GEOTHERMAL AND GEOSCIENCE CAPACITY BUILDING

RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND ACTION PLAN

June 9, 2007

Steven Hirsch Dr. Anis Abdallah Jean Ngizimana

WORLD BANK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I PROJECT SUMMARY 1II RWANDAN GEOTHERMAL AND GEO-SCIENTIFIC CONTEXT 2III WB/RWANDA GEOTHERMAL AND GEO-SCIENTIFIC

CAPACITY BUILDING OBJECTIVES 2

IV PROPOSED DUAL TRACK APPROACH A. FAST TRACK “URGENT” PLAN FOR GEOTHERMAL

RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND PILOT POWER GENERATION

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B. LONG-TERM INSTITUTION/CAPACITY BUILDING FOR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AND GEO-SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT

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V EXISTING INSTITUTIONS IN RWANDA WITH GEOSCIENTIFIC MANDATES, ACTIVITIES OR INTERESTS AND POSSIBLE WORLD BANK CAPACITY-BUILDING SUPPORT

A. MINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE 14 B. MINISTRY OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND

TECHNICAL RESEARCH 14

C. MINISTRY OF LANDS, ENVIRONMENT, FORESTRY, WATER AND MINES

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D. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 16 E. OTHER 18

APPENDIX I EXISTING STUDIES ON GEOTHERMAL IN

RWANDA 19

APPENDIX II RWANDA FAST TRACK GEOTHERMAL ASSESSMENT AND PILOT PLANT TIMELINE

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APPENDIX III RWANDA FAST TRACK GEOTHERMAL ASSESSMENT AND PILOT PLANT BUDGET

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APPENDIX IV RWANDA GEOSCIENTIFIC CENTER BUDGET 24APPENDIX V RWANDA FAST TRACK GEOTHERMAL

LOGICAL FRAMEWORK 26

APPENDIX VI LONG-TERM CAPACITY-BUILDING LOGICAL FRAMEWORK

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APPENDIX VII AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES WITH GEOSCIENCE COURSES

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APPENDIX VIII CONTACT INFORMATION FOR THE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER (GERDC) NGO

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APPENDIX IX BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON UGANDA’S NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL ENVIRONMENTALISTS

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APPENDIX X GEOTHERMAL & GEOSCIENTIFIC CONTACTS

IN RWANDA AND WORLD BANK 33

APPENDIX XI ILLUSTRATIVE RWANDA 10 YEAR GEOTHERMAL STAFFING PLAN

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APPENDIX XII KEY US UNIVERSITIES WITH GEOTHERMAL-RELATED COURSES

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APPENDIX XIII SUGGESTED UNIVERSITY-BASED GEOSCIENCE COURSES

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APPENDIX XIV SUGGESTED RESOURCE ENGINEERING / WELLFIELD MANAGEMENT TRAINING TOPICS

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APPENDIX XV SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF KENGEN’S GEOTHERMAL PERSONNEL

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APPENDIX XVI EQUIPMENT NECESSARY FOR GEOTHERMAL ASSESSMENTS

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APPENDIX XVII MATERIAL AVAILABLE FOR WATER ANALYSIS AT THE CENTRAL LABORATORY OF ELECTROGAZ

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I. Project Summary The action plan described below is in response to a request from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Scientific Research to the World Bank and aims to strengthen Rwandan human and institutional capacity in relation to geo-scientific disciplines, in general, and geothermal energy in particular. It also takes into account that Rwanda is currently experiencing an energy crisis that may be addressed through the use of geothermal energy for power generation. In view of the urgent need for power generation that exists today, the existence of hot springs in the western part of the country that could indicate viable geothermal resources for power generation and the need for geothermal and geo-scientific capacity-building, the World Bank is proposing the following two track, sequential, action plan:

A. A Fast-Track “URGENT” program to identify one or more viable geothermal resources and generate power on a “pilot” basis within three years. The pilot plant will pave the way for larger-scale geothermal power generation as quickly as possible. The Fast-Track “URGENT” program will be a short-term initiative that will be managed by a Task Force housed within the Ministry of Infrastructure – Energy/Communications. Once the pilot geothermal plant is installed and operating, Rwandan expertise will have been developed and responsibility for planning, tendering, monitoring and operating future, larger-scale geothermal plants may be transferred to a permanent geothermal department, Electrogaz or elsewhere in the Government. B. Long-Term capacity-building for a number of branches of government and the private sector to enable improved oversight and management of mining operations, and applied hydro-geological and geothermal research and project implementation. This initiative, called the Rwanda Geoscientific Center (RGC), could be based in the soon-to-be-established National Agency for Energy in Rwanda (ANER), Mininfra, the Institut de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (IRST), Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines, or another Rwandan institution and will provide support for human and institutional capacity-building to a wide range of government and private sector agencies on a long-term basis.

Capacity-building under the long-term track will be both “supply” and “demand” driven as it will focus on strengthening: (a) the ability of existing educational institutions to provide the human resources needed for geoscientific and geothermal applied research and project implementation in Rwanda and (b) the ability of existing, planned and proposed ministries, government and private sector based entities to provide services and implement projects that will increase the use of earth-science-related technologies to bolster the economy of the country on a sustainable basis.

The above two tracks will accelerate the studies, tests and drilling that will enable Rwanda to begin to quickly generate electricity on a pilot basis using geothermal energy, and, subsequently, to develop the human and institutional capacity to expand geothermal-based power generation to a much larger scale.

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They will also improve national capabilities to manage mining and hydro-geological activities for increased export-based revenue earnings, increased access to potable water at affordable costs and both large and small hydro power generation respectively. II. Rwandan Geothermal and Geo-Scientific Context A combination of strong growth in power demand with unexpectedly low lake levels in both domestic and shared hydropower resources has led to extensive and lengthy power cuts beginning in early 2004. About 15 MW of diesel capacity has been commissioned on an urgent basis, and another 15-25 MW needs to be added in the next 9 months. The monthly bill for imported petroleum-based fuel has reached US$1 million, excluding duties and taxes. The Government increased the electricity tariff in January 2005 to accommodate the high costs of thermal generation and, again, more recently to 22 USc/kWh. New diesel plants are inevitable in the future in order to maintain supply until sufficient power from methane from Lake Kivu or geothermal energy can be brought on line. Rwandan leaders in the Ministries of Infrastructure, Science and Technology, and Electrogaz have indicated that affordable sources of electric power are needed on an “urgent” basis to replace the costly, rented thermal power stations. Rwanda does not have a long history of geothermal resource exploration. Existing geological and geophysical data from the geothermal prospects currently under investigation are sparse and inconclusive. Mapping of hot springs, fumaroles and other geothermal surface manifestations has not been carried out in a systematic, comprehensive manner. Some limited observations and surface geochemical work was carried previously at hydrothermal springs that were identified in the western and central part of the country. See Appendix I for a list of existing geothermal studies. Proposals to carry out assessments of Rwanda’s geothermal potential have been received from the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) and from a private American company, Geothermal Development Associates (GDA). The BGR proposal includes geological and geochemical testing at a number of sites and a geophysical survey at one site and can be funded by the Government of Germany at a level of approximately 300,000 Euros ($400,000 US dollars). BGR cannot begin work on their resource assessment before mid 2008. The proposal from the American company, GDA, is larger in scope, includes geological and geochemical testing at a number of sites, and geophysical surveys and temperature gradient drilling at three sites. The budget is approximately $900,000 US dollars and work can begin immediately. Funding for the GDA proposal has not been identified. III. WB/Rwanda Geothermal and Geo-Scientific Capacity Building Objectives The objectives of the proposed WB capacity-building program are to: A. Establish a framework for the “Fast-Track URGENT” geothermal resource assessment project and

accelerate the installation and commissioning of a 2-5 MW pilot plant within a three year period. The pilot plant is expected to pave the way for larger-scale geothermal power generation and serve as a training site for Rwandan geoscientists in relation to geothermal resource management and for

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Rwandan electrical and mechanical engineers and technicians in relation to geothermal plant operation and maintenance.

B. Create a Rwanda Geoscientific Center that will promote the gender-balanced education and training of Rwandan geoscientists and engineers, and strengthen the capacity of Rwandan institutions to carry out this training and applied research in relation to monitoring and oversight of geothermal development, mining operations, and applied hydro-geological research.

IV. Proposed Dual Track Approach In view of the urgent need for power generation in Rwanda that exists today in Rwanda and the limited information available concerning the geothermal resource capacity in Rwanda, the World Bank is proposing the following two track action plan: A fast-track “URGENT” program to identify one or more viable geothermal resources and generate power through the installation and operation of a “pilot” geothermal plant within three years.

Long-Term planning for the establishment of a Rwanda Geoscientific Center in Kigali to provide support to government and private sector agencies and companies in relation to applied research and training of personnel to promote geoscientific research and use of state-of-the-art technologies related to mining, hydro-geological analyses and promising geothermal prospects for power generation on a sustained basis. A. Fast Track “Urgent” Plan for Geothermal Resource Assessment and Pilot

Power Generation

Rwandan leaders in the Ministry of Infrastructure, and Ministry of Science, Technology, and Scientific Research, as well as the General Manager and Electricity Department Director at Electrogaz have indicated that affordable sources of electric power are needed on an “urgent” basis to replace the high-cost, rented thermal power stations. At the same time, proposals to carry out assessments of Rwanda’s geothermal potential have been received from the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) and from a private American company, Geothermal Development Associates (GDA) to carry out preliminary geothermal resource assessment work.

1. Objectives

In view of the present energy crisis and the likelihood that geothermal energy can provide a long-term solution to Rwanda’s energy needs, the objectives of the Fast-Track “URGENT” component of the proposed World Bank program are to establish, as a Government priority, the implementation of the required studies, temperature gradient and exploration drilling, and resource testing in order to have a 2-5 MW pilot plant installed and operating in Rwanda in a period of 3 years. It is expected the operation of the pilot plant will provide government decision-makers with the confidence to proceed with the planning and installation of a much larger-scale geothermal plant (~30-50 MW) that will have a notable impact on Rwanda’s worsening energy crisis.

