Geomorphological applications of cosmogenic isotope...

Geomorphological applications ofcosmogenic isotope analysis Hermione AP Cockburnab andMichael A SummerfieldaaInstitute of Geography University of Edinburgh Drummond Street EdinburghEH8 9XP UKbSchool of Earth Sciences University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia

Abstract Cosmogenic isotope analysis involves the measurement of cosmogenic nuclides thathave accumulated in the upper few metres of the Earthrsquos surface as a result of interactionsbetween cosmic rays and target elements The concentrations of these cosmogenic nuclides canprovide quantitative estimates of the timing and rate of geomorphic processes In dating appli-cations the concentration of cosmogenic nuclides is interpreted as reflecting the time elapsedsince a surface exposure event However over most of the Earthrsquos surface for most of the timethe landsurface experiences incremental denudation and in these circumstances cosmogenicnuclide concentrations are related to the rate of denudation Applications of event dating usingcosmogenic isotopes include constructional landforms such as volcanic and depositionalfeatures fault displacement meteorite impacts rapid mass movement bedrock surfaces rapidlyeroded by fluvial or wave action or exposed by glacial retreat and the burial of sediment or iceStrategies for quantifying rates of incremental change include estimates of denudation ratesfrom site-specific samples and from fluvial sediment samples reflecting catchment-wide ratesand measurements of cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in soils and regolith to quantify ratesof rock weathering The past decade has seen a rapid growth in applications of cosmogenicisotope analysis to a wide range of geomorphological problems and the technique is nowplaying a major role in dating and quantifying rates of landscape change over timescales ofseveral thousands to several millions of years

Key words cosmogenic isotope analysis cosmogenic nuclides dating denudation ratesgeomorphology

Progress in Physical Geography 281 (2004) pp 1ndash42

copy Arnold 2004 1011910309133304pp395oa

Author for correspondence Tel 0131 650 2519 fax 0131 650 2524 e-mail masgeoedacuk

2 Geomorphological applications of cosmogenic isotope analysis

I Introduction

The Earth is under constant bombardment by cosmic radiation primarily comprisingprotons with a smaller proportion of a-particles electrons and heavier nuclei Aproportion of this cosmic radiation comes from the Sun but the more energetic particles(typically 108ndash1010 eV) originate largely from our own galaxy with the very highestenergy particles (up to 1020 eV) having a source outside the Milky Way It is the higherenergy particles that are primarily responsible for generating the shower of secondarycosmic radiation in the upper atmosphere which reaches the Earthrsquos surface Thissecondary cosmic radiation flux consisting predominantly of neutrons with a muchsmaller component of muons interacts with target elements in minerals in a shallowlayer at the Earthrsquos surface to produce in situ extremely small quantities of cosmogenicnuclides Measurements of the amounts of these cosmogenic nuclides accumulatedover time can provide valuable information on the age and rate of change of the landsurface

Until the development in the late 1970s and early 1980s of accelerator mass spec-trometry (AMS) (Klein et al 1982 Elmore and Phillips 1987) and high-sensitivity noblegas mass spectrometry cosmogenic isotope analysis was confined to the relativelymuch higher concentrations of cosmogenic nuclides found in meteorites and lunarsamples that had received a cosmic-ray flux which had not been attenuated by theshielding effects of the Earthrsquos atmosphere Nonetheless even prior to developing thecapability to measure the exceedingly low concentrations of cosmogenic nuclidesproduced in situ in terrestrial materials the potential for applying such measurementsto geomorphological problems was recognized In fact the origins of using cosmogenicnuclides to determine the exposure history of the Earthrsquos surface go back to Davis andSchaffer (1955) who used beta counting to date a late Quaternary surface on a chlorine-rich phonolite Other early contributions include a largely ignored paper published inGerman in the early 1970s (Froumlhlich and Luumlbert 1973) which proposed calculatingdenudation rates using in-situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides (see Tuniz et al 1998)and the work by Srinivasan (1976) who measured cosmogenic 126Xe to determine alsquosurface residence timersquo for a sedimentary barite sample (see Cerling and Craig 1994a)

Following the advances in measurement technology and the increased understand-ing of the in situ production of cosmogenic nuclides that was acquired during the 1980sthere has been a rapid growth in applications of cosmogenic isotope analysis in geo-morphology and related fields of Quaternary science From five or six papers per yearin the early 1990s the number has risen to 20 or more in the past two to three years(Figure 1) These totals are for applications papers only and exclude a large body oftheoretical and technical contributions

The importance of cosmogenic isotope analysis as a technique in geomorphologyarises in part from the timescale that it can address Depending on the local rate of landsurface stripping cosmogenic isotope analysis can provide information on ages ofgeomorphic events denudation rates and the operation of specific geomorphicprocesses over timescales ranging from thousands to millions of years It thus forms acrucial bridge between investigations over the short term based on modern process ratemeasurements and historical data and long-term studies based on techniques such asthermochronology (Burbank et al 1996 Cockburn et al 2000) A key advantage of atechnique that provides information on denudation over these intermediate timescales

HAP Cockburn and MA Summerfield 3

is that it can effectively average out short-term fluctuations in rates associated withclimatic variations or other high frequency perturbations It also circumvents to a largeextent the problem of high magnitudendashlow frequency events which severely limit thepotential to extrapolate short-term geomorphic process rate measurements (typicallylimited to a few years) to the longer term

Another key advantage is the very wide scope for sampling in addressing a diverserange of geomorphological problems Unlike information gleaned from geochronolog-ical techniques such as radiocarbon or luminescence dating which are frequentlyconfined to rather specific field situations cosmogenic isotope data can be acquiredfrom an enormous variety of geomorphologically useful contexts This is the casebecause of the almost ubiquitous occurrence in common rock-forming minerals of thetarget elements for cosmogenic nuclide production (Table 1) The ability to date orquantify rates of landform change directly rather than inferring chronologicalinformation about them indirectly makes the technique particularly valuable In shortcosmogenic isotope analysis enables geomorphological studies to be attempted thatwere previously impossible it can address key questions about geomorphic processrates and it provides the means to answer long-standing questions about landscapeevolution

In this review we focus on the geomorphological applications of in situ-producedcosmogenic isotope analysis although many of the studies discussed especially thoseinvolving the dating of landforms also have great relevance to problems in Quaternaryscience We exclude applications based on atmospheric (also known as lsquometeoricrsquo orlsquogarden varietyrsquo) cosmogenic nuclide production although this can also provideimportant insights into environmental processes (eg McKean et al 1993 Stanford etal 2000) not least in 14C dating of organic materials Our aim is to provide a compre-hensive although not exhaustive survey to inform researchers unfamiliar with thetechnique of the potential of in situ-produced cosmogenic isotope analysis in advancing

Figure 1 Growth in number of papers on geomorphological applica-tions of in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides published from 1990 tomid-2002


Table 1

Prop

erties of the

main terrestrial c

osmog

enic nuc

lides used in

geo

morph

olog

ical app

lications

Isotop

eHalf-life (yr)

Main target

Measuremen

tCom

men

tsminerals

3 He

stab

leolivine pyrox

ene

mass

High prod

uctio

n rate w

hich

is relatively well c

onstrained

low

hornblen

de g

arne

tspec

trom

etry

detection lim

it lo

ng exp

osure histories ca

n be

recorde

d in suitable

host m

inerals which

retain

3 He but not for qua

rtz from

which

there

is gen

erally rap

id diffusion of 3He possible inhe

ritanc

e of 3He

whe

re sam

ple ha

s be

en previou

sly expo

sed Best results using

samples from

roc

ks w

ith crystallin

e ag

es lt5Ma

10Be

151

acute10

6qu

artz o

livine

AMS

Prim

ary target m

ineral (q

uartz) is w

idesprea

d can

be an

alysed

inco

njun

ction with

other cosmog

enic nuc

lides fo

rmed

in qua

rtz (26 A

lin sam

e aliquo

t 14C and

21 N

e in sam

e sample) lon

g ha

lf-life

prov

ides possibility of rec

ording

long

exp

osure histories lo

wprod

uctio

n rate m

eans app

lication is limite

d whe

re exp

osure even

tsare rece

nt relative ab

unda

nce of atm

osph

eric 10 B

e a po

tential

contam

inan

t req

uiring

rigorou

s sample trea

tmen

t prod

uctio

n rate

well-co

nstra

ined

only for qu

artz

14C

573

acute10

3qu

artz c

alcite

AMS

Target m

inerals are widesprea

d sho

rt half-life mea

ns th

at rec

ent

complex

exp

osure histories ca

n be

ana

lysed whe

n pa

ired

with

astab

le cosmog

enic nuc

lide or a cosmog

enic rad

ionu

clide with

along

er half-life sho

rt half-life also limits th

e po

tential for in

heritanc

epo

ssibility of co

ntam

ination by

atm

osph

eric 1

4 C p

roce

dures

curren

tly le

ast d

evelop

ed of the

com

mon

ly used co

smog

enic

nuclides


21Ne

stab

lequ

artz o

livine

mass

Target m

inerals are widespread poten

tial for rec

ording

the long

est

garnet

spec

trom

etry

expo

sure histories of a

ny cosmog

enic isotop

e as it is stab

le and

clinop

yrox

ene

unlik

e 3 H

e app

ears to

be effectively retained

in qua

rtz how

ever

this also means th

at in

heritanc

e from

previou

s expo

sure is possible

even

ove

r long

time span

s as a stab

le nuc

lide it is valua

ble whe

nan

alysed

in con

junc

tion with

10 B

e an

d 26Al to reco

rd com

plex

expo

sure histories c

areful correction for nu

cleo

genic

21Ne is

requ

ired

espec

ially

for sho

rt exp

osure histories in sam

ples w

ith old

crystalliza

tion ages an

d trap

ped

21Ne in in

clusions

26Al

720

acute10

5qu

artz

AMS

Target m

ineral is

widesprea

d can

be an

alysed

in con

junc

tion with

othe

r co

smog

enic nuc

lides fo

rmed

in qua

rtz (10 B

e 14 C

21 N

e) in

same aliquo

tsam

ple to in

vestigate co

mplex

exp

osure histories very

low con

centratio

n (lt20

0pp

m) of to

tal A

l in sam

ple requ

ired

as it is

difficu

lt to m

easure lo

w 26 A

l27 A

l ratios by

AMS

36Cl

301

acute10

5K-feldspa

rAMS

Atm

osph

eric produ

ction is lo

w so can be

used on

who

le roc

k (eg

plag

ioclase

basalt an

d lim

estone

) on

ly viable co

smog

enic nuc

lide for some

calcite

35 C

l in

litho

logies multip

le produ

ction pa

thway

s from

multip

le

fluid in

clusions

elem

ents tog

ethe

r with

rad

ioge

nic an

d nu

cleo

genic prod

uctio

nin qua

rtz

mea

n that anc

illary ge

oche

mical ana

lyses are requ

ired

and

that data

analysis is

more co

mplex

than

for othe

r co

smog

enic nuc

lides sulfur

contam

ination in sam

ples is typ

ical and

discrim

ination be

twee

n 36Cl

and the isob

ar 36 S by AMS ge

nerally

req

uires the high

er ene

rgies

prov

ided

by high

voltage

acc

elerators

Source

ba

sed on

Kurz an

d Brook

(199

4) Tun

iz eta

l (199

8) F

ifield (199

9) and

Gosse and

Phillips (2

001)


research in geomorphology and allied fields Several excellent discussions of theprinciples and technical details of cosmogenic isotope analysis are already availablemost notably the comprehensive review by Gosse and Phillips (2001) but alsoincluding contributions by Lal and Peters (1967) Lal (1988) Nishiizumi et al (1993)Finkel and Suter (1993) Cerling and Craig (1994a) Bierman (1994) Kurz and Brook(1994) Tuniz et al (1998) Fifield (1999) and Zreda and Phillips (2000) Discussions ofcosmogenic isotope analysis are now also to be found in texts and reference manuals(eg Dickin 1995 Noller et al 2000) an indication that the technique is beginning tomove from the purely development stage to more routine applications

II Cosmogenic isotope analysis

The main principles that govern the use of cosmogenic isotopes in geomorphology areconceptually simple a cascade of cosmic radiation continuously bombards the Earth ofwhich a small proportion reaches the surface where nuclear interactions with terrestrialmaterials such as soil or rock produce cosmogenic nuclides Strong attenuation of thecosmic-ray flux restricts production to the upper few metres of the Earthrsquos crust thusthe concentration of in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides in a surface sample providesa quantitative record of near-surface exposure Lal (1988) identified 12 cosmogenicisotopes that are produced in terrestrial materials Six of these have been significant ingeomorphological investigations ndash 3He 10Be 14C 21Ne 26Al 36Cl (Table 1) ndash whereasothers such as 39Ar and 41Ca (eg Loosli 1983 Fink et al 1990) will require furtherdevelopment for geomorphological applications

Knowledge of production mechanisms and time-integrated production rates formthe basis for the application of cosmogenic isotope analysis in geomorphologySignificant advances have been made since the pioneering work of Lal and Peters(1967) and reducing remaining uncertainties in production systematics remains a majorresearch priority (Gosse et al 1996 Dunai 2000 2001a b 2002 Stone 2000 2002Desilets et al 2001) Three principal mechanisms produce most cosmogenic nuclidesneutron spallation (the dominant process at the surface for all cosmogenic nuclides)thermal neutron capture and muonic interactions (which become of increasing relativeimportance with depth owing to the longer penetration lengths of these particles(Heisinger et al 2002a b) ) Production rates have been determined both empiricallyusing natural and artificial targets (eg Nishiizumi et al 1989 1996 Cerling and Craig1994b Niedermann et al 1994 Kubik et al 1998 Stone et al 1998a Dunai andWijbrans 2000) and theoretically (eg Lal 1991 Masarik and Reedy 1995 Masarik2002 see also Gosse and Phillips 2001 1519) Production rates vary with location andtime and must be scaled to account for a number of factors including depth within atarget (Lal 1991 Brown et al 1992) altitude (atmospheric shielding) and latitude(primarily the spatial influence of the geomagnetic field) (Lal 1991 Dunai 2000 Stone2000) topographic shielding and sample surface slope (exposure geometry) (Dunne etal 1999) Temporal influences that need to be addressed include variations in thecosmic-ray flux (Gosse and Phillips 2001) several geomagnetic field parametres thatvary with time (Kurz et al 1990 Licciardi et al 1999 Dunai 2001b Masarik et al 2001)intermittent shielding by surface materials including regolith sediments snow andvegetation (Nishiizumi et al 1989 Gosse et al 1995a) loss of cosmogenic nuclides


through diffusion from the host mineral (Trull et al 1991 Brook et al 1993) the effectsof fire (Bierman and Gillespie 1991 Zimmerman et al 1994) and possible changes inthe elevation of sampled sites (Lal 1991 Brown et al 1991) The net result of all theseeffects is that very careful sampling protocols are required based on a detailed under-standing of the geomorphic processes operating at sampled sites (Gosse and Phillips2001) and quantitative modelling of production rates for each isotope and application(Lal 1991 Dunai 2000 Stone 2000) Current levels of uncertainty are approximately10ndash20 most of which results from production rate scaling for latitude and altitude(see Gosse and Phillips 2001 for detailed discussion)

Cosmogenic nuclides accumulate in surface rocks as a function of production overtime moderated by denudation and for radioisotopes radioactive decay In some casesrelative concentrations in a suite of samples can be enough to solve a geomorphologi-cal problem More often translating measured abundances of cosmogenic nuclides intouseful geomorphic data depends on the use of a suitable interpretative model based onan appreciation of probable site history Various models have been devised some beingunique to individual applications The simplest and most widely used model involvesestimating the surface exposure age of a sample assuming that it has been suddenlyexposed from a depth sufficient for it not to contain a pre-existing (inherited)cosmogenic nuclide component and that it has not subsequently experienceddenudation or burial Under these circumstances a stable nuclide will continue toaccumulate indefinitely and therefore have no theoretical upper age limit although thezero denudation assumption is likely to be violated over longer timescales (~gt105 yr)and this imposes an upper limit to exposure dating Radionuclides eventually attain anequilibrium concentration where production is balanced by radioactive decay Thispoint defines the theoretical upper age limit for cosmogenic radionuclide exposuredating assuming zero denudation and is reached after approximately four times thehalf-life of the radionuclide being used (Table 1) If the assumption of zero denudationis not met or the nuclide concentration has become saturated the model will yield anlsquoapparentrsquo or minimum age In cases where there has been progressive denudationrather than a sudden lsquoexposure eventrsquo the cosmogenic nuclide concentration can beused to estimate a rate of denudation assuming that the system is in secular equilibriumwith respect to production denudation and decay (for radionuclides) (see Section V 1)This model effectively quantifies the lsquodwell timersquo of the upper 1ndash2 m of the surfaceSuch estimates are model-dependent since assumptions have to be made about secularequilibrium and the temporal variability in the denudation rate and are model maximaif these assumptions are not met (Bierman 1994 Cerling and Craig 1994a)

III Range of applications

In summarizing here the wide range of applications of cosmogenic isotope analysis togeomorphological phenomena it is important to highlight the two ways of modellingcosmogenic nuclide concentrations by drawing a distinction between dating geomor-phological lsquoeventsrsquo and measuring incremental change A geomorphological event inthis context is a change in the landscape that in relation to the background rate of mod-ification of the landscape represents an lsquoinstantaneousrsquo occurrence of sufficientmagnitude to expose material that has previously been effectively shielded from cosmic


radiation Common examples would be exposure of a fresh bedrock face by a deeplandslide or by glacial retreat Obviously once the lsquoeventrsquo has occurred lsquonormalrsquogeomorphic processes can lead to progressive denudation of the lsquoevent surfacersquo Thedepth of such modification and therefore the effect on cosmogenic nuclide concentra-tion is likely to be negligible in most instances for young events (typically ~1ndash3 acute104 yr) in comparison with the depth through which significant cosmogenic nuclideproduction occurs

By incremental change we envisage the mode of landscape activity that occurs overmost of the Earthrsquos landscape for most of the time ndash that is the progressive weatheringand stripping away of material in increments that are small in comparison with thecharacteristic attenuation length (typically ~06 m for rock) of cosmogenic nuclideproduction in Earth surface materials Although there are important exceptions it isusually more appropriate to regard the cosmogenic nuclide concentration of a sampleas reflecting the net effect of cosmogenic nuclide production and the prevailing rate ofdenudation (and radioactive decay in the case of radionuclides) than to think of a landsurface as having been initiated at a specific instance in the past and thereby seeing thelandscape as comprising elements with specific lsquoagesrsquo We prefer the term lsquodenudationrsquoto lsquoerosionrsquo when referring to the overall removal of surface materials resulting from acombination of processes or where the specific processes are undefined we uselsquoerosionrsquo where the process is predominantly or solely one of entrainment and transportof solid material by water ice or wind The distinction between dating events andrecording rates of incremental change has been used as the basis for organizing thisreview (Table 2)

IV Dating events

1 Constructional landforms

a Volcanic landforms The construction of new surfaces on volcanic landformswhich normally occurs lsquoinstantaneouslyrsquo in the context of long-term rates of landscapechange provides a clear example of a geomorphic event that can be dated through theaccumulation of cosmogenic nuclides Moreover the ability to date volcanic rocks inde-pendently using radiometric techniques has provided an important means ofdetermining cosmogenic nuclide production rates (Craig and Poreda 1986 Kurz 1986a1986b 1987 Phillips et al 1986 Marti and Craig 1987 Kurz et al 1990 Nishiizumi etal 1990 Poreda and Cerling 1992 Laughlin et al 1994) With these improvedcosmogenic nuclide production rate data surface exposure dating of lava flows is nowable to provide independent corroboration of radiometric ages where post-eruptivedenudation has been insignificant (Staudacher and Allegravegre 1993) and has the potentialto be used in preference to conventional radiometric methods in specific casesespecially for young flows and for samples with a low potassium content or inheritedargon (Sarda et al 1993 Zreda et al 1993 Laughlin et al 1994 Shepard et al 1995)

Where there are reliable radiometric ages for lava flows the difference in radiometricand apparent surface exposure age can be used to identify burial events and quantifythe rate of post-eruptive denudation (Cerling 1990) For instance on ReacuteunionStaudacher and Allegravegre (1993) found that the cosmogenic exposure age of ~62 plusmn 4 ka fora lava flow was only slightly younger than its 65 ka K-Ar age thus constraining the rate


Table 2

Applications

of in situ-pr

oduced cosmog

enic nuc

lides in

geo

morph

olog

y

Nature of

Categ

ory of

App

lications w

ith examples

proc

ess

proc

ess

Even

tCon

struction of

1 V

olca

nic

land

form

s(eg lava

flow

s cinde

r co

nes) d

ating of extrusive

roc

ks c

hron

olog

y of

(age

)land

surfaces

construc

tion of volca

nic land

form

svo

lcan

icCraig and

Pored

a (198

6) K

urz (198

6b 1

987) P

hillips eta

l (198

6) M

arti an

d Craig (1

987) C

erlin

g(199

0) N

ishiizum

i eta

l (199

0) K

urz et

al (19

90) Po

reda

and

Cerlin

g (199

2) A

ntho

ny and

Poths

(199

2) S

taud

ache

r an

d Allegrave

gre (199

3) S

arda

eta

l (199

3) Z

reda

eta

l (199

3) L

augh

lin eta

l (199

4)

Shep

ard et

al (19

95) Rey

nolds et

al (19

95) Ep

pes an

d Harrison (199

9) L

icciardi eta

l (199

9) F

enton

etal (20

01)

Con

struction of

2 A

lluvi

al r

iver

ter

race

sch

ange

s in sed

imen

t delivery throug

h tim

e clim

atic or tecton

ic con

trols on

land

surfaces

sedimen

t delivery

depo

sitio

nal

Molna

r et

al (199

4) A

nderson et

al (19

96) Rep

ka eta

l (199

7) P

hillips eta

l (199

8) Han

cock eta

l (199

9) S

challer et

al 2

002) S

child

gen et

al (20

02)

3 A

lluvi

al f

ans

debr

is f

low

sag

e co

nstraints on

seism

ic activity

throug

h offsettin

g by

faults

Ritz

eta

l (199

5) B

ierm

an eta

l (199

5) L

iu eta

l (199

6) S

iame et

al (19

97 2

002) B

rown et

al

(199

8a) va

n de

r Woe

rd eta

l (199

8 200

2) C

erlin

g (1

990) K

linge

r et

al (20

00) Zeh

fuss eta

l (200

1)

Fenton

eta

l (200

1) H

etzel et

al (20

02a b) Jackson et

al (200

2)

4 L

acus

trin

e sh

orel

ine

depo

sits

chron

olog

y of te

cton

ic deformation palae

ohyd

rology

and

clim

atic cha

nge

Trull e

tal (199

5)

5 I

ce-m

argi

nal m

orai

nes

glac

ial h

istory c

limatic cha

nge

Brown et

al (19

91) Brook

eta

l (199

3 199

5a b

) Brook

and

Kurz (199

3) G

osse eta

l (199

5a b)

Phillips et

al (19

90 1

996 199

7) Z

reda

and

Phillips (1

995) Ivy

-Och

s et

al (19

96 1

997) F

abel eta

l (199

7) Jac

kson

eta

l (199

7 199

9) C

hadw

ick et

al (19

97) Steig et

al (19

98) Davis eta

l (199

9) F

abel

and Harbo

r (199

9) G

ualtieri e

tal (200

0) S

hana

han an

d Zreda

(200

0) T

schu

di eta

l (200

0) M

arsella

etal (20

00) Ph

illips et

al (200

0) Barrows et

al (20

01 20

02) Brine

r et

al (20

01 2

002) L

icciardi eta

l (200

1) O

wen

eta

l (200

1 200

2a b

c) Kap

lan et

al (200

1) M

iller eta

l (200

2) S

chaumlfer eta

l (200

2a

b) B

ourlegraves eta

l (200

2) B

owen

eta

l (200

2) P

hillips and

Bow

en (2

002) Jam

es eta

l (200

2)

6 M

arin

e sh

orel

ine

depo

sits

relative sea-level c

hang

ePe

rg eta

l (200

1)


Table 2

Con

tinu

ed

Nature of

Category of

App

lications w

ith exa

mples

proc

ess

proc

ess

Even

tEx

posure th

roug

h7

Dev

elop

men

t of

fau

lt s

carp

spa

laeo

sesimicity

earthqu

ake recu

rren

ce in

tervals reg

iona

l tecton

ic

(age

)tecton

ic

stud

ies

(con

t)displace

men

tZreda

and

Noller (199

8) H

andw

erge

r et

al (19

99) Mitc

hell et

al (200

1)

Episod

ic8

Met

eori

te im

pact

sde

nuda

tion of th

eNishiizum

i eta

l (199

1a) Ph

illips et

al (19

91)

land

surface

9 R

apid

mas

s m

ovem

ent(eg land

slides roc

k falls d

ebris avalan

ches top

pling bo

ulde

rs)

mag

nitude

ndashfrequ

ency

relationships of rap

id m

ass mov

emen

t processes c

orrelatio

n with

clim

atic

chan

ge or seismic eve

nts

Kubik et

al (19

98) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

98) Ballantyn

e et

al (19

98) Bell e

tal (199

8) C

erlin

g et

al

(199

9) H

erman

ns eta

l (200

0 200

1) B

arna

rd eta

l (200

1)10

Cat

astr

ophi

c flo

odin

glake ove

rflows glacial la

ke outbu

rsts lan

dslid

e da

m fa

ilures

Cerlin

g (199

0) C

erlin

g an

d Craig (1

994b

) Cerlin

g et

al (19

94)

11F

orm

atio

nof

stra

thte

rrac

es p

alae

ohyd

rologyc

hron

olog

yan

drate

ofincision

ofassociated

chan

nel Burba

nk eta

l (199

6) L

elan

d et

al (19

98) Barna

rd eta

l (200

1) P

ratt et

al (20

02)

12 F

orm

atio

n of

wav

e-cu

t pl

atfo

rmsch

rono

logy

of relative sea-level c

hang

eSton

e et

al (19

96)

Expo

sure of

13 E

xpos

ure

of b

edro

ck s

urfa

ces

or

glac

ial o

r flu

viog

laci

al d

epos

itio

nal

form

sch

rono

logy

of retreat

land

surface

of ic

e margin con

firmation an

d da

ting of limits of g

laciation from

trim

lines c

hron

olog

y of clim

atic

throug

h ch

ange

remov

alNishiizum

i eta

l (198

9 199

1b) Brook

eta

l (199

6) B

runo

eta

l (199

7) Ballantyn

e et

al (19

98) Ston

eof ice

cov

eret

al (19

98b) B

rine

r an

d Sw

anson (199

8) B

ierm

an eta

l (199

9) F

abel eta

l (200

2) Stroev

en eta

l (200

2) G

osse and

Willen

bring (200

2) G

ualtieri a

nd Brigh

am-G

rette

(200

1) K

elly eta

l (200

2) S

tone

(200

2)

Burial p

roce

sses

14 D

epos

itio

n of

sed

imen

t in

cav

es c

hron

olog

y of cave de

velopm

ent rate of inc

ision of assoc

iated

suba

erial fluvial systems

Grang

er eta

l (199

7 200

1a)

15 B

uria

l of

surf

aces

h

oriz

ons

in d

epos

itio

nal s

eque

nces

cha

nges in

sed

imen

t delivery throug

h tim

eclim

atic or tecton

ic con

trols

Grang

er and

Smith

(200

0) G

rang

er and

Muz

ikar (2

001)


16 B

uria

l of

glac

ial i

ce g

lacial and

clim

atic history

Schauml

fer et

al (20

00) March

ant e

tal (200

2)

Increm

entalProg

ressive

17 D

enud

atio

n of

bed

rock

reg

olit

h an

d de

posi

tion

al s

urfa

cesby

mecha

nica

l and

or ch

emical

chan

gede

nuda

tion of the

denu

datio

nal p

roce

sses at spe

cific

points on

the land

surface

(site

-spe

cific

rates) in som

e ca

ses

(rate)

land

surface

extrap

olation of site

-spe

cific

rates to

larger areas possible rates of d

enud

ation of differen

t lan

dsca

peelem

ents (e

g rive

r ch

anne

ls v

alley-side

slope

s interflu

ves) a

ssessm

ent o

f fac

tors con

trollin

gde

nuda

tion rates on

spe

cific

land

form

s (eg slop

e clim

ate litholog

y)

Nishiizum

i eta

l (198

6 199

1b) Ku

rz (1

986b

) Albrech

t eta

l (199

3) B

rown et

al (19

95a) B

ierm

anan

d Tu

rner (1

995) S

eidl eta

l (199

7) Sm

all e

tal (199

7 199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

020

01a b) Weissel and

Seidl (1

998) C

ockb

urn et

al (19

99 2

000) F

leming et

al (19

99) Coc

kburn an

dSu

mmerfie

ld (2

000) S

ummerfie

ld eta

l (199

9a b) B

elton et

al (20

00) Grang

er eta

l (200

1b) van de

rWateren

and

Dun

ai (2

001) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1 200

2)18

Reg

iona

l den

udat

ionrepresen

ting ag

greg

ate effects of den

udationa

l proc

esses ac

ross drainage area

s(areally ave

rage

d de

nuda

tion rates de

rived from

bulk sedimen

t sam

ples) assessmen

t of fa

ctors

controlling

den

udation rates for draina

ge areas as a who

le

Brown et

al (19

95a 199

8b) Grang

er eta

l (199

6 200

1b) Sm

all e

tal (199

9) C

lapp

eta

l (200

020

01 2

002) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1) R

iebe

eta

l (200

0 200

1a b

c) Kirch

ner et

al (20

01)

Scha

ller et

al (20

01) Nicho

ls eta

l (200

2)

Ablation of ic

e19

Rat

es o

f ab

lati

on o

n gl

acie

rs lon

g-term

glacier m

ass ba

lanc

e stud

ies

surfac

esLa

l eta

l (198

7 199

0) L

al and

Jull (199

0 199

2) Jull e

tal (199

4a)

Vertic

al20

Ver

tica

l tra

nslo

cati

on o

f m

ater

ial i

n so

ils m

odes and

rates of soil d

evelop

men

tmov

emen

tsHeimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

0 200

1a b

) Ph

illips et

al (19

98) Ph

illips (200

0)

with

in reg

olith

or

21 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l in

late

rite

sdu

ricr

usts

mod

es and

rates of formation

othe

r de

posits

Brown et

al (19

94) Liu et

al (19

94) Brauc

her et

al (19

98a b 2

000) S

chroed

er eta

l (200

1)

22 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

slop

e m

ater

ials

nature an

d rates of slope

processes

Small e

tal (199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (200

2)

23 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

aeol

ian

depo

sits

dyn

amics of aeo

lian de

posits

Klein eta

l (198

6) Sh

epard et

al (19

95)

24 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

dese

rt p

avem

ent

syst

emsform

ation of desert p

avem

ents

Wells eta

l (199

5) S

hepa

rd eta

l (199

5)

Palaeo

-25

Cha

nge

in e

leva

tion

thr

ough

tim

einferred

throug

h ch

ange

in produ

ction rate e

stim

ating pa

staltim

etry

elev

ations and

rate of uplift of the

land

surface

to con

strain te

cton

ic m

odels

Brown et

al (19

91) Brook

eta

l (199

3 199

5a) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

95) Bruno

eta

l (199

7) S

chaumlfer et

al (199

9) V

an der W

ateren

eta

l (199

9) G

osse and

Stone

(200

1) K

ober eta

l (200

2)


of denudation rate since eruption to less than ~3 m Mandash1 and confirming that the flowwas not covered by scoriae or ash during subsequent eruptions Other specific applica-tions of cosmogenic isotope analysis to volcanic landforms have included usingcosmogenic 3He concentrations to investigate zonation and magma evolution of thePotrillo volcanic field New Mexico USA (Anthony and Poths 1992 Eppes andHarrison 1999) constraining surface flow stratigraphy and rates of eruption for SierraNegra the largest of the western Galapagos shield volcanoes (Reynolds et al 1995)dating the displacement of volcanic features to constrain the age of caldera collapse onReacuteunion (Staudacher and Allegravegre 1993) and quantifying rates of Quaternary faultmovement in the Grand Canyon region USA (Fenton et al 2001 see Section IV 2)

b Depositional landforms Applications of cosmogenic isotope analysis to deposi-tional landforms range from glacial moraines and erratics to fluvial terraces alluvialfans and debris flows and lacustrine and marine shorelines Compared with othermethods for dating depositional landforms such as conventional 14C dating and lumi-nescence techniques the advent of in situ cosmogenic isotope methods has greatlyexpanded both the temporal range that can be addressed and the variety of sites thatcan be studied

The dating of moraines and other glacial deposits through surface exposure ages hasbeen a major application of cosmogenic isotope analysis with most studies beingfocused on the chronology of the associated glacier fluctuations and their broaderclimatic and environmental implications rather than with the dating of glaciallandforms per se Locations for such studies are worldwide ranging from the BritishIsles (Bowen et al 2002) to eastern Russia (Gualtieri et al 2000) the western USA(Zreda and Phillips 1995 Gosse et al 1995a b Phillips et al 1996 1997 1990Chadwick et al 1997 Licciardi et al 2001 James et al 2002) western Canada (Jacksonet al1997 1999) eastern Canada (Steig et al 1998 Davis et al 1999 Marsella et al 2000Kaplan et al 2001 Miller et al 2002) East Africa (Shanahan and Zreda 2000) southeastAustralia and Tasmania (Barrows et al 2001 2002) the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau(Phillips et al 2000 Owen et al 2001 2002a b c Taylor and Mitchell 2002 Schaumlfer etal 2002a) and Antarctica (Brown et al 1991 Brook and Kurz 1993 Brook et al 19931995a b Fabel et al1997) A focal issue for a number of these and other studies ofglacial deposits has been the chronology of glacial fluctuations marking the Late GlacialMaximum and the global synchrony or otherwise of the Younger Dryas (Ivy-Ochs etal 1996 1999 Tschudi et al 2000 Briner et al 2001 2002 Phillips and Bowen 2002Bourlegraves et al 2002 Schaumlfer et al 2002b) However in attempting to date the rapidclimatic fluctuations represented by the last glacial to post-glacial transition and inparticular to identify any leads and lags in the climatic system between the northernand southern hemispheres the current resolution of cosmogenic isotope analysis isbeing pushed to its limits especially in view of uncertainties in cosmogenic nuclideproduction rates resulting from regional differences over time in the geomagnetic fieldand in mean atmospheric pressure (Stone 2000 Gosse and Stone 2001)

