German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of...

55
German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: [email protected]

Transcript of German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of...

Page 1: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

German Grammar Lectures

Lecture 3:The German Case System

Designed by Paul JoyceUniversity of Portsmouth

E-Mail: [email protected]

Page 2: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.1 The German case system

• Every European language uses different parts of speech in a sentence.

• In a German sentence these parts of speech are clearly marked by case endingscase endings.

• They help to distinguish between the active part of the sentence (the SUBJECTSUBJECT) and the parts affected by the action (OBJECTSOBJECTS).

Page 3: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.2 The nominative case

• The subjectsubject of a clause is normally the active part i.e. the part that performs an actperforms an act.

• The subject of a clause is said to be in the nominative casenominative case.

• Example: Der Junge schreibt (The boy (= the SUBJECT SUBJECT in the nominative nominative casecase) is writing.)

Page 4: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.3 (In-)transitive verbs

• The part of the clause that links the subjectsubject to an objectobject is the VERBVERB. Verbs that take an object are called TRANSITIVE verbsTRANSITIVE verbs.

• Example: He openedopened the door.

• Not all verbs however can take an object.• Verbs that do not take an object are called

INTRANSITIVE verbsINTRANSITIVE verbs. • Example: They arrivedarrived (i.e. you cannot “arrive”

something!).

Page 5: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.4 (In-)transitive verbs (2)

• You must therefore take care to select the correct type of verb when looking up words in a German dictionary! See “to grow”“to grow”:

• Intransitive (vi): Ihre Pflanze wächstwächst nicht. (= Her plant is not growinggrowing.)

• Transitive (vt): Sie züchtetzüchtet gern Pflanzen.

(= She likes growing growing plants.)

Page 6: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.5 (In-)transitive verbs (3)

• Translating the verb “to leaveto leave” into German can cause problems for students:

• Intransitive (vi):Intransitive (vi): Der Zug fährt abfährt ab. (= The train leavesleaves.)

• Der Zug fährt vom Bahnhof abfährt vom Bahnhof ab.(= The train leavesleaves the station.)

• Transitive (vt):Transitive (vt): Sie verlässt verlässt das Haus. (=

She leavesleaves the house.)

Page 7: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.6 The verbs sein, werden and bleiben

• Note too that when the verbs seinsein, bleibenbleiben werdenwerden and scheinenscheinen are followed by nouns, these nouns are in the NOMINATIVE caseNOMINATIVE case

Examples: • Er istist ein guter Lehrer (not: “einen guten”) • Ballack bleibt bleibt der beste Spieler (not: “den ”)• Ulf wirdwird mein Freund (not: “meinen...”)• Er scheintscheint ein guter Mensch (not: “einen”)

Page 8: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.7 The accusative case

• The direct objectdirect object in a clause is the noun or pronoun that is affected “directly” by the subject of the verb.

• The direct object is in the accusative caseaccusative case.

Example: • “Der Junge schreibt den/einen Briefden/einen Brief”

(The boy is writing the/a letterthe/a letter)(= the DIRECT OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT in the accusative caseaccusative case)

Page 9: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.8 The accusative case in English

• In English there are no special case endings for the accusative - the / athe / a remain the same in both the nominative and accusative cases.

• English merely retains some nominative pronouns: I (acc. me), we (acc. us) etc.

• The direct object can however be easily identified by its position in the clause - it will always come afterafter the subject.

Page 10: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.9 The Accusative Case in German

• In German objects can precede or follow the subject. It is the case endingscase endings and the verb verb endingsendings that tell us which case is which.

Example:• DerDer Hund Hund sahsah die Katzen. die Katzen.

(The dog saw the cats.)

• DenDen Hund Hund sahensahen die Katzen. die Katzen.

(The cats saw the dog.)

Page 11: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.10 Verbs + Direct Object

• German verbs that take a direct object are listed in German dictionaries as transitive (vt)transitive (vt) or are indicated by jdn. / etw.jdn. / etw. (short for jemanden / etwasjemanden / etwas (= acc. someone / -thing).

