to explore the landWilliam Clark to explore the land

In May of 1804, In May of 1804, Lewis and Clark began their Lewis and Clark began their

expedition from St. Louisexpedition from St. Louis

Sacajawea, a Shoshone native Sacajawea, a Shoshone native woman, offered to guide the woman, offered to guide the

explorers across the mountains explorers across the mountains and translate with other nativesand translate with other natives

On November 7, 1805, On November 7, 1805, Lewis and Clark reached Lewis and Clark reached

the Pacific Oceanthe Pacific Ocean

Lewis and Clark on the Lower Columbia by C.M. Russell

The War of 1812

Britain was at war with France in EuropeBritain was at war with France in Europe

The U.S. as a neutral power, had the right to trade with bothThe U.S. as a neutral power, had the right to trade with both

““War Hawks” in Congress wanted war with Britain:War Hawks” in Congress wanted war with Britain:Land hunger – Canada?Land hunger – Canada?

Britain was interfering with American tradeBritain was interfering with American trade

British Royal Navy was impressing American sailorsBritish Royal Navy was impressing American sailors

British were supporting hostile Natives in Spanish-owned FloridaBritish were supporting hostile Natives in Spanish-owned Florida

MILITARY CAMPAIGNSMILITARY CAMPAIGNSAmerican three-pronged American three-pronged

attack on Canada:attack on Canada:Niagra, Detroit, Lake ChamplainNiagra, Detroit, Lake Champlain

Failed due to American incompetenceFailed due to American incompetence

U.S. naval victories on U.S. naval victories on Lake Erie and Lake Champlain Lake Erie and Lake Champlain

prevented British prevented British counter-attackscounter-attacks

British Royal Navy British Royal Navy overwhelmed the small overwhelmed the small

American navy and blockaded American navy and blockaded the entire eastern coastlinethe entire eastern coastline

Americans burn York Americans burn York (now Toronto)(now Toronto)

MILITARY CAMPAIGNSMILITARY CAMPAIGNS

4,000 British troops 4,000 British troops attacked Washington, D.C. attacked Washington, D.C.

and and burned the U.S. Capitol and burned the U.S. Capitol and

White HouseWhite House

Americans held out at Americans held out at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Fort McHenry, Baltimore, where Francis Scott Key where Francis Scott Key

wrote “The Star Spangled wrote “The Star Spangled Banner” during the British Banner” during the British bombardment of the fortbombardment of the fort

WAR’S CONCLUSIONWAR’S CONCLUSION

Napoleon abdicated in Napoleon abdicated in April 1814, leaving America April 1814, leaving America

alone to fight the Britishalone to fight the British

Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent

Ended the war in December, 1814Ended the war in December, 1814

Returned all land to pre-war claimsReturned all land to pre-war claims

Recognized pre-war Recognized pre-war U.S / Canadian borderU.S / Canadian border

Nothing was settledNothing was settled

"A Hundred Years Peace" The signature of the Treaty of Ghent between Great Britain

and the United States of America - 24 December 1814

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANSBATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

Took place on January 8, 1815 Took place on January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle and was the final major battle

of the War of 1812 of the War of 1812

American General Andrew Jackson American General Andrew Jackson defeated invading British forces defeated invading British forces

attacking New Orleansattacking New Orleans

The battle took place after the The battle took place after the treaty of peace was signed because treaty of peace was signed because the news did not reach New Orleans the news did not reach New Orleans

until February, 1815until February, 1815

General Andrew Jackson oversees the defense of New Orleans against British attack, January 8, 1815. 

Jackson's resounding victory in the war's largest battle propelled him all the way to the White House.