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The participation of additional bi and multilateral agencies should be encouraged in order to accelerate and finance the geothermal resource assessment, exploratory drilling, resource testing and pilot plant installation. Achieving the pilot plant objectives within the 3 year time frame will not be easy and will require a high level of commitment and initiative on the part of the Geothermal Task Force staff. However, as a result of the present energy crisis, this level of effort is necessary and will, in the long run, provide significant benefits to the Rwandan people and the national economy.

2. Tasks To Be Implemented Achieving the above objective will require establishment of a Geothermal Task Force within the Ministry of Infrastructure that will carry out the following:

a. Begin work immediately with one or both of the above entities (BGR – GDA) to initiate and complete the required geothermal resource assessment work as quickly as possible and identify the most promising geothermal sites in the country; b. Arrange for “slim-hole” exploration drilling and resource testing at two or three of the most promising sites for the pilot plant. c. Prepare and circulate a tender among international geothermal companies for the supply and installation of a 2-5 MW pilot geothermal plant. d. Oversee the installation, commissioning and operation of the pilot plant and monitoring of the geothermal resource. e. Select and ensure that Rwandan counterpart geoscientists and engineers participate in all aspects of the geothermal resource assessment, exploration drilling, technical analyses, tendering for, installation and operation of the pilot plant and monitoring of the geothermal resource. f. Enter into discussions with multi and bilateral development agencies and private companies that may be interested in assisting Rwanda in its geothermal program. Explore their possible involvement/support/qualifications for exploration drilling, purchase and installation of the pilot plant, and, afterward, for larger-scale geothermal power generation projects. g. Attend international and regional geothermal conferences, meetings and workshops and visit existing geothermal plants in Kenya and elsewhere to meet potential public and private sector partners and explore potential collaborative opportunities (i.e. for on-the-job geothermal resource and plant-related training).

See Appendix III for the Fast Track Geothermal Implementation Schedule.

3. Institutional Location and Structure

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The responsibility for power generation is currently housed within the Ministry of Infrastructure, Office of the Minister of State in charge of Energy and Communications. Within this Office, the Department of Geothermal Coordination presently consists of one part-time person. It is recommended that 2 consultant professionals and one administrative support person be hired to work in the Department for three years and that the consultant professionals have Rwandan counterparts to work with them and learn “on-the-job”. 4. Job Descriptions and Qualifications A Geothermal Department Director - The GDD should be an expatriate from the East Africa region, Europe or the US. He/she should have a geo-scientific or an engineering background, geothermal resource assessment, institutional management and fundraising experience in the East Africa region. The GDD will have overall responsibility for the implementation of the geothermal resource assessment, evaluation of the results, tendering for exploration drilling, resource testing and analysis. He/she will also be responsible for preparation of monthly progress reports that will be distributed to interested Government stakeholders to keep them informed on project progress. The GDD will liaise with Electrogaz, the advisor to the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Rwanda Utility Regulatory Agency (RURA), the World Bank Energy Advisor and representatives of bilateral agencies involved in energy issues in Rwanda. The GDD will answer directly to the Minister of Energy and Communications and will be evaluated on progress made toward completion of the resource assessment and installation of the geothermal pilot plant at the end of the three year period. A Geothermal Department Technical Advisor with an engineering or other technical degree and experience planning and overseeing the tendering, installation and commissioning of geothermal power plants. His job will include overseeing the tendering, contracting, and installation of the planned 2-5 MW pilot plant. The GDTA should also be an expatriate from the region, Europe or the US and will report to the GDD. Both the Geothermal Department Director and Technical A”on-the-job” and learn geothermal project management, resource assessment, plant tendering, etc. and establish industry and multi/bilateral agency connections, etc.

5. Study Tour and Training Visits In order to familiarize Rwandan counterparts with geothermal plants and projects in the region and overseas, provision should be made for study tours and training visits to Kenya, Ethiopia, Iceland and the US. The visits should include both short and long-term training opportunities such as have been recently arranged by Geothermal Development Associates for Ethiopian engineers and scientists to Kenya and the US. These included travel to geothermal training seminars in the US as well as to month-long “hands-on” training sessions at geothermal plants in Kenya and the US. Longer-term training sessions should be planned, if funding is available and training opportunities can be arranged.

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Travel for Rwandan representatives and presentation of Rwandan geothermal papers should be planned for the annual meeting of the Geothermal Resources Council (http://www.geothermal.org). This meeting usually takes place in the US (it will take place in Reno, Nevada in late September, 2007) and is the annual meeting of the international geothermal industry and government representatives. Rwanda should also endeavor to establish membership in the ARGeo program once work has been initiated on the planned geothermal resource assessment.

6. Outside Technical Support for the Geothermal Task Force

In order to move the resource assessment and pilot projects ahead quickly and provide in-depth training for Rwandan counterparts , it will be important for the GDD, the GDTA and their Rwandan counterparts to have access to advice and support, on a part-time basis, from an outside geothermal institution or company with geothermal experience in the region and in the geothermal industry as well as with resource assessment, drilling services, the structuring of tenders and review of bids for the provision of other geothermal services. Other needs of the strengthened Geothermal Department will include office space and furniture at the Mininfra, secretarial support, phone, fax and internet communication facilities, computers, a 4x4 vehicle and funds for fuel, maintenance and travel within the region.

7. Suggested Expatriate and Technical Support Recruitment Procedures The Ministry of Infrastructure, Office of the Minister of State in charge of Energy and Communications should become a member of the Geothermal Resources Council (see above for web address) and possibly the Geothermal Energy Association (http://www.geo-energy.org) and the International Geothermal Association. By becoming a member, the Mininfra will receive hardcopy and online newsletters that provide useful information concerning events and companies involved in the international geothermal industry. The newsletters can also serve as vehicles by which individuals and companies can be recruited for the above positions. B. Long-Term Institution/Capacity Building for Geothermal Energy and Geo-

science Development 1. Objective(s)

In addition to the establishment of the “Fast-Track URGENT” program component above, it is recommended that a Rwanda Geoscientific Center (RGC) be established. The overall objectives of the RGC will be to implement and assist other government agencies and the private sector to build capacity to carry out applied research, gender-balanced training, technology demonstration, monitoring, evaluation and information dissemination activities which upgrade and promote the use of improved techniques in relation to:

a. Resource identification and use of geothermal energy b. Underground water assessment and exploitation

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c. Mineral / mining assessment and exploration Priority will be given to accelerating the use of improved techniques for mining, hydrogeological research and use of geothermal energy for power generation purposes. However, use of geothermal energy for direct use applications (greenhouse heating, fruit/vegetable drying, etc.) will also be considered. See Appendix II for details.

2. Water Resources Context Rwanda’s present water supply is based mainly on surface water exploitation. The Electrogaz Water Department is in charge of treating and distributing potable water for both domestic and industrial use. Raw surface water, mainly from rivers and lakes, is treated in 15 stations around the country. Each water treatmant plant has its own laboratory for water quality control before and after treatment and along the distribution network. The total water supply produced for Kigali is approximately 30,000 m³/day. However, Kigali’s water demand is approximately 60,000 m³/ day. The situation is presently critical and an urgent action plan to increase water supply to Kigali is necessary. Other towns throughout the country are in a similar situation.

As the quality of the surface water is poor, treating it requres expensive chemical treatment. This results in a high cost per cubic meter. The Rwandan Water Supply Authority recommends exploiting ground water resources in the hope of obtaining clean water at a lower cost. Ground water is usually reached at around 100 m depth. Flow rates are usually between 3 -5 m³/hour to 40 m³/hour. The maximum flow rate observed in a well in Rwanda is 100 m³/ hour in the volcanic north region of Rwanda. Data received from the private drilling firm Foraky and from the ELECTROGAZ Water Department indicates that the percentage of productive water wells drilled is low. This may be due to the lack of detailed hydrological studies before drilling. There is one drilling company in the country, a private French firm – Foraky Africa. Their maximum existing well depth is about 200 m.

3. Mining Context Mining started in Rwanda in the early 1930s and since then it has always been a major export earner (between 20% -40% of foreign exchange earnings). From the mid 1980s to 1996, mineral production was very low due to management problems in the Rwandan public mining company and the subsequent conflict. Since 1997 mining and trade in minerals have been recovering steadily.

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The key minerals of Rwanda are; cassiterite, wolframite, columbite-tantalite, gold, ambrigonite, beryl and semi precious stones such as tourmaline, topaz, corundum, chiastorite, amethyst, saphires, opal, agate and flint. The human and institutional components of the former Rwanda Geological Survey were destroyed during the genocide. There are presently approximately 35 geoscientists in the country, most of whom are older than 50 and approaching retirement.

4. Tasks To Be Implemented The RGC will work both independently in support of the above geoscientific fields and in collaboration with the other ministerial services involved in geo-scientific-related work (i.e. Rwanda Geology and Mining Authority of the Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines). In relation to the above technical areas, it is recommended that the RGC receive WB support to carry out the following tasks: a. For General Geoscientific Purposes

Establishment of a geoscientific information system, including a GIS data base that will provide material for information dissemination to public and private sector stakeholders in relation to geothermal, mining, and hydrogeological resources. The information system should include the results of tests and analyses done to date at each site and next steps suggested by specialized Rwandan or international agencies to assess their potential for commercial development.