• There can be only 1 direct object per clause:• Ich verstehe Ich verstehe dichdich leider nicht! leider nicht!

• Sonja ruft Sonja ruft ihren Bruder ihren Bruder an.an.

Page 12: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.11 Verbs that take two direct objects• Note however that the following verbs can

take 2 direct objects:

• kosten:kosten: Das hat mich 1000 Euro gekostetgekostet• lehren:lehren: Er hat ihn Deutsch gelehrtgelehrt• nennen:nennen: Ich nennenenne dich einen Lügner• fragen:fragen: Hast du sie etwas gefragtgefragt?• bitten:bitten: Das möchte ich Sie bittenbitten!• angehen:angehen: Das gehtgeht dich nichts anan!

Page 13: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.12 Verbs starting with the prefix be-• The prefix be-be- turns an intransitive verb into a

transitive verbtransitive verb taking a direct object:direct object:• bezahlen:bezahlen: Das bezahle ich! (= to pay for)• bestellen:bestellen: Ich bestelle das Buch (= to order)• besteigen:besteigen: Er bestieg den Berg (= to climb)

• One key exception! = begegnen + begegnen + DativeDativee.g. Wir begegnen ihm (= We meet him)

Page 14: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.13 Verbs with and without be-

• beantworten:beantworten: Sie beantwortete die Frage (= to answer (+ Acc.))

• bedienen:bedienen: Ich bediene die Kundin (= serve)

• bedrohen:bedrohen: Bedrohst du mich? (= threaten)

• beenden:beenden: Sie beenden den Streik (= to end)

• antworten:antworten: Antwortet er auf meine Frage? (= to answer (+ Prep.))

• dienen:dienen: Sie dienen dem König (+ Dative)

• drohen:drohen: Drohst du mir? (+ Dative)

• enden:enden: Der Streik endet (= Intransitive)

Page 15: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.14 Key accusative constructions

• Non-Germans often forget that the following constructions require a direct object:direct object:

• bezahlen:bezahlen: Wer bezahltbezahlt den Schaden? (pay for the damage NOT “bezahlen für”)

• es gibt:es gibt: Es gibtEs gibt einen Gott! (= There is...)• fragen:fragen: Ich fragtefragte den Chef nach Arbeit.

(= I asked the boss if there was any work.)

Page 16: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.15 The dative case

• The indirect objectindirect object in a clause is the noun or pronoun that is affected “indirectly” by the subject of the verb.

• The indirect object is in the dative casedative case. • “Der Junge schreibt dem/einem Politikerdem/einem Politiker”

(The boy is writing to the/a politicianto the/a politician)(= the INDIRECT OBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT in the dative case dative case).

Page 17: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.16 Dative singular endings

• The -e-e dative ending on singular masculine and neuter (monosyllabic) nouns remains nowadays only in a few set phrases:

• zu Hauszu Hausee, nach Hausnach Hausee• auf dem Landauf dem Landee (in the country)• im Jahrim Jahree 2004 2004• im Laufim Laufee des Jahres des Jahres (in the course of...)• in gewissem Maßin gewissem Maße e (to a certain extent)

Page 18: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.17 Dative plural endings

• Nouns in the dative pluraldative plural add -n...-n...:die Stühle (Nom.) denden Stühle Stühlenn (Dat.)die Dörfer (Nom.) denden Dörfer Dörfernn (Dat.)

• …except if the plural already ends in -n-n:die Frauen (Nom.) denden Frauen Frauen (Dat.)

• …or if the nom. plural ends in -s-s:die Autos (Nom.) denden Auto Autoss (Dat.)

Page 19: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.18 Verbs that take the dative case• A number of verbs in German take an dative dative

objectobject as opposed to a direct objectdirect object.