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1821)

The U.S. was having The U.S. was having many conflicts with the many conflicts with the

Seminole natives in Seminole natives in Spanish-owned FloridaSpanish-owned Florida

President James Monroe purchased President James Monroe purchased Florida from Spain for $5 millionFlorida from Spain for $5 million

Spain needed the money to fight the Spain needed the money to fight the Mexican War of Independence Mexican War of Independence against the people of Mexicoagainst the people of Mexico

Which Spain would lose later in 1821… Which Spain would lose later in 1821… allowing the U.S. to later bully a allowing the U.S. to later bully a

weak new Mexican governmentweak new Mexican government

The Monroe

Doctrine

Stated that the U.S. Stated that the U.S. would not interfere in would not interfere in

the affairs of European the affairs of European nations or European nations or European

colonies in the Americascolonies in the Americas

Warned European Warned European nations not to interfere nations not to interfere

with Latin Americawith Latin America

Britain supported the Britain supported the statement, and with its statement, and with its

strong navy, could strong navy, could enforce the doctrineenforce the doctrine

Indian Removal Act

(1830)

A controversial law signed by A controversial law signed by President Andrew Jackson President Andrew Jackson in which Native Americans in which Native Americans were forced to sign treaties were forced to sign treaties

agreeing to move west agreeing to move west of the Mississippi River of the Mississippi River

Most whites at the time Most whites at the time thought that land was only thought that land was only a vast desert and a vast desert and

didn’t want itdidn’t want it

In the 1830’s, some 100,000 In the 1830’s, some 100,000 natives were driven from natives were driven from

their homes and forced west their homes and forced west by the U.S. governmentby the U.S. government

THE TRAIL OF TEARSTHE TRAIL OF TEARS

In 1838, the Cherokees and other tribes In 1838, the Cherokees and other tribes were forced at gunpoint to move west were forced at gunpoint to move west

The Cherokees and others The Cherokees and others trekked hundreds of miles westtrekked hundreds of miles west

Many suffered from exposure, Many suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while disease, and starvation while heading west and many diedheading west and many died

4,000 of the 15,000 Cherokees forced west died 4,000 of the 15,000 Cherokees forced west died during this long, sorrowful journey that during this long, sorrowful journey that

became known as the “Trail of Tears”became known as the “Trail of Tears”

Texas Annexation

Hundreds of Americans began Hundreds of Americans began moving into the Mexican province moving into the Mexican province

of Texas led by Stephen Austinof Texas led by Stephen Austin

Mexican Dictator Mexican Dictator Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna demanded that the Americans demanded that the Americans

obey Mexican laws:obey Mexican laws:

No slaveryNo slavery

Convert to Roman CatholicismConvert to Roman Catholicism

Limits on American settlementLimits on American settlement

American settlers, led by Sam Houston, American settlers, led by Sam Houston, revolted and declared Texas to revolted and declared Texas to be an independent republic be an independent republic

(the Lone Star Republic) in (the Lone Star Republic) in March, 1836March, 1836

Santa Anna led the Mexican army Santa Anna led the Mexican army against the Alamo in San Antonio, against the Alamo in San Antonio,

killing every one of it’s outnumbered killing every one of it’s outnumbered Texan defenders Texan defenders

Including Including

Jim Bowie Jim Bowie and and

Davy CrockettDavy Crockett

“The Fall of the Alamo” by Robert Jenkins, depicting Davy Crockett in a charge at the Mexican troops who have breeched the walls of the Spanish mission

“You May Take Our Lives, But You Will Never Take Our Freedom” by Kirk Stirnweis

Shouting, “Remember the Alamo,” Shouting, “Remember the Alamo,” Sam Houston led a Texan counterattack at the Sam Houston led a Texan counterattack at the

Battle of San Jacinto River on April 21, 1836 Battle of San Jacinto River on April 21, 1836

The Texans killed and captured hundreds of The Texans killed and captured hundreds of Mexican soldiers, and defeated Santa Anna’s forces Mexican soldiers, and defeated Santa Anna’s forces

in 18 minutes while only losing nine Texans in 18 minutes while only losing nine Texans

Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a treaty Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a treaty to recognize the independence of Texas to recognize the independence of Texas

The U.S. Congress voted to annex Texas in 1845The U.S. Congress voted to annex Texas in 1845

Oregon Country

President James Polk President James Polk negotiated a settlement negotiated a settlement with Britain to divide the with Britain to divide the Oregon Territory Oregon Territory at the 49 at the 49thth parallel parallel