The simplest model for dating glacial moraines and similar glacial depositional formsassumes that blocks of bedrock with no prior exposure to cosmic radiation are eitherentrained at the glacier base or fall on to the glacier surface and are rapidly incorpo-rated as englacial debris Subsequently these boulders are exposed at the surface whenthe ice cover is removed Various factors however can produce more complex


scenarios and these can result in a moraine of a particular age having constituentboulders with a range of cosmogenic surface exposure ages and indeed moraines withidentical cosmogenic exposure ages not being correlative (Hallet and Putkonen 1994)One of these factors is inheritance where individual boulders already contain asignificant inventory of cosmogenic nuclides through exposure to cosmic radiationprior to incorporation as englacial or subglacial debris Others are the differentialweathering and erosion of boulders of contrasting lithologies and the progressiveexposure of boulders in a moraine through the removal of overlying finer materialInheritance which appears to characterize 10ndash20 of moraine boulders (Gosse andPhillips 2001 Briner et al 2001) produces exposure ages greater than the age of themoraine whereas erosion gives rise to younger ages The variation in exposure age asa result of erosion which is obviously more significant on older moraines has beenmodelled by Zreda et al (1994) but a common strategy for dating a moraine is simplyto discount individual boulders with exposure ages significantly younger or older(typically by several standard deviations) than the overall mean age (eg Zreda et al1999 Briner et al 2002) In spite of these issues of data interpretation the potential ofcosmogenic isotope analysis to identify complex moraine sequences and to challengeprevious chronologies of glacial landform development based on correlation throughstratigraphic position is clear (Fabel and Harbor 1999 Zreda and Phillips 1995)

The question of inheritance is also prominent in applications of cosmogenic isotopeanalysis to other depositional landforms such as fluvial terraces (Molnar et al 1994)alluvial surfaces (Liu et al 1996) and shoreline deposits (Trull et al 1995) In datingfluvial terraces in Wyoming and Utah Anderson et al (1996) addressed the problem byanalysing two amalgamated samples of 30 clasts each one from the surface and onefrom the subsurface at a depth sufficient for the sample to have been shielded frompost-depositional cosmic-ray exposure This enabled them to constrain cosmogenicnuclide accumulation prior to deposition Developments of this approach involvingmultiple-sample depth profiles have been used to date suites of fluvial (Repka et al1997 Hancock et al 1999) and marine (Perg et al 2001) terraces while Phillips et al(1998) have modelled different vertical profile patterns of cosmogenic 21Ne concentra-tions in stream terraces and alluvial fan deposits in New Mexico to assess the effects onexposure age of inheritance changes in bulk density erosion and burial Where the ageof a river terrace is independently known then the measured cosmogenic nuclide con-centrations can be corrected for post-depositional production and the remainingcosmogenic nuclide inventory used to estimate the catchment-wide rate of denudationat the time of terrace formation (Schaller et al 2002) More generally cosmogenicsurface exposure dating of fluvial terraces has significant potential for recordingepisodic incision and aggradation in fluvial systems over timescales of 104ndash105 yr(Schildgen et al 2002) and thereby providing much needed chronological constraintson models of episodic erosion and complex response

2 Tectonic displacement

A major application of cosmogenic isotope analysis has been the dating of faultmovements to infer slip rates and earthquake recurrence intervals The advantage ofcosmogenic exposure dating here is that timescales typically up to 50 ka can be


addressed and seismic activity is therefore being monitored over geologically usefultime spans In the majority of studies surface exposure dating of displaced deposition-al features has been used to provide age constraints on fault movement Offsets onalluvial fans have been used in central Asia (Ritz et al 1995 Brown et al 1998a Hetzelet al 2002a b ) the southwest USA (Bierman et al 1995 Fenton et al 2001 Zehfuss etal 2001) Argentina (Siame et al 1997) and Jordan (Klinger et al 2000) on piedmontalluvial surfaces in Argentina (Siame et al 2002) and on fluvial terraces at severallocations along the Kunlun fault in Tibet (Van der Woerd et al 1998 2002) In OtagoNew Zealand Jackson et al (2002) have inferred the rate of propagation of an anticlineabove a blind reverse fault from the trend in cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages of largesilcrete boulders on the crest of the resulting uplifting ridge

Fault displacement histories can also be inferred from cosmogenic nuclideinventories in bedrock fault scarps (Zreda and Noller 1998) Measuring in situ-produced 14C in limestone Handwerger et al (1999) have estimated an age of ~4600 yrfor the most recent movement of a fault in northern Utah while Mitchell et al (2001)have compared measured accumulations of cosmogenic 36Cl concentrations on alimestone scarp face in northern Israel with modelled accumulations through timebased on different fault displacement scenarios In this latter study the best matchesbetween modelled and measured 36Cl concentrations indicated episodic behaviour ofthe fault and variations in mean displacement rate over the past 14 ka

3 Episodic denudation

a Meteorite impacts Perhaps the clearest example of an lsquoinstantaneousrsquo denudation-al event that exposes bedrock previously shielded from cosmic radiation is the creationof a crater by an impacting bolide One of the most significant early applications ofcosmogenic isotope analysis was the dating of the Meteor Crater impact site in ArizonaUSA Previous age estimates had ranged from 25 plusmn 5 ka based on stage of soildevelopment to 49 plusmn 3 ka from thermoluminescence data Two independent studiesemploying 36Cl (Phillips et al 1991) and 10Be and 26Al (Nishiizumi et al 1991a)confirmed the thermoluminescence dating with Phillips et al (1991) finding a mean ageof 497 plusmn 085 ka for four ejected boulders and Nishiizumi et al (1991a) establishing anoverall lower bound on the crater age of 492 plusmn 17 ka Cosmogenic isotope analysis isclearly applicable to dating recently formed terrestrial impact structures and therebyimproving estimates of impact recurrence intervals although erosional weathering andburial effects make sampling and data interpretation more complex for older craters

b Rapid mass movement An important issue in geomorphology is gaining anaccurate assessment of the significance in landscape development of highmagnitudendashlow frequency events Rapid mass movement represents a suite ofprocesses which are difficult to monitor directly because of their low frequencyalthough they may represent an important mode of hillslope transport in a number ofgeomorphic settings Dating of these events through cosmogenic isotope analysis is notonly yielding valuable insights into their role vis-agrave-vis other geomorphic processes butalso providing key quantitative data on slope failure processes and recurrence intervalsand for natural hazard assessment


Examining post-glacial landsliding on the Isle of Skye Ballantyne et al (1998)analysed cosmogenic 36Cl in two blocks exposed during slope failure but originatingwell below the original surface (in order to eliminate any inherited cosmogenic 36Cl)The measured surface exposure age of 65 plusmn 05 ka post-dates deglaciation by severalthousand years and slope failure was therefore thought to be caused by joint extensionand rock bridge shearing andor seismic activity rather than related to periglacialconditions In attempting to relate rock failure events to seismic activity Hermanns etal (2000 2001) have used cosmogenic 21Ne to date eight superimposed rock avalanchedeposits on the Puna Plateau in the central Andes ranging in age from 152 to 31 ka toinvestigate the influence of active faulting on slope oversteepening and subsequentgravitational collapse In another study Bell et al (1998) estimated the period elapsedsince the last major seismic event at sites in California and Nevada by determiningminimum- and maximum-limiting ages (using respectively rock-varnish microlamina-tions and cosmogenic 36Cl) of precariously balanced boulders that could be toppled bystrong ground motion

An important aspect of rapid mass movement events is their significance in environ-mental management Through the relatively long timescales that it is able to addresscosmogenic isotope analysis can provide valuable benchmark data for comparison withhistorical or modern rates For instance in the Garwhal Himalaya northern IndiaBarnard et al (2001) have compared estimates of the enhancement of modern rates oflandsliding and erosion caused by human activity (mostly through the removal of slopetoes at road cuts) with longer-term rates of landsliding and river incision derived fromcosmogenic 10Be and 26Al dating of strath terraces and two large (gt10 million m3)midndashlate Holocene slides They concluded that in their study area anthropogenicinfluences are accelerating rates of denudation Debris flows can play a significant rolein modifying river channels through creating rapids or natural dams and theirfrequency is important in the management of regulated rivers Using a range ofhistorical data and a variety of chronological techniques in association with cosmogenic3He exposure dating of olivine phenocrysts in basalt clasts Cerling et al (1999) havebeen able to estimate recurrence intervals for debris flows entering the Grand Canyonreach of the Colorado River at tributary junctions

In addition to the application of cosmogenic surface exposure dating to rapid massmovement events of previously unknown age independently dated events arepotentially valuable sites for calibrating cosmogenic nuclide production rates sincemajor landslides instantaneously expose rock previously buried below the depth ofcosmic ray penetration For example the age of the Koumlfels landslide in Austria (9800 plusmn100 yr dendro-calibrated relative to 1995) has been tightly constrained by 14C dating ofburied wood and this has been used to determine the production rates of cosmogenic10Be and 26Al (Ivy-Ochs et al 1998 Kubik et al 1998)

c Catastrophic flooding As with major landslides sites experiencing rapid erosionof bedrock or large boulders through deep scouring by catastrophic floods can bevaluable for cosmogenic nuclide production rate studies when there is independentdating of flood events For instance erosion by the Bonneville flood in the Snake RiverPlain at the end of the last glacial (~176 ka BP) has been used by Cerling (1990) andCerling and Craig (1994b) to provide calibration sites for cosmogenic 3He productionCosmogenic surface exposure dating also has the potential to provide ages for


previously undated catastrophic flooding events as illustrated by the study of Cerlinget al (1994) who used cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne in basalt boulders and scoured bedrockto date the Big Lost River flood through Box Canyon in south-central Idaho A range ofages amongst the samples was ascribed to inheritance of pre-flood cosmogenic nuclideproduction but together the data indicated a maximum age of ~205 plusmn 19 ka for the BigLost River flood This is essentially identical to the 3He age of 205 plusmn 08 ka for theOwens River flood in California (Cerling 1990 Cerling and Craig 1994b) Both agescorrelate with the beginning of the Missoula floods in the northwest USA and togetherthey may indicate the start of glacial melting in the western USA (Cerling et al 1994)

d Strath terraces While catastrophic floods can scour bedrock to depths of manymetres in a single event lateral erosion of bedrock valley walls and progressive verticalincision of bedrock channels by lsquonormalrsquo flood events can create flights of strath terraceswhose height above the present channel and surface exposure age (time elapsed sinceabandonment) can together yield long-term mean rates of channel incision Suchincision rates are a key variable characterizing regional-scale rates of denudation andlandscape change especially in active orogenic settings For instance in the middlegorge of the Indus River near Nanga Parbat in the northwest Himalayas cosmogenic10Be and 26Al surface exposure ages of well-preserved strath terraces up to 410 m abovethe present channel indicate incision rates of 1ndash12 m kandash1 with an acceleration of rates15 ka ago (Burbank et al 1996 Leland et al 1998) To the southeast in the GarwhalHimalaya Barnard et al (2001) have inferred a fluvial incision rate of 4 m kandash1 from twocosmogenically dated terraces above the Alaknanda River in their study focused onrates of landsliding Strath terraces often exhibit patchy alluvial cover implying acomplex history involving temporary burial after their initial formation Careful fieldassessment prior to sampling is therefore necessary in order to assess the suitability ofa simple surface exposure model (Molnar et al 1994 Anderson et al 1996) Where asimple exposure history does not apply surface exposure ages of flights of strathterraces cannot be used directly to estimate channel incision rates but may yield otheruseful information For instance Pratt et al (2002) found similar surface cosmogenic(10Be and 26Al) exposure ages of around 7 ka BP for fluvially eroded surfaces in centralNepal across a height range of 43ndash124 m above the channel of the Marsyandi River andinterpreted this to be the result of filling of the valley by sediment at least 80 m thickduring a period of more active landsliding triggered by enhanced early Holocenemonsoonal precipitation

e Wave-cut platforms Analogous to the cutting of new surfaces into bedrock byfluvial channel incision is the formation of wave-cut platforms through the erosiveeffects of wave action on shoreline bedrock outcrops The exposure histories (formationages) of these landforms are important both in tracking relative sea-level change andwhere the global sea-level change is independently constrained quantifying rates ofactive tectonic or glacio-isostatic surface uplift Although radiocarbon dating andother radiometric techniques have been widely employed notably to raised coral reefscosmogenic isotope analysis is valuable where the bedrock or associated deposits arenot suitable for these other dating methods Stone et al (1996) have presented data forthe lsquoMain Rock Platformrsquo in western Scotland with cosmogenic 36Cl apparent ages orlsquoeffective irradiation timesrsquo based on a simple exposure model They note however that


this will not represent the true age if marine transgressions or other temporaryshielding effects are not taken into account Nonetheless even with these uncertaintiestheir study demonstrates that apparent ages alone place the formation of the Main RockPlatform firmly in the termination phase of the last glacial

4 Removal of ice cover

Conceptually one of the simplest applications of cosmogenic isotope analysis is datingthe removal of an ice cover from bedrock surfaces moraines or glacial erratics It is notsurprising therefore that much emphasis was placed on this kind of study in the initialapplications of cosmogenic surface exposure dating For instance Nishiizumi et al(1989) used glacially polished rocks exposed by the (radiocarbon-dated) retreat of Tiogastage glaciers in the Sierra Nevada to calibrate 10Be and 26Al production rates (see alsoClark et al 1995) Cosmogenic isotope exposure dating of glacial retreat across bedrocksurfaces has subsequently been applied in Antarctica (Nishiizumi et al 1991b) easternCanada and the Arctic (Bierman et al 1999 Gualtieri and Brigham-Grette 2001) and theSwiss Alps (Kelly et al 2002) Many studies of the chronology of glacial retreat havecombined data on bedrock forms with the exposure of glacial depositional landformsthe assumption being that careful sampling from features such as moraines and erraticscan also provide reliable constraints on the timing of glacial retreat (eg Ivy-Ochs et al1997 Steig et al 1998 Schaumlfer et al 1999 Zreda et al 1999 Marsella et al 2000 Kaplanet al 2001 Karhu et al 2001 Owen et al 2001 2002b Bourlegraves et al 2002 Bowen et al2002 Oberholzer et al 2002 James et al 2002 Stone et al 2002) (see Section IV 1 b)

An exposure age for the removal of ice cover through glacial retreat or wasting willonly be valid if the thickness of shielding ice (several multiples of the attenuation lengthfor ice) has been sufficient to effectively shut down cosmogenic nuclide productionMoreover the depth of scouring by glacial erosion prior to a glacial retreat episode hasto be great enough to remove the vertical zone of bedrock in which cosmogenic nuclidesproduced during any earlier exposure episode would be residing If this were not thecase the cosmogenic nuclide concentration measured would include an inheritedcomponent In some studies such as that for Tumbling Glacier Baffin Island (Davis etal 1999) samples collected just beyond an actively retreating ice front have indeedbeen found to contain minimal cosmogenic nuclide concentrations But instances wherethis is not the case can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of glacial erosionduring individual episodes of glacial advance For example assuming that anyinherited cosmogenic nuclide component related only to the most recent interglacialBriner and Swanson (1998) calculated an erosion rate of 009ndash035 mm yrndash1 for theCordilleran Ice Sheet at Mt Erie in the Puget Sound region of Washington State USAfrom excessive cosmogenic 36Cl concentrations compared with the well-constrainedradiocarbon deglaciation age In studying the possible preservation of preglacialtopography in areas subject to frozen bed conditions under the Fennoscandian Ice Sheetin Sweden Fabel et al (2002) and Stroeven et al (2002) have found that cosmogenicnuclide concentrations in erratic boulders gave consistent deglaciation ages thusconfirming ice sheet overriding as opposed to ice-free conditions but concentrations of10Be and 26Al in preserved tors within the landscape suggested minimal erosion overseveral glacial cycles Similarly Bierman et al (1999) and Gosse and Willenbring (2002)


have found complex exposure histories and evidence of inheritance indicating differ-ential erosion under the Laurentide Ice Sheet

The vertical extent of former glaciers and ice sheets is an important variable requiredfor determining past ice volumes and for palaeoclimatic reconstructions Geomorphicindicators of previous ice levels range from clearly defined trim lines to more equivocalweathering limits which may reflect other zones of process transition such as post-glacial differential weathering or englacial boundaries between wet-based eroding iceand noneroding frozen-bed ice Cosmogenic exposure dating of bedrock surfaces acrossthese transition zones can help to distinguish between different processes of formationas well as providing information on the chronology of changes in ice volume (Brook etal 1996 Stone et al 1998b)

5 Burial events

a Sediment burial In addition to the chronological information that can be derivedfrom cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in deposits formed on the land surfacevaluable information can also be garnered in circumstances where sedimentspreviously exposed to cosmic radiation are rapidly buried beyond the zone ofcosmogenic nuclide production This is because the differential decay of cosmogenicnuclides with different half-lives will indicate the time elapsed since burial and hencethe date of deposition A particularly useful situation in which such rapid sedimentburial occurs is in caves and in the first use of this application Granger et al (1997)measured cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al concentrations to date burial times of alluviumdeposited in abandoned caves above the present level of the New River Virginia USAand to constrain the rate of downcutting of the river during the Quaternary Granger etal (2001a) also constrained the evolution of Mammoth Cave in Kentucky by dating aseries of sediments deposited by the Green River They were able to show that theriverrsquos incision history was in step with major climatic changes and drainage reorgani-zations associated with fluctuations in the margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet

The cosmogenic nuclide inventories in sediments buried within depositional formssuch as river terraces can also provide valuable chronological information Forexample although determining the cosmogenic nuclide concentration of surfacesamples can yield valid ages for well-preserved river terraces (see Section IV 1 b) thisstrategy cannot be applied to older degraded terraces which may have experiencedseveral metres of erosion In such cases however the differential decay of tworadioactive cosmogenic isotopes (commonly 26Al and 10Be) collected from depth can beused to estimate the age of terrace formation assuming that post-burial cosmogenicnuclide production is known (Granger and Smith 2000) Such production can continueat a depth of several metres because of the deep penetration of fast muons (Granger andSmith 2000 Granger and Muzikar 2001)

b Burial of glacial ice An unusual but key application of cosmogenic isotope datato constrain the chronology of a burial event is provided by the controversy over theage of a subsurface body of glacial ice in Beacon Valley Southern Victoria LandAntarctica The significance of this buried ice is that if it is of Miocene age (minimum81 Ma BP) ndash as has been inferred from stratigraphic relationships to overlying tills


dated by 40Ar39Ar analyses of presumed in situ volcanic ash ndash it confirms thepersistence of a cold hyper-arid climate in the area throughout the Pliocene and refutesthe notion of an unstable East Antarctic Ice Sheet during this period (Sugden et al1995) The ability of ice in the near subsurface to survive sublimation over the timespans proposed has been questioned (Hindmarsh et al 1998) as has the interpretationthat the volcanic ash deposits are undisturbed and thus provide a chronologicalconstraint on the age of the ice Through an analysis of the concentrations ofcosmogenic 3He and 21Ne in two surface dolerite erratics and one shielded erratic fromwithin the ice Schaumlfer et al (2000) demonstrated that sublimation rates could not haveexceed more than a few metres per million years and that the ice must be at least severalmillion years old Marchant et al (2002) have addressed the question of whether thevolcanic ash is in situ especially in view of the presence of well-developed polygonalpatterned ground developed in the till Two profiles of cosmogenic 3He concentrationsthrough the till deposit show it to have formed through sublimation of the underlyingice and indicate the long-term stability of the till layer in areas unmodified by patternground formation

V Incremental change

1 Site-specific denudation rates

As pointed out in Section III most of the Earthrsquos surface is subject to the incrementalchange associated with bedrock weathering hillslope processes and sediment andsolute transport rather than discrete geomorphic events involving the instantaneousexposure of rock through the removal of several metres of overburden Consequentlyrather than thinking of an lsquoevent exposure agersquo in most cases it is more meaningful tointerpret concentrations of cosmogenic nuclides as reflecting these rates of incrementaldenudation

The key to quantifying denudation rates using surface concentrations of cosmogenicnuclides is changes in production with depth since denudation involves bringing up tothe surface rock that was previously buried In a steadily eroding rock outcrop thecosmogenic nuclide concentration approaches saturation or secular equilibrium as aresult of constant production on the one hand and losses by denudation as well asradioactive decay (in the case of radionuclides) on the other After initial exposuresecular equilibrium will be reached when sufficient time has elapsed for denudation toremove a depth of rock two or three times the attenuation length (see Section III)assuming denudation has been occurring in small increments relative to the attenuationlength Under these circumstances a measured surface concentration can be accuratelymodelled in terms of a constant denudation rate representing an integrated rate for theminimum period of time required to reach secular equilibrium (Nishiizumi et al 1986Kurz 1986b Lal 1991) This model is commonly referred to as the lsquosteady-state erosionmodelrsquo with the term lsquosteady-statersquo often used to refer to both secular equilibrium andthe particular style of denudation required to satisfy the model If the system has notyet reached saturation then the model will overestimate the denudation rate whereasif erosion is occurring episodically (ie in increments that are large relative to theattenuation length) or the exposure history is complex and has included periods ofburial then the model may either overestimate or underestimate the true rate (Lal 1991


Small et al 1997) In favourable circumstances the ratio of two radionuclides withdifferent half-lives can be used to test the assumptions of the steady-state erosionmodel The ratios of 10Be and 26Al are commonly used in such cases to test for complexexposure histories involving burial episodes andor episodic or highly temporallyvariable denudation rates with the behaviour associated with particular isotope ratiosbeing depicted on an erosion-island graph (Klein et al 1986 Lal 1991) Measurementuncertainties mean that the test for episodic denudation may be inconclusive progres-sively more so for denudation rates gt1 m Mandash1 (Small et al 1997) Nonetheless eventhough errors resulting from an inappropriate application of the steady-state erosionmodel can be greater than both measurement and production rate errors a moreaccurate denudation rate estimate can be obtained by calculating the mean from manyindividual steady-state erosion rate measurements (Small et al 1997)

Site-specific denudation rates based on the steady-state erosion model have beenestimated for a wide range of locations and geomorphic settings (Table 3) These ratesare naturally biased towards low values because of preferential sampling of barebedrock surfaces that are usually the most slowly eroding and resistant components ofthe local landscape Variations in rates can also be evident depending on microtopog-raphy and other detailed characteristics of the specific sampling site selectedExtrapolation of these rates across the landscape can therefore be problematic anduncertainties can arise from the difficulties in strictly fulfilling the assumptions of thesteady-state erosion model Notwithstanding these caveats the studies listed in Table 3represent a major advance in quantifying rates of denudation integrated over geomor-phologically useful periods of time (103ndash106 years) compared with the previous paucityof data relevant to these timescales That uncertainties over the appropriate erosionmodel in any particular case together with analytical and production rate errors mayproduce total errors in denudation rate estimates in some cases exceeding 50 must beplaced in the context of the lack of data for similar timescales provided by othertechniques Whilst such large errors would be unacceptable in cosmogenic surfaceexposure studies attempting for instance to resolve uncertainties in the timing of lateglacial events they may not be problematic in studies where establishing approximaterates of denudation is sufficient to test often long-standing notions about rates andmodes of landscape change For example cosmogenic-nuclide based estimates ofescarpment retreat rates of 10ndash100 m Mandash1 over the past 104ndash106 yr for the GreatEscarpment in southern Africa contrast with a mean rate of retreat of the order of 1000m Mandash1 implied by Kingrsquos classic model of landscape evolution for the area (Fleming etal 1999 Cockburn et al 2000) Similarly although cosmogenic nuclide concentrationshave demonstrated some exceedingly slow rates of denudation of ~5 m Mandash1 or less forerosion surfaces and inselbergs in Australia southern Africa and Antarctica(Nishiizumi et al 1991b Bierman and Turner 1995 Cockburn et al 1999 Cockburn andSummerfield 2000 Summerfield et al 1999a b Belton et al 2000 Bierman and Caffee2001) these rates would still be too high to preserve intact erosion surfaces over thetime intervals of up to 50 Ma or more that have been proposed

2 Catchment-averaged denudation rates

An obvious potential limitation of site-specific sampling in providing data relevant todenudation rates at a broader scale is the lsquononrandomrsquo nature of sample selection


Where sampling is from bedrock outcrops in terrain that is predominantly blanketed byregolith denudation rates are likely to be less than the regional average since exposedbedrock is likely to be present because it is eroding less rapidly than its surroundingsIn principle however the process of denudation from the weathering of bedrock to thetransport of material on slopes and the transmission of sediment in river channelsprovides a natural sampling mechanism whereby each of many thousands ofindividual mineral grains in a river sediment sample will carry its own history ofexposure to cosmic radiation By averaging together these individual exposure historiesthrough the analysis of a single sample of sediment from a river channel it is possibleto estimate the mean rate of denudation for the catchment area upstream of thesampling site This principle was first suggested by Lal and Arnold (1985) and wastested by Brown et al (1995a) in the Icacos basin in Puerto Rico where a denudation rateof ~43 m Mandash1 was estimated This study together with that of Granger et al (1996)identified a range of factors that have to be addressed in making such denudation rateestimates these include variations in production rates throughout the basin (especiallyas a function of elevation) variations in bedrock mineralogy the storage and remobi-lization of sediment differential weathering of different calibre grains regolith mixingthrough bioturbation physical weathering and slope processes and the mixing ofsediment from areas of different erosion rates In evaluating the method Granger et al(1996) compared denudation rates estimated from cosmogenic nuclide concentrationsin present-day river sediment with rates derived from sediment volumes in well-datedalluvial fans in two small catchments in northeast California The close correspondencebetween the two sets of estimates confirmed that in small catchments with littlesediment storage cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in river sediment can provide agood estimate of basin-wide long-term denudation rates In a general assessment of theviability of this basin-averaged approach to cosmogenic isotope analysis Bierman andSteig (1996) concluded that it provides an effective means of estimating denudationrates in basins in isotopic steady state and where the sampled sediments are wellmixed However care has to be taken where quartz grains are being analysed (as isfrequently the case for cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al) since the relative resistance of quartzto dissolution means that its residence time in regolith will be longer than the averagefor all mineral grains (Small et al 1999) although the resulting bias is probably modestcompared with the other uncertainties in cosmogenic denudation rate estimates (Riebeet al 2001a)

The ability to use cosmogenic nuclide concentrations to characterize basin-wide aswell as site-specific denudation rates has provided the opportunity to compare areallyaveraged denudation rates with those for specific landform elements and subcatch-ments within basins For instance Granger et al (2001b) showed that in the DiamondMountains batholith in California exposed granite bedrock has been eroding moreslowly than the average rate for catchments in which they are found Similarly Biermanand Caffee (2001) found that denudation rates for bedrock samples in Namib Desertwere lower than catchment-averaged rates from channel sediment samples In theYuma Wash basin in southwest Arizona Clapp et al (2002) used channel sedimentsamples to compare sediment generation rates for subcatchments as well as the basinas a whole They found that in the upland subcatchments cosmogenic nuclide concen-trations reflect rates of sediment generation from bedrock weathering whereassediment in the main channel also includes the long-term effects of sediment storage


Table 3

Site-specific den

udation rates determined

from in situ-produced cosmog

enic nuclides in

bed

rock

sam

ples

Sour

ceLo

cati

onLi

thol

ogy

Fiel

d se

ttin

g an

d co

mm

ents

Isot

ope

nR

ate

(mm

kandash1

)

Mea

nR

ange

Nishiizum

i et

al

Alla

n Hills sou

thern

sand

ston

eSamples from bou

lders an

d be

droc

k ou

tcrops

907

03ndash

13

1991

bVictoria La

nd

from

Bea

con Su

pergroup

Antarctica

Soumlr Ron

dane

Mts

Mea

n rate and

ran

ge exc

lude

two samples w

ith10Be

6017

006

ndash045

Droning

Mau

d La

nd

complex

exp

osure history

26Al

Antarctica

Wrigh

t Valley sou

thern

sand

ston

eBed

rock from horizon

tal platform

s7

09

05ndash

13

Victoria La

nd

Antarctica

Summerfie

ld eta

l Dry Valleys region

gran

ite

Rectilinea

r slop

e samples

4056

026

ndash102

1999

asouthe

rn Victoria La

nd

sand

ston

ePlateau surfac

e samples

21Ne

4015

013

ndash016

Antarctica

Brown et

al

Icac

os River Lu

quillo

quartz-diorite

Bed

rock ridge

crest sam

ples

10Be

225

ndash19

95a

Mts P

uerto Rico

Small et

al

Wind River W

yoming

gran

ite gn

eiss

775

3ndash12

1997

USA

Bea

rtoo

th

Mon

tana

USA

gran

iteTo

r an

d large bo

ulde

r samples from sum

mit

10Be

510

56ndash

19Fron

t Ran

ge Colorad

ogran

ite schist

flats (2ndash

10degslop

e) sho

wing no

evide

nce of prior

26Al

474

6ndash9

USA

glaciatio

nSierra N

evad

agran

ite3

30

2ndash5

Califo

rnia USA

Small et

al

Wind River Ran

ge

gran

ite gn

eiss

Samles from

regolith

profiles and

buried

10Be

1813

712

16

1999

Wyo

ming U

SAbe

droc

k26Al

Heimsath eta

l Marin Cou

nty northern

gree

nstone

Isolated

bed

rock outcrop

s on

hillslop

es10Be

324

715

ndash39

1997

19

99Califo

rnia USA

grey

wacke

From

sub

soil be

droc

k samples on hillslope

s26Al

1146

521

ndash105

sand

ston

e che

rtestim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

Heimsath eta

l Coa

st Ran

ge

sand

ston

eFrom

sub

soil be

droc

k on

sam

ples on hillslope

s20

01a

Orego

n U

SAsiltstone

estim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

10Be

3112

25

15ndash3

59(alth

ough

field ev

iden

ce sug

gests tempo

ral

26Al

variation in loc

al soil de

pth)

Grang

er eta

l Diamon

d Mts

hornblen

de

382

6ndash12

2001

bCalifo

rnia USA

gran

odiorite

Bed

rock sam

ples from exp

osures along

10Be

Fort Sag

e Mts

biotitie-gran

itecatchm

ent ridg

es26Al

119

ndashCalifo

rnia USA


Weissel and

Seidl

Mac

leay River System

gran

iteGorgehe

ad erosion

10Be

6~10

052

ndash195

1998

eastern New

Sou

thPlatea

u surfac

e ab

ove go

rge

26Al

140

ndashWales A

ustralia

Bierm

an and

Eyre Pen

insula south-

Bed

rock sam

ples from in

selberg summits

2708

03ndash

25

Turner 1

995

central A

ustralia

gran

iteinclud

ing bo

ulde

rs and

slabs on summit surface

10Be

Bierm

an and

Expo

sed bo

ulde

rs and

bed

rock

sam

ples from

26Al

Caffee 200

2inselberg fla

nks

2121

05ndash

50

Heimsath eta

l Upp

er Beg

a Valley

gran

ite

From

sub

soil be

droc

k saprolite

sam

ples on

2000

New

Sou

th W

ales

gran

odiorite

slop

es at ba

se of esca

rpmen

t estim

ated

10Be

1428

69ndash

57Australia

assuming stea

dy-state soil thickn

ess

26Al

From

sides and

top

s of tors

715

89ndash

26Heimsath eta

l Bread

ho River Valley

gran

iteTo

rs on platea

u hillslope

s10Be

1010

04ndash

2820

01b

southe

astern H

ighlan

ds

26Al

New

Sou

th W

ales

Australia

Bierm

an and

Northern Territo

ry

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from to

ps of large bo

ulde

rs7

196

07ndash

37

Caffee 200

2Australia

and inselberg summits

10Be

Bed

rock sam

ples from lo

w lying

roc

k platform

s26Al

and fla

nks of inselbe

rgs

626

12ndash

38

Coc

kburn et

al

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from bornh

ardts som

e10Be

651

3ndash7

1999

Nam

ibia

eviden

ce of co

mplex

exp

osure

26Al

Coc

kburn et

al

Gam

sberg cen

tral

gran

ite-gne

iss

Samples from ridges extend

ing be

low

672

2ndash15

2000

Nam

ibian esca

rpmen

tescarpmen

t face

10Be

Nam

ibia

sand

ston

eEscarpmen

t face

sam

ples

26Al

472

5ndash12

Gam

sberg (escarpm

ent) summit

4044

035

ndash050

Bierm

an and

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

ite gn

iess

Bed

rock sam

ples from to

ps and

flan

ks of

10Be

4735

11ndash

75

Caffee 200

1Nam

ibia

quartz veins

inselbergs and

smaller rocky ou

tcrops

26Al

schist

Van

der W

ateren

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

Expo

sed veins on

gravel an

d sand

-cov

ered

4

046

011

ndash104

and Dun

ai 20

01Nam

ibia

quartz veins

pedimen

t surface

21Ne

River cut bed

rock surfaces 6

m and

0m abo

ve2

09

041

ndash14

presen

t dry ch

anne

l respec

tively

Flem

ing et

al

Drake

nsbe

rgba

salt

Escarpmen

t face

36Cl

255

48ndash6

219

99Esca

rpmen

tFlat-lying

escarpm

ent sum

mit

36

1ndash10

Not

es rates are mea

n values from all isotop

es used U

ncertaintie

s on

den

udation rates from

ana

lytic

al and

produ

ction rate errors are typically

5ndash2

0

Most de

nuda

tion rate estim

ates assum

e a lsquostead

y-statersquo erosion

mod

el


and reworking Further west in the Mojave Desert Nichols et al (2002) have measuredcosmogenic 10Be and 26Al in sediment samples to document rates and processes ofpiedmont modification

As well as exploring the spatial variability of denudation rates catchment-averagedrates derived from cosmogenic nuclide concentrations (which reflect denudation overperiods of 103ndash106 years) can usefully be compared with rates derived from modernmeasurements of river sediment yield For instance Brown et al (1998b) usedcosmogenic 10Be in fluvial sediments to assess differences between modern and pre-development rates of denudation in Puerto Rico and found evidence for a significantanthropogenic enhancement of modern sediment discharges In the Negev DesertIsrael Clapp et al (2000) compared the 33-yr sediment budget of a small intensivelystudied basin with cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al estimates of the longer-term sediment fluxand found that the modern rates of sediment transport exceed the longer-term averageby 53ndash86 thus indicating current evacuation of sediment accumulated duringprevious periods of enhanced sediment generation By contrast in the more humidsetting of western Europe Schaller et al (2001) found catchment-averaged denudationrates from cosmogenic 10Be in quartz for catchments in the Allier Meuse Neckar andRegen basins to be 15ndash4 times greater than those derived from modern river loadsThey suggest that this may be due to under-representation in the modern record of highmagnitudendashlow frequency events to inheritance of an elevated Pleistocene signal or tononuniform erosion and preferential sourcing of modern sediment from the deeper(and therefore less cosmogenically exposed) zones of the subsurface A similar rela-tionship between modern and longer-term rates was found by Kirchner et al (2001) intheir assessment of erosion rates over a range of timescales in mountainous graniticcatchments in Idaho USA Here they estimated that mean rates over the past ~10 kaderived from cosmogenic 10Be concentrations in river sediment are on average 17 timesgreater than modern stream fluxes a difference that they interpret as arising from theunderestimation of rare but catastrophic erosional events in short-term stream-loadmonitoring Clearly even these few studies both caution against simple generalizationsabout anthropogenic enhancements of modern sediment discharges and question thereliability of short-term records of river sediment load as indicators of longer-termprocess rates