Provision of support and technical assistance to institutions in Rwanda with

existing geotechnical courses and equipment (i.e. National University of Rwanda, KIST) to strengthen their capacity to train geothermal scientists and engineers;

Lobbying the Government of Rwanda to address policy, regulatory, and procedural

constraints to private sector-based geothermal and mining development (time requirements for concession agreements, permitting, etc.), enactment of necessary incentives (import duty exoneration, tax holidays, sovereign guarantee, etc.) to ensure continuing and active private sector participation in geothermal power and mineral extraction projects;

Provision of support for public awareness and extension services in rural

communities to promote private sector-based mining activities and use of geothermal energy;

Monitoring and evaluation of ongoing geothermal, mining and hydro-geological

projects in Rwanda and elsewhere in the region and in the world;

Provision of information and technical assistance to private sector entities seeking to establish geothermal and mining initiatives;

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Planning and implementation of applied R&D activities in relation to geothermal,

mining and hydro-geological investigations on a commercial basis (or with donor funding) to enable the RGC to become self-sustaining;

Liaising with other Rwandan institutions (Electrogaz Water Analysis Department,

the Rwanda Geology and Mines Authority, etc.) to carry out necessary mining and hydro-geological tests and analyses.

Organization of mass educational and promotional efforts on issues related to

geothermal energy, mining, and hydro-geological-related issues. Implementation of economic and financial analyses of geothermal, mining and

water resource-related projects including the impact of the sale of carbon credits as a result of the use of environmentally-clean geothermal energy.

Carrying out an inventory of existing geothermal and mineral workshop and testing

equipment in Rwandan national educational institutions and laboratories; Collaboration with (and strengthening of) other existing technical facilities for

geothermal, mining and water resource-related work (i.e. the Water Quality Monitoring Division of Electrogaz, the Rwanda Geological and Mining Authority, the GIS Center of the National University of Rwanda, etc.) elsewhere in the country.

Water Laboratory representatives expressed a need for short training courses in

water analysis procedures. Training possibilities elsewhere in Africa were suggested (i.e. Tunisia) and should consist of training for 6 people for 3 months each.

Assistance with the planning and implementation of in-country and overseas

training for geothermal, mining and hydrogeological-related resource identification including:

- In-country training programs through KIST, NUR and the Geology and Mining Authority.

- Long-term overseas training programs for Master and Phd level geoscientists. - Short-term training opportunities outside Rwanda (i.e. Tunisia for water analysis procedures.

b. For Geothermal Energy

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Establishment of linkages with other East-African geo-scientific agencies (KenGen, Geological Survey of Ethiopia, Uganda Dept. of Geological Survey and Mines, etc.), national power companies (EEPCO in Ethiopia, Kenya Power and Light), and geothermal equipment manufacturers (Elliott Turbines, Geothermal Development Associates, etc.) and geothermal plant operation/service providers (ENEL-Italy, Constellation Energy-US, etc.) through the exchange of RGC staff with personnel from geothermal and geoscientific research centers and plants in other countries;

Establishment of a relationship with the UNEP/World Bank/GEF-financed East

African Rift Valley Geothermal Program (ARGeo) for information, training, equipment and potential risk mitigation financing for exploratory drilling;

Establishment of linkages with multi and bilateral technical assistance and

financing agencies in industrialized countries (Europe, US, etc.) that are assisting Rwanda in the development of sustainable energy resources (e.g. BGR, World Bank, IFC, Iceida, USAID, DFID, etc.) to enlist their support to address the urgent need for geothermal power generation;

Linkages with the Mininfra and Electrogaz Electricity Department to ensure

geothermal activities being carried out are in conformity with Government policies and electricity sector planning.

Contact with Geothermal Education Office, California, USA to obtain pedagogical

materials to address the need to provide material on geothermal energy and the geosciences to pupils and students and lobby to include them in curricula for schools, vocational training centers, colleges and other learning institutions.

Establishment of a geothermal laboratory / testing facility to carry out geological

mapping, geochemical testing and certain aspects of geophysical surveys. Geochemical analyses are carried out on hot spring sources to assess chemical and isotope content. For steam, measurements are taken of temperature and non-condensible gas concentrations (CO , H S, CH , H , N2 2 4 2 2). For spring water, measurements are taken of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and chemical content. From these measurements, approximate assessments of spring water origins, reservoir temperatures, and reservoir structures can be made. Equipment required for chemical analyses includes a hand-held GPS, thermometers, beakers, test tubes, other containers and reagents for water and gas testing, field laboratory equipment to measure pH, conductivity, CO , H2 2S, etc., stable isotope laboratory equipment (D, 18O).

Establishment of linkages with local and regional companies that have rigs capable

of carrying out geothermal drilling (i.e. Foraky).1

Practical training at existing geothermal plants in East Africa, Europe and the US 1 Foraky/Rwanda can drill boreholes to 200 meters depth.. Their price from 0 to 100 m (without casing) is $50 to 70 US per meter with a diameter of 6”.

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On-the-job Training in Rwanda for participants in the geothermal resource

assessment.

5. Stakeholders to be Assisted by the RGC a. Rwandan government agencies involved in promoting and regulating private power developers, mining interests and water resource exploration to satisfy increasing national power demands for energy, minerals and water (i.e. Rwanda Geology and Mines Authority); b. Students and faculty at Rwandan schools, technical institutes (KIST) and the National University of Rwanda; c. Rwandan private sector companies with mining and geothermal-related capabilities (i.e. well-drilling, water analysis, etc.); d. Private investors, mining and geothermal companies interested in financing or developing power generation, mining or water resource projects; e. Local and overseas financial institutions involved in the purchase of carbon credits that will be generated through the use of geothermal plants; f. Bilateral and multilateral aid and lending agencies that may be able to assist with various components of future, large-scale geothermal and mining projects; g. Rwandan and international environmental standards organizations; h. Overseas private companies involved in the provision of geothermal, mining and water resource-related goods and services.

i. The Rwanda Central Water Quality Laboratory (part of ELECTROGAS).

6. RGC Activities to Support Private Sector – Based Geothermal Development

It is anticipated the Rwanda Geoscience Center will carry out the following activities in order to promote and assist private sector-based geothermal, mining and water resource development:

a. An assessment of policy, regulatory and other constraints to private sector –based geothermal, mining and water resource development in Rwanda such as importation and other taxes imposed by government, concession and permitting delays, PPA negotiation requirements, lack of skilled local manpower, environmental requirements, etc;

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b. Organization of workshops, seminars and conferences for private sector geothermal and mining stakeholders to explain upcoming commercial opportunities and understand and address barriers to private sector participation;

c. Assistance with the establishment of a Geothermal Association of Rwanda (GAR) to act as a focal point for public and private sector interest/involvement in geothermal development issues. The GAR will be assisted to organize monthly stakeholder meetings on various geothermal issues and issue a quarterly electronic newsletter. d. RGC and GAR membership in the Geothermal Resources Council, the International Geothermal Association (IGA) and the Geothermal Energy Association in order to receive their membership rosters, newsletters, and other publications – which include lists and descriptions of private sector suppliers of geothermal-related goods and services. The RGC and GAR should also enroll to receive the Baker Hughes Geothermal Newsletter (joy.langhals@bakerhughes.com)

e. Using the above information, establishment of links between RGC, the GAR and overseas private sector suppliers of geothermal and mining goods and services to bring technical advances in geothermal and mineral resource identification, testing, power-plant and mineral extraction technologies to Rwanda and strengthen local private sector geothermal and mining companies;

7. EXPECTED OUTPUTS FROM THE RGC

a. Establishment and operation of a national center to promote and accelerate the use of geothermal energy technologies in ways that are appropriate to Rwanda including grid connection, power supplies to minigrid-based rural electrification projects and for direct uses via both the public and private sectors;

b. An enhanced “intellectual capital base” at RGC to provide baseline data to

potential geothermal IPPs and overcome barriers to increased development of private sector-based geothermal energy;

c. Ongoing applied R&D programs at RGC including use of distance-learning to

continue links to research-related institutions in Africa, Asia, Europe and North/South America;

d. Continuing program of monitoring and evaluation of ongoing geothermal

projects in Rwanda, both on a pilot basis and for large-scale power generation; e. Testing and evaluation of equipment used for the provision of geothermal

services in accord with international standards; f. Ongoing information dissemination using a range of media mechanisms to

increase Rwandan public awareness about geothermal issues and options;

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g. Ongoing geothermal -related educational programs in primary and secondary

schools, as well as colleges, institutes and at the university undergraduate and graduate levels;

h. A strengthened geothermal capacity within the private sector (and other

national stakeholders); i. A sustainable level of applied R&D activity in Rwanda to pave the way for

expanded development of geothermal power generation and direct uses with support from private contracts and donor agencies.

8. Possible Locations for the RGC Possible locations for the RGC include:

a. Part of the Ministry of Infrastructure but housed elsewhere b. Within the soon-to-be-created National Agency for Energy in Rwanda (ANER) c. As a Kigali-based annex to the Institut de Recherche Scientifique et

Technologique (IRST) of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Scientific Research

d. As an agency of the Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines.

9. Planned Startup Activities During RGC Project Year 1

a. Study tour visits for key RGC staff to geothermal plants and centers in East Africa (KenGen-Kenya, Geological Survey of Ethiopia, Uganda Dept. of Geological Survey and Mines), Europe (BGR-Germany, ENEL-Italy, BRGM-France), US (US Geological Survey, plants at Soda Lake, Steamboat, Salton Sea, The Geysers, etc.) and Asia (Philippines) involved in electricity generation and direct use research, development and commercialization;

b. Establishment of links with DFID, Iceida, USAID, US Dept. of Energy, World

Bank, Global Environment Facility, International Energy Agency and other international stakeholders.

c. Establishment of Rwandan membership in the ARGeo program, Geothermal

Resources Council, and International Geothermal Association d. Participation at the annual meeting of the Geothermal Resources

Council/Geothermal Energy Association (in 2007 to be held in Reno, Nevada USA from September 30 through October 3. See http://www.geothermal.org/meet.html for details.