Over 5,000 Americans Over 5,000 Americans caught “Oregon Fever” caught “Oregon Fever” and traveled 2,000 miles and traveled 2,000 miles

over the Oregon Trailover the Oregon Trail

The Mormons

The Church of the The Church of the Latter-Day Saints Latter-Day Saints

was founded by Joseph was founded by Joseph Smith, and were unpopular Smith, and were unpopular

with non-Mormonswith non-Mormons

After Smith was killed by an After Smith was killed by an angry mob in Nauvoo, Illinois, angry mob in Nauvoo, Illinois,

Brigham Young led 15,000 Brigham Young led 15,000 Mormons to Salt Lake City, Mormons to Salt Lake City, Utah to seek a safe homeUtah to seek a safe home

The

Mexican American

War (1846 – 1848)

The Mexican-American War was an armed conflict The Mexican-American War was an armed conflict between the U.S. and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 between the U.S. and Mexico from 1846 to 1848

in the wake of the U.S. annexation of Texas in the wake of the U.S. annexation of Texas

Mexico claimed ownership of Texas Mexico claimed ownership of Texas and refused to recognize the secession and refused to recognize the secession

American General Zachary American General Zachary Taylor seized disputed Taylor seized disputed

territory which was territory which was claimed by Mexicoclaimed by Mexico

U.S. stated that the border U.S. stated that the border was the Rio Grande Riverwas the Rio Grande River

Mexico stated that the border Mexico stated that the border was the Nueces River 150 was the Nueces River 150

miles to the northmiles to the north

The U.S. declared war after a The U.S. declared war after a border clash stating that border clash stating that

“American blood was “American blood was shed on American soil” shed on American soil”

U.S. captured Mexico City in September, 1847U.S. captured Mexico City in September, 1847

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848

Mexico recognized Rio Grande as the border of TexasMexico recognized Rio Grande as the border of Texas

The U.S. took possession of California and New Mexico The U.S. took possession of California and New Mexico (The Mexican Cession - 1/5 of Mexico’s land – 500,000 square miles)(The Mexican Cession - 1/5 of Mexico’s land – 500,000 square miles)

The U.S. paid $15 million to Mexico for these territoriesThe U.S. paid $15 million to Mexico for these territories

CASUALTIES:CASUALTIES:

Total Killed: Total Killed: 13,00013,000

AmericanAmerican MexicanMexicanTotal Killed: Total Killed:

25,000?25,000?

Died in Battle: Died in Battle: 1,700 (1.5%)1,700 (1.5%)

Died in Battle: Died in Battle: 5,000?5,000?

Died of Disease: Died of Disease: 11,300 (10%)11,300 (10%)

Died of Disease: Died of Disease: ? ?

Deserted / Defected: Deserted / Defected: 9,000 (8.3%)9,000 (8.3%)

Wounded: Wounded: 4,000 (12%)4,000 (12%)

Wounded: Wounded: ??

Deserted / Defected: Deserted / Defected: ? ?

The Battle of Chapultepec

The Battle of Monterrey

The Battle of Veracruz

The American Occupation of Mexico City

California Gold Rush

(1848-1849)

James Marshall discovered gold at Sutter’s Mill in the James Marshall discovered gold at Sutter’s Mill in the new U.S. territory of California on January 24, 1848new U.S. territory of California on January 24, 1848

In 1849, 80,000 people emigrated to In 1849, 80,000 people emigrated to California in hopes of striking it rich California in hopes of striking it rich

Gadsden Purchase

(1853)

The Gadsden Purchase was The Gadsden Purchase was a 29,670 square-mile a 29,670 square-mile region of what is today region of what is today

southern Arizona southern Arizona and southwestern New and southwestern New

MexicoMexico

The land was purchased in a treaty The land was purchased in a treaty signed by President Franklin signed by President Franklin Pierce for $10 million in 1853Pierce for $10 million in 1853

The purchase was named for The purchase was named for James Gadsden, James Gadsden,

the American ambassador to Mexicothe American ambassador to Mexico

The land was purchased since it was south of the The land was purchased since it was south of the mountains and would be suitable for the construction mountains and would be suitable for the construction

of the transcontinental railroad along a southern route of the transcontinental railroad along a southern route

The

End