The growing application of catchment-averaged denudation rates from cosmogenicnuclide concentrations has gone beyond the simple documentation of rates andcomparison of different timescales to the testing of assumptions about the efficacy offactors controlling denudation and landscape development For example measure-ments of cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al in stream sediments in the Sierra Nevada havedemonstrated a strong augmentation of denudation rates in the proximity of faultscarps (Riebe et al 2000) but a lack of correlation with climate (Riebe et al 2001b)Moreover by combining estimates of long-term rates of mechanical denudation fromcosmogenic nuclide concentrations in sediment with estimates of solute loss from theenrichment of insoluble elements in regolith Riebe et al (2001c) have shown a strongcorrelation between rates of mechanical and chemical denudation but a lack ofcorrelation between chemical denudation rates and climate


3 Accumulation and ablation of ice surfaces

A specific application of cosmogenic isotope analysis of relevance to glacial geomor-phology involves the use of 10Be and 14C produced in situ in ice by neutron spallationof oxygen nuclei as recorders of glacier accumulation and ablation rates (Lal et al 1987Lal and Jull 1990 Jull et al 1994a) This is analogous to the use of cosmogenic isotopesto record sediment deposition and denudation except that it is the accumulation or lossof ice that is being recorded by cosmogenic nuclide concentrations However differen-tiating the in situ component from atmospheric cosmogenic nuclides trapped in airduring the firnndashice transition and those deposited by wet precipitation is complex Thisis particularly so for 10Be since atmospheric sources exceed the in situ component by anorder of magnitude and this kind of application is therefore limited to special cases (Laland Jull 1992) For instance using 14C Lal et al (1990) estimated ice ablation rates of 58plusmn 7 and 76 plusmn 8 mm yrndash1 for two locations in the Allan Hills main ice field Antarcticathese rates being in agreement with those determined using stakes Similarly the 14C-based estimates by Lal et al (1987) of accumulation rates for the Greenland Ice Sheetwere also found to be in line with recent model estimates

4 Regolith and soil development

The depth-dependence of cosmogenic nuclide production rates provides a valuablemeans of quantitatively monitoring those processes in soil and regolith in which thereis a vertical component to the movement of material relative to the surface Using thisapproach data from cosmogenic isotope analysis have started to provide the means toevaluate models of soil and regolith development that were previously untestable withreference to the usually lengthy timescales over which the relevant processes operateAn elegant example is provided by the testing by Wells et al (1995) of a model of stone(desert) pavement formation In contrast to the idea of stone pavements resulting froma progressive concentration of gravel at the surface as a result of the swelling andshrinkage of surrounding fines or through the removal of fines through deflation orsheet wash the similarity of surface exposure ages derived from cosmogenic 3He con-centrations in their pavement gravel and adjacent bedrock samples demonstratedcontinuous exposure of both components As also shown in a similar study by Shepardet al (1995) these data are inconsistent with the gradual emergence of individual gravelclasts over an extended period of time (the lsquolagrsquo hypothesis) but accord with a modelof stone pavement formation involving vertical inflation through the infiltration of finesfrom above

The very extended time periods over which duricrusts lateritic weathering profilesand associated weathering materials typically develop mean that the processes thatform them cannot be adequately encompassed by short-term measurements ormonitoring Cosmogenic nuclides however provide a powerful means of investigatingthe long-term development of such weathering forms through their ability to recordprogressive burial or exposure of components of weathering profiles For instanceBrown et al (1994) used 10Be and 26Al measurements in quartz veins and pebbles inWest African lateritic crusts both to determine erosion rates for the weathering profilesurfaces and to distinguish between profiles that are being eroded from those that areexperiencing burial Other work on Brazilian and African lateritic profiles has used


cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al to differentiate between autochthonous and allochthonouscomponents of lateritic systems ndash and hence the role of in situ weathering and colluvialtransport in their development and to constrain models of stone-line formation(Braucher et al 1998a b 2000) Cosmogenic isotope analysis has also been applied tocalcretes using 36Cl with the study by Liu et al (1994) indicating through an increasein age with depth that at their site in southern Arizona calcretes develop by upwardaccumulation and that water movement is very limited once induration has occurredThe potential of cosmogenic isotope analysis to reveal complex components ofweathering profile development is illustrated by the study of Schroeder et al (2001) inthe piedmont zone of Georgia USA Here a significantly younger age (maximum ~8000yr) for 14C bound in gibbsite compared with near surface residence times for quartzbased on 10Be and 26Al inventories of at least 90 ka points to significant recrystalliza-tion of secondary minerals during weathering front propagation into bedrock

5 Soil production erosion and landscape development

The rate at which soil (regolith) is produced is a key geomorphological parameterbecause it is the entrainment and transport of unconsolidated material rather than thedirect erosion of bedrock that dominates in most environments Soil depth is a functionof the rate of soil production and the rate of removal by physical erosion and solutionalloss But it has long been recognized that the rate of soil production is itself alsoinfluenced by soil depth (Gilbert 1877) although the precise nature of this relationshiphas been disputed The relationships between slope soil depth rate of soil productionand rate of hillslope erosion are fundamental to understanding the surface processescontrolling landscape evolution and the ability of cosmogenic isotope analysis toprovide quantitative insights into these processes and their relationships is likely toprovide one of its most significant contributions to geomorphology Already theseapplications are being exploited For instance in a study of regolith production onhillslopes in an alpine environment in Wyoming USA using 10Be and 26Al concentra-tions from depth profiles Small et al (1999) have established that the rate of regolithproduction has been nearly twice as rapid under ~09 m of regolith than that previouslydetermined from erosion rates on bare rock surfaces from similar (although notidentical) alpine environments in the western USA (Small et al 1997)

Making the assumption that bedrock conversion to soil attains a steady state under aconstant soil thickness Heimsath et al (1997 1999) used cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al con-centrations in bedrock at the base of the soil column to evaluate the relationshipbetween soil production rate and soil depth For their field area in northern Californiathey found an exponential decline in production rate with increasing soil depth from77 mm kandash1 with no soil cover to 77 mm kandash1 under a soil depth of 1 m Although fromtheir data they could not rule out a maximum in soil production rate under a thin soilcover (a long-standing notion in geomorphology (Carson and Kirkby 1972)) they wereable to confirm that peak soil production does occur very close to zero soil depthResults from a similar study in southeastern Australia confirmed the exponentialdecline in rates of soil production with increasing soil depth (Heimsath et al 2000)

Extending this approach to an intensively studied field site in the Oregon CoastRange Heimsath et al (2001a) concluded from a 10Be- and 26Al-derived analysis of soil


production rates that although there may be an approximately constant rate oflandscape erosion over parts of the Oregon Coast Range smaller-scale processes suchas drainage competition and stochastic erosional events especially by biogenicprocesses lead to significant temporal and spatial variations in soil depth Furtherapplications in southeastern Australia illustrate how cosmogenic isotope data can beused to quantify long-term relationships between rates of soil production bedrockincision and regional erosion and regolith stripping (Heimsath et al 2000 2001b)

Another strategy for estimating soil accumulation and erosion rates is provided bydepth profiles of cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in soils (Phillips et al 1998Phillips 2000) Anomalously low erosion rates using this method can be produced fromthe inheritance of cosmogenic nuclides from old soils incorporated into colluviumwhile bioturbation can produce depth profiles of cosmogenic nuclide concentration thatare very similar to those associated with rapid soil accumulation Fortunately thedistinctive profile produced through the rapid radioactive decay of in situ-produced14C when coupled with measurements of stable (eg 21Ne) or longer-lived isotopes(eg 10Be) can resolve the effects of both bioturbation and inheritance (Phillips 2000)The potential for cosmogenic isotope data to elucidate specific processes operating insoils on hillslopes especially when combined with other techniques has beenillustrated by Heimsath et al (2002) They used cosmogenic nuclide concentrations of10Be and 26Al to measure the overall downslope flux of soil material in combinationwith single-grain OSL dating to track the movement of individual quartz grains inorder to quantify the grain-scale mechanisms involved in the process of soil creep

VI Palaeoaltimetry

A fundamental difficulty in testing models of long-term landscape development is thelack of data on land surface palaeoelevation Without such data it is not possible toquantify changes in topography (in terms of elevation with respect to the geoid) overtime and therefore test this key component of landscape evolution models Sincecosmogenic nuclide production rates are a function of altitude ndash or more strictlyatmospheric pressure ndash accumulation is sensitive to changes in the elevation of a sampleduring exposure (Lal 1991) Inferring palaeoaltimetry from measured concentrations ofcosmogenic nuclides is therefore an exciting possibility (Gosse and Stone 2001) buttrue palaeoaltimetry requires independent data on the exposure age and erosion rate ofa sample since only by constraining these two unknowns can a change in surfaceelevation of a sample since it was first exposed be calculated Nonetheless it is possibleto evaluate particular combinations of surface exposure age and elevation changeduring the period of exposure Such an application has been used in the TransantarcticMountains Antarctica to test the assertion of substantial surface uplift of supposed latePliocene age Sirius Group glacial deposits and associated landscape elements at rates ofup to 1000 m Mandash1 over the past ~3 Ma (Brown et al 1991 Brook et al 1995a Ivy-Ochset al 1995 Bruno et al 1997 Schaumlfer et al 1999 Van der Wateren et al 1999) Thecosmogenic data can be interpreted as showing that either the Sirius Group deposits areof late Pliocene age or there has been substantial surface uplift over the past 3 Ma butnot both In other words the cosmogenic data provide a one-way test since within therelevant timescale high cosmogenic nuclide concentrations are incompatible with high


surface uplift rates whereas low concentrations do not require high surface uplift rates(because of the possibility of erosion reducing cosmogenic nuclide concentrations)(Brook et al 1995a)

Incorporating the effect of surface uplift increases apparent exposure times and thiseffect has been used to reconcile apparent differences between independent ageconstraints and cosmogenic exposure age estimates (Schaumlfer et al 1999 Kober et al2002) More accurate palaeoaltimetry from cosmogenic nuclide data in the future willrequire a better understanding of the atmospheric pressurendashaltitude relationship forproduction than is currently available (Gosse and Stone 2001) but will also requireunusual circumstances where the exposure history is independently constrained

VII Facilities for cosmogenic isotope analysis

The future expansion of applications of cosmogenic isotope analysis to geomorphologyand Quaternary science will depend to a significant extent on the availability offacilities for sample preparation and isotope measurement There are a growingnumber of such facilities worldwide with a concentration in the USA but includingAustralia Canada France Germany Japan and Switzerland In the UK there arededicated AMS target preparation laboratories for 10Be26Al and 36Cl in theDepartment of Geography at Edinburgh University but the widespread adoption ofcosmogenic isotope analysis in the UK as elsewhere will require a substantial increasein target preparation capability Sample preparation for the stable noble gas cosmogenicisotopes is less demanding and can be accomplished with standard laboratory facilities

In terms of the measurement of cosmogenic isotopes the high-sensitivity noble gasmass spectrometres capable of measuring 3He and 21Ne are relatively widely availablebut there are difficulties in using such machines where they have also been used formeasuring irradiated samples for 40Ar39Ar dating and the number of machinesdedicated to cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne is limited For the measurement of cosmogenicradioisotopes the tandem electrostatic accelerators most commonly used range inmaximum terminal voltage from less than 3 MV to 16 MV The lower voltage accelera-tors (~3 MV or less) are commonly used routinely for 14C but they can also be used tomeasure 10Be and 26Al Intermediate-sized machines (5ndash9 MV) can potentially measurethe full range of cosmogenic isotopes although the higher energies available from thelargest machines (10 MV or more) are particularly advantageous for the measurementof 36Cl (Fifield 1999) With a maximum terminal voltage of 5 MV the JointInfrastructure Fund (NERC)-financed AMS at the Scottish Universities EnvironmentalResearch Centre AMS Facility East Kilbride is in the intermediate category and willhave a capability across the range of cosmogenic isotopes commonly used in Earth andenvironmental science applications Although there are currently over 40 AMS facilitiesworldwide (Tuniz et al 1998) several specialize in radiocarbon dating and relativelyfew currently undertake significant numbers of measurements across a range ofcosmogenic isotopes for Earth and environmental science applications (Table 4)


Table 4

AMS facilities invo

lved

in the

mea

suremen

t of cosm

ogen

ic isotop

es for Earth and

env

iron

men

tal s

cien

ce applic

ations

Facility

VT(M

V)

Principa

lCom

men

tsco

smog

enic isotope

smea

sured

Acc

elerator Lab

oratory ANU

155

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

High vo

ltage acc

elerator w

ith an espe

cially goo

d capa

bility for 36Cl

Can

berra Australia

Expe

rien

ce w

ith env

iron

men

tal an

d geom

orph

ic app

lications

AMS Facility

510Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

Ded

icated

to Earth and

env

iron

men

tal scienc

e ap

plications

SUER

C Ea

st Kilb

ride

UK

Gif-sur-Yve

tte Tan

detron

310Be 26 A

lUsed for several ap

plications employ

ing

10Be

Acc

elerator F

ranc

e

CAMS U

CLLN

L Califo

rnia

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

ith a high-vo

ltage AMS that has produ

ced a large qu

antity of

USA

10Be an

d 26Al mea

suremen

ts and

has w

orke

d with

a w

ide rang

e of

colla

borators

ANTA

RES

ANST

O Lu

cas

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

hich

has becom

e sign

ifica

ntly in

volved

in ge

omorph

olog

ical

Heigh

ts A

ustralia

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications since

the mid-199

0s

PRIM

E La

b Purdu

e8

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

A facility w

hich

has w

orke

d with

a diverse ran

ge of co

llabo

rators both

Unive

rsity U

SAwith

the

USA

and

elsew

here

NSF

-Arizo

na AMS Facility

25

10Be 14 C

A m

ajor 14 C

facility tha

t ha

s be

en inv

olved in develop

ing the ap

plication

Unive

rsity

of A

rizo

na USA

of in

situ

-produ

ced

14C

VER

A V

ienn

a3

14C 26 A

l Prim

arily

kno

wn for 14C m

easuremen

ts

Austria

ETHPSI AMS Facility

610Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

One

of the

first fac

ilitie

s to be invo

lved

in a rang

e of geo

morph

olog

ical

Zurich Switz

erland

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications

Not

es T

he listing is not exh

austive Fac

ilitie

s un

dertak

ing mea

suremen

ts of 1

4 C only are no

t inc

lude

d V

T m

axim

um terminal voltage A

NST

O A

ustralian

Nuc

lear Scien

ce and

Techn

olog

y Organ

isation ANTA

RES

Australian Nationa

l Tan

dem Accelerator fo

r App

lied Research ANU A

ustralian Nationa

lUnive

rsity

CAMS C

entre for AMS ETH

PSI S

wiss Fede

ral Institu

te of Techn

olog

yPaul Sch

errer Institu

te NSF N

ationa

l Scienc

e Fo

unda

tion PRIM

E La

bPu

rdue

Rare Isotop

e Mea

suremen

t La

boratory U

CLLN

L U

niversity

of C

alifo

rniaLaw

renc

e Liverm

ore Nationa

l Lab

oratory SUER

C Sc

ottish Universities

Environm

ental R

esearch Cen

tre VER

A V

ienn

a En

vironm

ental R

esea

rch Acc

elerator


VIII Conclusions and future directions

Over the past decade there has been a remarkable growth in applications of cosmogenicisotope analysis in geomorphology and Quaternary science This has arisen very largelyfrom the capability to provide chronological constraints where none were possiblebefore both in terms of the timescales that can be addressed and because the techniquecan be applied to a range of minerals that are virtually ubiquitous on the Earthrsquossurface However this is still a rapidly developing technique and there are excitingprospects for the immediate future

One of these which underpins all applications of cosmogenic isotope analysis isimproved data on production rates and a better understanding of the spatial andtemporal factors that control them The importance of establishing a community-wideconsensus on cosmogenic isotope production rates used in the estimation of exposureages and denudation rates is now regarded as a major priority with the ultimateobjective of producing cosmogenic exposure ages with errors of 5 or less Coupledwith the analysis of a larger number of samples for a particular problem and themeasurement of several isotopes in the same sample this greater accuracy will providethe kind of tight chronological constraints necessary to answer key questions in recentEarth history

Another area of active research involves muon production (Heisinger et al 2002a bc) The greater attenuation length of muon interactions compared with spallation meansthat muogenic production requires more time to reach secular equilibrium with respectto losses from denudation and radioactive decay Consequently muogenic productionis less sensitive to short-timescale perturbations in denudation and therefore yieldsrates averaged over longer periods of time than the spallation-produced componentThis opens the possibility of comparing denudation rates over different timescales fromvertical sequences of samples (Stone et al 1994 Brown et al 1995b Heisinger andNolte 2000)

The issue of how rates of denudation might vary over different timescales can betaken much further by combining cosmogenic isotope analysis with other techniquesthat address both shorter and longer time ranges (Kirchner et al 2001) Suchinformation has important practical implications since denudation rates overlsquocosmogenicrsquo timescales can provide a valuable benchmark for recent anthropogenicperturbations of drainage basins The multi-timescale approach has already beenapplied in the Nanga Parbat area of the western Himalayas where the rate of incisionof the Indus River estimated from cosmogenic exposure ages of strath terraces wascompared with longer-term denudation rates derived from fission-track ther-mochronology (Burbank et al 1996) The combination of cosmogenic isotope analysisand thermochronology has also been applied to landscapes in far less active tectonicsettings (Belton et al 2000 Cockburn et al 2000 Brown et al 2002) Such comparativestudies have to be undertaken with care when using site-specific sampling forcosmogenic isotope analysis given the much larger spatial scale to which ther-mochronology applies but sampling from key landscape elements such as escarpmentfaces and summits can be fruitfully integrated with data on regional patterns ofdenudation derived from thermochronology (Cockburn et al 2000)

Finally expanded applications of catchment-averaged denudation rates studies arealso likely in the future The ability to document the exposure transport and burial of


sediment in fluvial systems over timescales of 103ndash106 yr opens up a whole suite of pos-sibilities for developing an understanding of drainage basin processes over thetimescales relevant to significant landscape change (Granger 2002) Particularlyvaluable for addressing the more recent part of this time range will be the wider use ofin-situ-produced 14C (Jull et al 1989 1992 1994b Handwerger et al 1999 Lal and Jull2001) Recent technical advances (Lifton et al 2001 2002) are now making it possible topair this short-lived radioisotope with cosmogenic nuclides with much longer half-livesin order to provide far more sensitivity in the detection of complex exposure histories

Acknowledgements

We thank Bill Phillips and Arjun Heimsath for comments on the manuscript andacknowledge financial support from the Natural Environment Research Council(HAPCMAS) the Australian Research Council (HAPC) the Leverhulme Trust(HAPC) and the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland (MAS)

References

Albrecht A Herzog GF Klein J Dezfouly-Arjomandy B and Goff F 1993 Quaternaryerosion and cosmic-ray erosion history derivedfrom 10Be and 26Al produced in situ anexample from the Pajarito plateau Vallescaldera region Geology 21 551ndash54

Anderson RS Repka JL and Dick GS 1996Explicit treatment of inheritance in datingdepositional surfaces using in situ 10Be and26Al Geology 24 47ndash51

Anthony EY and Poths J 1992 3He surfaceexposure dating and its implications formagma evolution in the Potrillo volcanic fieldRio Grande Rift New Mexico USA Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta 56 4105ndash108

Ballantyne C Stone JOH and Fifield LK1998 Cosmogenic Cl-36 dating of postglaciallandsliding at the Storr Isle of Skye ScotlandThe Holocene 8 347ndash51

Barnard PL Owen LA Sharma MC andFinkel RC 2001 Natural and human-inducedlandsliding in the Garhwal Himalaya ofnorthern India Geomorphology 40 21ndash35

Barrows TT Stone JO Fifield LK andCresswell RG 2001 Late Pleistoceneglaciation of the Kosciuszko Massif SnowyMountains Australia Quaternary Research 55179ndash89

ndashndashndashndash 2002 The timing of the Last GlacialMaximum in Australia Quaternary ScienceReviews 21 159ndash73

Bell JW Brune JN Liu T Zreda M and

Yount JC 1998 Dating precariously balancedrocks in seismically active parts of Californiaand Nevada Geology 26 495ndash98

Belton DX Brown RW Kohn BP and FinkD 2000 The first quantitative erosion rateestimates from lsquo the oldest persisting landforms in the world rsquo Geological Society ofAustralia Abstracts 58 24ndash28

Bierman PR 1994 Using in situ producedcosmogenic isotopes to estimate rates oflandscape evolution a review from thegeomorphic perspective Journal of GeophysicalResearch 99 13 885ndash96

Bierman P and Caffee M 2001 Slow rates ofrock surface erosion and sediment productionacross the Namib Desert and escarpmentsouthern Africa American Journal of Science 301326ndash58

ndashndashndashndash 2002 Cosmogenic exposure and erosionhistory of Australian bedrock landformsGeological Society of America Bulletin 114787ndash803

Bierman P and Gillespie A 1991 Range fires ndasha significant factor in exposure age determina-tion and geomorphic surface evolution Geology19 641ndash44

Bierman P and Steig EJ 1996 Estimating ratesof denudation using cosmogenic isotopeabundances in sediment Earth Surface Processesand Landforms 21 125ndash39

Bierman P and Turner J 1995 10Be and 26Alevidence for exceptionally low rates ofAustralian bedrock erosion and the likely


existence of pre-Pleistocene landscapesQuaternary Research 44 378ndash82

Bierman PR Gillespie AR and Caffee MW1995 Cosmogenic ages for earthquakerecurrence intervals and debris flow fandeposition Owens Valley California Science270 447ndash50

Bierman PR Marsella KA Patterson CDavis PT and Caffee M 1999 Mid-Pleistocene cosmogenic minimum age limitsfor pre-Wisconsin glacial surfaces in southwest-ern Minnesota and southern Baffin Island amultiple nuclide approach Geomorphology 2725ndash40

Bourlegraves DL Braucher R Brown ETKalvoda J and Mercier JL 2002 YoungerDryas glacial expansion in the discontinuouslyglaciated area of Western and Central EuropeGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66 S1 A98

Bowen DQ Phillips FM McCabe AMKnutz PC and Sykes GA 2002 New data forthe last Glacial Maximum in Great Britain andIreland Quaternary Science Reviews 21 89ndash101

Braucher R Bourlegraves DL Colin F Brown ETand Boulange B 1998a Brazilian lateritedynamics using in situ produced 10Be Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 163 197ndash205

Braucher R Colin F Brown ET BourlegravesDL Bamba O Raisbeck GM Yiou F andKoud JM 1998b African laterite dynamicssuing in situ produced 10Be Geochimica etCosmochimica Acta 62 1501ndash507

Braucher R Bourlegraves DL Brown ET ColinF Muller JP Braun JJ Delaune M EdouMinko A Lescouet C Raisbeck GM andYiou F 2000 Application of in situ producedcosmogenic 10Be and 26Al to the study oflateritic soil development in tropical foresttheory and examples from Cameroon andGabon Chemical Geology 170 95ndash111

Briner JP and Swanson TW 1998 Usinginherited cosmogenic 36Cl to constrain glacialerosion rates of the Cordelleran ice sheetGeology 26 3ndash6

Briner JP Swanson TW and Caffee M 2001Late Pleistocene cosmogenic Cl-36 glacialchronology of the southwestern Ahklunmountains Alaska Quaternary Research 56148ndash54

Briner JP Kaufman DS Werner A CaffeeM Levy L Manley WF Kaplan MR andFinkel RC 2002 Glacier readvance during thelate glacial (Younger Dryas) in the AhklunMountains southwestern Alaska Geology 30679ndash82

Brook EJ and Kurz MD 1993 Surface-exposure chronology using in situ cosmogenic

3He in Antarctic quartz sandstone bouldersQuaternary Research 39 1ndash10

Brook EJ Kurz MD Ackert RP DentonGH Brown ET Raisbeck GM and Yiou F1993 Chronology of Taylor glacier advances inArena Valley Antarctica using in situcosmogenic 3He and 10Be Quaternary Research39 11ndash23

Brook EJ Brown ET Kurz MD AckertRP Raisbeck GM and Yiou F 1995aConstraints on age erosion and uplift ofNeogene glacial deposits in the TransantarcticMountains determined from in situ cosmogenic10Be and 26Al Geology 23 1063ndash66

Brook EJ Kurz MD Ackert RP RaisbeckG and Yiou F 1995b Cosmogenic nuclidesexposure ages and glacial history of lateQuaternary Ross Sea drift in McMurdo SoundAntarctica Earth and Planetary Science Letters131 41ndash56

Brook EJ Nesje A Lehman S Raisbeck Gand Yiou F 1996 Cosmogenic exposure agesalong a vertical transect in western Norwayimplications for the height of theFennoscandian Icesheet Geology 24 207ndash10

Brown ET Edmond JM Raisbeck GMYiou F Kurz MD and Brook EJ 1991Examination of surface exposure ages ofAntarctic moraines using in situ produced 10Beand 26Al Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 552269ndash83

Brown ET Brook EJ Raisbeck GM Yiou Fand Kurz MD 1992 Effective attenuationlengths of cosmic rays producing 10Be and 26Alin quartz implications for exposure age datingGeophysical Research Letters 19 369ndash72

Brown ET Bourlegraves DL Colin F Sanfo ZRaisbeck GM and Yiou F 1994 Thedevelopment of iron crust lateritic systems inBurkino Faso West Africa examined with insitu produced cosmogenic nuclides Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 124 19ndash33

Brown ET Stallard RF Larsen MCRaisbeck GM and Yiou F 1995a Denudationrates determined from the accumulation of site-produced 10Be in the Luquillo ExperimentalForest Puerto Rico Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters 129 193ndash202

Brown ET Bourlegraves DL Colin F RaisbeckGM Yiou F and Desgarceaux S 1995bEvidence for muon-induced production of 10Bein near-surface rocks from the CongoGeophysical Research Letters 22 703ndash706

Brown ET Bourlegraves DL Burchfiel BCQidong D Jun Li Molnar P RaisbeckGM and Yiou F 1998a Estimation of slip


rates in the southern Tien Shan using cosmicray exposure dates of abandoned alluvial fansGeological Society of America Bulletin 110 377ndash86

Brown ET Stallard RF Larsen MC BourlegravesDL and Raisbeck GM 1998b Determinationof predevelopment denudation rates of an agri-cultural watershed (Cayaguas River PuertoRico) using in-situ-produced Be-10 in riverborne quartz Earth and Planetary Science Letters160 723ndash28

Brown RW Cockburn HAP Kohn BPBelton DX Fink D Gleadow AJW andSummerfield MA 2002 Combining lowtemperature apatite thermochronology andcosmogenic isotope analysis in quantitativelandscape evolution studies Geochimica etCosmochimica Acta 66 S1 A106

Bruno LA Baur H Graf T Schluumlchter CSigner P and Wieler R 1997 Dating of SiriusGroup tillites in the Antarctic Dry Valleys withcosmogenic 3He and 21Ne Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters 147 37ndash54

Burbank DW Leland J Fielding EAnderson RS Brozovic RS Reid N andDuncan C 1996 Bedrock incision rock upliftand threshold hillslopes in the northwesternHimalayas Nature 379 505ndash10

Carson MA and Kirkby MJ 1972 Hillslopeform and process Cambridge CambridgeUniversity Press

Cerling TE 1990 Dating geomorphic surfacesusing cosmogenic 3He Quaternary Research 33148ndash56

Cerling TE and Craig H 1994a Geomorpho-logy and in-situ cosmogenic isotopes AnnualReview of Earth and Planetary Science 22 273ndash317

ndashndashndashndash 1994b Cosmogenic 3He production ratesfrom 39 to 46 degrees latitude western USAand France Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58249ndash55

Cerling TE Poreda RO and Rathburn SL1994 Cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne age of the BigLost River flood Snake River Plain IdahoGeology 22 227ndash30

Cerling TE Webb RH Poreda RJ RigbyAD and Melis TS 1999 Cosmogenic 3Heages and frequency of late Holocene debrisflows from Prospect Canyon Grand CanyonUSA Geomorphology 27 93ndash111

Chadwick OA Hall RD and Phillips FM1997 Chronology of Pleistocene glacialadvances in the central Rocky MountainsGeological Society of America Bulletin 1091443ndash52

Clapp EM Bierman PR Schick AP Lekach

J Enzel Y and Caffee M 2000 Sedimentyield exceeds sediment production in aridregion drainage basins Geology 28 995ndash98

Clapp EM Bierman PR Nichols KKPavich M and Caffee M 2001 Rates ofsediment supply to arroyos from uplanderosion determined using in situ producedcosmogenic Be-10 and Al-26 QuaternaryResearch 55 235ndash45

Clapp EM Bierman PR and Caffee M 2002Using 10Be and 26Al to determine sedimentgeneration rates and identify sediment sourceareas in an arid region drainage basinGeomorphology 45 89ndash104

Clark DH Bierman PR and Larsen P 1995Improving in situ cosmogenic chronometresQuaternary Research 44 367ndash77

Cockburn HAP and Summerfield MA 2000Landscape evolution in Namibia constrainingdenudation with in-situ cosmogenic nuclidesCommunications of the Geological Survey ofNamibia 12 403ndash408

Cockburn HAP Seidl MA andSummerfield MA 1999 Quantifyingdenudation rates on inselbergs in the centralNamib Desert using in situ-producedcosmogenic 10Be and 26Al Geology 27 399ndash402

Cockburn HAP Brown RW SummerfieldMA and Seidl MA 2000 Quantifyingpassive margin denudation and landscapedevelopment using a combined fission-trackthermochronology and cosmogenic isotopeanalysis approach Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters 179 429ndash35

Craig H and Poreda R 1986 Cosmogenic 3Hein terrestrial rocks The summit lavas of MauiNational Academy of Science Proceedings 831970ndash74

Davis PT Bierman PR Marsella KACaffee MW and Southon JR 1999Cosmogenic analysis of glacial terrains in theeastern Canadian Arctic a test for inheritednuclides and the effectiveness of glacialerosion Annals of Glaciology 28 181ndash88

Davis R and Schaffer OA 1955 Chlorine-36 innature Annals of the New York Academy of Science62 105ndash22

Desilets D Zreda M and Lifton NA 2001Comment on scaling factors for productionrates of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclidesa critical reevaluation By Tibor Dunai Earthand Planetary Science Letters 188 283ndash87

Dickin AP 1995 Radiogenic isotope geologyCambridge Cambridge University Press 490pp


Dunai TJ 2000 Scaling factors for productionrates of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclidesa critical reevaluation Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters 176 157ndash69

ndashndashndashndash 2001a Reply to Comment on scaling factorsfor production rates of in situ producedcosmogenic nuclides a critical reevaluation ByDesilets D Zreda M Lifton NA Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 188 289ndash98

ndashndashndashndash 2001b Influence of secular variation of thegeomagnetic field on production rates of in-situproduced cosmogenic nuclides Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 193 197ndash212

ndashndashndashndash 2002 Scaling factors for in-situ cosmogenicproduction an attempt to reach a workingconsensus Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66S1 A200

Dunai T and Wijbrans JR 2000 Long-termcosmogenic 3He production rates (152 kandash135Ma) from 40Ar39Ar dated basalt flows at 29degrees N latitude Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters 176 147ndash56

Dunne J Elmore D and Muzikar P 1999Scaling factors for the rates of production ofcosmogenic nuclides for geometric shieldingand attenuation at depth on sloped surfacesGeomorphology 27 3ndash12

Elmore D and Phillips FM 1987 Acceleratormass spectrometry for measurement of long-lived radioisotopes Science 236 543ndash50

Eppes MC and Harrison JBJ 1999 Spatialvariability of soils developing on basalt flowsin the Potrillo volcanic field southern NewMexico prelude to a chronosequence studyEarth Surface Processes and Landforms 241009ndash24

Fabel D and Harbor J 1999 The use of in-situproduced cosmogenic radionuclides inglaciology and glacial geomorphology Annalsof Glaciology 28 103ndash10

Fabel D Stone J Fifield LK and CresswellR 1997 Deglaciation of the Vestfold Hills EastAntarctica preliminary evidence fromexposure dating of three subglacial erratics InRicci CA editor The Antarctic region geologicalevolution and process Siena Terra AntarticaPublications 823ndash34

Fabel D Stroeven AP Harbor J Kleman JElmore D and Fink D 2002 Landscapepreservation under Fennoscandian ice sheetsdetermined from in situ produced 10Be and26Al Earth and Planetary Science Letters 201397ndash406

Fenton CR Webb RH Pearthree PACerling TE and Poreda RJ 2001

Displacement rates on the Toroweap andhurricane faults implications for Quaternarydowncutting in the Grand Canyon ArizonaGeology 29 1035ndash38

Fifield LK 1999 Accelerator mass spectrometryand its applications Reports on Progress inPhysics 62 1223ndash74

Fink D Middleton R Klein J and Sharma P1990 41Ca measurement by accelerator massspectrometry and applications NuclearInstruments and Methods in Physics Research B 4779ndash96

Finkel RC and Suter M 1993 AMS in the EarthSciences techniques and applications Advancesin Analytical Geochemistry 1 1ndash114

Fleming A Summerfield MA Stone JOFifield K and Cresswell RG 1999Denudation rates for the southern Drakensbergescarpment SE Africa derived from in-situ-produced cosmogenic 36Cl initial resultsJournal of the Geological Society London 156209ndash12

Froumlhlich K and Luumlbert J 1973 Uber dieMoumlglichkeit der Messung von Erosionsgesh-windigkeiten an oberflaumlchengesteinen mit dennatuumlrlichen Radionuckliden 41Ca und 39ArZeitschrift fuumlr Angewandte Geologie 19 550

Gilbert GK 1877 Report on the geology of theHenry Mountains (Utah) Washington DCUnited States Geological Survey

Gosse JC and Phillips FM 2001 Terrestrial insitu cosmogenic nuclides theory andapplication Quaternary Science Reviews 201475ndash560

Gosse JC and Stone JO 2001 Terrestrialcosmogenic nuclide methods passing mile-stones toward palaeo-altimetry Eos 82 82ndash89