• These have no direct equivalent in English, although some can be grouped together:

• abraten: abraten: Sie hat ihmihm davon abgeratenabgeraten(= She advised him against it)

• raten: raten: Sie hat ihmihm geratengeraten, etwas zu tun(= She advised him to do something)

Page 20: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.19 Dative verbs of “answering”

• antworten: Antwortenantworten: Antworten Sie mirmir!(= Answer me!)

• BUT: AntwortenAntworten Sie auf dieauf die Frage!(= Answer the question!)

• entgegnen: entgegnen: Er entgegnet demdem Mann, dass…

(= He replies to the man that...)• erwidern: erwidern: Sie erwiderte erwiderte demdem Richter, dass...

(= She replied to the judge that...)

Page 21: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.20 Dative verbs of “helping”

• beistehen: beistehen: Meine Freunde stehen stehen mirmir beibei (= My friends are giving me support)

• dienen: dienen: Er dientediente derder Königin von England (= He served the queen of England)

• helfen: helfen: Könnten Sie mirmir helfen helfen ?(= Could you help me?)

• nützen: nützen: Der Rat nützt nützt ihnenihnen nicht viel (= The advice doesn’t help them much)

Page 22: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.21 Dative verbs of “(dis-)obeying”

• folgen: Folgen folgen: Folgen Sie mirmir bitte!(= Follow me please!)

• gehorchen: gehorchen: Das Kind gehorcht gehorcht seinemseinem Vater (= The child obeys its father)

• widersprechen: widersprechen: Du hast ihmihm widersprochen widersprochen (= You disobeyed him)

• widerstehen: widerstehen: Wir widerstehenwiderstehen demdem Zauber (= We’re resisting the magic)

Page 23: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.22 Dative verbs of “(dis-)liking”

• gefallen: gefallen: Die Sache gefällt gefällt mirmir nicht! (= I don’t like this at all!)

• missfallen: missfallen: Der Film missfällt missfällt den Kritikernden Kritikern (= The critics don’t like the new film)

• schmecken: schmecken: Pizza schmecktschmeckt allen Kindernallen Kindern(= All children like pizza)

• Note the sentence constructions here – what would be the subject in English is in the dative case in German!

Page 24: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.23 Dative verbs of “(mis-)trusting”

• glauben: glauben: Natürlich glaubeglaube ich dirdir! (= Of course I believe you!)

• misstrauen: misstrauen: Anna misstraut misstraut ihremihrem Gedächtnis (= Anna mistrusts her memory)

• trauen: trauen: Der Soldat trautetraute demdem Frieden nicht (= The soldier was wary of the peace)

• vertrauen: vertrauen: Ich vertrauevertraue meinermeiner Sekretärin (= I trust my secretary)

Page 25: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.24 Dative verbs of “hurting/sorrow”• fehlen: fehlen: Du fehlstfehlst mirmir sehr, Schatz!

(= I miss you a lot, darling!)• Leid tun: Leid tun: Das tut tut mirmir wirklich Leid Leid

(= I am really sorry about that)

• schaden: schaden: Der Lärm schadetschadet demdem Menschenen

(= Noise damages the individual)• wehtun: wehtun: Er hat ihrihr sehr wehgetanwehgetan

(= He caused her a lot of pain)

Page 26: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.25 Dative verbs of “resembling”• ähneln: ähneln: Er ähnelt ähnelt seinemseinem Bruder Bruder

(= He resembles his brother)

• entsprechen: entsprechen: Das entsprichtentspricht den Tatsachenden Tatsachen (= This corresponds to the facts)

• gleichen: gleichen: Jeder Tag gleichtgleicht dem anderendem anderen (= Every day is like the next)

Page 27: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.26 Dative Verbs: Miscellaneous

• befehlen: befehlen: Er befiehlt befiehlt mirmir, das nicht zu tun (= He orders me not to do it.)

• danken: danken: Ich dankedanke IhnenIhnen sehr dafür! (= I thank you very much for this!)

• einfallen: einfallen: Das ist mirmir nicht eingefalleneingefallen! (=That didn’t occur to me!)