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e. Organization of a stakeholder workshop to identify critical issues related to geothermal energy development, training-related needs and additional institutional linkages;

f. Inventory of existing institutional capacity and training/testing-related

equipment at IRST, UNR, and other institutions in Rwanda (i.e. Electrogaz); g. Planning for RGC building/infrastructure facilities, staffing and a 5 year

program and budget; h. Preparation of materials and initiation of information dissemination activities

on national geo-scientific issues (water resources, mining resources and activities, etc.);

i. Preparation of pedagogical materials for technical colleges and technical

institutes on geoscientific and geothermal-related issue; j. Identification of 5-10 candidates and initiation of their training in the

geosciences at overseas universities at the bachelor, MS and PhD levels; k. Planning and initiation of a geothermal distance education program with a US

or European university, V. Existing Institutions in Rwanda With Geoscientific Mandates, Activities Or

Interests and Possible World Bank Capacity-Building Support A. Ministry of Infrastructure The National Agency for Energy in Rwanda (ANER) As indicated in the EDPRS, the strengthening of institutional and technical capacity in the energy sector will be led through the creation of the National Agency for Energy in Rwanda (l’Agence Nationale de l’Energie du Rwanda (ANER)). ANER will require the training of 300 technicians in the development, planning, and management of a broad range of energy projects, and studies, their monitoring and evaluation and the establishment of 20 new energy service companies to install and service energy technologies (solar, wind, biomass, etc.). While the role(s) and structure of ANER are not yet defined, it is conceivable the Geothermal Task Force, now planned for the Ministry of Infrastructure, may be merged with ANER. B. Ministry of Science, Technology and Technical Research The Institute for Research Scientifique et Technologique (IRST)

14

IRST is a public institute of scientific and technological research under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Scientific Research. It is based in Butare and carries out research activities within three centers:

i. Phytomedicines and Life Sciences - where emphasis is put on traditional medicines ii. Applied Sciences - which focuses on renewable energy, environmental technology, soil

conservation, seismology, etc…These areas are new and research work has not yet started. iii. Human Sciences - which emphasizes Rwandan literature, linguistics, history etc.

IRST has 90 staff members among whom are 8 PhD’s, and 13 Masters Degree holders. Most of the staff are young recruits from the National University of Rwanda with backgrounds in chemistry and physics. There are no geoscientists at IRST. IRST funding comes mainly from the Government (95.46%). The remainder is from donor agencies. IRST staff expressed an interest in including the geosciences in their research activities although it is not clear how such activities could link to their existing programs. The two exceptions could be linkages to (a) the IRST seismology program (risks linked to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes) and (b) IRST’s establishment of field research offices in 5 locations throughout the country including one each in the southwest near Rusizi and in the north Musanze. C. Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines 1. Task Force for the Rwanda Geology and Mining Authority The Task Force for the Rwanda Geology and Mining Authority is part of the Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines, consists of 5 people, and is expected to become the Rwanda Geology and Mining Authority in the next month or two. The Authority plans to employ about 25 people of which 15 will be geologists and mining engineers. The main objectives of Rwanda Geology and Mining Authority will be :

a. Produce raw geological data to promote investment in the mining sector (large scale geological maps, geochemical and mineral data, etc. )

b. Regulate the mining industry (mining law elaboration, oversee private mining activities, environmental monitoring etc.)

c. Upgrade mineral quality ( added value on minerals through basic mineral processing like smelters etc…)

d. To train and advice people working in small scale mining activities basically grouped in cooperatives

Previously, all mining work in the country was done by a public company. This has now ceased and exploration permits have been given to private mining companies for 4 year periods. At the end of the 4 year periods, if the results are positive, will be transformed into 30 year concessions (renewable for 15 year periods).

15

Capacity-building for the Rwanda Geology and Mining Authority is required to overcome the following constraints:

a. Gaps in exploration work (last exploration work was done in the 1980’s) b. Low level of investment in industrial minerals and rocks c. Small-scale, artisan nature of mining in Rwanda. Although industrial mining potential

exists, most mining is still done by artisans using simple equipment. d. Low level of financing available to local mining companies. e. Export of low quality mineral ores

2. Proposed Capacity Building for the Soon-to-be-Established Rwanda Geology and

Mining Authority The proposed capacity-building for the Rwanda Geology and Mining Authority includes:

• Training of graduates from KIST and NUR in chemistry, physics and engineering as geoscientists (geologists, geochemists and mining engineers) for the RGMA. Training to be carried out in Tanzania, South Africa and possibly Ethiopia and Uganda (in Africa ~ $6,000 per year). In Europe in Belgium, France ($12,000 - $15,000 per year). Training to be focused on the practical aspects of mining at the Bacherlor’s level. Master’s level training to be carried out to obtain a cadre of specialists in geological mining, geochemistry, geophysics, and mining engineering.

• Support/training to the 19 existing mining cooperatives in the form of training seminars and access

to credit for mining operations. Training to include modern mining techniques, economies of scale, administration / bookkeeping, etc.

• Equipment to be used in RGMA laboratories for geological and mining sample analyses.

• TA and advisory support for promotion of and investment in large-scale mining operations.

• Implementation of an economic and technical feasibility study of available and commercially-

“extractable” minerals in Rwanda. The study will be followed by the organization by a seminar to which international mining companies will be invited, the study presented and investors/miners encouraged and assisted.

D. Ministry of Education 1. National University of Rwanda Founded in 1963, the National University of Rwanda (NUR) is located in Butare and is the primary, nationally-recognized institute of undergraduate and graduate education in the country. It is a bilingual institution whose mission is to carry out higher education, research and provide services to the community. It presently has about 8,000 students studying in 9 faculties, 3 schools and 7 centers. The faculties include Agriculture; Law; Medicine; Economics and Management; Social, Political and Administrative Sciences; Arts and Humanities; Science; and Applied Sciences. The schools include

16

Journalism; Modern Languages; and Public Health. The centers include Research; Conflict Management; GIS and Remote Sensing; Rwanda Development Gateway (national computerization); Pearl Outreach; Radio Salus; and Computing. Master’s programs are offered in Public Health, Epidemiology, Water Resources/Environmental Management, Agro-Forestry/Soils Management, Psychology/Therapeutics, Business Law, Economics, ICT, and Medicine. NUR does not offer courses or a degree in the geosciences at either the bachelor or MS levels. 2. Kigali Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) KIST, which is part of the Ministry of Education, was founded in 1997 with the main objectives of developing science and technology education in Rwanda including training and research activities. KIST presently has 3,000 students (and expects to grow to 5,000 in 2-3 years). KIST has two faculties:

• Faculty of Technology which includes 6 departments (Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology, Computer Engineering and Information Technology, Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering).

• Faculty of Science which includes departments of Applied Chemistry, Applied Physics, Applied Biology and Applied Mathematics.

KIST awards 4 year Bachelor of Science degrees. It does not presently offer training in the geosciences but would like to do so. KIST has exchange relationships with universities in Germany, S. Africa, UK, Iceland and the US. KIST sees an important need for geoscience training. Both theoretical and practical training should be done in-country and should use the process of establishing the planned pilot plant as “on-the-job” training opportunities. 3. Proposed WB Capacity-Building Assistance to the National University of Rwanda

and the Kigali Institute of Science and Technology It is recommended that capacity-building to strengthen UNR and KIST’s geoscience-related capabilities include:

a. Establishment of links with institutions of higher education in Africa, Europe, Asia and North America to facilitate Rwandan student participation in Bachelor, Master and PhD programs in the geosciences and engineering as they apply to geothermal resource utilization and power plant operation. Programs to include both basic and applied R&D programs to facilitate public and private sector-based geothermal development, build a national geothermal capacity and promote the establishment of public and private sector-based geothermal services

17

appropriate for the Rwandan and East African market place. See attached list of US and European universities with geoscience courses in Appendix III.

b. Establishment and use of a distance-learning facility at RGC with satellite links to

universities, national laboratories and other institutions carrying out applied research in various aspects of geothermal energy development;

c. Curriculum development, preparation of pedagogical materials and training of

teaching staff from local primary, secondary, technical colleges and institutes in the establishment and implementation of geothermal educational programs:

d. The Rector of Kist expressed a desire to initiate geo-scientific training for a

limited number of applied chemistry and physics students by sending them overseas for short courses. He also suggested the possibility of bringing visiting professors from overseas to teach semester courses in the geosciences.

E. OTHER 1. Non Governmental Organization (NGO) - Geothermal Energy Research and

Development Center (GERDC) GERDC is an NGO that was recently registered with the Government and is just beginning to promote the use of geothermal energy in Rwanda. It has not yet done any practical work but is planning to encourage and assist with public education about geothermal activities to address the present national power shortage. It will also stress environmental protection. See Appendix IV for GERDC contact information. 2. Proposed WB Capacity-Building Assistance to the GERDC Having at least one active, informed NGO working to promote geothermal energy in Rwanda could have a positive impact on use of the technology in the country in relation to public education and provision of information to and lobbying of Rwandan decisionmakers. The Ugandan National Association of Professional Environmentalists (NAPE) is a very active NGO, based in Kampala, that has been involved in the promotion of geothermal energy for approximately 6 years. NAPE has carried out a wide range of activities (seminars, conferences, trips, newsletters,) in support of geothermal energy. Most recently, it wrote and published an “Investment Guide to Geothermal Development in Uganda”. It is suggested that the WB Capacity Building program assist the GERDC in learning from NAPE’s experience in Uganda about the potential roles that an NGO can play in relation to geothermal development. To do this, it is recommended that GERDC establish contact with NAPE and that a joint NAPE/GERDC seminar be planned in Kigali on the promotion of geothermal energy. NAPE should assist GERDC with the planning of invitees, presenters and preparation of materials for the seminar. NAPE should also assist GERDC with planning institutional structures, work programs and fund-raising strategies. See Appendix V for contact and background information on NAPE.