Gosse JC and Willenbring J 2002 Glaciererosion factory using 26Al10Be soils and geo-morphology to study relief developmentGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66 S1 A287

Gosse JC Evenson EB Klein J Lawn B andMiddleton R 1995a Precise cosmogenic 10Bemeasurements in western North Americasupport fort a global Younger Dryas coolingevent Geology 23 877ndash80

Gosse JC Klein J Evenson J Lawn B andMiddleton R 1995b 10Be dating of theduration and retreat of the last Pinedale Glacialsequence Science 268 1329ndash33

Gosse JC Reedy RC Harrington CD andPoths J 1996 Overview of the workshop onsecular variations in production rates ofcosmogenic nuclides on Earth Radiocarbon 38135ndash47

Granger DE 2002 Spatially averaged erosion


rates from cosmogenic nuclides in sedimentsten years later Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta66 S1 A288

Granger DE and Muzikar PF 2001 Datingsediment burial with in situ-producedcosmogenic nuclides theory techniques andlimitations Earth and Planetary Science Letters188 269ndash81

Granger DE and Smith AL 2000 Datingburied sediments using radioactive decay andmuogenic production of 26Al and 10Be NuclearInstruments and Methods in Physics Research B172 822ndash26

Granger DE Kirchner JW and Finkel RC1996 Spatially averaged long-term erosionrates measured from in situ-producedcosmogenic nuclides in alluvial sediment TheJournal of Geology 104 249ndash57

ndashndashndashndash 1997 Quaternary downcutting rate of theNew River Virginia measured from differen-tial decay of cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be in cave-deposited alluvium Geology 25 107ndash10

Granger DE Fabel D and Palmer AN 2001aPliocenendashPleistocene incision of the GreenRiver Kentucky determined from radioactivedecay of cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be inMammoth Cave sediments Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin 113 825ndash36

Granger DE Riebe CS Kirchner JW andFinkel RC 2001b Modulation of erosion onsteep granitic slopes by boulder armouring asrevealed by cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be Earthand Planetary Science Letters 186 269ndash81

Gualtieri L and Brigham-Grette J 2001 Theage and origin of the Little Diomede Islandupland surface Arctic 54 12ndash21

Gualtieri L Glushkova O and Brigham-Grette J 2000 Evidence for restricted ice-extent during the last glacial maximum in theKoryak Mountains of Chukotka far easternRussia Geological Society of America Bulletin 1121106ndash18

Hallet B and Putkonen J 1994 Surface datingof dynamic landforms young boulders onageing moraines Science 265 937ndash40

Hancock GS Anderson RS Chadwick OAand Finkel RC 1999 Dating fluvial terraceswith 10Be and 26Al profiles application to theWind River Wyoming Geomorphology 2741ndash60

Handwerger DA Cerling TE and Bruhn RL1999 Cosmogenic 14C in carbonate rocksGeomorphology 27 13ndash24

Heimsath AM Dietrich WE Nishiizumi Kand Finkel RC 1997 The soil production

function and landscape equilibrium Nature388 358ndash61

ndashndashndashndash 1999 Cosmogenic nuclides topographyand the spatial variation of soil depthGeomorphology 27 151ndash72

Heimsath AM Chappell J Dietrich WENishiizumi K and Finkel RC 2000 Soilproduction on a retreating escarpment insoutheastern Australia Geology 28 787ndash90

Heimsath AM Dietrich WE Nishiizumi Kand Finkel RC 2001a Stochastic processes ofsoil production and transport erosion ratestopographic variation and cosmogenic nuclidesin the Oregon Coast Range Earth SurfaceProcesses and Landforms 26 531ndash52

Heimsath AM Chappell J and Dietrich WE2001b Late Quaternary erosion in southeasternAustralia a field example using cosmogenicnuclides Quaternary International 83 169ndash85

Heimsath AM Chappell J Spooner NA andQuestiaux DG 2002 Creeping soil Geology30 111ndash14

Heisinger B and Nolte E 2000 Cosmogenic insitu production of radionuclides exposure agesand erosion rates Nuclear Instruments andMethods in Physics Research B 172 790ndash95

Heisinger B Lal D Jull AJT Kubik P Ivy-Ochs S Neumaier S Knie K Lazarev Vand Nolte E 2002a Production of selectedcosmogenic radionuclides by muons 1 Fastmuons Earth and Planetary Science Letters 200345ndash55

Heisinger B Lal D Jull AJT Kubik P Ivy-Ochs S Knie K and Nolte E 2002bProduction of selected cosmogenic radio-nuclides by muons 2 Capture of negativemuons Earth and Planetary Science Letters 200357ndash69

Heisinger B Lal D Jull AJT Kubik PWIvy-Ochs S Neumaier S Knie K LazarevV and Nolte E 2002c Production of selectedcosmogenic radionuclides by muonsGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66 S1 A558

Hermanns RL Trauth MH Niedermann SMcWilliams M and Strecker MR 2000Tephrochronologic constraints on temporal dis-tribution of large landslides in northwestArgentina Journal of Geology 108 35ndash52

Hermanns RL Niedermann S VillanuevaGarcia A Sosa Gomez J and Strecker MR2001 Neotectonics and catastrophic failure ofmountain fronts in the southern intra-AndeanPuna Plateau Argentina Geology 29 619ndash23

Hetzel R Niedermann S Ivy-Ochs S KubikPW Tao M and Gao B 2002a 21Ne versus10Be and 26Al exposure ages of fluvial terraces


the influence of crustal Ne in quartz Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 201 575ndash91

Hetzel R Niedermann S Tao M Kubik PIvy-Ochs S Gao B and Strecker MR 2002bLow slip rates and long-term preservation ofgeomorphic features in Central Asia Nature417 428ndash32

Hindmarsh RCA van der Wateren FW andVebers ALLM 1998 Sublimation of icethrough sediment in Beacon Valley AntarcticaGeografiska Annaler Series A Physical Geography80 209ndash19

Ivy-Ochs S Schluumlchter C Kubik P Dittrich-Hannen B and Beer J 1995 Minimum 10Beexposure ages of early Pliocene for the TableMountain plateau and the Sirius Group atMount Fleming Dry Valleys AntarcticaGeology 23 1007ndash19

Ivy-Ochs S Schluumlchter C Kubik P Synal H-A Beer J and Kerschner H 1996 Theexposure age of an Egesen moraine at JulierPass Switzerland measured with thecosmogenic nuclides 10Be 26Al and 36Cl Eclogaeund Geologie Helvetica 89 1049ndash63

Ivy-Ochs S Schluumlchter C Prentice M KubikP and Beer J 1997 10Be and 26Al exposure agesfor the Sirius Group at Mount Fleming MountFeather and Table Mountain and the PlateauSurface at Table Mountain In Ricci CAeditor The Antarctic region geological evolutionand process Siena Terra Antartica Publications1153ndash58

Ivy-Ochs S Heuberger H Kubik PWKerschner H Bonani G Frank M andSchluumlchter C 1998 The age of the Koumlfelsevent Relative 14C and cosmogenic isotopedating of an early Holocene landslide in thecentral Alps (Tyrol Austria) Zeitschrift fuumlrGletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie 34 57ndash68

Ivy-Ochs S Schluumlchter C Kubik PW andDenton GH 1999 Moraine exposure datesimply synchronous Younger Dryas glacieradvance in the European Alps and in theSouthern Alps of New Zealand GeografiskaAnnaler Series A Physical Geography 81 313ndash23

Jackson J Ritz JF Siame L Raisbeck GYiou Y Norris R Youngson J and BennetE 2002 Fault growth and landscapedevelopment rates in Otago New Zealandusing in situ cosmogenic 10Be Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 195 185ndash93

Jackson LE Phillips FM Shimamura K andLittle EC 1997 Cosmogenic 36Cl dating of theFoothills erratics train Alberta CanadaGeology 25 195ndash98

Jackson LE Phillips FM and Little EC 1999Cosmogenic 36Cl dating of the maximum limitof the Laurentide Ice Sheet in southwesternAlberta Canadian Journal of Earth Science 361347ndash56

James LA Fabel D Dahms D and Elmore D2002 Late Pleistocene glaciation in the north-western Sierra Nevada California QuaternaryResearch 57 409ndash19

Jull AJT Donahue DJ Linick TW andWilson GC 1989 Spallogenic 14C in high-altitude rocks and in Antarctic meteoritesRadiocarbon 31 719ndash24

Jull AJT Wilson AE Burr GS Toolin LJand Donahue D 1992 Measurements ofcosmogenic 14C produced by spallation in highaltitude rocks Radiocarbon 34 737ndash44

Jull AJT Lal D Donahue DJ Mayewski PLorius C Raynaud D and Petit JR 1994aMeasurements of cosmic-ray-produced 14C infirn and ice from Antarctica NuclearInstruments and Methods in Physics Research B 92326ndash30

Jull AJT Lifton N Phillips WM andQuade J 1994b Studies of the production rateof cosmic ray produced 14C in rock surfacesNuclear Instruments and Methods in PhysicsResearch B 92 308ndash10

Kaplan MR Miller GH and Steig EJ 2001Low-gradient outlet glaciers (ice streams)drained the Laurentide ice sheet Geology 29343ndash46

Karhu JA Tschudi S Saarnisto M Kubik Pand Schluumlchter C 2001 Constraints for thelatest glacial advance on Wrangel Island Arcticocean from rock surface exposure dating Globaland Planetary Change 31 447ndash51

Kelly MA von Blanckenburg F Kubik PWand Schluumlchter C 2002 Surface exposure agesof high elevation glacial erosion landforms anattempt to date deglaciation of the Last GlacialMaximum ice cap in the western Swiss AlpsGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66 S1 A392

Kirchner J Finkel RC Riebe C GrangerDE Clayton JL King JG and MegahanWF 2001 Mountain erosion over 10 yr 10 kyand 10 my timescales Geology 29 591ndash94

Klein J Middleton R and Tang H-Q 1982Modifications of an FN Tandem for quantita-tive measurements of 10Be Nuclear Instrumentsand Methods in Physics Research B 193 601ndash16

Klein J Giegengack R Middleton RSharma P Underwood JR and Weeks RA1986 Revealing histories of exposure using insitu produced 26Al and 10Be in Libyan DesertGlass Radiocarbon 28 547ndash55


Klinger Y Avouac JP Abou Karaki NDorbath L Bourlegraves D and Reyss JL 2000Slip rate on the Dead Sea transform fault innorthern Araba valley (Jordan) GeophysicalJournal International 142 755ndash68

Kober F Schlunegger F Ivy-Ochs S andWeiler R 2002 The dependency of cosmogenicnuclides to climate and surface uplift intransient landscapes Geochimica etCosmochimica Acta 66 S1 A408

Kubik PW Ivy-Ochs S Schluumlchter CMasarik J and Frank M 1998 10Be and 26Alproduction rates deduced from an instanta-neous event within the dendro-calibrationcurve the landslide of the Koumlfels Otz ValleyAustria Earth and Planetary Science Letters 161231ndash41

Kurz MD 1986a Cosmogenic helium in aterrestrial igneous rock Nature 320 435ndash39

ndashndashndashndash 1986b In situ production of terrestrialcosmogenic helium and some applications togeochronology Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta50 2855ndash62

ndashndashndashndash 1987 Erratum in situ production ofterrestrial cosmogenic helium and some appli-cations to geochronology Geochimica etCosmochimica Acta 51 1019

Kurz MD and Brook EJ 1994 Surfaceexposure dating with cosmogenic nuclides InBeck C editor Dating in exposed and surfacecontexts Albuquerque NM University of NewMexico Press 139ndash59

Kurz MD Colodner D Trull TW MooreRB and OrsquoBrien K 1990 Cosmic rayexposure dating with in situ producedcosmogenic 3He results from young Hawaiianlava flows Earth and Planetary Science Letters 97177ndash89

Lal D 1988 In-situ-produced cosmogenicisotopes in terrestrial rocks Annual Reviews inEarth and Planetary Science 16 355ndash88

ndashndashndashndash 1991 Cosmic ray labelling of erosionsurfaces in situ nuclides production rates anderosion models Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters 104 424ndash39

Lal D and Arnold JR 1985 Tracing quartzthrough the environment Proceedings of theIndian Academy of Science Earth and PlanetaryScience 94 1ndash5

Lal D and Jull AJT 1990 On determining iceaccumulation rates in the past 40000 yearsusing in-situ cosmogenic C-14 GeophysicalResearch Letters 17 1303ndash306

ndashndashndashndash 1992 Cosmogenic nuclides in ice sheetsRadiocarbon 34 227ndash33

ndashndashndashndash 2001 In-situ cosmogenic C-14 productionand examples of its unique applications instudies of terrestrial and extraterrestrialprocesses Radiocarbon 43 731ndash42

Lal D and Peters B 1967 Cosmic ray producedradioactivity on the Earth In Sitte K editorHandbuch der Physik XLVI2 (462) SpringerVerlag Berlin 551ndash612

Lal D Nishiizumi K and Arnold J 1987 In-situ-produced cosmogenic 3H 14C and 10Be fordetermining the net accumulation and ablationof ice sheets Journal of Geophysical Research 924947ndash52

Lal D Jull AJT and Donahue DJ 1990 Polarice ablation rates measured using in-situcosmogenic C-14 Nature 346 350ndash52

Laughlin AW Poths J Healy HA ReneauS and WoldeGabriel G 1994 Dating ofQuaternary basalts using the cosmogenic 3Heand 14C methods with implications for excess40Ar Geology 22 135ndash38

Leland J Reid MR Burbank DW Finkel Rand Caffee M 1998 Incision and differentialbedrock uplift along the Indus River nearNanga Parbat Pakistan Himalaya from 10Beand 26Al exposure age dating of bedrockstraths Earth and Planetary Science Letters 15493ndash107

Licciardi JM Kurz MD Clark PU andBrook EJ 1999 Calibration of cosmogenic 3Heproduction rates from Holocene lava flows inOregon USA and effects of the Earthrsquosmagnetic field Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters 172 261ndash71

Licciardi JM Clark PU Brook EJ PierceKL Kurz MD Elmore D and Sharma P2001 Cosmogenic 3He and 10Be chronologies ofthe late Pinedale northern Yellowstone ice capMontana USA Geology 29 1095ndash98

Lifton NA Jull AJT and Quade J 2001 Anew extraction technique and production rateestimate for in situ cosmogenic 14C in quartzGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65 1953ndash69

Lifton N Pigati J Jull AJT and Quade J2002 Altitudinal variation of in situcosmogenic 14C production rates preliminaryresults from the Southerwestern USAGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66 S1 A457

Liu BL Phillips FM Elmore D and SharmaP 1994 Depth dependence of soil carbonateaccumulation based on cosmogenic 36Cl datingGeology 22 1071ndash74

Liu BL Phillips FM Pohl MM and SharmaP 1996 An alluvial surface chronology basedon cosmogenic 36Cl dating Ajo Mountains(Organ Pip Cactus National Monument)


southern Arizona Quaternary Research 4530ndash37

Loosli H 1983 A dating method with argon-39Earth and Planetary Science Letters 63 51ndash62

Marchant DR Lewis AR Phillips WMMoore EJ Souchez RA Denton GHSugden DE Potter N and Landis GP 2002Formation of patterned ground andsublimation till over Miocene glacier ice inBeacon Valley southern Victoria LandAntarctica Geological Society of America Bulletin114 718ndash30

Marsella KA Bierman PR Davis PT andCaffee MW 2000 Cosmogenic Be-10 and Al-26 ages for the Last Glacial Maximum easternBaffin Island Arctic Canada Geological Societyof America Bulletin 112 1296ndash312

Marti K and Craig H 1987 Cosmic-ray-produced neon and helium in the summit lavasof Maui Nature 325 335ndash37

Masarik J 2002 Numerical simulation of in-situproduction of cosmogenic nuclides Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta 66 S1 491 1

Masarik J and Reedy RC 1995 Terrestrialcosmogenic-nuclides production systematicscalculated from numerical simulations Earthand Planetary Science Letters 136 381ndash95

Masarik J Frank M Schaumlfer JM and WielerR 2001 Correction of in situ cosmogenicnuclides production rates for geomagnetic fieldintensity variation during the past 800000years Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 652995ndash3003

McKean JA Dietrich WE Finkel RCSouthon JR Caffee MW 1993 Quantifi-cation of soil production and downslope creeprates from cosmogenic 10Be accumulations on ahillslope profile Geology 21 343ndash46

Miller GH Wolfe AP Steig EJ Sauer PEKaplan MR and Briner JP 2002 TheGoldilocks dilemma big ice little ice or lsquojustrightrsquo ice in the Eastern Canadian arcticQuaternary Science Reviews 21 33ndash48

Mitchell SG Matmon A Bierman PREnzel Y Caffee M and Rizzo D 2001Displacement history of a limestone fault scarpnorthern Israel from cosmogenic 36Cl Journal ofGeophysical Research 106 4247ndash64

Molnar P Brown ET Burchfiel C QidpongD Xianyue F Jun L Raisbeck GMJianbang S Zhangming W Yiou F andHuichuan Y 1994 Quaternary climate changeand the formation of river terraces acrossgrowing anticlines on the north flank of theTien Shan China The Journal of Geology 102583ndash602

Nichols KK Bierman PR Hooke RLClapp EM and Caffee M 2002 Quantifyingsediment transport on desert peidmonts using10Be and 26Al Geomorphology 45 105ndash25

Niedermann S Graf T Kim JS Kohl CPMarti K and Nishiizumi K 1994 Cosmic-ray-produced 21Ne in terrestrial quartz theneon inventory of Sierra Nevada quartzseparates Earth and Planetary Science Letters 125341ndash55

Nishiizumi K Lal D Klein J Middleton Rand Arnold JR 1986 Production of 10Be and26Al by cosmic rays in terrestrial quartz in situand implications for erosion rates Nature 319134ndash36

Nishiizumi K Winterer EL Kohl CP KleinJ Middleton R Lal D andArnold JR 1989Cosmic ray production rates of 10Be and 26Al inquartz from glacially polished rocks Journal ofGeophysical Research 94 17 907ndash15

Nishiizumi K Klein J Middleton R andCraig H 1990 Cosmogenic 10Be 26Al and 3Hein olivine from Maui lavas Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters 98 263ndash66

Nishiizumi K Kohl CP Shoemaker EMArnold JR Klein J Fink D andMiddletonR 1991a In-situ 10Be and 26Al exposure age atMeteor Crater Arizona Geochimica etCosmochimica Acta 55 2699ndash703

Nishiizumi K Kohl CP Arnold JR Klein JFink D and Middleton R 1991b Cosmic rayproduced 10Be and 26Al in Antarctic rocksexposure and erosion history Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 104 440ndash54

Nishiizumi K Kohl CP Arnold JR DornR Klein J Fink D Middleton R and LalD 1993 Role of in-situ cosmogenic nuclides10Be and 26Al in the study of diversegeomorphic processes Earth Surface Processesand Landforms 18 407ndash25

Nishiizumi K Finkel RC Klein J and KohlCP 1996 Cosmogenic production of 7Be and10Be in water targets Journal of GeophysicalResearch 101 22 225ndash32

Noller JS Sowers JM and Lettis WReditors 2000 Quaternary geochronology methodsand applications Washington DC AmericanGeophysical Union 582 pp

Oberholzer P Schaumlfer JM Baroni C Ivy-Ochs S Orombelli G Baur H and WielerR 2002 Limited Pleistocene glaciation in DeepFreeze Range Northern Victoria LandAntarctica derived from in situ cosmogenicnuclides Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66 S1A565

Owen LA Gualtieri L Finkel RC Caffee


MW Benn DI and Sharma MC 2001Cosmogenic radionuclide dating of glaciallandforms in the Lahul Himalaya northernIndia defining the timing of Late Quaternaryglaciation Journal of Quaternary Science 16555ndash63

Owen LA Finkel RC and Caffee MW2002a A note on the extent of glaciationthroughout the Himalya during the global LastGlacial Maximum Quaternary Science Reviews21 89ndash101

Owen LA Finkel RC Caffee MW andGualtieri L 2002b Timing of multiple lateQuaternary glaciations in the Hunza ValleyKarakoram Mountains northern PakistanDefined by cosmogenic radionuclide dating ofmoraines Geological Society of America Bulletin114 593ndash604

ndashndashndashndash 2002c Reply cosmogenic radionuclidesdating of glacial landforms in the LahulHimalya northern India defining the timing ofLate Quaternary glaciation Journal ofQuaternary Science 17 279ndash81

Perg LA Anderson RS and Finkel RC 2001Use of a new 10Be and 26Al inventory method todate marine terraces Santa Cruz CaliforniaUSA Geology 29 879ndash82

Phillips FM 2000 Muogenic nuclides a methodfor dating rapidly eroding landformsGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66 S1 A599

Phillips FM and Bowen DQ 2002 Acomparison of cosmogenic chronologies fordeglaciation in western North America andEurope Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66 S1A598

Phillips FM Leavy BD Jannick NOElmore D and Kubik PW 1986 The accumu-lation of cosmogenic chlorine-36 in rocks amethod for surface exposure dating Science231 41ndash43

Phillips FM Zreda MG Smith SS ElmoreD Kubik PW and Sharma P 1990Cosmogenic chlorine-36 chronology for glacialdeposits at Bloody Canyon Eastern SierraNevada Science 248 1529ndash32

Phillips FM Zreda MG Smith SS ElmoreD Kubik PW Dorn RI and Roddy DJ1991 Age and geomorphic history of MeteorCrater Arizona from cosmogenic 36Cl and 14Cin rock varnish Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta55 2695ndash98

Phillips FM Zreda MG Benson LVPlummer MA Elmore D and Sharma P1996 Chronology for fluctuations in LatePleistocene Sierra Nevada glaciers and lakes

Science 274 749ndash51Phillips FM Zreda MG Evenson EB HallRD Chadwick OA Sharma P 1997Cosmogenic 36Cl and 10Be ages of Quaternaryglacial and fluvial deposits of the Wind RiverRange Wyoming Geological Society of AmericaBulletin 109 1453ndash63

Phillips WM 2000 Estimating cumulative soilaccumulation rates with in situ producedcosmogenic nuclide depth profiles NuclearInstruments and Methods in Physics Research B172 817ndash21

ndashndashndashndash 2001 A review of cosmogenic nuclidesurface exposure dating new challenges forScottish geomorphology Scottish GeographicalJournal 117 1ndash15

Phillips WM McDonald EV Reneau SLand Poths J 1998 Dating soils and alluviumwith cosmogenic 21Ne depth profiles casestudies from the Pajarito Plateau New MexicoUSA Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160209ndash23

Phillips WM Sloan VF Shroder JF SharmaP Clarke M and Rendell HM 2000Asynchronous glaciation at Nanga Parbatnorthwestern Himalaya Mountains PakistanGeology 28 431ndash34

Poreda RJ and Cerling TE 1992 Cosmogenicneon in recent lavas from the Western UnitedStates Geophysical Research Letters 19 1863ndash66

Pratt B Burbank DW Heimsath A andOjhaT 2002 Impulsive alluviation during earlyHolocene strengthened monsoons centralNepal Himalaya Geology 30 911ndash14

Repka JL Anderson RS and Finkel RC1997 Cosmogenic dating of fluvial terracesFremont River Utah Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters 152 59ndash73

Reynolds RW Geist D and Kurz MD 1995Physical volcanology and structuraldevelopment of Sierra Negra Volcano Isabella-Island Galapagos Archipelago GeologicalSociety of America Bulletin 107 1398ndash410

Riebe CS Kirchner JW Granger DE andFinkel RC 2000 Erosional equilibrium anddisequilibrium in the Sierra Nevada inferredfrom cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be in alluvialsediment Geology 28 803ndash806

Riebe CS Kirchner JW and Granger DE2001a Quantifying quartz enrichment and itsconsequences for cosmogenic measurements oferosion rates from alluvial sediment andregolith Geomorphology 40 15ndash19

Riebe CS Kirchner JW Granger DE andFinkel RC 2001b Strong tectonic and weak


climatic control of long-term chemicalweathering Geology 29 511ndash14

ndashndashndashndash 2001c Minimal climatic control on erosionrates in the Sierra Nevada California Geology29 447ndash50

Ritz JF Brown ET Bourlegraves DL Philip HSchlupp A Raisbeck GM Yiou F andEnkhtuvshin B 1995 Slip rates along activefaults estimated with cosmic ray exposuredates applications to the Bogd Faults Gobi-Altai Mongolia Geology 23 1019ndash22

Sarda P Staudacher T Allegravegre CJ andLecomts A 1993 Cosmogenic neon andhelium at Reacuteunion measurement of erosionrate Earth and Planetary Science Letters 119405ndash17

Schaumlfer JM Ivy-Ochs S Wieler R Leya IBaur H Denton GH and Schluumlchter C1999 Cosmogenic noble gas studies in theoldest landscape on earth surface exposureages of the Dry Valleys Antarctica Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 167 215ndash26

Schaumlfer JM Baur H Denton GH Ivy-OchsS Marchant DR Schluumlchter C and WielerR 2000 The oldest ice on Earth in BeaconValley Antarctica new evidence from surfaceexposure dating Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters 179 91ndash99

Schaumlfer JM Tschudi S Zhao ZZ Wu XIvy-Ochs S Wieler R Baur H Kubik PWand Schluumlchter C 2002a The limited influenceof glaciations in Tibet on global climate over thepast 170000 yr Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters 194 287ndash97

Schaumlfer JM Ivy-Ochs S Denton GHSchluumlchter C Weiler R Kubik PW andSchlosser P 2002b Rise and fall of the LastGlacial Maximum Geochimica et CosmochimicaActa 66 S1 672

Schaller M von Blanckenburg F Hovius Nand Kubik PW 2001 Large-scale erosion ratesfrom in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides inEuropean river sediments Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters 188 441ndash58

ndashndashndashndash 2002 Palaeo-erosion rate record in a 16 Materrace sequence of the Meuse river Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta 66 S1 673

Schildgen T Dethier DP Bierman P andCaffee M 2002 26Al and 10Be dating of latePleistocene and Holocene fill terraces a recordof fluvial deposition and incision Coloradofront range Earth Surface Processes andLandforms 27 773ndash87

Schroeder PA Melear ND Bierman PKashgarian M and Caffee M 2001 Apparentgibbsite growth ages for regolith in the Georgia

Piedmont Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65381ndash86

Seidl MA Finkel RC Caffee MW HudsonGB and Dietrich WE 1997 Cosmogenicisotope analyses applied to river longitudinalprofile evolution problems and interpretationsEarth Surface Processes and Landforms 22195ndash210

Shanahan TM and Zreda M 2000 Chronologyof Quaternary glaciations in East Africa Earthand Planetary Science Letters 177 23ndash42

Shepard MK Arvidson RE Caffee MFinkel R and Harris L 1995 Cosmogenicexposure ages of basalt flows Lunar Cratervolcanic field Nevada Geology 23 21ndash4

Siame LL Bourlegraves DL Seacutebrier M BellierO Castano JC Araujo M Perez MRaisbeck GM and Yiou F 1997 Cosmogenicdating ranging from 20 to 700 ka of a series ofalluvial fan surfaces affected by the El Tigrefault Argentina Geology 25 975ndash78

Siame LL Bellier O Seacutebrier M BourlegravesDL Leturmy P Perez M and Araujo M2002 Seismic hazard reappraisal fromcombined structural geology geomorphologyand cosmic-ray exposure dating analyses theEastern Precordillera thrust system (NWArgentina) Geophysical Journal International 150241ndash60

Small EE Anderson RS Repka JL andFinkel R 1997 Erosion rates of alpine bedrocksummit surfaces deduced from in situ 10Be and26Al Earth and Planetary Science Letters 150413ndash25

Small EE Anderson RS and Hancock GS1999 Estimates of the rates of regolithproduction using 10Be and 26Al from an alpinehillslope Geomorphology 27 131ndash50

Srinivasan B 1976 Barites anomalous xenonfrom spallation and neutron-induced reactionsEarth and Planetary Science Letters 106 87ndash102

Stanford SD Seidl MA and Ashley GM2000 Exposure ages and erosional history of anupland planation surface in the US AtlanticPeidmont Earth Surface Processes and Landforms25 939ndash50

Staudacher T and Allegravegre CJ 1993 Ages of thesecond caldera of Piton de la Fournaise volcano(Reacuteunion) determined by cosmic ray produced3He and 21Ne Earth and Planetary Science Letters119 395ndash404

Steig EJ Wolfe AP and Miller GH 1998Wisconsinan refugia and the glacial history ofeastern Baffin Island Arctic Canada coupleevidence from cosmogenic isotopes and lakesediments Geology 26 835ndash38

Stone JO 2000 Air pressure and cosmogenic


isotope production Journal of GeophysicalResearch 105 23753ndash59

ndashndashndashndash 2002 Calibration and scaling of cosmogenicnuclides production rates Geochimica etCosmochimica Acta 66 S1 746

Stone J Allan GL Fifield LK Evans JMand Chivas AR 1994 Limestone erosion mea-surements with cosmogenic 36Cl in calcite ndashpreliminary results from Australian NuclearInstruments and Methods in Physics Research B 92311ndash16

Stone J Lambeck K Fifield LK Evans JMand Cresswell RG 1996 A Lateglacial age forthe Main Rock Platform Western ScotlandGeology 24 707ndash10

Stone JOH Evans JM Fifield LK AllanGL and Cresswell RG 1998a Cosmogenicchlorine-36 production in calcite by muonsGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62 433ndash54

Stone JO Ballantyne CK and Fifield LK1998b Exposure dating and validation ofperiglacial weathering limits northwestScotland Geology 26 587ndash90

Stone JO Balco G Sugden DE CaffeeMW Siddoway C Cowdery S and Sass L2002 103ndash106 year history of the West Antarcticice sheet Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66S1745

Stroeven AP Fabel D Hattestrand C andHarbor J 2002 A relict landscape in the centreof the Fennoscandian glaciation cosmogenicradionuclide evidence of tors preservedthrough multiple glacial cycles Geomorphology44 145ndash154

Sugden DE Marchant DR Potter N JrSouchex R Denton GH Swisher CC andTison J-L 1995 Miocene glacier ice in BeaconValley Antarctica Nature 376 412ndash16

Summerfield MA Stuart FM CockburnHAP Sugden DE Denton GH Dunai Tand Marchant DR 1999a Long-term rates ofdenudation in the Dry Valleys TransantarcticMountains southern Victoria Land Antarcticabased on in-situ produced cosmogenic 21NeGeomorphology 27 113ndash29

Summerfield MA Sugden DE DentonGH Marchant DR Cockburn HAP andStuart FM 1999b Cosmogenic data supportprevious evidence of extremely low rates ofdenudation in the Dry valleys region southernVictoria Land Antarctica In Smith BJWhalley WB and Warke PA editors Uplifterosion and stability perspectives on longtermlandscape development London GeologicalSociety of London Special Publications 162255ndash67

Taylor PJ and Mitchell WA 2002 Commentcosmogenic radionuclides dating of glaciallandforms in the Lahul Himalaya northernIndia defining the timing of Late Quaternaryglaciation Journal of Quaternary Science 17277ndash78

Trull TW Kurz MD and Jenkins WJ 1991Diffusion of cosmogenic 3He in olivine andquartz ndash implications for surface exposuredating Earth and Planetary Science Letters 103241ndash56

Trull TW Brown ET Marty B RaisbeckGM and Yiou F 1995 Cosmogenic 10Be and3He accumulation in Pleistocene beach terracesin Death Valley California USA Implicationsfor cosmic-ray exposure dating of youngsurfaces in hot climates Chemical Geology 119191ndash207

Tschudi S Ivy-Ochs S Schluumlchter C KubikP and Rainio H 2000 Be-10 dating of YoungerDryas Salpausselka I formation in FinlandBoreas 29 287ndash93

Tuniz C Bird JR Fink D and Herzog GF1998 Accelerator mass spectrometry ultrasensitveanalysis for global science Boca Raton FL CRCPress 371 pp

Van der Wateren FM and Dunai TJ 2001 LateNeogene margin denudation history ndashcosmogenic measurements from the centralNamib Desert Global and Planetary Change 30271ndash307

Van der Wateren FM Dunai TJ Van BalenRT Klas W Verbers ALLM Passchier Sand Herpers U 1999 Contrasting Neogenedenudation histories of different structuralregions in the Transantarctic Mountains riftflank constrained by cosmogenic isotope mea-surements Global and Planetary Change 23145ndash72

Van der Woerd J Ryerson FJ Tapponier PGaudemer Y Finkel R Meriaux ASCaffee M Guoguang Z and Qunlu H 1998Holocene left-slip rate determined bycosmogenic surface dating on the Xidatansegment of the Kunlun fault (Qinghai China)Geology 26 695ndash98

Van der Woerd J Tapponier P Ryerson FJMeriaux A-S Mayer B Gaudemer YFinkel RC Caffee MW Guoguang Z andZhiqin X 2002 Uniform postglacial slip-ratealong the central 600 km of the Kunlun Fault(Tibet) from 26Al 10Be and 14C dating of riseroffsets and climatic origin of the regionalmorphology Geophysical Journal International148 356ndash88


Weissel JK and Seidl MA 1998 Inlandpropagation of erosional escarpments and riverprofile evolution across southeast Australianpassive continental margin In Tinkler KJ andWohl EE editors Rivers over rock fluvialprocesses in bedrock channels AGU GeophysicalMonograph Series 107 Washington DCAmerican Geophysical Union 189ndash206

Wells SG McFadden LD Poths J andOlinger CT 1995 Cosmogenic 3He surfaceexposure dating of stone pavements implica-tions for landscape evolution in desertsGeology 23 613ndash16

Zehfuss PH Bierman PR Gillespie ARBurke RM and Caffee MW 2001 Slip rateson the Fish Springs fault Owens ValleyCalifornia deduced from cosmogenic 10Be and26Al and soil development on fan surfacesGeological Society of America Bulletin 113 241ndash55

Zimmerman SG Eveson EB Gosse JC andErskine CP 1994 Extensive boulder erosionresulting from a range fire on the Type-PinedaleMoraines Fremont Lake Wyoming QuaternaryResearch 42 255ndash65

Zreda M and Noller JS 1998 Ages of

prehistoric earthquakes revealed by cosmo-genic chlorine-36 in a bedrock fault scarp atHebgen Lake Science 282 1097ndash99

Zreda M and Phillips FM 1995 Insights intoalpine moraine development from cosmogenic36Cl build up dating Geomorphology 14 149ndash56

ndashndashndashndash 2000 Cosmogenic nuclides build-up insurficial materials In Noller JS Sowers JMand Lettis WR editors Quaternary geochronol-ogy methods and applications AGU ReferenceShelf Series Washington DC AmericanGeophysical Union 61ndash76