• gehören: gehören: Der BMW gehörtgehört ihrihr gar nicht (= The BMW doesn’t belong to her at all)

Page 28: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.27 Dative Verbs: Miscellaneous (2)

• gelingen: gelingen: Das ist ihrihr nicht gelungengelungen (= She didn’t succeed in this)

• genügen: genügen: Das genügt genügt mirmir eigentlich(= That’s enough for me actually)

• gratulieren: gratulieren: Er gratuliertgratuliert dirdir zum Geburtstag (= He congratulates you on your birthday)

• verzeihen: verzeihen: Könnt ihr mirmir verzeihen?(= Can you forgive me?)

Page 29: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.28 Verbs taking dative & accusative

• There are a number of transitive verbs which take both an accusative or direct objectaccusative or direct object and a dative or indirect objectdative or indirect object.

• As a general rule, the direct objectdirect object is usually a thingthing.

• This thing is being taken from or given totaken from or given to a personperson who is the indirect objectindirect object (i.e. is in the dative casedative case).

Page 30: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.29 Dative & acc.: verbs of “giving”

• anbieten: anbieten: Sie bieten mirmir eine Stelle an (= They’re offering me a job)

• bringen: bringen: Er bringt ihrihr einen Blumenstrauß(= He brings her a bunch of flowers)

• geben: geben: Julia gab dem Lehrerdem Lehrer einen Apfel(= Julia gave the teacher an apple)

• leihen: leihen: Kannst du mirmir zwanzig Euro leihen? (= Can you lend me twenty euros?)

Page 31: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.30 Dative & acc.: verbs of “taking”

• entziehen: entziehen: Man entzog ihrihr den Führerschein (= They took her driving licence away)

• nehmen: nehmen: Sie nahm ihnenihnen die Hoffnung(= She took their hopes away)

• rauben: rauben: Der Dieb raubte ihmihm das Geld(= The thief stole his money)

• stehlen: stehlen: Der Täter stahl mirmir den Fernseher (= The culprit stole my TV set)

Page 32: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.31 Dative & acc.: verbs of “saying”

• beantworten: beantworten: Ich beantworte dirdir diese Frage (= I’ll answer this question for you)

• erzählen: erzählen: Anna erzählte mirmir die Geschichte (= Anna told me the story)

• sagen: sagen: Ich sage IhnenIhnen meine Meinung(= I’ll tell you my opinion)

• versprechen: versprechen: Man versprach ihmihm 100 Euro (= They promised him 100 euros)

Page 33: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.32 German Case Quiz (1)

Identify the verb, subjectsubject and object(s)object(s) here:

1) 1) Diese Geschichte aus dem alten Russlandlesen die Kinder gern

2) 2) Welches Märchen erzählte er dem Kind?

3) 3) Der Dame gehören diese Schuhe

4) 4) Den Mann kennt in diesem Dorf niemand

5) 5) Den Lehrern schenkten die StudentInnen guten Rotwein

Page 34: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.33 Case Quiz (1) : Answers

VerbVerb, subjectsubject, direct objectdirect object, indirect objectindirect object:

1) 1) Diese Geschichte aus dem alten RusslandDiese Geschichte aus dem alten Russland

lesenlesen die Kinderdie Kinder gern

2) 2) Welches MärchenWelches Märchen erzählteerzählte erer dem Kinddem Kind?

3) 3) Der DameDer Dame gehörengehören diese Schuhediese Schuhe

4)4) Den MannDen Mann kenntkennt in diesem Dorf niemandniemand

5) 5) Den LehrernDen Lehrern schenktenschenkten die StudentInnendie StudentInnen guten Rotweinguten Rotwein

Page 35: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.34 Quiz (2) : Dative / indirect object Complete the clauses with the dative objectdative object:

1) Er antwortet1) Er antwortet ________________________ (= He is replying to the professor)

2) Gib es _____________________________ 2) Gib es _____________________________ (= Give it to the girl!)