18

19

APPENDIX I

EXISTING STUDIES ON GEOTHERMAL IN RWANDA Report of the Twenty Third Session , Czechoslovakia, 1968, Proceeding of Symposium II, Mineral and Thermal Waters of the World, B- Overseas Countries – “Eaux Minerales et Thermales du Rwanda”, A. Bertossa, Rwanda, pages 139-142. Rapport Annuel 1966, Ministere du Commerce, Mines et Industrie, Service Geologique. Reconnaissance Geothermique de la Republique du Rwanda, BRGM, December, 1983. IIIeme Conference Internationale Decennale Sur La Geophysique et la Geochemie Applique A L’Exploration Miniere, A La Recherche des Eaux Souterraines et a La Geothermie « Exploration 87 ». Rapport de Mission, MUNYAGATUNGA Boniface, Ministere des Travaux Publiques, de L’Energie et de L’Eau. “Preliminary Assessment of Rwanda’s Geothermal Energy Development Potential”, Chevron Company, 27 November 2006.

APPENDIX II

RWANDA FAST TRACK GEOTHERMAL ASSESSMENT AND PILOT PLANT TIMELINE

YR 1 YR 2 YR 3QTR QTR QTR

Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12GEOTHERMAL TASK FORCEGeothermal Task Force approved XGTF staff hired X

RESOURCE ASSESSMENT11 MONTHSDesk studyGeochemical testingGeological mapping, GISGeophysical surveysTemp gradient drillingData analysis, final report

ARGEO Application submitted XMembership followupARGeo assisted drilling, training slim hole drilling

20

SLIM HOLE DRILLING13 MONTHSSlim hole drilling contracted X

Slim hole drilling takes place

Resource tested

Data analyzed, report prepared

GEOTHERMAL PILOT PLANT 17 MONTHSPilot plant tender doc prepared

Put out for bid

Bids received, analyzed

Pilot plant contract signed X

X

X

Pilot plant built

Pilot pllant shipped to Rwanda

Pilot plant installed, commissioned

Pilot plant operated, maintained

21

22

X

ojt

MONITORING, EVALUATIONResource monitored, evaluated

Resource report prepared

RWANDA PERSONNEL TRAINEDInt'l resource-focused training (WB) university, Iceland-based training

Int'l plant-focused training (WB) training at plants in Kenya, US

Rwanda-based resource & plant OJT resource assessment ojt pilot plant

APPENDIX III

RWANDA FAST TRACK GEOTHERMAL ASSESSMENT AND PILOT PLANT BUDGET

Cost Items Per Month/Unit Per Year/Unit Years/Units Total

Int'l Geothermal Director salary $4,500 $54,000 3 $162,000Int'l Geo. Tech Advisor salary $4,500 $54,000 3 $162,000Int'l Tech Support $1,500 $18,000 3 $54,000Local Hire Secretary salary $500 $6,000 3 $18,000Subtotal $11,000 $132,000 $396,000

Fringe benefits- 20% $1,870 $22,440 $67,320

Subtotal $12,870 $154,440 $463,320

Shots/visas $200 3 $600

Int'l travel - Director $3,000 2 $6,000Int'l travel - Tech Advisor $3,000 2 $6,000Int'l travel - Int'l tech support $3,000 2 $6,000

Int'l travel perdiem - Director $150 8 $1,200Int'l travel perdiem - Tech Advisor $150 8 $1,200Int'l travel perdiem - Tech Support $150 8 $1,200

Excess baggage $500 4 $2,000Shipment of personal effects and return $10,000 2 $20,000Storage of personal effects in home country $600 $7,200 3 $21,600

Rwanda Housing - Director $600 $7,200 3 $21,600Rwanda Housing - Tech Advisor $600 $7,200 3 $21,600

Office phone $100 $1,200 3 $3,600Fax $100 $1,200 1 $1,200Computers (3) $1,200 3 $3,600Printer/Scanner $500 1 $500Photocopy machine $1,500 1 $1,500Internet $100 $1,200 3 $3,6004x4 Vehicle $50,000 1 $50,000Fuel / Maintenance $500 $6,000 3 $18,000Regional travel $500 $6,000 3 $18,000Local Travel Perdiem $600 $7,200 3 $21,600

TOTAL $693,920

Provided by GoRRwandan counterpartsOffice spaceOffice furniture

23

APPENDIX IV RWANDA GEOSCIENTIFIC CENTER BUDGET

RGC INSTITUTIONAL COSTS

Item Units Unit Cost Per Month Months Total($) ($) ($)

Building rental 1 700 1 36 $25,200Building upgrades 1 5,000 1 1 $5,000Furniture 1 10,000 1 1 $10,000Computers 16 700 1 1 $11,200Photocopy machine 1 1,000 1 1 $1,000Fax machine 1 700 1 1 $700GIS and other software 1 4,000 1 1 $4,000Public awareness materials 1 50 1 36 $1,800

Geolab - setup 1 5,000 1 1 $5,000Geolab - operation 1 1 500 36 $18,000Water lab - setup 1 5,000 1 1 $5,000Water lab -- operation 1 1 500 36 $18,000Mining lab - setup 1 5,000 1 1 $5,000Mining lab - operation 1 1 500 36 $18,000Internet 1 1 100 36 $3,600Phone 1 1 100 36 $3,600

Director 1 1 600 36 $21,600Deputy Director 1 1 500 36 $18,000Financial administrator 1 1 400 36 $14,400Assistant financial administrator 1 1 300 36 $10,800Field perdiem 2 40 10 36 $28,800

Geo director 1 1 500 36 $18,000Geo researcher 1 1 400 36 $14,400Geo trainer 1 1 400 36 $14,400Geo secretary 1 1 200 36 $7,200Field perdiem 3 40 10 36 $43,200

Water director 1 1 500 36 $18,000Water resarcher 1 1 400 36 $14,400Water trainer 1 1 400 36 $14,400Water secretary 1 1 200 36 $7,200Field perdiem 3 40 10 36 $43,200

Mining director 1 1 500 36 $18,000Mining researcher 1 1 400 36 $14,400Mining trainer 1 1 400 36 $14,400Mining secretary 1 1 200 36 $7,200Field perdiem 3 40 10 36 $43,200

Vehicles 4x4 4 50,000 1 1 $200,000Vehicle fuel, maintenance 4 1 150 36 $21,600

Building maintenance 1 1 100 36 $3,600

Document subscriptions 4 1 150 3 $1,800

Int'l conference travel 9 2,500 1 1 $22,500

Sub-Total - RGC Institutional Costs $769,800

24

25

OVERSEAS UNI

Item Students Yearly Cost Total($) ($)

Overseas Geothermal TrainingYear 1 4 6,000 $24,000Year 2 8 6,000 $48,000Year 3 12 6,000 $72,000

Overseas Hydrogeological Training Year 1 4 6,000 $24,000Year 2 8 6,000 $48,000Year 3 12 6,000 $72,000

Overseas Mining TrainingYear 1 4 6,000 $24,000Year 2 8 6,000 $48,000Year 3 12 6,000 $72,000

Sub-Total - Overseas University-Based Traning $432,000

IN-COUNTRY TRAINING

Incountry training cost breakdown Units Price/day Days Total$ $

Room rental 1 10 30 $300Pedagogical materials preparation $500Trainer travel to Rwanda 1 3,000 1 $3,000Trainer salary for 30 days 30 400 1 $12,000Trainer perdiem for 30 days 30 80 1 $2,400

Total for 1 month In-Country Training $18,200

Item Sessions / Year Years Unit Cost Total($) ($)

Incountry Geothermal Training 2 3 $18,200 $109,200

Incountry Water Resources Training 2 3 $18,200 $109,200

Incountry Mining Resources Training 2 3 $18,200 $109,200

Sub-Total - In-Country Traning $327,600

Total RGC Training $1,529,400Total Fast Track Geothermal Budget $693,920Total Gescience Capacity Building Budget $2,223,320

VERSITY-BASED TRAINING

26

APPENDIX V RWANDA FAST TRACK GEOTHERMAL LOGICAL FRAMEWORK

Costs

Overall Goal

Objectively Verifiable Indicators

Means of Verification

Assumptions Outputs

Increase available electric power from geothermal resource at affordable cost.

Potentially viable geothermal resources identified for power generation. Successful drilling carried out, pilot plant installed, operated.

Electrogaz monitors pilot plant power output. Power generated, sold to end-users.

Urgent power need continues. Gov’t continues strategy to diversify energy sources.

Rwandans leaders convinced geothermenergy is viable resource and will decrease country’s dependence on imported oil

al $5-6 million US

Objective: Build technical and institutional capacity for demonstrated use of geothermal energy for geological resources

power generation using indigenous

Activities

Task 1 - Hire fast-track geothermal task force team.

Geo Task Force established in Mininfra with 2 expats, Rwandan counterparts.

Task Force established with qualified personnel.

Urgent power need continues. Gov’t or donor financing available.

Active geothermdevelopment proinitiated and manin Rwanda.

al gram aged

$315,900 for 3 years (salaries only)

Task 2 – Initiate, oversee geothermal resource assessment before end 2007

Resource assessment contract signed, work initiated, progress reports received.. Geo resources identified.

Geo Task Force initiates geo resource assessment, oversees work, receives periodic reports.,

Experienced, expatriate agency or company available to carry out work.

Completed counwide geo resource assessment report high likelihood prospects identifitender docs prepfor slimhole drillin

try-

with

ed, ared

g.

$900,000

Task 3 – Prepare, submit ARGeo

UNEP/WB criteria rec’d, Rwanda’s commitment demonstrated,

Acknowledgement of receipt of application rec’d from UNEP/WB.

ARGeo is open to new membership from committed Rift Valley

Rwanda accepted as7th ARGeo memcountry.

ber

Depends on ARGeo requirements for new country membership.

application to UNEP/WB

application countries.

submitted.