Zreda M Phillips FM Kubik PW Sharma Pand Elmore D 1993 Cosmogenic 36Cl datingof a young basaltic eruption complex LathropWells Nevada Geology 21 57ndash60

Zreda MG Phillips FM and Elmore D 1994Cosmogenic 36Cl accumulation in unstablelandforms 2 Simulations and measurement oneroding moraines Water Resources Research 303127ndash36

Zreda M England J Phillips F Elmore Dand Sharma P 1999 Unblocking of the NaresStrait by Greenland and Ellesmere ice sheetretreat 10000 years ago Nature 398 139ndash42


I Introduction

The Earth is under constant bombardment by cosmic radiation primarily comprisingprotons with a smaller proportion of a-particles electrons and heavier nuclei Aproportion of this cosmic radiation comes from the Sun but the more energetic particles(typically 108ndash1010 eV) originate largely from our own galaxy with the very highestenergy particles (up to 1020 eV) having a source outside the Milky Way It is the higherenergy particles that are primarily responsible for generating the shower of secondarycosmic radiation in the upper atmosphere which reaches the Earthrsquos surface Thissecondary cosmic radiation flux consisting predominantly of neutrons with a muchsmaller component of muons interacts with target elements in minerals in a shallowlayer at the Earthrsquos surface to produce in situ extremely small quantities of cosmogenicnuclides Measurements of the amounts of these cosmogenic nuclides accumulatedover time can provide valuable information on the age and rate of change of the landsurface

Until the development in the late 1970s and early 1980s of accelerator mass spec-trometry (AMS) (Klein et al 1982 Elmore and Phillips 1987) and high-sensitivity noblegas mass spectrometry cosmogenic isotope analysis was confined to the relativelymuch higher concentrations of cosmogenic nuclides found in meteorites and lunarsamples that had received a cosmic-ray flux which had not been attenuated by theshielding effects of the Earthrsquos atmosphere Nonetheless even prior to developing thecapability to measure the exceedingly low concentrations of cosmogenic nuclidesproduced in situ in terrestrial materials the potential for applying such measurementsto geomorphological problems was recognized In fact the origins of using cosmogenicnuclides to determine the exposure history of the Earthrsquos surface go back to Davis andSchaffer (1955) who used beta counting to date a late Quaternary surface on a chlorine-rich phonolite Other early contributions include a largely ignored paper published inGerman in the early 1970s (Froumlhlich and Luumlbert 1973) which proposed calculatingdenudation rates using in-situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides (see Tuniz et al 1998)and the work by Srinivasan (1976) who measured cosmogenic 126Xe to determine alsquosurface residence timersquo for a sedimentary barite sample (see Cerling and Craig 1994a)

Following the advances in measurement technology and the increased understand-ing of the in situ production of cosmogenic nuclides that was acquired during the 1980sthere has been a rapid growth in applications of cosmogenic isotope analysis in geo-morphology and related fields of Quaternary science From five or six papers per yearin the early 1990s the number has risen to 20 or more in the past two to three years(Figure 1) These totals are for applications papers only and exclude a large body oftheoretical and technical contributions

The importance of cosmogenic isotope analysis as a technique in geomorphologyarises in part from the timescale that it can address Depending on the local rate of landsurface stripping cosmogenic isotope analysis can provide information on ages ofgeomorphic events denudation rates and the operation of specific geomorphicprocesses over timescales ranging from thousands to millions of years It thus forms acrucial bridge between investigations over the short term based on modern process ratemeasurements and historical data and long-term studies based on techniques such asthermochronology (Burbank et al 1996 Cockburn et al 2000) A key advantage of atechnique that provides information on denudation over these intermediate timescales







Table 1

Prop

erties of the

main terrestrial c

osmog

enic nuc

lides used in

geo

morph

olog

ical app

lications

Isotop

eHalf-life (yr)

Main target

Measuremen

tCom

men

tsminerals

3 He

stab

leolivine pyrox

ene

mass

High prod

uctio

n rate w

hich


onstrained

low

hornblen

de g

arne

tspec

trom

etry

detection lim

it lo

ng exp

osure histories ca

n be

recorde

d in suitable

host m

inerals which

retain


rtz from

which

there

is gen

erally rap


ritanc

e of 3He

whe

re sam

ple ha

s be

en previou

sly expo


samples from

roc

ks w

ith crystallin

e ag

es lt5Ma

10Be

151

acute10

6qu

artz o

livine

AMS

Prim

ary target m

ineral (q

uartz) is w

idesprea

d can

be an

alysed

inco

njun

ction with

other cosmog

enic nuc

lides fo

rmed

in qua

rtz (26 A

lin sam

e aliquo

t 14C and

21 N

e in sam

e sample) lon

g ha

lf-life

prov


ording

long

exp

osure histories lo

wprod

uctio

n rate m

eans app

lication is limite

d whe

re exp

osure even

tsare rece

nt relative ab

unda

nce of atm

osph

eric 10 B

e a po

tential

contam

inan

t req

uiring

rigorou

s sample trea

tmen

t prod

uctio

n rate

well-co

nstra

ined

only for qu

artz

14C

573

acute10

3qu

artz c

alcite

AMS

Target m


d sho

rt half-life mea

ns th

at rec

ent

complex

exp

osure histories ca

n be

ana

lysed whe

n pa

ired

with

astab

le cosmog

enic nuc

lide or a cosmog

enic rad

ionu

clide with

along

er half-life sho


e po

tential for in

heritanc

epo

ssibility of co

ntam

ination by

atm

osph

eric 1

4 C p

roce

dures

curren

tly le

ast d

evelop

ed of the

com

mon

ly used co

smog

enic

nuclides


21Ne

stab

lequ

artz o

livine

mass

Target m


tial for rec

ording

the long

est

garnet

spec

trom

etry

expo

sure histories of a

ny cosmog

enic isotop

e as it is stab

le and

clinop

yrox

ene

unlik

e 3 H

e app

ears to


in qua

rtz how

ever

this also means th

at in

heritanc

e from

previou

s expo

sure is possible

even

ove

r long

time span

s as a stab

le nuc

lide it is valua

ble whe

nan

alysed

in con

junc

tion with

10 B

e an

d 26Al to reco

rd com

plex

expo

sure histories c


cleo

genic

21Ne is

requ

ired

espec

ially

for sho

rt exp


ples w

ith old

crystalliza

tion ages an

d trap

ped

21Ne in in

clusions

26Al

720

acute10

5qu

artz

AMS

Target m

ineral is

widesprea

d can

be an

alysed

in con

junc

tion with

othe

r co

smog

enic nuc

lides fo

rmed

in qua

rtz (10 B

e 14 C

21 N

e) in

same aliquo

tsam

ple to in

vestigate co

mplex

exp


low con

centratio

n (lt20

0pp

m) of to

tal A

l in sam

ple requ

ired

as it is

difficu

lt to m

easure lo

w 26 A

l27 A

l ratios by

AMS

36Cl

301

acute10

5K-feldspa

rAMS

Atm

osph

eric produ

ction is lo

w so can be

used on

who

le roc

k (eg

plag

ioclase

basalt an

d lim

estone

) on

ly viable co

smog

enic nuc

lide for some

calcite

35 C

l in

litho

logies multip

le produ

ction pa

thway

s from

multip

le

fluid in

clusions

elem

ents tog

ethe

r with

rad

ioge

nic an

d nu

cleo

genic prod

uctio

nin qua

rtz

mea

n that anc

illary ge

oche

mical ana

lyses are requ

ired

and

that data

analysis is

more co

mplex

than

for othe

r co

smog

enic nuc

lides sulfur

contam

ination in sam

ples is typ

ical and

discrim

ination be

twee

n 36Cl

and the isob

ar 36 S by AMS ge

nerally

req

uires the high

er ene

rgies

prov

ided

by high

voltage

acc

elerators

Source

ba

sed on

Kurz an

d Brook

(199

4) Tun

iz eta

l (199

8) F

ifield (199

9) and

Gosse and

Phillips (2

001)














IV Dating events





Table 2

Applications

of in situ-pr

oduced cosmog

enic nuc

lides in

geo

morph

olog

y

Nature of

Categ

ory of

App

lications w

ith examples

proc

ess

proc

ess

Even

tCon

struction of

1 V

olca

nic

land

form

s(eg lava

flow

s cinde

r co

nes) d

ating of extrusive

roc

ks c

hron

olog

y of

(age

)land

surfaces

construc

tion of volca

nic land

form

svo

lcan

icCraig and

Pored

a (198

6) K

urz (198

6b 1

987) P

hillips eta

l (198

6) M

arti an

d Craig (1

987) C

erlin

g(199

0) N

ishiizum

i eta

l (199

0) K

urz et

al (19

90) Po

reda

and

Cerlin

g (199

2) A

ntho

ny and

Poths

(199

2) S

taud

ache

r an

d Allegrave

gre (199

3) S

arda

eta

l (199

3) Z

reda

eta

l (199

3) L

augh

lin eta

l (199

4)

Shep

ard et

al (19

95) Rey

nolds et

al (19

95) Ep

pes an

d Harrison (199

9) L

icciardi eta

l (199

9) F

enton

etal (20

01)

Con

struction of

2 A

lluvi

al r

iver

ter

race

sch

ange

s in sed

imen

t delivery throug

h tim

e clim

atic or tecton

ic con

trols on

land

surfaces

sedimen

t delivery

depo

sitio

nal

Molna

r et

al (199

4) A

nderson et

al (19

96) Rep

ka eta

l (199

7) P

hillips eta

l (199

8) Han

cock eta

l (199

9) S

challer et

al 2

002) S

child

gen et

al (20

02)

3 A

lluvi

al f

ans

debr

is f

low

sag

e co

nstraints on

seism

ic activity

throug

h offsettin

g by

faults

Ritz

eta

l (199

5) B

ierm

an eta

l (199

5) L

iu eta

l (199

6) S

iame et

al (19

97 2

002) B

rown et

al

(199

8a) va

n de

r Woe

rd eta

l (199

8 200

2) C

erlin

g (1

990) K

linge

r et

al (20

00) Zeh

fuss eta

l (200

1)

Fenton

eta

l (200

1) H

etzel et

al (20

02a b) Jackson et

al (200

2)

4 L

acus

trin

e sh

orel

ine

depo

sits

chron

olog

y of te

cton


ohyd

rology

and

clim

atic cha

nge

Trull e

tal (199

5)

5 I

ce-m

argi

nal m

orai

nes

glac

ial h

istory c

limatic cha

nge

Brown et

al (19

91) Brook

eta

l (199

3 199

5a b

) Brook

and

Kurz (199

3) G

osse eta

l (199

5a b)

Phillips et

al (19

90 1

996 199

7) Z

reda

and

Phillips (1

995) Ivy

-Och

s et

al (19

96 1

997) F

abel eta

l (199

7) Jac

kson

eta

l (199

7 199

9) C

hadw

ick et

al (19

97) Steig et

al (19

98) Davis eta

l (199

9) F

abel

and Harbo

r (199

9) G

ualtieri e

tal (200

0) S

hana

han an

d Zreda

(200

0) T

schu

di eta

l (200

0) M

arsella

etal (20

00) Ph

illips et

al (200

0) Barrows et

al (20

01 20

02) Brine

r et

al (20

01 2

002) L

icciardi eta

l (200

1) O

wen

eta

l (200

1 200

2a b

c) Kap

lan et

al (200

1) M

iller eta

l (200

2) S

chaumlfer eta

l (200

2a

b) B

ourlegraves eta

l (200

2) B

owen

eta

l (200

2) P

hillips and

Bow

en (2

002) Jam

es eta

l (200

2)

6 M

arin

e sh

orel

ine

depo

sits


hang

ePe

rg eta

l (200

1)


Table 2

Con

tinu

ed

Nature of

Category of

App

lications w

ith exa

mples

proc

ess

proc

ess

Even

tEx

posure th

roug

h7

Dev

elop

men

t of

fau

lt s

carp

spa

laeo

sesimicity

earthqu

ake recu

rren

ce in

tervals reg

iona

l tecton

ic

(age

)tecton

ic

stud

ies

(con

t)displace

men

tZreda

and

Noller (199

8) H

andw

erge

r et

al (19

99) Mitc

hell et

al (200

1)

Episod

ic8

Met

eori

te im

pact

sde

nuda

tion of th

eNishiizum

i eta

l (199

1a) Ph

illips et

al (19

91)

land

surface

9 R

apid

mas

s m

ovem

ent(eg land

slides roc

k falls d

ebris avalan

ches top

pling bo

ulde

rs)

mag

nitude

ndashfrequ

ency


id m

ass mov

emen

t processes c

orrelatio

n with

clim

atic

chan

ge or seismic eve

nts

Kubik et

al (19

98) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

98) Ballantyn

e et

al (19

98) Bell e

tal (199

8) C

erlin

g et

al

(199

9) H

erman

ns eta

l (200

0 200

1) B

arna

rd eta

l (200

1)10

Cat

astr

ophi

c flo

odin

glake ove

rflows glacial la

ke outbu

rsts lan

dslid

e da

m fa

ilures

Cerlin

g (199

0) C

erlin

g an

d Craig (1

994b

) Cerlin

g et

al (19

94)

11F

orm

atio

nof

stra

thte

rrac

es p

alae

ohyd

rologyc

hron

olog

yan

drate

ofincision

ofassociated

chan

nel Burba

nk eta

l (199

6) L

elan

d et

al (19

98) Barna

rd eta

l (200

1) P

ratt et

al (20

02)

12 F

orm

atio

n of

wav

e-cu

t pl

atfo

rmsch

rono

logy


hang

eSton

e et

al (19

96)

Expo

sure of

13 E

xpos

ure

of b

edro

ck s

urfa

ces

or

glac

ial o

r flu

viog

laci

al d

epos

itio

nal

form

sch

rono

logy

of retreat

land

surface

of ic

e margin con

firmation an

d da

ting of limits of g

laciation from

trim

lines c

hron

olog

y of clim

atic

throug

h ch

ange

remov

alNishiizum

i eta

l (198

9 199

1b) Brook

eta

l (199

6) B

runo

eta

l (199

7) Ballantyn

e et

al (19

98) Ston

eof ice

cov

eret

al (19

98b) B

rine

r an

d Sw

anson (199

8) B

ierm

an eta

l (199

9) F

abel eta

l (200

2) Stroev

en eta

l (200

2) G

osse and

Willen

bring (200

2) G

ualtieri a

nd Brigh

am-G

rette

(200

1) K

elly eta

l (200

2) S

tone

(200

2)

Burial p

roce

sses

14 D

epos

itio

n of

sed

imen

t in

cav

es c

hron

olog

y of cave de

velopm

ent rate of inc

ision of assoc

iated

suba


Grang

er eta

l (199

7 200

1a)

15 B

uria

l of

surf

aces

h

oriz

ons

in d

epos

itio

nal s

eque

nces

cha

nges in

sed

imen

t delivery throug

h tim

eclim

atic or tecton

ic con

trols

Grang

er and

Smith

(200

0) G

rang

er and

Muz

ikar (2

001)


16 B

uria

l of

glac

ial i

ce g

lacial and

clim

atic history

Schauml

fer et

al (20

00) March

ant e

tal (200

2)

Increm

entalProg

ressive

17 D

enud

atio

n of

bed

rock

reg

olit

h an

d de

posi

tion

al s

urfa

cesby

mecha

nica

l and

or ch

emical

chan

gede

nuda

tion of the

denu

datio

nal p

roce

sses at spe

cific

points on

the land

surface

(site

-spe

cific

rates) in som

e ca

ses

(rate)

land

surface

extrap

olation of site

-spe

cific

rates to


enud

ation of differen

t lan

dsca

peelem

ents (e

g rive

r ch

anne

ls v

alley-side

slope

s interflu

ves) a

ssessm

ent o

f fac

tors con

trollin

gde

nuda

tion rates on

spe

cific

land

form

s (eg slop

e clim

ate litholog

y)

Nishiizum

i eta

l (198

6 199

1b) Ku

rz (1

986b

) Albrech

t eta

l (199

3) B

rown et

al (19

95a) B

ierm

anan

d Tu

rner (1

995) S

eidl eta

l (199

7) Sm

all e

tal (199

7 199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

020

01a b) Weissel and

Seidl (1

998) C

ockb

urn et

al (19

99 2

000) F

leming et

al (19

99) Coc

kburn an

dSu

mmerfie

ld (2

000) S

ummerfie

ld eta

l (199

9a b) B

elton et

al (20

00) Grang

er eta

l (200

1b) van de

rWateren

and

Dun

ai (2

001) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1 200

2)18

Reg

iona

l den

udat

ionrepresen

ting ag

greg

ate effects of den

udationa

l proc

esses ac

ross drainage area

s(areally ave

rage

d de

nuda

tion rates de

rived from

bulk sedimen

t sam

ples) assessmen

t of fa

ctors

controlling

den


ge areas as a who

le

Brown et

al (19

95a 199

8b) Grang

er eta

l (199

6 200

1b) Sm

all e

tal (199

9) C

lapp

eta

l (200

020

01 2

002) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1) R

iebe

eta

l (200

0 200

1a b

c) Kirch

ner et

al (20

01)

Scha

ller et

al (20

01) Nicho

ls eta

l (200

2)

Ablation of ic

e19

Rat

es o

f ab

lati

on o

n gl

acie

rs lon

g-term

glacier m

ass ba

lanc

e stud

ies

surfac

esLa

l eta

l (198

7 199

0) L

al and

Jull (199

0 199

2) Jull e

tal (199

4a)

Vertic

al20

Ver

tica

l tra

nslo

cati

on o

f m

ater

ial i

n so

ils m

odes and

rates of soil d

evelop

men

tmov

emen

tsHeimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

0 200

1a b

) Ph

illips et

al (19

98) Ph

illips (200

0)

with

in reg

olith

or

21 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l in

late

rite

sdu

ricr

usts

mod

es and

rates of formation

othe

r de

posits

Brown et

al (19

94) Liu et

al (19

94) Brauc

her et

al (19

98a b 2

000) S

chroed

er eta

l (200

1)

22 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

slop

e m

ater

ials

nature an

d rates of slope

processes

Small e

tal (199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (200

2)

23 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

aeol

ian

depo

sits

dyn

amics of aeo

lian de

posits

Klein eta

l (198

6) Sh

epard et

al (19

95)

24 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

dese

rt p

avem

ent

syst

emsform

ation of desert p

avem

ents

Wells eta

l (199

5) S

hepa

rd eta

l (199

5)

Palaeo

-25

Cha

nge

in e

leva

tion

thr

ough

tim

einferred

throug

h ch

ange

in produ

ction rate e

stim

ating pa

staltim

etry

elev

ations and


land

surface

to con

strain te

cton

ic m

odels

Brown et

al (19

91) Brook

eta

l (199

3 199

5a) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

95) Bruno

eta

l (199

7) S

chaumlfer et

al (199

9) V

an der W

ateren

eta

l (199

9) G

osse and

Stone

(200

1) K

ober eta

l (200

2)


































5 Burial events



















Table 3

Site-specific den



enic nuclides in

bed

rock

sam

ples

Sour

ceLo

cati

onLi

thol

ogy

Fiel

d se

ttin

g an

d co

mm

ents

Isot

ope

nR

ate

(mm

kandash1

)

Mea

nR

ange

Nishiizum

i et

al

Alla

n Hills sou

thern

sand

ston

eSamples from bou

lders an

d be

droc

k ou

tcrops

907

03ndash

13

1991

bVictoria La

nd

from

Bea

con Su

pergroup

Antarctica

Soumlr Ron

dane

Mts

Mea

n rate and

ran

ge exc

lude

two samples w

ith10Be

6017

006

ndash045

Droning

Mau

d La

nd

complex

exp

osure history

26Al

Antarctica

Wrigh

t Valley sou

thern

sand

ston

eBed

rock from horizon

tal platform

s7

09

05ndash

13

Victoria La

nd

Antarctica

Summerfie

ld eta


gran

ite

Rectilinea

r slop

e samples

4056

026

ndash102

1999

asouthe

rn Victoria La

nd

sand

ston

ePlateau surfac

e samples

21Ne

4015

013

ndash016

Antarctica

Brown et

al

Icac

os River Lu

quillo

quartz-diorite

Bed

rock ridge

crest sam

ples

10Be

225

ndash19

95a

Mts P

uerto Rico

Small et

al

Wind River W

yoming

gran

ite gn

eiss

775

3ndash12

1997

USA

Bea

rtoo

th

Mon

tana

USA

gran

iteTo

r an

d large bo

ulde

r samples from sum

mit

10Be

510

56ndash

19Fron

t Ran

ge Colorad

ogran

ite schist

flats (2ndash

10degslop

e) sho

wing no

evide

nce of prior

26Al

474

6ndash9

USA

glaciatio

nSierra N

evad

agran

ite3

30

2ndash5

Califo

rnia USA

Small et

al

Wind River Ran

ge

gran

ite gn

eiss

Samles from

regolith

profiles and

buried

10Be

1813

712

16

1999

Wyo

ming U

SAbe

droc

k26Al

Heimsath eta

l Marin Cou

nty northern

gree

nstone

Isolated

bed

rock outcrop

s on

hillslop

es10Be

324

715

ndash39

1997

19

99Califo

rnia USA

grey

wacke

From

sub

soil be

droc


s26Al

1146

521

ndash105

sand

ston

e che

rtestim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

Heimsath eta

l Coa

st Ran

ge

sand

ston

eFrom

sub

soil be

droc

k on

sam

ples on hillslope

s20

01a

Orego

n U

SAsiltstone

estim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

10Be

3112

25

15ndash3

59(alth

ough

field ev

iden

ce sug

gests tempo

ral

26Al

variation in loc

al soil de

pth)

Grang

er eta

l Diamon

d Mts

hornblen

de

382

6ndash12

2001

bCalifo

rnia USA

gran

odiorite

Bed

rock sam

ples from exp

osures along

10Be

Fort Sag

e Mts

biotitie-gran

itecatchm

ent ridg

es26Al

119

ndashCalifo

rnia USA


Weissel and

Seidl

Mac

leay River System

gran

iteGorgehe

ad erosion

10Be

6~10

052

ndash195

1998

eastern New

Sou

thPlatea

u surfac

e ab

ove go

rge

26Al

140

ndashWales A

ustralia

Bierm

an and

Eyre Pen

insula south-

Bed

rock sam

ples from in

selberg summits

2708

03ndash

25

Turner 1

995

central A

ustralia

gran

iteinclud

ing bo

ulde

rs and


10Be

Bierm

an and

Expo

sed bo

ulde

rs and

bed

rock

sam

ples from

26Al

Caffee 200

2inselberg fla

nks

2121

05ndash

50

Heimsath eta

l Upp

er Beg

a Valley

gran

ite

From

sub

soil be

droc

k saprolite

sam

ples on

2000

New

Sou

th W

ales

gran

odiorite

slop

es at ba

se of esca

rpmen

t estim

ated

10Be

1428

69ndash

57Australia

assuming stea


ess

26Al

From

sides and

top

s of tors

715

89ndash

26Heimsath eta

l Bread

ho River Valley

gran

iteTo

rs on platea

u hillslope

s10Be

1010

04ndash

2820

01b

southe

astern H

ighlan

ds

26Al

New

Sou

th W

ales

Australia

Bierm

an and

Northern Territo

ry

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from to

ps of large bo

ulde

rs7

196

07ndash

37

Caffee 200

2Australia


10Be

Bed

rock sam

ples from lo

w lying

roc

k platform

s26Al

and fla

nks of inselbe

rgs

626

12ndash

38

Coc

kburn et

al

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from bornh

ardts som

e10Be

651

3ndash7

1999

Nam

ibia

eviden

ce of co

mplex

exp

osure

26Al

Coc

kburn et

al

Gam

sberg cen

tral

gran

ite-gne

iss


ing be

low

672

2ndash15

2000

Nam

ibian esca

rpmen

tescarpmen

t face

10Be

Nam

ibia

sand

ston

eEscarpmen

t face

sam

ples

26Al

472

5ndash12

Gam

sberg (escarpm

ent) summit

4044

035

ndash050

Bierm

an and

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

ite gn

iess

Bed

rock sam

ples from to

ps and

flan

ks of

10Be

4735

11ndash

75

Caffee 200

1Nam

ibia

quartz veins

inselbergs and

smaller rocky ou

tcrops

26Al

schist

Van

der W

ateren

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

Expo

sed veins on

gravel an

d sand

-cov

ered

4

046

011

ndash104

and Dun

ai 20

01Nam

ibia

quartz veins

pedimen

t surface

21Ne

River cut bed

rock surfaces 6

m and

0m abo

ve2

09

041

ndash14

presen

t dry ch

anne

l respec

tively

Flem

ing et

al

Drake

nsbe

rgba

salt

Escarpmen

t face

36Cl

255

48ndash6

219

99Esca

rpmen

tFlat-lying

escarpm

ent sum

mit

36

1ndash10

Not

es rates are mea


es used U

ncertaintie

s on

den

udation rates from

ana

lytic

al and

produ


5ndash2

0

Most de

nuda

tion rate estim

ates assum

e a lsquostead


mod

el




















VI Palaeoaltimetry









Table 4

AMS facilities invo

lved

in the

mea

suremen

t of cosm

ogen

ic isotop

es for Earth and

env

iron

men

tal s

cien

ce applic

ations

Facility

VT(M

V)

Principa

lCom

men

tsco

smog

enic isotope

smea

sured

Acc

elerator Lab

oratory ANU

155

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

High vo

ltage acc

elerator w

ith an espe

cially goo

d capa

bility for 36Cl

Can

berra Australia

Expe

rien

ce w

ith env

iron

men

tal an

d geom

orph

ic app

lications

AMS Facility

510Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

Ded

icated

to Earth and

env

iron

men

tal scienc

e ap

plications

SUER

C Ea

st Kilb

ride

UK

Gif-sur-Yve

tte Tan

detron

310Be 26 A


plications employ

ing

10Be

Acc

elerator F

ranc

e

CAMS U

CLLN

L Califo

rnia

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

ith a high-vo


ced a large qu

antity of

USA

10Be an

d 26Al mea

suremen

ts and

has w

orke

d with

a w

ide rang

e of

colla

borators

ANTA

RES

ANST

O Lu

cas

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

hich

has becom

e sign

ifica

ntly in

volved

in ge

omorph

olog

ical

Heigh

ts A

ustralia

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications since

the mid-199

0s

PRIM

E La

b Purdu

e8

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

A facility w

hich

has w

orke

d with

a diverse ran

ge of co

llabo

rators both

Unive

rsity U

SAwith

the

USA

and

elsew

here

NSF

-Arizo

na AMS Facility

25

10Be 14 C

A m

ajor 14 C

facility tha

t ha

s be

en inv

olved in develop

ing the ap

plication

Unive

rsity

of A

rizo

na USA

of in

situ

-produ

ced

14C

VER

A V

ienn

a3

14C 26 A

l Prim

arily

kno

wn for 14C m

easuremen

ts

Austria

ETHPSI AMS Facility

610Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

One

of the

first fac

ilitie

s to be invo

lved

in a rang

e of geo

morph

olog

ical

Zurich Switz

erland

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications

Not

es T


austive Fac

ilitie

s un

dertak

ing mea

suremen

ts of 1

4 C only are no

t inc

lude

d V

T m

axim


NST

O A

ustralian

Nuc

lear Scien

ce and

Techn

olog

y Organ

isation ANTA

RES

Australian Nationa

l Tan

dem Accelerator fo

r App

lied Research ANU A

ustralian Nationa

lUnive

rsity

CAMS C

entre for AMS ETH

PSI S

wiss Fede

ral Institu

te of Techn

olog

yPaul Sch

errer Institu

te NSF N

ationa

l Scienc

e Fo

unda

tion PRIM

E La

bPu

rdue

Rare Isotop

e Mea

suremen

t La

boratory U

CLLN

L U

niversity

of C

alifo

rniaLaw

renc

e Liverm

ore Nationa

l Lab

oratory SUER

C Sc

ottish Universities

Environm

ental R

esearch Cen

tre VER

A V

ienn

a En

vironm

ental R

esea

rch Acc

elerator










Acknowledgements


References




























































































































































































































































































Table 1

Prop

erties of the

main terrestrial c

osmog

enic nuc

lides used in

geo

morph

olog

ical app

lications

Isotop

eHalf-life (yr)

Main target

Measuremen

tCom

men

tsminerals

3 He

stab

leolivine pyrox

ene

mass

High prod

uctio

n rate w

hich


onstrained

low

hornblen

de g

arne

tspec

trom

etry

detection lim

it lo

ng exp

osure histories ca

n be

recorde

d in suitable

host m

inerals which

retain


rtz from

which

there

is gen

erally rap


ritanc

e of 3He

whe

re sam

ple ha

s be

en previou

sly expo


samples from

roc

ks w

ith crystallin

e ag

es lt5Ma

10Be

151

acute10

6qu

artz o

livine

AMS

Prim

ary target m

ineral (q

uartz) is w

idesprea

d can

be an

alysed

inco

njun

ction with

other cosmog

enic nuc

lides fo

rmed

in qua

rtz (26 A

lin sam

e aliquo

t 14C and

21 N

e in sam

e sample) lon

g ha

lf-life

prov


ording

long

exp

osure histories lo

wprod

uctio

n rate m

eans app

lication is limite

d whe

re exp

osure even

tsare rece

nt relative ab

unda

nce of atm

osph

eric 10 B

e a po

tential

contam

inan

t req

uiring

rigorou

s sample trea

tmen

t prod

uctio

n rate

well-co

nstra

ined

only for qu

artz

14C

573

acute10

3qu

artz c

alcite

AMS

Target m


d sho

rt half-life mea

ns th

at rec

ent

complex

exp

osure histories ca

n be

ana

lysed whe

n pa

ired

with

astab

le cosmog

enic nuc

lide or a cosmog

enic rad

ionu

clide with

along

er half-life sho


e po

tential for in

heritanc

epo

ssibility of co

ntam

ination by

atm

osph

eric 1

4 C p

roce

dures

curren

tly le

ast d

evelop

ed of the

com

mon

ly used co

smog

enic

nuclides


21Ne

stab

lequ

artz o

livine

mass

Target m


tial for rec

ording

the long

est

garnet

spec

trom

etry

expo

sure histories of a

ny cosmog

enic isotop

e as it is stab

le and

clinop

yrox

ene

unlik

e 3 H

e app

ears to


in qua

rtz how

ever

this also means th

at in

heritanc

e from

previou

s expo

sure is possible

even

ove

r long

time span

s as a stab

le nuc

lide it is valua

ble whe

nan

alysed

in con

junc

tion with

10 B

e an

d 26Al to reco

rd com

plex

expo

sure histories c


cleo

genic

21Ne is

requ

ired

espec

ially

for sho

rt exp


ples w

ith old

crystalliza

tion ages an

d trap

ped

21Ne in in

clusions

26Al

720

acute10

5qu

artz

AMS

Target m

ineral is

widesprea

d can

be an

alysed

in con

junc

tion with

othe

r co

smog

enic nuc

lides fo

rmed

in qua

rtz (10 B

e 14 C

21 N

e) in

same aliquo

tsam

ple to in

vestigate co

mplex

exp


low con

centratio

n (lt20

0pp

m) of to

tal A

l in sam

ple requ

ired

as it is

difficu

lt to m

easure lo

w 26 A

l27 A

l ratios by

AMS

36Cl

301

acute10

5K-feldspa

rAMS

Atm

osph

eric produ

ction is lo

w so can be

used on

who

le roc

k (eg

plag

ioclase

basalt an

d lim

estone

) on

ly viable co

smog

enic nuc

lide for some

calcite

35 C

l in

litho

logies multip

le produ

ction pa

thway

s from

multip

le

fluid in

clusions

elem

ents tog

ethe

r with

rad

ioge

nic an

d nu

cleo

genic prod

uctio

nin qua

rtz

mea

n that anc

illary ge

oche

mical ana

lyses are requ

ired

and

that data

analysis is

more co

mplex

than

for othe

r co

smog

enic nuc

lides sulfur

contam

ination in sam

ples is typ

ical and

discrim

ination be

twee

n 36Cl

and the isob

ar 36 S by AMS ge

nerally

req

uires the high

er ene

rgies

prov

ided

by high

voltage

acc

elerators

Source

ba

sed on

Kurz an

d Brook

(199

4) Tun

iz eta

l (199

8) F

ifield (199

9) and

Gosse and

Phillips (2

001)














IV Dating events





Table 2

Applications

of in situ-pr

oduced cosmog

enic nuc

lides in

geo

morph

olog

y

Nature of

Categ

ory of

App

lications w

ith examples

proc

ess

proc

ess

Even

tCon

struction of

1 V

olca

nic

land

form

s(eg lava

flow

s cinde

r co

nes) d

ating of extrusive

roc

ks c

hron

olog

y of

(age

)land

surfaces

construc

tion of volca

nic land

form

svo

lcan

icCraig and

Pored

a (198

6) K

urz (198

6b 1

987) P

hillips eta

l (198

6) M

arti an

d Craig (1

987) C

erlin

g(199

0) N

ishiizum

i eta

l (199

0) K

urz et

al (19

90) Po

reda

and

Cerlin

g (199

2) A

ntho

ny and

Poths

(199

2) S

taud

ache

r an

d Allegrave

gre (199

3) S

arda

eta

l (199

3) Z

reda

eta

l (199

3) L

augh

lin eta

l (199

4)

Shep

ard et

al (19

95) Rey

nolds et

al (19

95) Ep

pes an

d Harrison (199

9) L

icciardi eta

l (199

9) F

enton

etal (20

01)

Con

struction of

2 A

lluvi

al r

iver

ter

race

sch

ange

s in sed

imen

t delivery throug

h tim

e clim

atic or tecton

ic con

trols on

land

surfaces

sedimen

t delivery

depo

sitio

nal

Molna

r et

al (199

4) A

nderson et

al (19

96) Rep

ka eta

l (199

7) P

hillips eta

l (199

8) Han

cock eta

l (199

9) S

challer et

al 2

002) S

child

gen et

al (20

02)

3 A

lluvi

al f

ans

debr

is f

low

sag

e co

nstraints on

seism

ic activity

throug

h offsettin

g by

faults

Ritz

eta

l (199

5) B

ierm

an eta

l (199

5) L

iu eta

l (199

6) S

iame et

al (19

97 2

002) B

rown et

al

(199

8a) va

n de

r Woe

rd eta

l (199

8 200

2) C

erlin

g (1

990) K

linge

r et

al (20

00) Zeh

fuss eta

l (200

1)

Fenton

eta

l (200

1) H

etzel et

al (20

02a b) Jackson et

al (200

2)

4 L

acus

trin

e sh

orel

ine

depo

sits

chron

olog

y of te

cton


ohyd

rology

and

clim

atic cha

nge

Trull e

tal (199

5)