3) Die Wohnung gehört3) Die Wohnung gehört__________________(= The flat belongs to the lady)

4) Ich habe es 4) Ich habe es __________________ geschicktgeschickt(= I sent it to the pupils)

Page 36: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.35 Case Quiz (2) : Answers

• Er antwortetEr antwortet der Professorin / dem Professorder Professorin / dem Professor(= He is replying to the professor)

• Gib es Gib es dem Mädchendem Mädchen!!(= Give it to the girl!)

• Die Wohnung gehört Die Wohnung gehört der Dameder Dame(= The flat belongs to the lady)

• Ich habe es Ich habe es den Schülernden Schülern geschicktgeschickt(= I sent it to the pupils)

Page 37: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.36 Verbs that take the genitive

• Very few verbs take a genitive objectgenitive object• Such verbs are used in formal Germanformal German only

and have more widely used alternatives.

Examples:• gedenken: gedenken: Der Minister gedachte gedachte derder Opfer.

(= The minister remembered the victims.)• bedürfen: bedürfen: Sie bedurfte bedurfte meinermeiner Hilfe nicht.

(= She didn’t need my help.)

Page 38: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.37 Verbs + Genitive + Accusative

• Some - mainly legal - verbs take a genitive genitive objectobject and an accusative objectaccusative object.

• anklagen: anklagen: Man klagte unsuns des Meineidsdes Meineids an.(= They accused us of perjury.)

• bezichtigen: bezichtigen: Er bezichtigt bezichtigt siesie des Raubsdes Raubs.(= He accuses them of robbery.)

• verdächtigen: verdächtigen: Man verdächtigt verdächtigt ihnihn der Lügeder Lüge (= They suspect him of lying.)

Page 39: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.38 The genitive case

• The main role of the genitive case genitive case is to link nouns or noun phrases.

• It tends to indicate possessionpossession.

• While the genitive usually follows the noun on which it depends, proper names may come first - with ss but without apostrophe:

• “Karls FreundinKarls Freundin” (Karl’s girlfriend)• “Goethes WerkeGoethes Werke” (Goethe’s works)

Page 40: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

• But importing -s-s means importing bad habits - Bahnhof’sBahnhof’s?

• The superfluous apostrophe seems to be implying that there is a person called BahnhofBahnhof!

3.39 The greengrocer’s apostrophe

Page 41: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.40 Genitive case endings

• NominativeNominative• der Mannder Mann

(Masculine)• die Fraudie Frau

(Feminine)• das Mädchendas Mädchen

(Neuter)• die Kinderdie Kinder

(Plural)

• GenitiveGenitive• desdes Mann Manneses

(Masculine)• derder Frau Frau

(Feminine)• desdes Mädchen Mädchenss

(Neuter)• derder Kinder Kinder

(Plural)

Page 42: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.41 The genitive ending -es

• The (-es)(-es) genitive ending is added to masculine and neuter nouns ending in:

• -s-s: das Haus desdes Haus Hauseses• -ss-ss: das Erdgeschoss desdes Erdgeschoss Erdgeschosseses• -ß-ß: das Maß (measure) desdes Maß Maßeses• -x-x: der Reflex desdes Reflex Reflexeses• -z-z: der Platz desdes Platz Platzeses• -nis-nis: das Ereignis desdes Ereigniss Ereignisseses

Page 43: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.42 The genitive ending –es (2)

• Foreign nouns ending in -s-s or -x-x usually have no ending in the genitive:

• der Rhythmus desdes Rhythmus Rhythmus• der Organismus desdes Organismus Organismus

• BUT some key foreign words have now been assimilated into German and thus add (-es)(-es)::

• der Bus desdes Bus Bussesses• der Kongress desdes Kongres Kongressesses

Page 44: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.43 The genitive ending -s

• The (-s)(-s) genitive ending is added to masculine and neuter nouns with:

• a vowel endinga vowel ending: der Schnee desdes Schnee Schneess• a vowel ending + -ha vowel ending + -h: der Schuh desdes Schuh Schuhss• NamesNames: Goethe GoetheGoethess• Foreign nounsForeign nouns: das Hotel desdes Hotel Hotelss• Polysyllabic nouns with an unstressed final Polysyllabic nouns with an unstressed final

syllablesyllable: der Abend desdes Abend Abendss

Page 45: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.44 The genitive of other nouns• There are no clearcut rules for the genitive of

the many masculine and neuter nouns that do not fall into the groups listed above.