Task 4 –

co for, carried

prpuexppro .

cont d, sig

gidresource assessment. Local

n erform drilling at

suffic es confirMW pilot plant.

Tender document Bids received, Potentially viable 2-3 wells drilled, with $2 million Slim hole drilling

ntracted

epared, blicized for loration / duction drilling

ract negotiatened.

eo resources entified from

ient capacitimed for 2-5

out. or regional drilling company capreasonable cost.

Task 5 – Installation of geothermalpilot p

lant

ared,

ilot

, signed.

g identifies viable geo resource for power generation. Plant

d, staffed and operating.

$2.5 million for 2 MW pilot plant.

Tender preppublicized for purchase, installation of pplant.

Bids received, contract negotiated

Exploration / production drillin

2-5 MW pilot plant installed, commissione

financing available. Task 6 – 4 RwanRwandan nationals trained to

ces,

ot

dans identified, training contracts signed, trainees go for

ed

Geo Task Force receives regular reports from trainers, trainees.

Rwandan counterparts available with geo-scientific,

ing nancing available.

pon their return.

4 trainees return to Rwanda with practical experience as plant mgr., resource mgr.,

$24,000 (training costs only)

overseas resourceand plant-relattraining.

electromechanical skills. Train

I&C tech., operator. Plant installer provides overlap OJT for O&M.

identify, assess georesouroperate, maintain geo pil

fiPlant about to become operational u

plant.

ERM -BUILDI

APPENDIX VI

LONG-T CAPACITY NG LOGICAL FRAMEWORK

Overall Goal Objectively Verifiable Indicators

Means of Verification

Assumptions Outputs Activities Costs

27

Promote Rwadevelopment through increause of geoscieresources.

ndan

sed

ntific

Objective Establish Rwageoscientific capacity for gscientific development purposes.

ndan

eo-

Purpose Establish and implement ap geothermal reand developmprograms that promote econdevelopment.

geoth -k

pa proved by Gov’t.

Traindesig

dents specializing in geothermal-related subje

dfor ocounteducgeothsubje Jobs

ude ng compoversincoupublisecto

u d in-n

othssessment.

Studeunde

gregeoc

ophpossi

ingeothermal energy.

graduates / year employed by the Electrogaz Water Division and/or private ector.

Ident dents rain as part of

geothermal resource assessment. Ident

Identify universities ith appropriate

ourses.

tify 4 student candidates for BS and MS courses overseas per year. Monitor student progress.

for

scho Monitor student progress.

Incountry perdiem for 4 Rwandans x $40/day x 60 days = $9,600 for resource

$6,000/year/student for courses in Africa, Europe x 4 students/year. Total $144,000 for 12 students during 3 years overseas training.

ify 4 stuing identified verseas and in-ry student

ation in ermal-related

4 stcougea

dents trainetry as part of ermal resource

to ting programs ned for 4

Funpliedsearch ent

Plan

Tracpre

to support ermal “Fast” program red, ap

stu

ify funding. assessment. nts graduate with rgrad and grad es in geology,

hemistry, ysics and

wc

cts.

st

cts.

identified for nts followiletion of eas and ntry training in c or private r.

de

ge

eng

8

omic

bly geological eering and

Iden

s

Students applyadmission,

larships.

28

29

8 students trained in-country at KIST and

UR 2 times per year

repare jobs for eturning students.

8 students trained 2 times per year in-ountry.

N

Pr

cEstabimplement applied water resource research and development programs that promot

lish and

e economopment

ic devel

ater resource xploration plan

developed, approved by Gov’t.

raining programs esigned for 8

students / year specializing in hydrogeological -related subjects.

Funding identified

n in

unding identified or overseas and in-

country student education in water resource - related subjects.

bs identified for

ning in

students trained / ear overseas and 8 in-

country at KIST and NUR 2 times per year. 16 graduates / year mployed by the

Electrogaz Water te

dentify funding.

Identify universities with appropriate courses. dentify 8 student

candidates for BS

y for admission,

Prepare jobs for

2

untry.at KIST

6,000/year/student or courses in

Africa, Europe. Total $144,000 for

2 students during 3 years overseas

NUR.

We

Td

for overseas and in-country studenteducatiohydrogeological-related subjects.

Ff

Jostudents following completion of overseas and incountry traipublic or private sector.

4y

e

Division and/or privasector.

I

I

and MS courses per year. Students appl

scholarships. Monitor student progress.

returning students. 8 students trained times per year in-coand NUR.

$f

1

training. $109,200 for 48 students trained over 3 years at KIST and

Provide support to Rwanda Geology & Mines Authority to implement applied mining exploration and development programs that promote economic

lan to support wanda Geology &

Mines Authority developed, approved by Gov’t.

Training programs designed, approved for 8 students / year specializing in mining -related subjects. Funding identified

Funding identified for overseas and in-country student education in mining - related subjects. Jobs identified for

s trained / ear overseas and 8 in-ountry at KIST and UR 2 times per year.

6 graduates / year mployed by the GMA and/or private

dentify funding.

riate

for BS

$6,000/year/student for courses in Africa, Europe. Total $144,000 for 12 students during 3 years overseas

PR

8 studentycN 1eR

I Identify universitieswith appropcourses. Identify 8 studentcandidates

30

development for overseas and in-country student education in mining -related subjects.

students following completion of overseas and incountry training in public or private sector.

ector. er

students.

2

training.

ears at IST and NUR.

s and MS courses pyear. Students apply for admission, scholarships. Monitor student progress. Prepare jobs for eturningr

8 students trained times per year in-country.

$109,200 for 48 students trained

ver 3 yoK

APPE

da

NDIX VII AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES WITH GEOSCIENCE COURSES

Makerere University, Kampala, Ugan University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Unive of n t a Rhode e u ri Stellenbosch University, South Africa University of Natal, South Africa University of Nairobi, Kenya Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya Kabarak University, Kabarak, Kenya Unive s Salaam, Tanzania

rsity

s Univ

Capetow

rsity, So

, Sou

th Af

h Afric

ca

rsity of Dar e

31

APPENDIX VIII

CONTACT INFORMATION FOR THE EOTHERMAL ENERGY RESEARCH MENT CENTER (GERDC) NGO

GAND DEVELOP

akwaya Dominique G

dgakwaya@yahoo.fr(250) 08300721 Ngabo Martin ngabomar@yahoo.fr(250) 08305959

32

APPENDIX IX

BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON UGANDA’S NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL ENVIRONMENTALISTS

da as a non-governmental organization (NGO) that was established in 1997

ustainable use of the country's natural resources. Since its inception, NAPE in environmental and sustainable energy promotion activities in Uganda,

sis on advocating for the development of alternative energy resources, and fluencing policy change in the development of Uganda's energy resources.

ther with the Uganda Wildlife Society (UWS) and Joint Energy and ts (JEEP), held the first multi-stakeholder Geothermal Energy Workshop in hop took advantage of the fact that many geothermal experts attended a US-led,

ulti-donor agency -sponsored geothermal workshop that was held a few days prior in the Kenyan capital of Nairobi. The Ugandan geothermal workshop was co-sponsored by the Siemenpuu Foundation (Finland) and the Rausing Trust (UK). The workshop drew participants from different Ugandan stakeholder groups including government officials, members of Parliament, representatives from NGOs, academicians, the public and media. As an outcome, NAPE developed a Geothermal Development Guide for Uganda – A Civil Society Perspective (available on our website). On 30 June 2005, NAPE, with further support from the Siemenpuu Foundation, held another geothermal workshop to publicly launch the guide. Contact information for NAPE: Muramuzi Frank, Executive Director, National Association of Professional Environmentalists, P.O. Box 29909, Plot No. 951/952 Wandegeya – Kubiri (Bwaise – Bombo Road), KAMPALA Tel: +256 41 534453, Tel/Fax: +256 41 530181 E-mail: nape@nape.or.ug

NAPE is registered in Ugansto lobby and advocate for

volvedhas been actively inwith specific emphain In April 2003, NAPE, togeEnvironment Projec

ganda. The worksUm

/ nape@utlonline.co.ug Website: www.nape.or.ug

33

APPENDIX X

GEOTHERMAL & GEOSCIENTIFIC CONTACTS IN RWANDA AND WORLD BANK

igali, Rwanda

igali, Rwanda

ator erman Federal Institute for Geosciences and atural Resources

Hannover, Stilleweg 2 30655 Hannover, Germany Tel: 49(0)511 6432378 Fax: 49(0)511 643532378 k.kessels@bgr.de

Mike Hughes, Advisor to the Minster of Science, Technology Office of the President Urugwiro Village P.O.Box 15 KTel: (250)59062033 Fax: (250) 59062115 Tel.: 08854929 m.hughes@yahoo.com Dr. Romain Murenzi Minister for Sciences, Technology and Scientific Research Office of the President Urugwiro Village P.O.Box 15 KTel: (250)59062034/08182034 Fax: (250)59062115 Mob: (250)0833006 Ms. Katrin Kessels Geotherm Program CoordinGNGeozentrum

www.bgr.bund.dewww.bgr.de/geotherm

r Stilleweg 2

Dr. Michael Kraml Geothermal Senior Geologist German Federal Institute for Geosciences andNatural Resources Geozentrum Hannove

30655 Hannover, Germany Tel: 49(0)511 6433483 Fax: 49(0)511 6433661 m.kraml@bgr.dewww.bgr.bund.dewww.bgr.de/geotherm Dr. Michael Biryabarema Task Force Chief for Geological Survey 250 083 01482 MINITERE Minister 0852116 Tel. 582628, 582631

Dr. Ing. Albert Butare Minister of State for Energy and Communications Blvd. de l’Umuganda PO Box 24, Kigali (250)582619 (250)08300022 abutare@gov.rw

mbiryabarema@yahoo.com

albertbrw@gmail.comwww.mininfra.gov.rw Jean Ngizimana KIST assistant lecturer and Consultant World Bank geothermal study 08651635 ngizipaix@yahoo.co.uk