5 I

ce-m

argi

nal m

orai

nes

glac

ial h

istory c

limatic cha

nge

Brown et

al (19

91) Brook

eta

l (199

3 199

5a b

) Brook

and

Kurz (199

3) G

osse eta

l (199

5a b)

Phillips et

al (19

90 1

996 199

7) Z

reda

and

Phillips (1

995) Ivy

-Och

s et

al (19

96 1

997) F

abel eta

l (199

7) Jac

kson

eta

l (199

7 199

9) C

hadw

ick et

al (19

97) Steig et

al (19

98) Davis eta

l (199

9) F

abel

and Harbo

r (199

9) G

ualtieri e

tal (200

0) S

hana

han an

d Zreda

(200

0) T

schu

di eta

l (200

0) M

arsella

etal (20

00) Ph

illips et

al (200

0) Barrows et

al (20

01 20

02) Brine

r et

al (20

01 2

002) L

icciardi eta

l (200

1) O

wen

eta

l (200

1 200

2a b

c) Kap

lan et

al (200

1) M

iller eta

l (200

2) S

chaumlfer eta

l (200

2a

b) B

ourlegraves eta

l (200

2) B

owen

eta

l (200

2) P

hillips and

Bow

en (2

002) Jam

es eta

l (200

2)

6 M

arin

e sh

orel

ine

depo

sits


hang

ePe

rg eta

l (200

1)


Table 2

Con

tinu

ed

Nature of

Category of

App

lications w

ith exa

mples

proc

ess

proc

ess

Even

tEx

posure th

roug

h7

Dev

elop

men

t of

fau

lt s

carp

spa

laeo

sesimicity

earthqu

ake recu

rren

ce in

tervals reg

iona

l tecton

ic

(age

)tecton

ic

stud

ies

(con

t)displace

men

tZreda

and

Noller (199

8) H

andw

erge

r et

al (19

99) Mitc

hell et

al (200

1)

Episod

ic8

Met

eori

te im

pact

sde

nuda

tion of th

eNishiizum

i eta

l (199

1a) Ph

illips et

al (19

91)

land

surface

9 R

apid

mas

s m

ovem

ent(eg land

slides roc

k falls d

ebris avalan

ches top

pling bo

ulde

rs)

mag

nitude

ndashfrequ

ency


id m

ass mov

emen

t processes c

orrelatio

n with

clim

atic

chan

ge or seismic eve

nts

Kubik et

al (19

98) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

98) Ballantyn

e et

al (19

98) Bell e

tal (199

8) C

erlin

g et

al

(199

9) H

erman

ns eta

l (200

0 200

1) B

arna

rd eta

l (200

1)10

Cat

astr

ophi

c flo

odin

glake ove

rflows glacial la

ke outbu

rsts lan

dslid

e da

m fa

ilures

Cerlin

g (199

0) C

erlin

g an

d Craig (1

994b

) Cerlin

g et

al (19

94)

11F

orm

atio

nof

stra

thte

rrac

es p

alae

ohyd

rologyc

hron

olog

yan

drate

ofincision

ofassociated

chan

nel Burba

nk eta

l (199

6) L

elan

d et

al (19

98) Barna

rd eta

l (200

1) P

ratt et

al (20

02)

12 F

orm

atio

n of

wav

e-cu

t pl

atfo

rmsch

rono

logy


hang

eSton

e et

al (19

96)

Expo

sure of

13 E

xpos

ure

of b

edro

ck s

urfa

ces

or

glac

ial o

r flu

viog

laci

al d

epos

itio

nal

form

sch

rono

logy

of retreat

land

surface

of ic

e margin con

firmation an

d da

ting of limits of g

laciation from

trim

lines c

hron

olog

y of clim

atic

throug

h ch

ange

remov

alNishiizum

i eta

l (198

9 199

1b) Brook

eta

l (199

6) B

runo

eta

l (199

7) Ballantyn

e et

al (19

98) Ston

eof ice

cov

eret

al (19

98b) B

rine

r an

d Sw

anson (199

8) B

ierm

an eta

l (199

9) F

abel eta

l (200

2) Stroev

en eta

l (200

2) G

osse and

Willen

bring (200

2) G

ualtieri a

nd Brigh

am-G

rette

(200

1) K

elly eta

l (200

2) S

tone

(200

2)

Burial p

roce

sses

14 D

epos

itio

n of

sed

imen

t in

cav

es c

hron

olog

y of cave de

velopm

ent rate of inc

ision of assoc

iated

suba


Grang

er eta

l (199

7 200

1a)

15 B

uria

l of

surf

aces

h

oriz

ons

in d

epos

itio

nal s

eque

nces

cha

nges in

sed

imen

t delivery throug

h tim

eclim

atic or tecton

ic con

trols

Grang

er and

Smith

(200

0) G

rang

er and

Muz

ikar (2

001)


16 B

uria

l of

glac

ial i

ce g

lacial and

clim

atic history

Schauml

fer et

al (20

00) March

ant e

tal (200

2)

Increm

entalProg

ressive

17 D

enud

atio

n of

bed

rock

reg

olit

h an

d de

posi

tion

al s

urfa

cesby

mecha

nica

l and

or ch

emical

chan

gede

nuda

tion of the

denu

datio

nal p

roce

sses at spe

cific

points on

the land

surface

(site

-spe

cific

rates) in som

e ca

ses

(rate)

land

surface

extrap

olation of site

-spe

cific

rates to


enud

ation of differen

t lan

dsca

peelem

ents (e

g rive

r ch

anne

ls v

alley-side

slope

s interflu

ves) a

ssessm

ent o

f fac

tors con

trollin

gde

nuda

tion rates on

spe

cific

land

form

s (eg slop

e clim

ate litholog

y)

Nishiizum

i eta

l (198

6 199

1b) Ku

rz (1

986b

) Albrech

t eta

l (199

3) B

rown et

al (19

95a) B

ierm

anan

d Tu

rner (1

995) S

eidl eta

l (199

7) Sm

all e

tal (199

7 199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

020

01a b) Weissel and

Seidl (1

998) C

ockb

urn et

al (19

99 2

000) F

leming et

al (19

99) Coc

kburn an

dSu

mmerfie

ld (2

000) S

ummerfie

ld eta

l (199

9a b) B

elton et

al (20

00) Grang

er eta

l (200

1b) van de

rWateren

and

Dun

ai (2

001) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1 200

2)18

Reg

iona

l den

udat

ionrepresen

ting ag

greg

ate effects of den

udationa

l proc

esses ac

ross drainage area

s(areally ave

rage

d de

nuda

tion rates de

rived from

bulk sedimen

t sam

ples) assessmen

t of fa

ctors

controlling

den


ge areas as a who

le

Brown et

al (19

95a 199

8b) Grang

er eta

l (199

6 200

1b) Sm

all e

tal (199

9) C

lapp

eta

l (200

020

01 2

002) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1) R

iebe

eta

l (200

0 200

1a b

c) Kirch

ner et

al (20

01)

Scha

ller et

al (20

01) Nicho

ls eta

l (200

2)

Ablation of ic

e19

Rat

es o

f ab

lati

on o

n gl

acie

rs lon

g-term

glacier m

ass ba

lanc

e stud

ies

surfac

esLa

l eta

l (198

7 199

0) L

al and

Jull (199

0 199

2) Jull e

tal (199

4a)

Vertic

al20

Ver

tica

l tra

nslo

cati

on o

f m

ater

ial i

n so

ils m

odes and

rates of soil d

evelop

men

tmov

emen

tsHeimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

0 200

1a b

) Ph

illips et

al (19

98) Ph

illips (200

0)

with

in reg

olith

or

21 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l in

late

rite

sdu

ricr

usts

mod

es and

rates of formation

othe

r de

posits

Brown et

al (19

94) Liu et

al (19

94) Brauc

her et

al (19

98a b 2

000) S

chroed

er eta

l (200

1)

22 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

slop

e m

ater

ials

nature an

d rates of slope

processes

Small e

tal (199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (200

2)

23 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

aeol

ian

depo

sits

dyn

amics of aeo

lian de

posits

Klein eta

l (198

6) Sh

epard et

al (19

95)

24 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

dese

rt p

avem

ent

syst

emsform

ation of desert p

avem

ents

Wells eta

l (199

5) S

hepa

rd eta

l (199

5)

Palaeo

-25

Cha

nge

in e

leva

tion

thr

ough

tim

einferred

throug

h ch

ange

in produ

ction rate e

stim

ating pa

staltim

etry

elev

ations and


land

surface

to con

strain te

cton

ic m

odels

Brown et

al (19

91) Brook

eta

l (199

3 199

5a) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

95) Bruno

eta

l (199

7) S

chaumlfer et

al (199

9) V

an der W

ateren

eta

l (199

9) G

osse and

Stone

(200

1) K

ober eta

l (200

2)


































5 Burial events



















Table 3

Site-specific den



enic nuclides in

bed

rock

sam

ples

Sour

ceLo

cati

onLi

thol

ogy

Fiel

d se

ttin

g an

d co

mm

ents

Isot

ope

nR

ate

(mm

kandash1

)

Mea

nR

ange

Nishiizum

i et

al

Alla

n Hills sou

thern

sand

ston

eSamples from bou

lders an

d be

droc

k ou

tcrops

907

03ndash

13

1991

bVictoria La

nd

from

Bea

con Su

pergroup

Antarctica

Soumlr Ron

dane

Mts

Mea

n rate and

ran

ge exc

lude

two samples w

ith10Be

6017

006

ndash045

Droning

Mau

d La

nd

complex

exp

osure history

26Al

Antarctica

Wrigh

t Valley sou

thern

sand

ston

eBed

rock from horizon

tal platform

s7

09

05ndash

13

Victoria La

nd

Antarctica

Summerfie

ld eta


gran

ite

Rectilinea

r slop

e samples

4056

026

ndash102

1999

asouthe

rn Victoria La

nd

sand

ston

ePlateau surfac

e samples

21Ne

4015

013

ndash016

Antarctica

Brown et

al

Icac

os River Lu

quillo

quartz-diorite

Bed

rock ridge

crest sam

ples

10Be

225

ndash19

95a

Mts P

uerto Rico

Small et

al

Wind River W

yoming

gran

ite gn

eiss

775

3ndash12

1997

USA

Bea

rtoo

th

Mon

tana

USA

gran

iteTo

r an

d large bo

ulde

r samples from sum

mit

10Be

510

56ndash

19Fron

t Ran

ge Colorad

ogran

ite schist

flats (2ndash

10degslop

e) sho

wing no

evide

nce of prior

26Al

474

6ndash9

USA

glaciatio

nSierra N

evad

agran

ite3

30

2ndash5

Califo

rnia USA

Small et

al

Wind River Ran

ge

gran

ite gn

eiss

Samles from

regolith

profiles and

buried

10Be

1813

712

16

1999

Wyo

ming U

SAbe

droc

k26Al

Heimsath eta

l Marin Cou

nty northern

gree

nstone

Isolated

bed

rock outcrop

s on

hillslop

es10Be

324

715

ndash39

1997

19

99Califo

rnia USA

grey

wacke

From

sub

soil be

droc


s26Al

1146

521

ndash105

sand

ston

e che

rtestim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

Heimsath eta

l Coa

st Ran

ge

sand

ston

eFrom

sub

soil be

droc

k on

sam

ples on hillslope

s20

01a

Orego

n U

SAsiltstone

estim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

10Be

3112

25

15ndash3

59(alth

ough

field ev

iden

ce sug

gests tempo

ral

26Al

variation in loc

al soil de

pth)

Grang

er eta

l Diamon

d Mts

hornblen

de

382

6ndash12

2001

bCalifo

rnia USA

gran

odiorite

Bed

rock sam

ples from exp

osures along

10Be

Fort Sag

e Mts

biotitie-gran

itecatchm

ent ridg

es26Al

119

ndashCalifo

rnia USA


Weissel and

Seidl

Mac

leay River System

gran

iteGorgehe

ad erosion

10Be

6~10

052

ndash195

1998

eastern New

Sou

thPlatea

u surfac

e ab

ove go

rge

26Al

140

ndashWales A

ustralia

Bierm

an and

Eyre Pen

insula south-

Bed

rock sam

ples from in

selberg summits

2708

03ndash

25

Turner 1

995

central A

ustralia

gran

iteinclud

ing bo

ulde

rs and


10Be

Bierm

an and

Expo

sed bo

ulde

rs and

bed

rock

sam

ples from

26Al

Caffee 200

2inselberg fla

nks

2121

05ndash

50

Heimsath eta

l Upp

er Beg

a Valley

gran

ite

From

sub

soil be

droc

k saprolite

sam

ples on

2000

New

Sou

th W

ales

gran

odiorite

slop

es at ba

se of esca

rpmen

t estim

ated

10Be

1428

69ndash

57Australia

assuming stea


ess

26Al

From

sides and

top

s of tors

715

89ndash

26Heimsath eta

l Bread

ho River Valley

gran

iteTo

rs on platea

u hillslope

s10Be

1010

04ndash

2820

01b

southe

astern H

ighlan

ds

26Al

New

Sou

th W

ales

Australia

Bierm

an and

Northern Territo

ry

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from to

ps of large bo

ulde

rs7

196

07ndash

37

Caffee 200

2Australia


10Be

Bed

rock sam

ples from lo

w lying

roc

k platform

s26Al

and fla

nks of inselbe

rgs

626

12ndash

38

Coc

kburn et

al

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from bornh

ardts som

e10Be

651

3ndash7

1999

Nam

ibia

eviden

ce of co

mplex

exp

osure

26Al

Coc

kburn et

al

Gam

sberg cen

tral

gran

ite-gne

iss


ing be

low

672

2ndash15

2000

Nam

ibian esca

rpmen

tescarpmen

t face

10Be

Nam

ibia

sand

ston

eEscarpmen

t face

sam

ples

26Al

472

5ndash12

Gam

sberg (escarpm

ent) summit

4044

035

ndash050

Bierm

an and

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

ite gn

iess

Bed

rock sam

ples from to

ps and

flan

ks of

10Be

4735

11ndash

75

Caffee 200

1Nam

ibia

quartz veins

inselbergs and

smaller rocky ou

tcrops

26Al

schist

Van

der W

ateren

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

Expo

sed veins on

gravel an

d sand

-cov

ered

4

046

011

ndash104

and Dun

ai 20

01Nam

ibia

quartz veins

pedimen

t surface

21Ne

River cut bed

rock surfaces 6

m and

0m abo

ve2

09

041

ndash14

presen

t dry ch

anne

l respec

tively

Flem

ing et

al

Drake

nsbe

rgba

salt

Escarpmen

t face

36Cl

255

48ndash6

219

99Esca

rpmen

tFlat-lying

escarpm

ent sum

mit

36

1ndash10

Not

es rates are mea


es used U

ncertaintie

s on

den

udation rates from

ana

lytic

al and

produ


5ndash2

0

Most de

nuda

tion rate estim

ates assum

e a lsquostead


mod

el




















VI Palaeoaltimetry









Table 4

AMS facilities invo

lved

in the

mea

suremen

t of cosm

ogen

ic isotop

es for Earth and

env

iron

men

tal s

cien

ce applic

ations

Facility

VT(M

V)

Principa

lCom

men

tsco

smog

enic isotope

smea

sured

Acc

elerator Lab

oratory ANU

155

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

High vo

ltage acc

elerator w

ith an espe

cially goo

d capa

bility for 36Cl

Can

berra Australia

Expe

rien

ce w

ith env

iron

men

tal an

d geom

orph

ic app

lications

AMS Facility

510Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

Ded

icated

to Earth and

env

iron

men

tal scienc

e ap

plications

SUER

C Ea

st Kilb

ride

UK

Gif-sur-Yve

tte Tan

detron

310Be 26 A


plications employ

ing

10Be

Acc

elerator F

ranc

e

CAMS U

CLLN

L Califo

rnia

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

ith a high-vo


ced a large qu

antity of

USA

10Be an

d 26Al mea

suremen

ts and

has w

orke

d with

a w

ide rang

e of

colla

borators

ANTA

RES

ANST

O Lu

cas

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

hich

has becom

e sign

ifica

ntly in

volved

in ge

omorph

olog

ical

Heigh

ts A

ustralia

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications since

the mid-199

0s

PRIM

E La

b Purdu

e8

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

A facility w

hich

has w

orke

d with

a diverse ran

ge of co

llabo

rators both

Unive

rsity U

SAwith

the

USA

and

elsew

here

NSF

-Arizo

na AMS Facility

25

10Be 14 C

A m

ajor 14 C

facility tha

t ha

s be

en inv

olved in develop

ing the ap

plication

Unive

rsity

of A

rizo

na USA

of in

situ

-produ

ced

14C

VER

A V

ienn

a3

14C 26 A

l Prim

arily

kno

wn for 14C m

easuremen

ts

Austria

ETHPSI AMS Facility

610Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

One

of the

first fac

ilitie

s to be invo

lved

in a rang

e of geo

morph

olog

ical

Zurich Switz

erland

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications

Not

es T


austive Fac

ilitie

s un

dertak

ing mea

suremen

ts of 1

4 C only are no

t inc

lude

d V

T m

axim


NST

O A

ustralian

Nuc

lear Scien

ce and

Techn

olog

y Organ

isation ANTA

RES

Australian Nationa

l Tan

dem Accelerator fo

r App

lied Research ANU A

ustralian Nationa

lUnive

rsity

CAMS C

entre for AMS ETH

PSI S

wiss Fede

ral Institu

te of Techn

olog

yPaul Sch

errer Institu

te NSF N

ationa

l Scienc

e Fo

unda

tion PRIM

E La

bPu

rdue

Rare Isotop

e Mea

suremen

t La

boratory U

CLLN

L U

niversity

of C

alifo

rniaLaw

renc

e Liverm

ore Nationa

l Lab

oratory SUER

C Sc

ottish Universities

Environm

ental R

esearch Cen

tre VER

A V

ienn

a En

vironm

ental R

esea

rch Acc

elerator










Acknowledgements


References























































































































































































































































































21Ne

stab

lequ

artz o

livine

mass

Target m


tial for rec

ording

the long

est

garnet

spec

trom

etry

expo

sure histories of a

ny cosmog

enic isotop

e as it is stab

le and

clinop

yrox

ene

unlik

e 3 H

e app

ears to


in qua

rtz how

ever

this also means th

at in

heritanc

e from

previou

s expo

sure is possible

even

ove

r long

time span

s as a stab

le nuc

lide it is valua

ble whe

nan

alysed

in con

junc

tion with

10 B

e an

d 26Al to reco

rd com

plex

expo

sure histories c


cleo

genic

21Ne is

requ

ired

espec

ially

for sho

rt exp


ples w

ith old

crystalliza

tion ages an

d trap

ped

21Ne in in

clusions

26Al

720

acute10

5qu

artz

AMS

Target m

ineral is

widesprea

d can

be an

alysed

in con

junc

tion with

othe

r co

smog

enic nuc

lides fo

rmed

in qua

rtz (10 B

e 14 C

21 N

e) in

same aliquo

tsam

ple to in

vestigate co

mplex

exp


low con

centratio

n (lt20

0pp

m) of to

tal A

l in sam

ple requ

ired

as it is

difficu

lt to m

easure lo

w 26 A

l27 A

l ratios by

AMS

36Cl

301

acute10

5K-feldspa

rAMS

Atm

osph

eric produ

ction is lo

w so can be

used on

who

le roc

k (eg

plag

ioclase

basalt an

d lim

estone

) on

ly viable co

smog

enic nuc

lide for some

calcite

35 C

l in

litho

logies multip

le produ

ction pa

thway

s from

multip

le

fluid in

clusions

elem

ents tog

ethe

r with

rad

ioge

nic an

d nu

cleo

genic prod

uctio

nin qua

rtz

mea

n that anc

illary ge

oche

mical ana

lyses are requ

ired

and

that data

analysis is

more co

mplex

than

for othe

r co

smog

enic nuc

lides sulfur

contam

ination in sam

ples is typ

ical and

discrim

ination be

twee

n 36Cl

and the isob

ar 36 S by AMS ge

nerally

req

uires the high

er ene

rgies

prov

ided

by high

voltage

acc

elerators

Source

ba

sed on

Kurz an

d Brook

(199

4) Tun

iz eta

l (199

8) F

ifield (199

9) and

Gosse and

Phillips (2

001)














IV Dating events





Table 2

Applications

of in situ-pr

oduced cosmog

enic nuc

lides in

geo

morph

olog

y

Nature of

Categ

ory of

App

lications w

ith examples

proc

ess

proc

ess

Even

tCon

struction of

1 V

olca

nic

land

form

s(eg lava

flow

s cinde

r co

nes) d

ating of extrusive

roc

ks c

hron

olog

y of

(age

)land

surfaces

construc

tion of volca

nic land

form

svo

lcan

icCraig and

Pored

a (198

6) K

urz (198

6b 1

987) P

hillips eta

l (198

6) M

arti an

d Craig (1

987) C

erlin

g(199

0) N

ishiizum

i eta

l (199

0) K

urz et

al (19

90) Po

reda

and

Cerlin

g (199

2) A

ntho

ny and

Poths

(199

2) S

taud

ache

r an

d Allegrave

gre (199

3) S

arda

eta

l (199

3) Z

reda

eta

l (199

3) L

augh

lin eta

l (199

4)

Shep

ard et

al (19

95) Rey

nolds et

al (19

95) Ep

pes an

d Harrison (199

9) L

icciardi eta

l (199

9) F

enton

etal (20

01)

Con

struction of

2 A

lluvi

al r

iver

ter

race

sch

ange

s in sed

imen

t delivery throug

h tim

e clim

atic or tecton

ic con

trols on

land

surfaces

sedimen

t delivery

depo

sitio

nal

Molna

r et

al (199

4) A

nderson et

al (19

96) Rep

ka eta

l (199

7) P

hillips eta

l (199

8) Han

cock eta

l (199

9) S

challer et

al 2

002) S

child

gen et

al (20

02)

3 A

lluvi

al f

ans

debr

is f

low

sag

e co

nstraints on

seism

ic activity

throug

h offsettin

g by

faults

Ritz

eta

l (199

5) B

ierm

an eta

l (199

5) L

iu eta

l (199

6) S

iame et

al (19

97 2

002) B

rown et

al

(199

8a) va

n de

r Woe

rd eta

l (199

8 200

2) C

erlin

g (1

990) K

linge

r et

al (20

00) Zeh

fuss eta

l (200

1)

Fenton

eta

l (200

1) H

etzel et

al (20

02a b) Jackson et

al (200

2)

4 L

acus

trin

e sh

orel

ine

depo

sits

chron

olog

y of te

cton


ohyd

rology

and

clim

atic cha

nge

Trull e

tal (199

5)

5 I

ce-m

argi

nal m

orai

nes

glac

ial h

istory c

limatic cha

nge

Brown et

al (19

91) Brook

eta

l (199

3 199

5a b

) Brook

and

Kurz (199

3) G

osse eta

l (199

5a b)

Phillips et

al (19

90 1

996 199

7) Z

reda

and

Phillips (1

995) Ivy

-Och

s et

al (19

96 1

997) F

abel eta

l (199

7) Jac

kson

eta

l (199

7 199

9) C

hadw

ick et

al (19

97) Steig et

al (19

98) Davis eta

l (199

9) F

abel

and Harbo

r (199

9) G

ualtieri e

tal (200

0) S

hana

han an

d Zreda

(200

0) T

schu

di eta

l (200

0) M

arsella

etal (20

00) Ph

illips et

al (200

0) Barrows et

al (20

01 20

02) Brine

r et

al (20

01 2

002) L

icciardi eta

l (200

1) O

wen

eta

l (200

1 200

2a b

c) Kap

lan et

al (200

1) M

iller eta

l (200

2) S

chaumlfer eta

l (200

2a

b) B

ourlegraves eta

l (200

2) B

owen

eta

l (200

2) P

hillips and

Bow

en (2

002) Jam

es eta

l (200

2)

6 M

arin

e sh

orel

ine

depo

sits


hang

ePe

rg eta

l (200

1)


Table 2

Con

tinu

ed

Nature of

Category of

App

lications w

ith exa

mples

proc

ess

proc

ess

Even

tEx

posure th

roug

h7

Dev

elop

men

t of

fau

lt s

carp

spa

laeo

sesimicity

earthqu

ake recu

rren

ce in

tervals reg

iona

l tecton

ic

(age

)tecton

ic

stud

ies

(con

t)displace

men

tZreda

and

Noller (199

8) H

andw

erge

r et

al (19

99) Mitc

hell et

al (200

1)

Episod

ic8

Met

eori

te im

pact

sde

nuda

tion of th

eNishiizum

i eta

l (199

1a) Ph

illips et

al (19

91)

land

surface

9 R

apid

mas

s m

ovem

ent(eg land

slides roc

k falls d

ebris avalan

ches top

pling bo

ulde

rs)

mag

nitude

ndashfrequ

ency


id m

ass mov

emen

t processes c

orrelatio

n with

clim

atic

chan

ge or seismic eve

nts

Kubik et

al (19

98) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

98) Ballantyn

e et

al (19

98) Bell e

tal (199

8) C

erlin

g et

al

(199

9) H

erman

ns eta

l (200

0 200

1) B

arna

rd eta

l (200

1)10

Cat

astr

ophi

c flo

odin

glake ove

rflows glacial la

ke outbu

rsts lan

dslid

e da

m fa

ilures

Cerlin

g (199

0) C

erlin

g an

d Craig (1

994b

) Cerlin

g et

al (19

94)

11F

orm

atio

nof

stra

thte

rrac

es p

alae

ohyd

rologyc

hron

olog

yan

drate

ofincision

ofassociated

chan

nel Burba

nk eta

l (199

6) L

elan

d et

al (19

98) Barna

rd eta

l (200

1) P

ratt et

al (20

02)

12 F

orm

atio

n of

wav

e-cu

t pl

atfo

rmsch

rono

logy


hang

eSton

e et

al (19

96)

Expo

sure of

13 E

xpos

ure

of b

edro

ck s

urfa

ces

or

glac

ial o

r flu

viog

laci

al d

epos

itio

nal

form

sch

rono

logy

of retreat

land

surface

of ic

e margin con

firmation an

d da

ting of limits of g

laciation from

trim

lines c

hron

olog

y of clim

atic

throug

h ch

ange

remov

alNishiizum

i eta

l (198

9 199

1b) Brook

eta

l (199

6) B

runo

eta

l (199

7) Ballantyn

e et

al (19

98) Ston

eof ice

cov

eret

al (19

98b) B

rine

r an

d Sw

anson (199

8) B

ierm

an eta

l (199

9) F

abel eta

l (200

2) Stroev

en eta

l (200

2) G

osse and

Willen

bring (200

2) G

ualtieri a

nd Brigh

am-G

rette

(200

1) K

elly eta

l (200

2) S

tone

(200

2)

Burial p

roce

sses

14 D

epos

itio

n of

sed

imen

t in

cav

es c

hron

olog

y of cave de

velopm

ent rate of inc

ision of assoc

iated

suba


Grang

er eta

l (199

7 200

1a)

15 B

uria

l of

surf

aces

h

oriz

ons

in d

epos

itio

nal s

eque

nces

cha

nges in

sed

imen

t delivery throug

h tim

eclim

atic or tecton

ic con

trols

Grang

er and

Smith

(200

0) G

rang

er and

Muz

ikar (2

001)


16 B

uria

l of

glac

ial i

ce g

lacial and

clim

atic history

Schauml

fer et

al (20

00) March

ant e

tal (200

2)

Increm

entalProg

ressive

17 D

enud

atio

n of

bed

rock

reg

olit

h an

d de

posi

tion

al s

urfa

cesby

mecha

nica

l and

or ch

emical

chan

gede

nuda

tion of the

denu

datio

nal p

roce

sses at spe

cific

points on

the land

surface

(site

-spe

cific

rates) in som

e ca

ses

(rate)

land

surface

extrap

olation of site

-spe

cific

rates to


enud

ation of differen

t lan

dsca

peelem

ents (e

g rive

r ch

anne

ls v

alley-side

slope

s interflu

ves) a

ssessm

ent o

f fac

tors con

trollin

gde

nuda

tion rates on

spe

cific

land

form

s (eg slop

e clim

ate litholog

y)

Nishiizum

i eta

l (198

6 199

1b) Ku

rz (1

986b

) Albrech

t eta

l (199

3) B

rown et

al (19

95a) B

ierm

anan

d Tu

rner (1

995) S

eidl eta

l (199

7) Sm

all e

tal (199

7 199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

020

01a b) Weissel and

Seidl (1

998) C

ockb

urn et

al (19

99 2

000) F

leming et

al (19

99) Coc

kburn an

dSu

mmerfie

ld (2

000) S

ummerfie

ld eta

l (199

9a b) B

elton et

al (20

00) Grang

er eta

l (200

1b) van de

rWateren

and

Dun

ai (2

001) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1 200

2)18

Reg

iona

l den

udat

ionrepresen

ting ag

greg

ate effects of den

udationa

l proc

esses ac

ross drainage area

s(areally ave

rage

d de

nuda

tion rates de

rived from

bulk sedimen

t sam

ples) assessmen

t of fa

ctors

controlling

den


ge areas as a who

le

Brown et

al (19

95a 199

8b) Grang

er eta

l (199

6 200

1b) Sm

all e

tal (199

9) C

lapp

eta

l (200

020

01 2

002) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1) R

iebe

eta

l (200

0 200

1a b

c) Kirch

ner et

al (20

01)

Scha

ller et

al (20

01) Nicho

ls eta

l (200

2)

Ablation of ic

e19

Rat

es o

f ab

lati

on o

n gl

acie

rs lon

g-term

glacier m

ass ba

lanc

e stud

ies

surfac

esLa

l eta

l (198

7 199

0) L

al and

Jull (199

0 199

2) Jull e

tal (199

4a)

Vertic

al20

Ver

tica

l tra

nslo

cati

on o

f m

ater

ial i

n so

ils m

odes and

rates of soil d

evelop

men

tmov

emen

tsHeimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

0 200

1a b

) Ph

illips et

al (19

98) Ph

illips (200

0)

with

in reg

olith

or

21 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l in

late

rite

sdu

ricr

usts

mod

es and

rates of formation

othe

r de

posits

Brown et

al (19

94) Liu et

al (19

94) Brauc

her et

al (19

98a b 2

000) S

chroed

er eta

l (200

1)

22 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

slop

e m

ater

ials

nature an

d rates of slope

processes

Small e

tal (199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (200

2)

23 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

aeol

ian

depo

sits

dyn

amics of aeo

lian de

posits

Klein eta

l (198

6) Sh

epard et

al (19

95)

24 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

dese

rt p

avem

ent

syst

emsform

ation of desert p

avem

ents

Wells eta

l (199

5) S

hepa

rd eta

l (199

5)

Palaeo

-25

Cha

nge

in e

leva

tion

thr

ough

tim

einferred

throug

h ch

ange

in produ

ction rate e

stim

ating pa

staltim

etry

elev

ations and


land

surface

to con

strain te

cton

ic m

odels

Brown et

al (19

91) Brook

eta

l (199

3 199

5a) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

95) Bruno

eta

l (199

7) S

chaumlfer et

al (199

9) V

an der W

ateren

eta

l (199

9) G

osse and

Stone

(200

1) K

ober eta

l (200

2)


































5 Burial events



















Table 3

Site-specific den



enic nuclides in

bed

rock

sam

ples

Sour

ceLo

cati

onLi

thol

ogy

Fiel

d se

ttin

g an

d co

mm

ents

Isot

ope

nR

ate

(mm

kandash1

)

Mea

nR

ange

Nishiizum

i et

al

Alla

n Hills sou

thern

sand

ston

eSamples from bou

lders an

d be

droc

k ou

tcrops

907

03ndash

13

1991

bVictoria La

nd

from

Bea

con Su

pergroup

Antarctica

Soumlr Ron

dane

Mts

Mea

n rate and

ran

ge exc

lude

two samples w

ith10Be

6017

006

ndash045

Droning

Mau

d La

nd

complex

exp

osure history

26Al

Antarctica

Wrigh

t Valley sou

thern

sand

ston

eBed

rock from horizon

tal platform

s7

09

05ndash

13

Victoria La

nd

Antarctica

Summerfie

ld eta


gran

ite

Rectilinea

r slop

e samples

4056

026

ndash102

1999

asouthe

rn Victoria La

nd

sand

ston

ePlateau surfac

e samples

21Ne

4015

013

ndash016

Antarctica

Brown et

al

Icac

os River Lu

quillo

quartz-diorite

Bed

rock ridge

crest sam

ples

10Be

225

ndash19

95a

Mts P

uerto Rico

Small et

al

Wind River W

yoming

gran

ite gn

eiss

775

3ndash12

1997

USA

Bea

rtoo

th

Mon

tana

USA

gran

iteTo

r an

d large bo

ulde

r samples from sum

mit

10Be

510

56ndash

19Fron

t Ran

ge Colorad

ogran

ite schist

flats (2ndash

10degslop

e) sho

wing no

evide

nce of prior

26Al

474

6ndash9

USA

glaciatio

nSierra N

evad

agran

ite3

30

2ndash5

Califo

rnia USA

Small et

al

Wind River Ran

ge

gran

ite gn

eiss

Samles from

regolith

profiles and

buried

10Be

1813

712

16

1999

Wyo

ming U

SAbe

droc

k26Al

Heimsath eta

l Marin Cou

nty northern

gree

nstone

Isolated

bed

rock outcrop

s on

hillslop

es10Be

324

715

ndash39

1997

19

99Califo

rnia USA

grey

wacke

From

sub

soil be

droc


s26Al

1146

521

ndash105

sand

ston

e che

rtestim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

Heimsath eta

l Coa

st Ran

ge

sand

ston

eFrom

sub

soil be

droc

k on

sam

ples on hillslope

s20

01a

Orego

n U

SAsiltstone

estim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

10Be

3112

25

15ndash3

59(alth

ough

field ev

iden

ce sug

gests tempo

ral

26Al

variation in loc

al soil de

pth)