• As a rough guide, (-es)(-es) is more usually found:• in monosyllabic words• in words with the stress on the final syllable• in words ending with two consonants• in formal written German

Page 46: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.45 Genitive in German dictionaries• Many English-German dictionaries list the

genitive ending after the gendergender of a noun and before its nominative pluralnominative plural.

• For example - BissBiss: m -es-es e e• This means that the noun is “m” (= masculine)

derder Biss Biss• The genitive is formed with (-es)(-es) desdes Bisses Bisses• The plural is formed with -e-e diedie Bisse Bisse

Page 47: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.46 Case Quiz (3) : Dictionary Usage

• What information can be gained from the following two dictionary entries?

• 1) MädchenMädchen: nt -s-s ––

• 2) KindKind: nt -(e)s-(e)s -er-er

Page 48: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.47 Case Quiz (3) : Answers

• 1) MädchenMädchen: nt -s-s ––• The noun is “nt” (= neuter) dasdas Mädchen Mädchen• The genitive ending is (-s)(-s) desdes Mädchens Mädchens• The plural is the same diedie Mädchen Mädchen

• 2) KindKind: nt -(e)s-(e)s -er-er• The noun is “nt” (= neuter) dasdas Kind Kind• The genitive ending is (-s)(-s) or (-es)(-es) desdes Kind Kindss

oror desdes Kinde Kindess • The plural is diedie Kind Kinderer

Page 49: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.48 The Definite Article

Masc. Fem. Neut. Plural

Nom. der die das die

Acc. den die das die

Gen. des der des der

Dat. dem der dem den

Page 50: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.49 The Indefinite Article

Masc. Fem. Neut. (Plural)

Nom. ein eine ein (keine)

Acc. einen eine ein (keine)

Gen. eines einer eines (keiner)

Dat. einem einer einem (keinen)

Page 51: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.50 Possessive endings

Masc. Fem. Neut. Plural

Nom. Ihr ihre ihr ihre

Acc. ihren ihre ihr ihre

Gen. ihres ihrer ihres ihrer

Dat. ihrem ihrer ihrem ihren

Page 52: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.51 Possessive endings: euer

Masc. Fem. Neut. Plural

Nom. euer eure euer eure

Acc. euren eure euer eure

Gen. eures eurer eures eurer

Dat. eurem eurer eurem euren

Page 53: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.52 Possessive endings: examples• Nehmt ihr euren euren Mercedes?

(= Are you taking your Mercedes?)• Unser Unser Garten ist größer als euereuer Garten!

(= Our garden is bigger than your garden!) • Das ist das Haus seines seines Nachbarn.

(= That is his neighbour’s house.)• Ich sprach mit meinem meinem Vater darüber.

(= I spoke with my father about this.)

Page 54: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.53 Case endings: dieser

Masc. Fem. Neut. Plural

Nom. dieser diese dieses diese

Acc. diesen diese dieses diese

Gen. dieses dieser dieses dieser

Dat. diesem dieser diesem diesen

Page 55: German Grammar Lectures Lecture 3: The German Case System Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk.

3.54 Determiners: examples

• Ich wurde Mitglied dieses dieses Vereinss. (= I became a member of this club.)

• Mit jederjeder Zigarette steigt das Risiko. (= The risk rises with every cigarette.)

• Hier ist eine Liste aller aller Benutzer.(= Here is a list of all users.)

• Mit welchen welchen Kosten muss man rechnen? (= What sort of costs can you expect?)