34

Anhuba Verma Science, Technology and Innovation

Tel: (202) 473 4836 averma2@worldbank.org

Nacer Hammami MINIFRA

Programme World Bank

Tel. 00 (250) 08822854 nacerhammami@gmail.com

nyanganizi

o ion Quality Control

trogaz.co.rw

om

Minister Bikoro Mu Anthe Vrijlandt MINIFRA MINITERRE anthevrijlandt@gmail.c

Yussuf Uwamahoro

rgy Sector Coordinator

inifra.gov.rw

Jean Baptiste SebagabMININFRA Ene Head of SectTel: 08863791 Water Department Yussuf.uwamahoro@m Electrogaz uwayussuf@yahoo.com

wera Rutagrama r at MINIFRA

li

8300131 m

Tel. 08478930 jbsebagabo@elecU

Prof. Silas Lwakabamba ector

a

66

Geothermal CoordinatoMinistry of Infrastructure P.O: Box 5144, Kiga

RNational University of Rwand

Rwanda PO Box 117, Butare Tel: (250) 586623 (250) 530053 Cell: (250) 0 (250) 083001rwella@yahoo.co rector@nur.ac.rw www.nur.ac.rwAloys Kanamugire Makuza

Department lectrogaz

da

848

Director of ElectricityDr. Silas Mureramanzi E

B.P. 537 Kigali-Rwan Vice Rector (Academic Affairs) National UniversitTel. (250) 598270 y of Rwanda

2 w

FAX (205) 573802 Mobile (205) 08308

PO Box 117, Butare (250) 530160

mkanamugire@electrogaz.co.rw (250)0830580elgaz@rwanda1.com acadvr@nur.ac.r Patrick Carpentier Dr. Charles Ndagije Foraky Drilling Company

ali, Rwanda

cforaky@rwanda1.com

Dean of Faculty of Applied Sciences ational University of Rwanda

re

ahoo.fr

PO Box 3356, Kig N08301304 PO Box 117, Butap (250) 08682109

(250) 520210 ndagijeo@yJean Baptiste Bwanakeye

wanda Utility Regulatory Agency (RURA) el. 08525305 bwanakeye@yahoo.fr

cndagije@nur.ac.rwR T jb

35

Prof. Kurt Brassel

Butare 08

Dr. Anis Abdallah

niskamra@yahoo.fr

Director, GIS Center PO Box 212,

BP 486 00-253-87-10-11

(250) 086062 Djibouti brassel@cgisnur.org a

www.cgisnur.org

Prof Chrysologue Karangwa ector - Kigali Institute of Science and

i

R Technology (KIST) Avenue de l’Armee BP 3900, Kigal (250) 08301324 rector@kist.ac.rw www.kist.ac.rw

Gerard Nyabutsitsi Vice Rector – Administration and Finance

titute of Science and Technology

50) 510760

Kigali Ins (KIST) Avenue de l’Armee BP 3900, Kigali (2 (250) 08300637 vraf@kist.ac.rw www.kist.ac.rw

Stephen Hirsch, World Bank Consultant ct Development

t Associates

eno, NV 89502

areno.com

Vice President, Proje Geothermal Developmen 770 Smithridge Drive Suite 550 R Phone (775) 825 5800 Fax: (775) 825 4880 Res.: (703) 390 5592 shirsch@gd www.gdareno.com

36

APPENDIVE RWANDA 10 YEAR GEOTHERMAL STAFFING PLAN

MW Plant Mgr.

Plant Engr.

ResMg

perators Admin.

X XI ILLUSTRATI

ource .

I&C Tech

OPlant r

5 1 1 1 2 4 1 Gisenyi

2 2 2 4 8 2 Mashyuza 30

Total 3 3 3 6 12 3

30 Total

Personnel* * The above nu

mbers are illustrative only.

Actual staffing requirements will depend on factors including plant type, capacity, operation skill pool and planned on-the-job training.

scheduling, existing

37

A

KEY US UNIVERSITIES WITH GEOTHERMAL-RELATED COURSES There are approximately 25 US univer at off ous ge ce-related courses. From among this list, the following have had the most experience with geothermal-related issues: Southern Methodist University Dept. of Geological Sciences D David BlackwellDr. David P. Anderson PO Box 75338, Dallas, Texas 75275-0338 Phone: (214) 768-3845 dpa@io.isem.smu.edu SDG een Earth Science uild g 064 (m220) tanford, California 94305-2220 hone: (650) 723-9595 oland.horne@stanford.edu

PPENDIX XII

sities th er vari oscien

r.

tanford University r. Rowland Horne r B in ail code:

2SPR University of Nevada / Reno Dr. Lisa Shevernell Dept. of Geological Sciences and Engineering Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering College of Science, MS-172 Reno, Nevada 89557 Phone: (775) 784-1779 lisaas@unr.edu University of Utah Dean Francis Brown College of Mines and Earth Sciences 135 South 1460 East Browning Building, Room 719 Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0011 Phone: (801) 581-7162 f.brown@earth.utah.edu

Duke University Dr. Peter Ma 109A Old Chemistry Box 90227 Durham, North Carolina 27708 Phone: (919) 681-8889 Fax: (919) 684-5833 malin@duke.edu

lin

38

APPENDIX XIII

tudents at the university level for both bachelor and masters degrees. It is recommended that selected Rwandan students receive geoscientific educations at universities in Tanzania, South Africa,

BS Level Course Recommendations

dergraduate (Bachelor (or BS level) courses are recommended:

B.S. in Geologysics

ce Course Descriptions

BS in Geology he earth and its history including the physical environment, resources

of humans in its evolution.

s)

y ogical electives

es and research

geology summer field camp

Geophysical techniques are used to probe and understand the physical behavior of the planet, including plate tectonics, earthquake mechanisms and nuclear test-ban verification. A B.S. degree in geophysics provides a strong quantitative background in seismology, geothermics and

SUGGESTED UNIVERSITY-BASED GEOSCIENCE COURSES

Overview In order to strengthen Rwandan geoscientific capacity, it is necessary to train s

Kenya, Uganda or Europe.

The following un

B.S. in GeophyB.S. in ChemistryB.S. in Geological Engineering

Bachelor of Scien

Geology is the study of tand the place BS in Geology Course Requirements: General geology Geology (surface studieEarth materials Structural geologFour geolGeological field studiChemistry Physics Math (Calculus) Computer languages Participation in a recognized BS in Geophysics

39

digital signal processing BS inGene

hysics ath (Calculus)

Math (Elemental differential

geology or geophysics summer field camp

S Chemistry degrees generally include a set of "core" courses that provide students with sics, biology and mathematics to move into an s in the upper division (3rd and 4th year courses).

year students may do internships (e.g., with an environmental lawyer, an

quired for a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry

equirements ology

nd chemistry laboratory anic chemistry laboratory or quantitative analysis

ntroduction to Environmental Sciences, Earth Materials I,

Calculus with analytic geometry I & II tory mechanics and general physics laboratory I or general physics I and

ory I and introductory electricity and magnetism and general physics ratory II

arth Sciences Emphasis, Upper-Division Electives - Quantitative analysis, organic Chemistry istry II laboratory

Geophysics Course Requirements: ral geology

Earth materials) Structural geology Four geological electives with one in geophysics Earth dynamics Seismology Chemistry PM

equations) Math (Advanced math & linear algebra)

omputer languages CParticipation in a

S in Chemistry BBbackgrounds in chemistry, earth science, phyarth science, chemistry, or biology emphasie

Third and fourthassessment and remediation company, or a nonprofit agency) for course credit.

total of approximately 122 credits are reAor Environmental Science.

BS in Chemistry Course Rlogy and ecIntroductory bio

General chemistry aOrganic chemistry and orgGeological Sciences - Earth Systems, I

ials II Earth Materatics -Mathem

Physics - Introducgeneral physics laboratlaboratory II or general physics II and general physics labo

nvironmental geology seminar EEII and organic chemPhysical chemistry Environmental Chemistry Modern and Ancient Climates Process Geomorphology

40

Environmental Geology and Geochemical Cycles aleo-biology

mentation cience

cting

y anics

ion to Solid and Hazardous Waste Management atistical Methods

Bachelor of Science degree in Geological Engineering is the basis for careers concentrating n analyzing foundations for buildings, roads and other earth-based structures. Contaminated tes and ground-water must be accurately evaluated and characterized. Water supplies must be

and protected; and new mineral and energy resources must be located and

ce

ites

Hydrogeology - assessment and remediation of ground-water contamination, design of ical projects and exploration for and development

and their

r and development of natural deposits

arth, planetary science, ater flow and simulation of sedimentary rock sequences.

Master Level Course Recommendations

Gra geothermal energy, mining geology and

PStructural Geology Principles of SediInternship in geosGeophysical ProspePaleo-ecology Hydrogeology GeochemistrFluid MechIntroductIntroduction to St

BS in Geological Engineering Aosilocated, developeddeveloped in environmentally sound manners. The B.S. Geological Engineering curriculum includes a strong emphasis on geological scienand traditional engineering. It leads to careers in site investigation, design and stabilization of foundations; site characterization, design, construction and remediation of waste disposal sor contaminated sites; and assessment of geologic hazards.

Geological engineering can include emphases in

ground-water control facilities for geotechnof ground-water supplies. Petroleum Exploration and Development. The location of oil, gas and coal efficient extraction. Mineral Exploration and Development. The search foof metals, industrial materials and rock aggregate. Geological Science. Global climate change, the early history of the Efractal representation of ground-w

duate level degrees are necessary in order to specialize in hydrogeology.