Grang

er eta

l Diamon

d Mts

hornblen

de

382

6ndash12

2001

bCalifo

rnia USA

gran

odiorite

Bed

rock sam

ples from exp

osures along

10Be

Fort Sag

e Mts

biotitie-gran

itecatchm

ent ridg

es26Al

119

ndashCalifo

rnia USA


Weissel and

Seidl

Mac

leay River System

gran

iteGorgehe

ad erosion

10Be

6~10

052

ndash195

1998

eastern New

Sou

thPlatea

u surfac

e ab

ove go

rge

26Al

140

ndashWales A

ustralia

Bierm

an and

Eyre Pen

insula south-

Bed

rock sam

ples from in

selberg summits

2708

03ndash

25

Turner 1

995

central A

ustralia

gran

iteinclud

ing bo

ulde

rs and


10Be

Bierm

an and

Expo

sed bo

ulde

rs and

bed

rock

sam

ples from

26Al

Caffee 200

2inselberg fla

nks

2121

05ndash

50

Heimsath eta

l Upp

er Beg

a Valley

gran

ite

From

sub

soil be

droc

k saprolite

sam

ples on

2000

New

Sou

th W

ales

gran

odiorite

slop

es at ba

se of esca

rpmen

t estim

ated

10Be

1428

69ndash

57Australia

assuming stea


ess

26Al

From

sides and

top

s of tors

715

89ndash

26Heimsath eta

l Bread

ho River Valley

gran

iteTo

rs on platea

u hillslope

s10Be

1010

04ndash

2820

01b

southe

astern H

ighlan

ds

26Al

New

Sou

th W

ales

Australia

Bierm

an and

Northern Territo

ry

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from to

ps of large bo

ulde

rs7

196

07ndash

37

Caffee 200

2Australia


10Be

Bed

rock sam

ples from lo

w lying

roc

k platform

s26Al

and fla

nks of inselbe

rgs

626

12ndash

38

Coc

kburn et

al

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from bornh

ardts som

e10Be

651

3ndash7

1999

Nam

ibia

eviden

ce of co

mplex

exp

osure

26Al

Coc

kburn et

al

Gam

sberg cen

tral

gran

ite-gne

iss


ing be

low

672

2ndash15

2000

Nam

ibian esca

rpmen

tescarpmen

t face

10Be

Nam

ibia

sand

ston

eEscarpmen

t face

sam

ples

26Al

472

5ndash12

Gam

sberg (escarpm

ent) summit

4044

035

ndash050

Bierm

an and

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

ite gn

iess

Bed

rock sam

ples from to

ps and

flan

ks of

10Be

4735

11ndash

75

Caffee 200

1Nam

ibia

quartz veins

inselbergs and

smaller rocky ou

tcrops

26Al

schist

Van

der W

ateren

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

Expo

sed veins on

gravel an

d sand

-cov

ered

4

046

011

ndash104

and Dun

ai 20

01Nam

ibia

quartz veins

pedimen

t surface

21Ne

River cut bed

rock surfaces 6

m and

0m abo

ve2

09

041

ndash14

presen

t dry ch

anne

l respec

tively

Flem

ing et

al

Drake

nsbe

rgba

salt

Escarpmen

t face

36Cl

255

48ndash6

219

99Esca

rpmen

tFlat-lying

escarpm

ent sum

mit

36

1ndash10

Not

es rates are mea


es used U

ncertaintie

s on

den

udation rates from

ana

lytic

al and

produ


5ndash2

0

Most de

nuda

tion rate estim

ates assum

e a lsquostead


mod

el




















VI Palaeoaltimetry









Table 4

AMS facilities invo

lved

in the

mea

suremen

t of cosm

ogen

ic isotop

es for Earth and

env

iron

men

tal s

cien

ce applic

ations

Facility

VT(M

V)

Principa

lCom

men

tsco

smog

enic isotope

smea

sured

Acc

elerator Lab

oratory ANU

155

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

High vo

ltage acc

elerator w

ith an espe

cially goo

d capa

bility for 36Cl

Can

berra Australia

Expe

rien

ce w

ith env

iron

men

tal an

d geom

orph

ic app

lications

AMS Facility

510Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

Ded

icated

to Earth and

env

iron

men

tal scienc

e ap

plications

SUER

C Ea

st Kilb

ride

UK

Gif-sur-Yve

tte Tan

detron

310Be 26 A


plications employ

ing

10Be

Acc

elerator F

ranc

e

CAMS U

CLLN

L Califo

rnia

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

ith a high-vo


ced a large qu

antity of

USA

10Be an

d 26Al mea

suremen

ts and

has w

orke

d with

a w

ide rang

e of

colla

borators

ANTA

RES

ANST

O Lu

cas

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

hich

has becom

e sign

ifica

ntly in

volved

in ge

omorph

olog

ical

Heigh

ts A

ustralia

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications since

the mid-199

0s

PRIM

E La

b Purdu

e8

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

A facility w

hich

has w

orke

d with

a diverse ran

ge of co

llabo

rators both

Unive

rsity U

SAwith

the

USA

and

elsew

here

NSF

-Arizo

na AMS Facility

25

10Be 14 C

A m

ajor 14 C

facility tha

t ha

s be

en inv

olved in develop

ing the ap

plication

Unive

rsity

of A

rizo

na USA

of in

situ

-produ

ced

14C

VER

A V

ienn

a3

14C 26 A

l Prim

arily

kno

wn for 14C m

easuremen

ts

Austria

ETHPSI AMS Facility

610Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

One

of the

first fac

ilitie

s to be invo

lved

in a rang

e of geo

morph

olog

ical

Zurich Switz

erland

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications

Not

es T


austive Fac

ilitie

s un

dertak

ing mea

suremen

ts of 1

4 C only are no

t inc

lude

d V

T m

axim


NST

O A

ustralian

Nuc

lear Scien

ce and

Techn

olog

y Organ

isation ANTA

RES

Australian Nationa

l Tan

dem Accelerator fo

r App

lied Research ANU A

ustralian Nationa

lUnive

rsity

CAMS C

entre for AMS ETH

PSI S

wiss Fede

ral Institu

te of Techn

olog

yPaul Sch

errer Institu

te NSF N

ationa

l Scienc

e Fo

unda

tion PRIM

E La

bPu

rdue

Rare Isotop

e Mea

suremen

t La

boratory U

CLLN

L U

niversity

of C

alifo

rniaLaw

renc

e Liverm

ore Nationa

l Lab

oratory SUER

C Sc

ottish Universities

Environm

ental R

esearch Cen

tre VER

A V

ienn

a En

vironm

ental R

esea

rch Acc

elerator










Acknowledgements


References



































































































































































































































































































IV Dating events





Table 2

Applications

of in situ-pr

oduced cosmog

enic nuc

lides in

geo

morph

olog

y

Nature of

Categ

ory of

App

lications w

ith examples

proc

ess

proc

ess

Even

tCon

struction of

1 V

olca

nic

land

form

s(eg lava

flow

s cinde

r co

nes) d

ating of extrusive

roc

ks c

hron

olog

y of

(age

)land

surfaces

construc

tion of volca

nic land

form

svo

lcan

icCraig and

Pored

a (198

6) K

urz (198

6b 1

987) P

hillips eta

l (198

6) M

arti an

d Craig (1

987) C

erlin

g(199

0) N

ishiizum

i eta

l (199

0) K

urz et

al (19

90) Po

reda

and

Cerlin

g (199

2) A

ntho

ny and

Poths

(199

2) S

taud

ache

r an

d Allegrave

gre (199

3) S

arda

eta

l (199

3) Z

reda

eta

l (199

3) L

augh

lin eta

l (199

4)

Shep

ard et

al (19

95) Rey

nolds et

al (19

95) Ep

pes an

d Harrison (199

9) L

icciardi eta

l (199

9) F

enton

etal (20

01)

Con

struction of

2 A

lluvi

al r

iver

ter

race

sch

ange

s in sed

imen

t delivery throug

h tim

e clim

atic or tecton

ic con

trols on

land

surfaces

sedimen

t delivery

depo

sitio

nal

Molna

r et

al (199

4) A

nderson et

al (19

96) Rep

ka eta

l (199

7) P

hillips eta

l (199

8) Han

cock eta

l (199

9) S

challer et

al 2

002) S

child

gen et

al (20

02)

3 A

lluvi

al f

ans

debr

is f

low

sag

e co

nstraints on

seism

ic activity

throug

h offsettin

g by

faults

Ritz

eta

l (199

5) B

ierm

an eta

l (199

5) L

iu eta

l (199

6) S

iame et

al (19

97 2

002) B

rown et

al

(199

8a) va

n de

r Woe

rd eta

l (199

8 200

2) C

erlin

g (1

990) K

linge

r et

al (20

00) Zeh

fuss eta

l (200

1)

Fenton

eta

l (200

1) H

etzel et

al (20

02a b) Jackson et

al (200

2)

4 L

acus

trin

e sh

orel

ine

depo

sits

chron

olog

y of te

cton


ohyd

rology

and

clim

atic cha

nge

Trull e

tal (199

5)

5 I

ce-m

argi

nal m

orai

nes

glac

ial h

istory c

limatic cha

nge

Brown et

al (19

91) Brook

eta

l (199

3 199

5a b

) Brook

and

Kurz (199

3) G

osse eta

l (199

5a b)

Phillips et

al (19

90 1

996 199

7) Z

reda

and

Phillips (1

995) Ivy

-Och

s et

al (19

96 1

997) F

abel eta

l (199

7) Jac

kson

eta

l (199

7 199

9) C

hadw

ick et

al (19

97) Steig et

al (19

98) Davis eta

l (199

9) F

abel

and Harbo

r (199

9) G

ualtieri e

tal (200

0) S

hana

han an

d Zreda

(200

0) T

schu

di eta

l (200

0) M

arsella

etal (20

00) Ph

illips et

al (200

0) Barrows et

al (20

01 20

02) Brine

r et

al (20

01 2

002) L

icciardi eta

l (200

1) O

wen

eta

l (200

1 200

2a b

c) Kap

lan et

al (200

1) M

iller eta

l (200

2) S

chaumlfer eta

l (200

2a

b) B

ourlegraves eta

l (200

2) B

owen

eta

l (200

2) P

hillips and

Bow

en (2

002) Jam

es eta

l (200

2)

6 M

arin

e sh

orel

ine

depo

sits


hang

ePe

rg eta

l (200

1)


Table 2

Con

tinu

ed

Nature of

Category of

App

lications w

ith exa

mples

proc

ess

proc

ess

Even

tEx

posure th

roug

h7

Dev

elop

men

t of

fau

lt s

carp

spa

laeo

sesimicity

earthqu

ake recu

rren

ce in

tervals reg

iona

l tecton

ic

(age

)tecton

ic

stud

ies

(con

t)displace

men

tZreda

and

Noller (199

8) H

andw

erge

r et

al (19

99) Mitc

hell et

al (200

1)

Episod

ic8

Met

eori

te im

pact

sde

nuda

tion of th

eNishiizum

i eta

l (199

1a) Ph

illips et

al (19

91)

land

surface

9 R

apid

mas

s m

ovem

ent(eg land

slides roc

k falls d

ebris avalan

ches top

pling bo

ulde

rs)

mag

nitude

ndashfrequ

ency


id m

ass mov

emen

t processes c

orrelatio

n with

clim

atic

chan

ge or seismic eve

nts

Kubik et

al (19

98) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

98) Ballantyn

e et

al (19

98) Bell e

tal (199

8) C

erlin

g et

al

(199

9) H

erman

ns eta

l (200

0 200

1) B

arna

rd eta

l (200

1)10

Cat

astr

ophi

c flo

odin

glake ove

rflows glacial la

ke outbu

rsts lan

dslid

e da

m fa

ilures

Cerlin

g (199

0) C

erlin

g an

d Craig (1

994b

) Cerlin

g et

al (19

94)

11F

orm

atio

nof

stra

thte

rrac

es p

alae

ohyd

rologyc

hron

olog

yan

drate

ofincision

ofassociated

chan

nel Burba

nk eta

l (199

6) L

elan

d et

al (19

98) Barna

rd eta

l (200

1) P

ratt et

al (20

02)

12 F

orm

atio

n of

wav

e-cu

t pl

atfo

rmsch

rono

logy


hang

eSton

e et

al (19

96)

Expo

sure of

13 E

xpos

ure

of b

edro

ck s

urfa

ces

or

glac

ial o

r flu

viog

laci

al d

epos

itio

nal

form

sch

rono

logy

of retreat

land

surface

of ic

e margin con

firmation an

d da

ting of limits of g

laciation from

trim

lines c

hron

olog

y of clim

atic

throug

h ch

ange

remov

alNishiizum

i eta

l (198

9 199

1b) Brook

eta

l (199

6) B

runo

eta

l (199

7) Ballantyn

e et

al (19

98) Ston

eof ice

cov

eret

al (19

98b) B

rine

r an

d Sw

anson (199

8) B

ierm

an eta

l (199

9) F

abel eta

l (200

2) Stroev

en eta

l (200

2) G

osse and

Willen

bring (200

2) G

ualtieri a

nd Brigh

am-G

rette

(200

1) K

elly eta

l (200

2) S

tone

(200

2)

Burial p

roce

sses

14 D

epos

itio

n of

sed

imen

t in

cav

es c

hron

olog

y of cave de

velopm

ent rate of inc

ision of assoc

iated

suba


Grang

er eta

l (199

7 200

1a)

15 B

uria

l of

surf

aces

h

oriz

ons

in d

epos

itio

nal s

eque

nces

cha

nges in

sed

imen

t delivery throug

h tim

eclim

atic or tecton

ic con

trols

Grang

er and

Smith

(200

0) G

rang

er and

Muz

ikar (2

001)


16 B

uria

l of

glac

ial i

ce g

lacial and

clim

atic history

Schauml

fer et

al (20

00) March

ant e

tal (200

2)

Increm

entalProg

ressive

17 D

enud

atio

n of

bed

rock

reg

olit

h an

d de

posi

tion

al s

urfa

cesby

mecha

nica

l and

or ch

emical

chan

gede

nuda

tion of the

denu

datio

nal p

roce

sses at spe

cific

points on

the land

surface

(site

-spe

cific

rates) in som

e ca

ses

(rate)

land

surface

extrap

olation of site

-spe

cific

rates to


enud

ation of differen

t lan

dsca

peelem

ents (e

g rive

r ch

anne

ls v

alley-side

slope

s interflu

ves) a

ssessm

ent o

f fac

tors con

trollin

gde

nuda

tion rates on

spe

cific

land

form

s (eg slop

e clim

ate litholog

y)

Nishiizum

i eta

l (198

6 199

1b) Ku

rz (1

986b

) Albrech

t eta

l (199

3) B

rown et

al (19

95a) B

ierm

anan

d Tu

rner (1

995) S

eidl eta

l (199

7) Sm

all e

tal (199

7 199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

020

01a b) Weissel and

Seidl (1

998) C

ockb

urn et

al (19

99 2

000) F

leming et

al (19

99) Coc

kburn an

dSu

mmerfie

ld (2

000) S

ummerfie

ld eta

l (199

9a b) B

elton et

al (20

00) Grang

er eta

l (200

1b) van de

rWateren

and

Dun

ai (2

001) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1 200

2)18

Reg

iona

l den

udat

ionrepresen

ting ag

greg

ate effects of den

udationa

l proc

esses ac

ross drainage area

s(areally ave

rage

d de

nuda

tion rates de

rived from

bulk sedimen

t sam

ples) assessmen

t of fa

ctors

controlling

den


ge areas as a who

le

Brown et

al (19

95a 199

8b) Grang

er eta

l (199

6 200

1b) Sm

all e

tal (199

9) C

lapp

eta

l (200

020

01 2

002) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1) R

iebe

eta

l (200

0 200

1a b

c) Kirch

ner et

al (20

01)

Scha

ller et

al (20

01) Nicho

ls eta

l (200

2)

Ablation of ic

e19

Rat

es o

f ab

lati

on o

n gl

acie

rs lon

g-term

glacier m

ass ba

lanc

e stud

ies

surfac

esLa

l eta

l (198

7 199

0) L

al and

Jull (199

0 199

2) Jull e

tal (199

4a)

Vertic

al20

Ver

tica

l tra

nslo

cati

on o

f m

ater

ial i

n so

ils m

odes and

rates of soil d

evelop

men

tmov

emen

tsHeimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

0 200

1a b

) Ph

illips et

al (19

98) Ph

illips (200

0)

with

in reg

olith

or

21 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l in

late

rite

sdu

ricr

usts

mod

es and

rates of formation

othe

r de

posits

Brown et

al (19

94) Liu et

al (19

94) Brauc

her et

al (19

98a b 2

000) S

chroed

er eta

l (200

1)

22 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

slop

e m

ater

ials

nature an

d rates of slope

processes

Small e

tal (199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (200

2)

23 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

aeol

ian

depo

sits

dyn

amics of aeo

lian de

posits

Klein eta

l (198

6) Sh

epard et

al (19

95)

24 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

dese

rt p

avem

ent

syst

emsform

ation of desert p

avem

ents

Wells eta

l (199

5) S

hepa

rd eta

l (199

5)

Palaeo

-25

Cha

nge

in e

leva

tion

thr

ough

tim

einferred

throug

h ch

ange

in produ

ction rate e

stim

ating pa

staltim

etry

elev

ations and


land

surface

to con

strain te

cton

ic m

odels

Brown et

al (19

91) Brook

eta

l (199

3 199

5a) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

95) Bruno

eta

l (199

7) S

chaumlfer et

al (199

9) V

an der W

ateren

eta

l (199

9) G

osse and

Stone

(200

1) K

ober eta

l (200

2)


































5 Burial events



















Table 3

Site-specific den



enic nuclides in

bed

rock

sam

ples

Sour

ceLo

cati

onLi

thol

ogy

Fiel

d se

ttin

g an

d co

mm

ents

Isot

ope

nR

ate

(mm

kandash1

)

Mea

nR

ange

Nishiizum

i et

al

Alla

n Hills sou

thern

sand

ston

eSamples from bou

lders an

d be

droc

k ou

tcrops

907

03ndash

13

1991

bVictoria La

nd

from

Bea

con Su

pergroup

Antarctica

Soumlr Ron

dane

Mts

Mea

n rate and

ran

ge exc

lude

two samples w

ith10Be

6017

006

ndash045

Droning

Mau

d La

nd

complex

exp

osure history

26Al

Antarctica

Wrigh

t Valley sou

thern

sand

ston

eBed

rock from horizon

tal platform

s7

09

05ndash

13

Victoria La

nd

Antarctica

Summerfie

ld eta


gran

ite

Rectilinea

r slop

e samples

4056

026

ndash102

1999

asouthe

rn Victoria La

nd

sand

ston

ePlateau surfac

e samples

21Ne

4015

013

ndash016

Antarctica

Brown et

al

Icac

os River Lu

quillo

quartz-diorite

Bed

rock ridge

crest sam

ples

10Be

225

ndash19

95a

Mts P

uerto Rico

Small et

al

Wind River W

yoming

gran

ite gn

eiss

775

3ndash12

1997

USA

Bea

rtoo

th

Mon

tana

USA

gran

iteTo

r an

d large bo

ulde

r samples from sum

mit

10Be

510

56ndash

19Fron

t Ran

ge Colorad

ogran

ite schist

flats (2ndash

10degslop

e) sho

wing no

evide

nce of prior

26Al

474

6ndash9

USA

glaciatio

nSierra N

evad

agran

ite3

30

2ndash5

Califo

rnia USA

Small et

al

Wind River Ran

ge

gran

ite gn

eiss

Samles from

regolith

profiles and

buried

10Be

1813

712

16

1999

Wyo

ming U

SAbe

droc

k26Al

Heimsath eta

l Marin Cou

nty northern

gree

nstone

Isolated

bed

rock outcrop

s on

hillslop

es10Be

324

715

ndash39

1997

19

99Califo

rnia USA

grey

wacke

From

sub

soil be

droc


s26Al

1146

521

ndash105

sand

ston

e che

rtestim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

Heimsath eta

l Coa

st Ran

ge

sand

ston

eFrom

sub

soil be

droc

k on

sam

ples on hillslope

s20

01a

Orego

n U

SAsiltstone

estim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

10Be

3112

25

15ndash3

59(alth

ough

field ev

iden

ce sug

gests tempo

ral

26Al

variation in loc

al soil de

pth)

Grang

er eta

l Diamon

d Mts

hornblen

de

382

6ndash12

2001

bCalifo

rnia USA

gran

odiorite

Bed

rock sam

ples from exp

osures along

10Be

Fort Sag

e Mts

biotitie-gran

itecatchm

ent ridg

es26Al

119

ndashCalifo

rnia USA


Weissel and

Seidl

Mac

leay River System

gran

iteGorgehe

ad erosion

10Be

6~10

052

ndash195

1998

eastern New

Sou

thPlatea

u surfac

e ab

ove go

rge

26Al

140

ndashWales A

ustralia

Bierm

an and

Eyre Pen

insula south-

Bed

rock sam

ples from in

selberg summits

2708

03ndash

25

Turner 1

995

central A

ustralia

gran

iteinclud

ing bo

ulde

rs and


10Be

Bierm

an and

Expo

sed bo

ulde

rs and

bed

rock

sam

ples from

26Al

Caffee 200

2inselberg fla

nks

2121

05ndash

50

Heimsath eta

l Upp

er Beg

a Valley

gran

ite

From

sub

soil be

droc

k saprolite

sam

ples on

2000

New

Sou

th W

ales

gran

odiorite

slop

es at ba

se of esca

rpmen

t estim

ated

10Be

1428

69ndash

57Australia

assuming stea


ess

26Al

From

sides and

top

s of tors

715

89ndash

26Heimsath eta

l Bread

ho River Valley

gran

iteTo

rs on platea

u hillslope

s10Be

1010

04ndash

2820

01b

southe

astern H

ighlan

ds

26Al

New

Sou

th W

ales

Australia

Bierm

an and

Northern Territo

ry

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from to

ps of large bo

ulde

rs7

196

07ndash

37

Caffee 200

2Australia


10Be

Bed

rock sam

ples from lo

w lying

roc

k platform

s26Al

and fla

nks of inselbe

rgs

626

12ndash

38

Coc

kburn et

al

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from bornh

ardts som

e10Be

651

3ndash7

1999

Nam

ibia

eviden

ce of co

mplex

exp

osure

26Al

Coc

kburn et

al

Gam

sberg cen

tral

gran

ite-gne

iss


ing be

low

672

2ndash15

2000

Nam

ibian esca

rpmen

tescarpmen

t face

10Be

Nam

ibia

sand

ston

eEscarpmen

t face

sam

ples

26Al

472

5ndash12

Gam

sberg (escarpm

ent) summit

4044

035

ndash050

Bierm

an and

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

ite gn

iess

Bed

rock sam

ples from to

ps and

flan

ks of

10Be

4735

11ndash

75

Caffee 200

1Nam

ibia

quartz veins

inselbergs and

smaller rocky ou

tcrops

26Al

schist

Van

der W

ateren

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

Expo

sed veins on

gravel an

d sand

-cov

ered

4

046

011

ndash104

and Dun

ai 20

01Nam

ibia

quartz veins

pedimen

t surface

21Ne

River cut bed

rock surfaces 6

m and

0m abo

ve2

09

041

ndash14

presen

t dry ch

anne

l respec

tively

Flem

ing et

al

Drake

nsbe

rgba

salt

Escarpmen

t face

36Cl

255

48ndash6

219

99Esca

rpmen

tFlat-lying

escarpm

ent sum

mit

36

1ndash10

Not

es rates are mea


es used U

ncertaintie

s on

den

udation rates from

ana

lytic

al and

produ


5ndash2

0

Most de

nuda

tion rate estim

ates assum

e a lsquostead


mod

el




















VI Palaeoaltimetry









Table 4

AMS facilities invo

lved

in the

mea

suremen

t of cosm

ogen

ic isotop

es for Earth and

env

iron

men

tal s

cien

ce applic

ations

Facility

VT(M

V)

Principa

lCom

men

tsco

smog

enic isotope

smea

sured

Acc

elerator Lab

oratory ANU

155

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

High vo

ltage acc

elerator w

ith an espe

cially goo

d capa

bility for 36Cl

Can

berra Australia

Expe

rien

ce w

ith env

iron

men

tal an

d geom

orph

ic app

lications

AMS Facility

510Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

Ded

icated

to Earth and

env

iron

men

tal scienc

e ap

plications

SUER

C Ea

st Kilb

ride

UK

Gif-sur-Yve

tte Tan

detron

310Be 26 A


plications employ

ing

10Be

Acc

elerator F

ranc

e

CAMS U

CLLN

L Califo

rnia

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

ith a high-vo


ced a large qu

antity of

USA

10Be an

d 26Al mea

suremen

ts and

has w

orke

d with

a w

ide rang

e of

colla

borators

ANTA

RES

ANST

O Lu

cas

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

hich

has becom

e sign

ifica

ntly in

volved

in ge

omorph

olog

ical

Heigh

ts A

ustralia

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications since

the mid-199

0s

PRIM

E La

b Purdu

e8

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

A facility w

hich

has w

orke

d with

a diverse ran

ge of co

llabo

rators both

Unive

rsity U

SAwith

the

USA

and

elsew

here

NSF

-Arizo

na AMS Facility

25

10Be 14 C

A m

ajor 14 C

facility tha

t ha

s be

en inv

olved in develop

ing the ap

plication

Unive

rsity

of A

rizo

na USA

of in

situ

-produ

ced

14C

VER

A V

ienn

a3

14C 26 A

l Prim

arily

kno

wn for 14C m

easuremen

ts

Austria

ETHPSI AMS Facility

610Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

One

of the

first fac

ilitie

s to be invo

lved

in a rang

e of geo

morph

olog

ical

Zurich Switz

erland

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications

Not

es T


austive Fac

ilitie

s un

dertak

ing mea

suremen

ts of 1

4 C only are no

t inc

lude

d V

T m

axim


NST

O A

ustralian

Nuc

lear Scien

ce and

Techn

olog

y Organ

isation ANTA

RES

Australian Nationa

l Tan

dem Accelerator fo

r App

lied Research ANU A

ustralian Nationa

lUnive

rsity

CAMS C

entre for AMS ETH

PSI S

wiss Fede

ral Institu

te of Techn

olog

yPaul Sch

errer Institu

te NSF N

ationa

l Scienc

e Fo

unda

tion PRIM

E La

bPu

rdue

Rare Isotop

e Mea

suremen

t La

boratory U

CLLN

L U

niversity

of C

alifo

rniaLaw

renc

e Liverm

ore Nationa

l Lab

oratory SUER

C Sc

ottish Universities

Environm

ental R

esearch Cen

tre VER

A V

ienn

a En

vironm

ental R

esea

rch Acc

elerator










Acknowledgements


References























































































































































































































































































Table 2

Applications

of in situ-pr

oduced cosmog

enic nuc

lides in

geo

morph

olog

y

Nature of

Categ

ory of

App

lications w

ith examples

proc

ess

proc

ess

Even

tCon

struction of

1 V

olca

nic

land

form

s(eg lava

flow

s cinde

r co

nes) d

ating of extrusive

roc

ks c

hron

olog

y of

(age

)land

surfaces

construc

tion of volca

nic land

form

svo

lcan

icCraig and

Pored

a (198

6) K

urz (198

6b 1

987) P

hillips eta

l (198

6) M

arti an

d Craig (1

987) C

erlin

g(199

0) N

ishiizum

i eta

l (199

0) K

urz et

al (19

90) Po

reda

and

Cerlin

g (199

2) A

ntho

ny and

Poths

(199

2) S

taud

ache

r an

d Allegrave

gre (199

3) S

arda

eta

l (199

3) Z

reda

eta

l (199

3) L

augh

lin eta

l (199

4)

Shep

ard et

al (19

95) Rey

nolds et

al (19

95) Ep

pes an

d Harrison (199

9) L

icciardi eta

l (199

9) F

enton

etal (20

01)

Con

struction of

2 A

lluvi

al r

iver

ter

race

sch

ange

s in sed

imen

t delivery throug

h tim

e clim

atic or tecton

ic con

trols on

land

surfaces

sedimen

t delivery

depo

sitio

nal

Molna

r et

al (199

4) A

nderson et

al (19

96) Rep

ka eta

l (199

7) P

hillips eta

l (199

8) Han

cock eta

l (199

9) S

challer et

al 2

002) S

child

gen et

al (20

02)

3 A

lluvi

al f

ans

debr

is f

low

sag

e co

nstraints on

seism

ic activity

throug

h offsettin

g by

faults

Ritz

eta

l (199

5) B

ierm

an eta

l (199

5) L

iu eta

l (199

6) S

iame et

al (19

97 2

002) B

rown et

al

(199

8a) va

n de

r Woe

rd eta

l (199

8 200

2) C

erlin

g (1

990) K

linge

r et

al (20

00) Zeh

fuss eta

l (200

1)

Fenton

eta

l (200

1) H

etzel et

al (20

02a b) Jackson et

al (200

2)

4 L

acus

trin

e sh

orel

ine

depo

sits

chron

olog

y of te

cton


ohyd

rology

and

clim

atic cha

nge

Trull e

tal (199

5)

5 I

ce-m

argi

nal m

orai

nes

glac

ial h

istory c

limatic cha

nge

Brown et

al (19

91) Brook

eta

l (199

3 199

5a b

) Brook

and

Kurz (199

3) G

osse eta

l (199

5a b)

Phillips et

al (19

90 1

996 199

7) Z

reda

and

Phillips (1

995) Ivy

-Och

s et

al (19

96 1

997) F

abel eta

l (199

7) Jac

kson

eta

l (199

7 199

9) C

hadw

ick et

al (19

97) Steig et

al (19

98) Davis eta

l (199

9) F

abel

and Harbo

r (199

9) G

ualtieri e

tal (200

0) S

hana

han an

d Zreda

(200

0) T

schu

di eta

l (200

0) M

arsella

etal (20

00) Ph

illips et

al (200

0) Barrows et

al (20

01 20

02) Brine

r et

al (20

01 2

002) L

icciardi eta

l (200

1) O

wen

eta

l (200

1 200

2a b

c) Kap

lan et

al (200

1) M

iller eta

l (200

2) S

chaumlfer eta

l (200

2a

b) B

ourlegraves eta

l (200

2) B

owen

eta

l (200

2) P

hillips and

Bow

en (2

002) Jam

es eta

l (200

2)

6 M

arin

e sh

orel

ine

depo

sits


hang

ePe

rg eta

l (200

1)


Table 2

Con

tinu

ed

Nature of

Category of

App

lications w

ith exa

mples

proc

ess

proc

ess

Even

tEx

posure th

roug

h7

Dev

elop

men

t of

fau

lt s

carp

spa

laeo

sesimicity

earthqu

ake recu

rren

ce in

tervals reg

iona

l tecton

ic

(age

)tecton

ic

stud

ies

(con

t)displace

men

tZreda

and

Noller (199

8) H

andw

erge

r et

al (19

99) Mitc

hell et

al (200

1)

Episod

ic8

Met

eori

te im

pact

sde

nuda

tion of th

eNishiizum

i eta

l (199

1a) Ph

illips et

al (19

91)

land

surface

9 R

apid

mas

s m

ovem

ent(eg land

slides roc

k falls d

ebris avalan

ches top

pling bo

ulde

rs)

mag

nitude

ndashfrequ

ency


id m

ass mov

emen

t processes c

orrelatio

n with

clim

atic

chan

ge or seismic eve

nts

Kubik et

al (19

98) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

98) Ballantyn

e et

al (19

98) Bell e

tal (199

8) C

erlin

g et

al

(199

9) H

erman

ns eta

l (200

0 200

1) B

arna

rd eta

l (200

1)10

Cat

astr

ophi

c flo

odin

glake ove

rflows glacial la

ke outbu

rsts lan

dslid

e da

m fa

ilures

Cerlin

g (199

0) C

erlin

g an

d Craig (1

994b

) Cerlin

g et

al (19

94)

11F

orm

atio

nof

stra

thte

rrac

es p

alae

ohyd

rologyc

hron

olog

yan

drate

ofincision

ofassociated

chan

nel Burba

nk eta

l (199

6) L

elan

d et

al (19

98) Barna

rd eta

l (200

1) P

ratt et

al (20

02)

12 F

orm

atio

n of

wav

e-cu

t pl

atfo

rmsch

rono

logy


hang

eSton

e et

al (19

96)

Expo

sure of

13 E

xpos

ure

of b

edro

ck s

urfa

ces

or

glac

ial o

r flu

viog

laci

al d

epos

itio

nal

form

sch

rono

logy

of retreat

land

surface

of ic

e margin con

firmation an

d da

ting of limits of g

laciation from

trim

lines c

hron

olog

y of clim

atic

throug

h ch

ange

remov

alNishiizum

i eta

l (198

9 199

1b) Brook

eta

l (199

6) B

runo

eta

l (199

7) Ballantyn

e et

al (19

98) Ston

eof ice

cov

eret

al (19

98b) B

rine

r an

d Sw

anson (199

8) B

ierm

an eta

l (199

9) F

abel eta

l (200

2) Stroev

en eta

l (200

2) G

osse and

Willen

bring (200

2) G

ualtieri a

nd Brigh

am-G

rette

(200

1) K

elly eta

l (200

2) S

tone

(200

2)

Burial p

roce

sses

14 D

epos

itio

n of

sed

imen

t in

cav

es c

hron

olog

y of cave de

velopm

ent rate of inc

ision of assoc

iated

suba


Grang

er eta

l (199

7 200

1a)

15 B

uria

l of

surf

aces

h

oriz

ons

in d

epos

itio

nal s

eque

nces

cha

nges in

sed

imen

t delivery throug

h tim

eclim

atic or tecton

ic con

trols

Grang

er and

Smith

(200

0) G

rang

er and

Muz

ikar (2

001)


16 B

uria

l of

glac

ial i

ce g

lacial and

clim

atic history

Schauml

fer et

al (20

00) March

ant e

tal (200

2)

Increm

entalProg

ressive

17 D

enud

atio

n of

bed

rock

reg

olit

h an

d de

posi

tion

al s

urfa

cesby

mecha

nica

l and

or ch

emical

chan

gede

nuda

tion of the

denu

datio

nal p

roce

sses at spe

cific

points on

the land

surface

(site

-spe

cific

rates) in som

e ca

ses

(rate)

land

surface

extrap

olation of site

-spe

cific

rates to


enud

ation of differen

t lan

dsca

peelem

ents (e

g rive

r ch

anne

ls v

alley-side

slope

s interflu

ves) a

ssessm

ent o

f fac

tors con

trollin

gde

nuda

tion rates on

spe

cific

land

form

s (eg slop

e clim

ate litholog

y)

Nishiizum

i eta

l (198

6 199

1b) Ku

rz (1

986b

) Albrech

t eta

l (199

3) B

rown et

al (19

95a) B

ierm

anan

d Tu

rner (1

995) S

eidl eta

l (199

7) Sm

all e

tal (199

7 199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

020

01a b) Weissel and

Seidl (1

998) C

ockb

urn et

al (19

99 2

000) F

leming et

al (19

99) Coc

kburn an

dSu

mmerfie

ld (2

000) S

ummerfie

ld eta

l (199

9a b) B

elton et

al (20

00) Grang

er eta

l (200

1b) van de

rWateren

and

Dun

ai (2

001) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1 200

2)18

Reg

iona

l den

udat

ionrepresen

ting ag

greg

ate effects of den

udationa

l proc

esses ac

ross drainage area

s(areally ave

rage

d de

nuda

tion rates de

rived from

bulk sedimen

t sam

ples) assessmen

t of fa

ctors

controlling

den


ge areas as a who

le

Brown et

al (19

95a 199

8b) Grang

er eta

l (199

6 200

1b) Sm

all e

tal (199

9) C

lapp

eta

l (200

020

01 2

002) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1) R

iebe

eta

l (200

0 200

1a b

c) Kirch

ner et

al (20

01)