41

Master of Science (Geology) Master of Science program quire 36 semester hours of course and research work plus a thesis. Twelve of the 36 credit hours may be research credits. To ensure breadth of background, the course of study for the Master of Science program in geology must include at leas ch of the fields of stratigraphy/sedimentology, structural geology/tectonics, and petrology. All Master of Science in Geology candidates must also complete a thesis based upon original rese MS the following or equivalent subjects: General geology Structural geology Field geology (6 weeks) MinPetHisStraChe MaThehou degree can include three possible areas of specialization - (1) engineering geology/geotechnics, (2) groundwater engineering, and (3) Can r equ Mathem ster of any two of: CalDifProbability and statistics NumLinOperations research OptBas Mineralogy and petrology Physics (2 semesters) Stratigraphy or sediment Physical geology

s in geology generally re

t one graduate course in ea

arch.

Geology candidates must complete

eralogy rology torical geology tigraphy mistry (3 semesters, including at least 1 semester of physical or organic)

ster of Science (Geological Engineering) Master of Science in Geological Engineering program requires a minimum of 36 semester rs of course and project/research plus a graduate thesis. The

mining geological engineering.

didates for MS degrees in Geological Engineering must have completed the following oivalent subjects:

atics - Calculus (2 semesters), one semeculus III ferential equations

erical analysis ear algebra

imization ic Science - Chemistry (2 semesters)

ation

Computer programming or GIS Engineering Science:

42

Structural Geology owing subjects:

gy

ot taken for a previous degree: ic geology

geology

ate program one semester in three of the following subjects if such courses

ngineering hydrology

xploration, and

Requ Introduction to Geochemistry MethOne hour laboratory course selected from several available. In addition, two courses selected from the following list:

One semester in four of the foll Physical chemistry or thermodynamics Statics Mechanics of materials Fluid mechanics Dynamics

Soil mechanics Rock mechanics Engineering design

ield geoloF

duate program each student must take one semester of the following subjects if As part of the grasuch courses were nMineral deposits/econom

y HydrogeologgEngineerin

graduAs part of the

were not taken for a previous degree: oundation engineering F

EGeomorphology Airphoto interpretation, photogeology, or remote sensing Petroleum geology Introduction to mining Introductory geophysics

ngineering geology design EMineral exploration design Groundwater engineering design Master of Science (Geochemistry)

chemistry program includes a core group of courses and four optional tracks: The MS Geo

Mineralogy-Petrology Aqueous-Environmental, Ore Deposits-EOrganic-Petroleum. ired core courses are:

ods in Geochemistry

43

Introduction to Aqueous Geochemistry NucAdvMineralogy and Crystal Chemistry

te Program in Geothermal Energy at Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA

ethodist University is a private university of 11,000 students near the center of Dallas, Texas. SMU offers undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs through seven

human development; law; and theology.

ts come from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and nearly 90 foreign esent diverse economic, ethnic, and religious backgrounds.

l

the requirements for a geophysics degree with an emphasis in ergy. The individual's interests and research help tailor the courses taken.

and exploration geothermal sites hort and long -term projects. Projects are primarily in the United States, but

pleted as well.

Currently Ongoing in the SMU Geothermal Lab: g of Geothermal Systems: primarily Dixie Valley, Nevada, The

• Thermal modeling of oil and gas fields: Gulf of Mexico, New Mexico� Processes: Pacific Coast of United States, Canada, and Costa

• On-site Borehole Temperature-Depth logging and interpretation: Central and Western

al fields: Western United States, Italy, and

Software available for use: ETRA by geoPlus�

e+ v.7.0 by Seismic Micro-Technology� - Geophysical software

id Flow/Heat Transfer/Rock Deformation

lear and Isotopic Geochemistry anced Physical Chemistry

Gradua

Southern M

schools — in the humanities and sciences; business; the performing, visual, and communication arts; engineering; education and SMU studencountries, and repr

SMU is one of the few universities in the world that offers a graduate program in geothermaenergy. SMU students followgeothermal enCompany requests for resource assessment of existing stimulate many sinternational research is com Programs and Research• Analysis and modelin

Geysers, California�

• Examination of Plate TectonicRica�

United States� • Resource Assessment of existing Geotherm

Indonesia

• Oil and Gas:�P• The Kingdom Suit

ell • Hampson-Russ• Modeling:�Tough 2�Geocrack - A Coupled Flu

Program� • GM-SYS - Gravity/Magnetic Modeling� • Argus MeshMaker

44

• Mapping Software Programs:�ArcView 8.2� • Surfer 8.01�Grapher 3.04�

uggested graduate courses with brief descriptions include: 320 - logic

evolut384 - HYDROGEOLOGY

gy.

and

EORY OF HEAT FLOW AND DIFFUSION. Heat transfer theory applied to the

viscoelastic materials, reciprocity, kinetic and

• Mapviewer 4.0 • �Didger 3.0

S5 DYNAMIC EARTH I. Studies the Earth's physical and chemical structure, its geo

ion, as well as the development upon the theory of plate tectonics.� . Introduction to the physical and chemical behavior of natural 5

waters and the role of fluids in geologic processes.� 5391 - POTENTIAL FIELD METHODS IN GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION. Emphasizes gravity and magnetic techniques to theorize geophysics, which covers heat flow, electrical methods, and application of hard- and soft-rock exploration. �5392 - INTRODUCTION TO SEISMOLOGY. Basic principles and theories of seismolo6321 - DYNAMIC EARTH II. Studies modern methods of measuring geologic time. Examination of sedimentary, biological, and geochemical cycles, evolutionary patterns,ontinental positions.� c

6338 - THERMODYNAMICS OF GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES. Application to the earth sciences, including igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary processes. 375 - TH6

thermal field of the earth and terrestrial planets.� 6376 - APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES OF GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION. Geophysical techniques with applications to geothermal exploration. 6392 - INTERIOR OF THE EARTH. Formation and thermal evolution of the Earth. 6394 - MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF GEOPHYSICS AND THEORETICAL

EISMOLOGY I. Field of studies, includingSdynamic source models, and matrix methods.

45

APPENDIX XIV SUG OURCE ENGINEERING / WELLFIELD MANAGEMENT

TRAINING TOPICS Key that should be included in Rw

anagement Interference testing • Scaling and corrosion analysis and mitigation technologies

GESTED RES

components of resource engineering and wellfield managementandan training plans are as follows: • Geological investigations and mapping (surface surveys, mapping and well site geological

work) • Geochemical analyses (major element geochemical sampling and analyses, gas chemistry,

isotopic surveys including interpretations) • Geophysical surveys • Exploration drilling and drilling engineering • Well testing • Reservoir engineering • Field development and management • Well-logging and downhole measurements • Well output testing • Site selection and development • Well design • Rig sizing, operation, maintenance, repair • Drilling costing, economics • Resource management • Reinjection and waste disposal planning, monitoring, management • Reservoir analysis, modeling and computer simulation • Geothermal resource and steamfield data m•

46

APPENDIX XV SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF KENGEN’S GEOTHERMAL PERSONNEL

To put the above personnel recommendations into perspective, it should be mentioned that, in order

tely a full-time basis in geothermal activities. They include

geo i n operati me of the personnel are trained to Master of Sci e e graduat the Geothermal Institute at the University of Auckland, New Zealand and the United Nations University Geothermal Training Program in Icel d

to maintain 2 geothermal plants of 45MW and 70MW (total 115MW), KenGen has approxima60 graduate professionals working on

log sts, geophysicists, geochemists, reservoir engineers, drilling engineers and power statioon, maintenance and electrical engineers. So

enc or Ph.D. levels in geothermal technology. A total of 59 Kenyan professionals haved from specialized institutions including

an .

47

APPENDIX XVI

2E

QUIPMENT NECESSARY FOR GEOTHERMAL ASSESSMENTS

FOR GEOLOGY Topographic and geological maps Aerial photographs Hand-held GPS Thermometers Thin section laboratory Microscopes (binocular and polarized) Petrochemical laboratory (total analysis of rocks, XRF)

-ray laboratory (clay analysis, XRD) otope laboratory for dating of rocks

FOR GEOCHEMISTRY

XIs

Topographic and geological maps Hand-held GPS Thermometers Chemical sampling equipment (water, gas) Field laboratory (pH, conductivity, CO2, H2S) Chemical laboratory (water, gas) Stable isotope laboratory (D, 18O) FOR GEOPHYSICS Topographic and geological maps Hand-held GPS Thermometers Geodetic (differential) GPS Gravimeter Magnetometers Temperature logging reel Shallow resistivity equipment (TEM, DC) Deep resistivity equipment (MT) Portable seismic stations Meteorological station

2 From Argeo/Iceland Study

48

APPENDIX XVII

RAL LABORATORY OF ELECTROGAZ

par le Laboratoire Central de l’Eau actuellement consiste en : portable pour analyses des paramètres physico-chimiques

précision e

ar heure).

MATERIAL AVAILABLE FOR WATER ANALYSIS AT THE CENT

Le matériel possédé-Un spectrophotomètre DREL 2400-Un turbidimètre -Un chlorimètre -Une balance de-Un agitateur magnétiqu-Un distillateur (7 litres d’eau distillée p Pour la bactériologie, ils ont: -Deux incubateurs -Une autoclave

n compteur des colonies.

st en grande partie disponible même s’elle peut être complétée.

la capacité en matériel et en personnel nous avons besoin de ce qui suit : n sciences de l’eau :au moins six personnes par an, avec

ur une année . vant mesurer même des éléments sous forme des traces (chimie

BO-métre CO-mètre

ampes de filtration de 3, et 6 postes en inox avec accessoires) terrain livrés en mallettes (il en existe plusieurs modèles).

-U Quant à la verrerie nécessaire elle e Pour augmenter-Formation continue du personnel existant epossibilité de spécialisation selon les besoins po-Equipements d’analyse précis poude l’eau) ; -D-D-Matériel de filtration (r-Des appareils multiparamètres de

49