Scha

ller et

al (20

01) Nicho

ls eta

l (200

2)

Ablation of ic

e19

Rat

es o

f ab

lati

on o

n gl

acie

rs lon

g-term

glacier m

ass ba

lanc

e stud

ies

surfac

esLa

l eta

l (198

7 199

0) L

al and

Jull (199

0 199

2) Jull e

tal (199

4a)

Vertic

al20

Ver

tica

l tra

nslo

cati

on o

f m

ater

ial i

n so

ils m

odes and

rates of soil d

evelop

men

tmov

emen

tsHeimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

0 200

1a b

) Ph

illips et

al (19

98) Ph

illips (200

0)

with

in reg

olith

or

21 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l in

late

rite

sdu

ricr

usts

mod

es and

rates of formation

othe

r de

posits

Brown et

al (19

94) Liu et

al (19

94) Brauc

her et

al (19

98a b 2

000) S

chroed

er eta

l (200

1)

22 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

slop

e m

ater

ials

nature an

d rates of slope

processes

Small e

tal (199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (200

2)

23 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

aeol

ian

depo

sits

dyn

amics of aeo

lian de

posits

Klein eta

l (198

6) Sh

epard et

al (19

95)

24 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

dese

rt p

avem

ent

syst

emsform

ation of desert p

avem

ents

Wells eta

l (199

5) S

hepa

rd eta

l (199

5)

Palaeo

-25

Cha

nge

in e

leva

tion

thr

ough

tim

einferred

throug

h ch

ange

in produ

ction rate e

stim

ating pa

staltim

etry

elev

ations and


land

surface

to con

strain te

cton

ic m

odels

Brown et

al (19

91) Brook

eta

l (199

3 199

5a) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

95) Bruno

eta

l (199

7) S

chaumlfer et

al (199

9) V

an der W

ateren

eta

l (199

9) G

osse and

Stone

(200

1) K

ober eta

l (200

2)


































5 Burial events



















Table 3

Site-specific den



enic nuclides in

bed

rock

sam

ples

Sour

ceLo

cati

onLi

thol

ogy

Fiel

d se

ttin

g an

d co

mm

ents

Isot

ope

nR

ate

(mm

kandash1

)

Mea

nR

ange

Nishiizum

i et

al

Alla

n Hills sou

thern

sand

ston

eSamples from bou

lders an

d be

droc

k ou

tcrops

907

03ndash

13

1991

bVictoria La

nd

from

Bea

con Su

pergroup

Antarctica

Soumlr Ron

dane

Mts

Mea

n rate and

ran

ge exc

lude

two samples w

ith10Be

6017

006

ndash045

Droning

Mau

d La

nd

complex

exp

osure history

26Al

Antarctica

Wrigh

t Valley sou

thern

sand

ston

eBed

rock from horizon

tal platform

s7

09

05ndash

13

Victoria La

nd

Antarctica

Summerfie

ld eta


gran

ite

Rectilinea

r slop

e samples

4056

026

ndash102

1999

asouthe

rn Victoria La

nd

sand

ston

ePlateau surfac

e samples

21Ne

4015

013

ndash016

Antarctica

Brown et

al

Icac

os River Lu

quillo

quartz-diorite

Bed

rock ridge

crest sam

ples

10Be

225

ndash19

95a

Mts P

uerto Rico

Small et

al

Wind River W

yoming

gran

ite gn

eiss

775

3ndash12

1997

USA

Bea

rtoo

th

Mon

tana

USA

gran

iteTo

r an

d large bo

ulde

r samples from sum

mit

10Be

510

56ndash

19Fron

t Ran

ge Colorad

ogran

ite schist

flats (2ndash

10degslop

e) sho

wing no

evide

nce of prior

26Al

474

6ndash9

USA

glaciatio

nSierra N

evad

agran

ite3

30

2ndash5

Califo

rnia USA

Small et

al

Wind River Ran

ge

gran

ite gn

eiss

Samles from

regolith

profiles and

buried

10Be

1813

712

16

1999

Wyo

ming U

SAbe

droc

k26Al

Heimsath eta

l Marin Cou

nty northern

gree

nstone

Isolated

bed

rock outcrop

s on

hillslop

es10Be

324

715

ndash39

1997

19

99Califo

rnia USA

grey

wacke

From

sub

soil be

droc


s26Al

1146

521

ndash105

sand

ston

e che

rtestim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

Heimsath eta

l Coa

st Ran

ge

sand

ston

eFrom

sub

soil be

droc

k on

sam

ples on hillslope

s20

01a

Orego

n U

SAsiltstone

estim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

10Be

3112

25

15ndash3

59(alth

ough

field ev

iden

ce sug

gests tempo

ral

26Al

variation in loc

al soil de

pth)

Grang

er eta

l Diamon

d Mts

hornblen

de

382

6ndash12

2001

bCalifo

rnia USA

gran

odiorite

Bed

rock sam

ples from exp

osures along

10Be

Fort Sag

e Mts

biotitie-gran

itecatchm

ent ridg

es26Al

119

ndashCalifo

rnia USA


Weissel and

Seidl

Mac

leay River System

gran

iteGorgehe

ad erosion

10Be

6~10

052

ndash195

1998

eastern New

Sou

thPlatea

u surfac

e ab

ove go

rge

26Al

140

ndashWales A

ustralia

Bierm

an and

Eyre Pen

insula south-

Bed

rock sam

ples from in

selberg summits

2708

03ndash

25

Turner 1

995

central A

ustralia

gran

iteinclud

ing bo

ulde

rs and


10Be

Bierm

an and

Expo

sed bo

ulde

rs and

bed

rock

sam

ples from

26Al

Caffee 200

2inselberg fla

nks

2121

05ndash

50

Heimsath eta

l Upp

er Beg

a Valley

gran

ite

From

sub

soil be

droc

k saprolite

sam

ples on

2000

New

Sou

th W

ales

gran

odiorite

slop

es at ba

se of esca

rpmen

t estim

ated

10Be

1428

69ndash

57Australia

assuming stea


ess

26Al

From

sides and

top

s of tors

715

89ndash

26Heimsath eta

l Bread

ho River Valley

gran

iteTo

rs on platea

u hillslope

s10Be

1010

04ndash

2820

01b

southe

astern H

ighlan

ds

26Al

New

Sou

th W

ales

Australia

Bierm

an and

Northern Territo

ry

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from to

ps of large bo

ulde

rs7

196

07ndash

37

Caffee 200

2Australia


10Be

Bed

rock sam

ples from lo

w lying

roc

k platform

s26Al

and fla

nks of inselbe

rgs

626

12ndash

38

Coc

kburn et

al

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from bornh

ardts som

e10Be

651

3ndash7

1999

Nam

ibia

eviden

ce of co

mplex

exp

osure

26Al

Coc

kburn et

al

Gam

sberg cen

tral

gran

ite-gne

iss


ing be

low

672

2ndash15

2000

Nam

ibian esca

rpmen

tescarpmen

t face

10Be

Nam

ibia

sand

ston

eEscarpmen

t face

sam

ples

26Al

472

5ndash12

Gam

sberg (escarpm

ent) summit

4044

035

ndash050

Bierm

an and

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

ite gn

iess

Bed

rock sam

ples from to

ps and

flan

ks of

10Be

4735

11ndash

75

Caffee 200

1Nam

ibia

quartz veins

inselbergs and

smaller rocky ou

tcrops

26Al

schist

Van

der W

ateren

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

Expo

sed veins on

gravel an

d sand

-cov

ered

4

046

011

ndash104

and Dun

ai 20

01Nam

ibia

quartz veins

pedimen

t surface

21Ne

River cut bed

rock surfaces 6

m and

0m abo

ve2

09

041

ndash14

presen

t dry ch

anne

l respec

tively

Flem

ing et

al

Drake

nsbe

rgba

salt

Escarpmen

t face

36Cl

255

48ndash6

219

99Esca

rpmen

tFlat-lying

escarpm

ent sum

mit

36

1ndash10

Not

es rates are mea


es used U

ncertaintie

s on

den

udation rates from

ana

lytic

al and

produ


5ndash2

0

Most de

nuda

tion rate estim

ates assum

e a lsquostead


mod

el




















VI Palaeoaltimetry









Table 4

AMS facilities invo

lved

in the

mea

suremen

t of cosm

ogen

ic isotop

es for Earth and

env

iron

men

tal s

cien

ce applic

ations

Facility

VT(M

V)

Principa

lCom

men

tsco

smog

enic isotope

smea

sured

Acc

elerator Lab

oratory ANU

155

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

High vo

ltage acc

elerator w

ith an espe

cially goo

d capa

bility for 36Cl

Can

berra Australia

Expe

rien

ce w

ith env

iron

men

tal an

d geom

orph

ic app

lications

AMS Facility

510Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

Ded

icated

to Earth and

env

iron

men

tal scienc

e ap

plications

SUER

C Ea

st Kilb

ride

UK

Gif-sur-Yve

tte Tan

detron

310Be 26 A


plications employ

ing

10Be

Acc

elerator F

ranc

e

CAMS U

CLLN

L Califo

rnia

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

ith a high-vo


ced a large qu

antity of

USA

10Be an

d 26Al mea

suremen

ts and

has w

orke

d with

a w

ide rang

e of

colla

borators

ANTA

RES

ANST

O Lu

cas

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

hich

has becom

e sign

ifica

ntly in

volved

in ge

omorph

olog

ical

Heigh

ts A

ustralia

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications since

the mid-199

0s

PRIM

E La

b Purdu

e8

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

A facility w

hich

has w

orke

d with

a diverse ran

ge of co

llabo

rators both

Unive

rsity U

SAwith

the

USA

and

elsew

here

NSF

-Arizo

na AMS Facility

25

10Be 14 C

A m

ajor 14 C

facility tha

t ha

s be

en inv

olved in develop

ing the ap

plication

Unive

rsity

of A

rizo

na USA

of in

situ

-produ

ced

14C

VER

A V

ienn

a3

14C 26 A

l Prim

arily

kno

wn for 14C m

easuremen

ts

Austria

ETHPSI AMS Facility

610Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

One

of the

first fac

ilitie

s to be invo

lved

in a rang

e of geo

morph

olog

ical

Zurich Switz

erland

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications

Not

es T


austive Fac

ilitie

s un

dertak

ing mea

suremen

ts of 1

4 C only are no

t inc

lude

d V

T m

axim


NST

O A

ustralian

Nuc

lear Scien

ce and

Techn

olog

y Organ

isation ANTA

RES

Australian Nationa

l Tan

dem Accelerator fo

r App

lied Research ANU A

ustralian Nationa

lUnive

rsity

CAMS C

entre for AMS ETH

PSI S

wiss Fede

ral Institu

te of Techn

olog

yPaul Sch

errer Institu

te NSF N

ationa

l Scienc

e Fo

unda

tion PRIM

E La

bPu

rdue

Rare Isotop

e Mea

suremen

t La

boratory U

CLLN

L U

niversity

of C

alifo

rniaLaw

renc

e Liverm

ore Nationa

l Lab

oratory SUER

C Sc

ottish Universities

Environm

ental R

esearch Cen

tre VER

A V

ienn

a En

vironm

ental R

esea

rch Acc

elerator










Acknowledgements


References























































































































































































































































































Table 2

Con

tinu

ed

Nature of

Category of

App

lications w

ith exa

mples

proc

ess

proc

ess

Even

tEx

posure th

roug

h7

Dev

elop

men

t of

fau

lt s

carp

spa

laeo

sesimicity

earthqu

ake recu

rren

ce in

tervals reg

iona

l tecton

ic

(age

)tecton

ic

stud

ies

(con

t)displace

men

tZreda

and

Noller (199

8) H

andw

erge

r et

al (19

99) Mitc

hell et

al (200

1)

Episod

ic8

Met

eori

te im

pact

sde

nuda

tion of th

eNishiizum

i eta

l (199

1a) Ph

illips et

al (19

91)

land

surface

9 R

apid

mas

s m

ovem

ent(eg land

slides roc

k falls d

ebris avalan

ches top

pling bo

ulde

rs)

mag

nitude

ndashfrequ

ency


id m

ass mov

emen

t processes c

orrelatio

n with

clim

atic

chan

ge or seismic eve

nts

Kubik et

al (19

98) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

98) Ballantyn

e et

al (19

98) Bell e

tal (199

8) C

erlin

g et

al

(199

9) H

erman

ns eta

l (200

0 200

1) B

arna

rd eta

l (200

1)10

Cat

astr

ophi

c flo

odin

glake ove

rflows glacial la

ke outbu

rsts lan

dslid

e da

m fa

ilures

Cerlin

g (199

0) C

erlin

g an

d Craig (1

994b

) Cerlin

g et

al (19

94)

11F

orm

atio

nof

stra

thte

rrac

es p

alae

ohyd

rologyc

hron

olog

yan

drate

ofincision

ofassociated

chan

nel Burba

nk eta

l (199

6) L

elan

d et

al (19

98) Barna

rd eta

l (200

1) P

ratt et

al (20

02)

12 F

orm

atio

n of

wav

e-cu

t pl

atfo

rmsch

rono

logy


hang

eSton

e et

al (19

96)

Expo

sure of

13 E

xpos

ure

of b

edro

ck s

urfa

ces

or

glac

ial o

r flu

viog

laci

al d

epos

itio

nal

form

sch

rono

logy

of retreat

land

surface

of ic

e margin con

firmation an

d da

ting of limits of g

laciation from

trim

lines c

hron

olog

y of clim

atic

throug

h ch

ange

remov

alNishiizum

i eta

l (198

9 199

1b) Brook

eta

l (199

6) B

runo

eta

l (199

7) Ballantyn

e et

al (19

98) Ston

eof ice

cov

eret

al (19

98b) B

rine

r an

d Sw

anson (199

8) B

ierm

an eta

l (199

9) F

abel eta

l (200

2) Stroev

en eta

l (200

2) G

osse and

Willen

bring (200

2) G

ualtieri a

nd Brigh

am-G

rette

(200

1) K

elly eta

l (200

2) S

tone

(200

2)

Burial p

roce

sses

14 D

epos

itio

n of

sed

imen

t in

cav

es c

hron

olog

y of cave de

velopm

ent rate of inc

ision of assoc

iated

suba


Grang

er eta

l (199

7 200

1a)

15 B

uria

l of

surf

aces

h

oriz

ons

in d

epos

itio

nal s

eque

nces

cha

nges in

sed

imen

t delivery throug

h tim

eclim

atic or tecton

ic con

trols

Grang

er and

Smith

(200

0) G

rang

er and

Muz

ikar (2

001)


16 B

uria

l of

glac

ial i

ce g

lacial and

clim

atic history

Schauml

fer et

al (20

00) March

ant e

tal (200

2)

Increm

entalProg

ressive

17 D

enud

atio

n of

bed

rock

reg

olit

h an

d de

posi

tion

al s

urfa

cesby

mecha

nica

l and

or ch

emical

chan

gede

nuda

tion of the

denu

datio

nal p

roce

sses at spe

cific

points on

the land

surface

(site

-spe

cific

rates) in som

e ca

ses

(rate)

land

surface

extrap

olation of site

-spe

cific

rates to


enud

ation of differen

t lan

dsca

peelem

ents (e

g rive

r ch

anne

ls v

alley-side

slope

s interflu

ves) a

ssessm

ent o

f fac

tors con

trollin

gde

nuda

tion rates on

spe

cific

land

form

s (eg slop

e clim

ate litholog

y)

Nishiizum

i eta

l (198

6 199

1b) Ku

rz (1

986b

) Albrech

t eta

l (199

3) B

rown et

al (19

95a) B

ierm

anan

d Tu

rner (1

995) S

eidl eta

l (199

7) Sm

all e

tal (199

7 199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

020

01a b) Weissel and

Seidl (1

998) C

ockb

urn et

al (19

99 2

000) F

leming et

al (19

99) Coc

kburn an

dSu

mmerfie

ld (2

000) S

ummerfie

ld eta

l (199

9a b) B

elton et

al (20

00) Grang

er eta

l (200

1b) van de

rWateren

and

Dun

ai (2

001) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1 200

2)18

Reg

iona

l den

udat

ionrepresen

ting ag

greg

ate effects of den

udationa

l proc

esses ac

ross drainage area

s(areally ave

rage

d de

nuda

tion rates de

rived from

bulk sedimen

t sam

ples) assessmen

t of fa

ctors

controlling

den


ge areas as a who

le

Brown et

al (19

95a 199

8b) Grang

er eta

l (199

6 200

1b) Sm

all e

tal (199

9) C

lapp

eta

l (200

020

01 2

002) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1) R

iebe

eta

l (200

0 200

1a b

c) Kirch

ner et

al (20

01)

Scha

ller et

al (20

01) Nicho

ls eta

l (200

2)

Ablation of ic

e19

Rat

es o

f ab

lati

on o

n gl

acie

rs lon

g-term

glacier m

ass ba

lanc

e stud

ies

surfac

esLa

l eta

l (198

7 199

0) L

al and

Jull (199

0 199

2) Jull e

tal (199

4a)

Vertic

al20

Ver

tica

l tra

nslo

cati

on o

f m

ater

ial i

n so

ils m

odes and

rates of soil d

evelop

men

tmov

emen

tsHeimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

0 200

1a b

) Ph

illips et

al (19

98) Ph

illips (200

0)

with

in reg

olith

or

21 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l in

late

rite

sdu

ricr

usts

mod

es and

rates of formation

othe

r de

posits

Brown et

al (19

94) Liu et

al (19

94) Brauc

her et

al (19

98a b 2

000) S

chroed

er eta

l (200

1)

22 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

slop

e m

ater

ials

nature an

d rates of slope

processes

Small e

tal (199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (200

2)

23 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

aeol

ian

depo

sits

dyn

amics of aeo

lian de

posits

Klein eta

l (198

6) Sh

epard et

al (19

95)

24 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

dese

rt p

avem

ent

syst

emsform

ation of desert p

avem

ents

Wells eta

l (199

5) S

hepa

rd eta

l (199

5)

Palaeo

-25

Cha

nge

in e

leva

tion

thr

ough

tim

einferred

throug

h ch

ange

in produ

ction rate e

stim

ating pa

staltim

etry

elev

ations and


land

surface

to con

strain te

cton

ic m

odels

Brown et

al (19

91) Brook

eta

l (199

3 199

5a) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

95) Bruno

eta

l (199

7) S

chaumlfer et

al (199

9) V

an der W

ateren

eta

l (199

9) G

osse and

Stone

(200

1) K

ober eta

l (200

2)


































5 Burial events



















Table 3

Site-specific den



enic nuclides in

bed

rock

sam

ples

Sour

ceLo

cati

onLi

thol

ogy

Fiel

d se

ttin

g an

d co

mm

ents

Isot

ope

nR

ate

(mm

kandash1

)

Mea

nR

ange

Nishiizum

i et

al

Alla

n Hills sou

thern

sand

ston

eSamples from bou

lders an

d be

droc

k ou

tcrops

907

03ndash

13

1991

bVictoria La

nd

from

Bea

con Su

pergroup

Antarctica

Soumlr Ron

dane

Mts

Mea

n rate and

ran

ge exc

lude

two samples w

ith10Be

6017

006

ndash045

Droning

Mau

d La

nd

complex

exp

osure history

26Al

Antarctica

Wrigh

t Valley sou

thern

sand

ston

eBed

rock from horizon

tal platform

s7

09

05ndash

13

Victoria La

nd

Antarctica

Summerfie

ld eta


gran

ite

Rectilinea

r slop

e samples

4056

026

ndash102

1999

asouthe

rn Victoria La

nd

sand

ston

ePlateau surfac

e samples

21Ne

4015

013

ndash016

Antarctica

Brown et

al

Icac

os River Lu

quillo

quartz-diorite

Bed

rock ridge

crest sam

ples

10Be

225

ndash19

95a

Mts P

uerto Rico

Small et

al

Wind River W

yoming

gran

ite gn

eiss

775

3ndash12

1997

USA

Bea

rtoo

th

Mon

tana

USA

gran

iteTo

r an

d large bo

ulde

r samples from sum

mit

10Be

510

56ndash

19Fron

t Ran

ge Colorad

ogran

ite schist

flats (2ndash

10degslop

e) sho

wing no

evide

nce of prior

26Al

474

6ndash9

USA

glaciatio

nSierra N

evad

agran

ite3

30

2ndash5

Califo

rnia USA

Small et

al

Wind River Ran

ge

gran

ite gn

eiss

Samles from

regolith

profiles and

buried

10Be

1813

712

16

1999

Wyo

ming U

SAbe

droc

k26Al

Heimsath eta

l Marin Cou

nty northern

gree

nstone

Isolated

bed

rock outcrop

s on

hillslop

es10Be

324

715

ndash39

1997

19

99Califo

rnia USA

grey

wacke

From

sub

soil be

droc


s26Al

1146

521

ndash105

sand

ston

e che

rtestim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

Heimsath eta

l Coa

st Ran

ge

sand

ston

eFrom

sub

soil be

droc

k on

sam

ples on hillslope

s20

01a

Orego

n U

SAsiltstone

estim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

10Be

3112

25

15ndash3

59(alth

ough

field ev

iden

ce sug

gests tempo

ral

26Al

variation in loc

al soil de

pth)

Grang

er eta

l Diamon

d Mts

hornblen

de

382

6ndash12

2001

bCalifo

rnia USA

gran

odiorite

Bed

rock sam

ples from exp

osures along

10Be

Fort Sag

e Mts

biotitie-gran

itecatchm

ent ridg

es26Al

119

ndashCalifo

rnia USA


Weissel and

Seidl

Mac

leay River System

gran

iteGorgehe

ad erosion

10Be

6~10

052

ndash195

1998

eastern New

Sou

thPlatea

u surfac

e ab

ove go

rge

26Al

140

ndashWales A

ustralia

Bierm

an and

Eyre Pen

insula south-

Bed

rock sam

ples from in

selberg summits

2708

03ndash

25

Turner 1

995

central A

ustralia

gran

iteinclud

ing bo

ulde

rs and


10Be

Bierm

an and

Expo

sed bo

ulde

rs and

bed

rock

sam

ples from

26Al

Caffee 200

2inselberg fla

nks

2121

05ndash

50

Heimsath eta

l Upp

er Beg

a Valley

gran

ite

From

sub

soil be

droc

k saprolite

sam

ples on

2000

New

Sou

th W

ales

gran

odiorite

slop

es at ba

se of esca

rpmen

t estim

ated

10Be

1428

69ndash

57Australia

assuming stea


ess

26Al

From

sides and

top

s of tors

715

89ndash

26Heimsath eta

l Bread

ho River Valley

gran

iteTo

rs on platea

u hillslope

s10Be

1010

04ndash

2820

01b

southe

astern H

ighlan

ds

26Al

New

Sou

th W

ales

Australia

Bierm

an and

Northern Territo

ry

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from to

ps of large bo

ulde

rs7

196

07ndash

37

Caffee 200

2Australia


10Be

Bed

rock sam

ples from lo

w lying

roc

k platform

s26Al

and fla

nks of inselbe

rgs

626

12ndash

38

Coc

kburn et

al

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from bornh

ardts som

e10Be

651

3ndash7

1999

Nam

ibia

eviden

ce of co

mplex

exp

osure

26Al

Coc

kburn et

al

Gam

sberg cen

tral

gran

ite-gne

iss


ing be

low

672

2ndash15

2000

Nam

ibian esca

rpmen

tescarpmen

t face

10Be

Nam

ibia

sand

ston

eEscarpmen

t face

sam

ples

26Al

472

5ndash12

Gam

sberg (escarpm

ent) summit

4044

035

ndash050

Bierm

an and

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

ite gn

iess

Bed

rock sam

ples from to

ps and

flan

ks of

10Be

4735

11ndash

75

Caffee 200

1Nam

ibia

quartz veins

inselbergs and

smaller rocky ou

tcrops

26Al

schist

Van

der W

ateren

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

Expo

sed veins on

gravel an

d sand

-cov

ered

4

046

011

ndash104

and Dun

ai 20

01Nam

ibia

quartz veins

pedimen

t surface

21Ne

River cut bed

rock surfaces 6

m and

0m abo

ve2

09

041

ndash14

presen

t dry ch

anne

l respec

tively

Flem

ing et

al

Drake

nsbe

rgba

salt

Escarpmen

t face

36Cl

255

48ndash6

219

99Esca

rpmen

tFlat-lying

escarpm

ent sum

mit

36

1ndash10

Not

es rates are mea


es used U

ncertaintie

s on

den

udation rates from

ana

lytic

al and

produ


5ndash2

0

Most de

nuda

tion rate estim

ates assum

e a lsquostead


mod

el




















VI Palaeoaltimetry









Table 4

AMS facilities invo

lved

in the

mea

suremen

t of cosm

ogen

ic isotop

es for Earth and

env

iron

men

tal s

cien

ce applic

ations

Facility

VT(M

V)

Principa

lCom

men

tsco

smog

enic isotope

smea

sured

Acc

elerator Lab

oratory ANU

155

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

High vo

ltage acc

elerator w

ith an espe

cially goo

d capa

bility for 36Cl

Can

berra Australia

Expe

rien

ce w

ith env

iron

men

tal an

d geom

orph

ic app

lications

AMS Facility

510Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

Ded

icated

to Earth and

env

iron

men

tal scienc

e ap

plications

SUER

C Ea

st Kilb

ride

UK

Gif-sur-Yve

tte Tan

detron

310Be 26 A


plications employ

ing

10Be

Acc

elerator F

ranc

e

CAMS U

CLLN

L Califo

rnia

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

ith a high-vo


ced a large qu

antity of

USA

10Be an

d 26Al mea

suremen

ts and

has w

orke

d with

a w

ide rang

e of

colla

borators

ANTA

RES

ANST

O Lu

cas

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

hich

has becom

e sign

ifica

ntly in

volved

in ge

omorph

olog

ical

Heigh

ts A

ustralia

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications since

the mid-199

0s

PRIM

E La

b Purdu

e8

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

A facility w

hich

has w

orke

d with

a diverse ran

ge of co

llabo

rators both

Unive

rsity U

SAwith

the

USA

and

elsew

here

NSF

-Arizo

na AMS Facility

25

10Be 14 C

A m

ajor 14 C

facility tha

t ha

s be

en inv

olved in develop

ing the ap

plication

Unive

rsity

of A

rizo

na USA

of in

situ

-produ

ced

14C

VER

A V

ienn

a3

14C 26 A

l Prim

arily

kno

wn for 14C m

easuremen

ts

Austria

ETHPSI AMS Facility

610Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

One

of the

first fac

ilitie

s to be invo

lved

in a rang

e of geo

morph

olog

ical

Zurich Switz

erland

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications

Not

es T


austive Fac

ilitie

s un

dertak

ing mea

suremen

ts of 1

4 C only are no

t inc

lude

d V

T m

axim


NST

O A

ustralian

Nuc

lear Scien

ce and

Techn

olog

y Organ

isation ANTA

RES

Australian Nationa

l Tan

dem Accelerator fo

r App

lied Research ANU A

ustralian Nationa

lUnive

rsity

CAMS C

entre for AMS ETH

PSI S

wiss Fede

ral Institu

te of Techn

olog

yPaul Sch

errer Institu

te NSF N

ationa

l Scienc

e Fo

unda

tion PRIM

E La

bPu

rdue

Rare Isotop

e Mea

suremen

t La

boratory U

CLLN

L U

niversity

of C

alifo

rniaLaw

renc

e Liverm

ore Nationa

l Lab

oratory SUER

C Sc

ottish Universities

Environm

ental R

esearch Cen

tre VER

A V

ienn

a En

vironm

ental R

esea

rch Acc

elerator










Acknowledgements


References























































































































































































































































































16 B

uria

l of

glac

ial i

ce g

lacial and

clim

atic history

Schauml

fer et

al (20

00) March

ant e

tal (200

2)

Increm

entalProg

ressive

17 D

enud

atio

n of

bed

rock

reg

olit

h an

d de

posi

tion

al s

urfa

cesby

mecha

nica

l and

or ch

emical

chan

gede

nuda

tion of the

denu

datio

nal p

roce

sses at spe

cific

points on

the land

surface

(site

-spe

cific

rates) in som

e ca

ses

(rate)

land

surface

extrap

olation of site

-spe

cific

rates to


enud

ation of differen

t lan

dsca

peelem

ents (e

g rive

r ch

anne

ls v

alley-side

slope

s interflu

ves) a

ssessm

ent o

f fac

tors con

trollin

gde

nuda

tion rates on

spe

cific

land

form

s (eg slop

e clim

ate litholog

y)

Nishiizum

i eta

l (198

6 199

1b) Ku

rz (1

986b

) Albrech

t eta

l (199

3) B

rown et

al (19

95a) B

ierm

anan

d Tu

rner (1

995) S

eidl eta

l (199

7) Sm

all e

tal (199

7 199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

020

01a b) Weissel and

Seidl (1

998) C

ockb

urn et

al (19

99 2

000) F

leming et

al (19

99) Coc

kburn an

dSu

mmerfie

ld (2

000) S

ummerfie

ld eta

l (199

9a b) B

elton et

al (20

00) Grang

er eta

l (200

1b) van de

rWateren

and

Dun

ai (2

001) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1 200

2)18

Reg

iona

l den

udat

ionrepresen

ting ag

greg

ate effects of den

udationa

l proc

esses ac

ross drainage area

s(areally ave

rage

d de

nuda

tion rates de

rived from

bulk sedimen

t sam

ples) assessmen

t of fa

ctors

controlling

den


ge areas as a who

le

Brown et

al (19

95a 199

8b) Grang

er eta

l (199

6 200

1b) Sm

all e

tal (199

9) C

lapp

eta

l (200

020

01 2

002) B

ierm

an and

Caffee (200

1) R

iebe

eta

l (200

0 200

1a b

c) Kirch

ner et

al (20

01)

Scha

ller et

al (20

01) Nicho

ls eta

l (200

2)

Ablation of ic

e19

Rat

es o

f ab

lati

on o

n gl

acie

rs lon

g-term

glacier m

ass ba

lanc

e stud

ies

surfac

esLa

l eta

l (198

7 199

0) L

al and

Jull (199

0 199

2) Jull e

tal (199

4a)

Vertic

al20

Ver

tica

l tra

nslo

cati

on o

f m

ater

ial i

n so

ils m

odes and

rates of soil d

evelop

men

tmov

emen

tsHeimsath eta

l (199

7 199

9 200

0 200

1a b

) Ph

illips et

al (19

98) Ph

illips (200

0)

with

in reg

olith

or

21 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l in

late

rite

sdu

ricr

usts

mod

es and

rates of formation

othe

r de

posits

Brown et

al (19

94) Liu et

al (19

94) Brauc

her et

al (19

98a b 2

000) S

chroed

er eta

l (200

1)

22 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

slop

e m

ater

ials

nature an

d rates of slope

processes

Small e

tal (199

9) H

eimsath eta

l (200

2)

23 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

aeol

ian

depo

sits

dyn

amics of aeo

lian de

posits

Klein eta

l (198

6) Sh

epard et

al (19

95)

24 V

erti

cal t

rans

loca

tion

of

mat

eria

l wit

hin

dese

rt p

avem

ent

syst

emsform

ation of desert p

avem

ents

Wells eta

l (199

5) S

hepa

rd eta

l (199

5)

Palaeo

-25

Cha

nge

in e

leva

tion

thr

ough

tim

einferred

throug

h ch

ange

in produ

ction rate e

stim

ating pa

staltim

etry

elev

ations and


land

surface

to con

strain te

cton

ic m

odels

Brown et

al (19

91) Brook

eta

l (199

3 199

5a) Ivy-Och

s et

al (19

95) Bruno

eta

l (199

7) S

chaumlfer et

al (199

9) V

an der W

ateren

eta

l (199

9) G

osse and

Stone

(200

1) K

ober eta

l (200

2)


































5 Burial events



















Table 3

Site-specific den



enic nuclides in

bed

rock

sam

ples

Sour

ceLo

cati

onLi

thol

ogy

Fiel

d se

ttin

g an

d co

mm

ents

Isot

ope

nR

ate

(mm

kandash1

)

Mea

nR

ange

Nishiizum

i et

al

Alla

n Hills sou

thern

sand

ston

eSamples from bou

lders an

d be

droc

k ou

tcrops

907

03ndash

13

1991

bVictoria La

nd

from

Bea

con Su

pergroup

Antarctica

Soumlr Ron

dane

Mts

Mea

n rate and

ran

ge exc

lude

two samples w

ith10Be

6017

006

ndash045

Droning

Mau

d La

nd

complex

exp

osure history

26Al

Antarctica

Wrigh

t Valley sou

thern

sand

ston

eBed

rock from horizon

tal platform

s7

09

05ndash

13

Victoria La

nd

Antarctica

Summerfie

ld eta


gran

ite

Rectilinea

r slop

e samples

4056

026

ndash102

1999

asouthe

rn Victoria La

nd

sand

ston

ePlateau surfac

e samples

21Ne

4015

013

ndash016

Antarctica

Brown et

al

Icac

os River Lu

quillo

quartz-diorite

Bed

rock ridge

crest sam

ples

10Be

225

ndash19

95a

Mts P

uerto Rico

Small et

al

Wind River W

yoming

gran

ite gn

eiss

775

3ndash12

1997

USA

Bea

rtoo

th

Mon

tana

USA

gran

iteTo

r an

d large bo

ulde

r samples from sum

mit

10Be

510

56ndash

19Fron

t Ran

ge Colorad

ogran

ite schist

flats (2ndash

10degslop

e) sho

wing no

evide

nce of prior

26Al

474

6ndash9

USA

glaciatio

nSierra N

evad

agran

ite3

30

2ndash5

Califo

rnia USA

Small et

al

Wind River Ran

ge

gran

ite gn

eiss

Samles from

regolith

profiles and

buried

10Be

1813

712

16

1999

Wyo

ming U

SAbe

droc

k26Al

Heimsath eta

l Marin Cou

nty northern

gree

nstone

Isolated

bed

rock outcrop

s on

hillslop

es10Be

324

715

ndash39

1997

19

99Califo

rnia USA

grey

wacke

From

sub

soil be

droc


s26Al

1146

521

ndash105

sand

ston

e che

rtestim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

Heimsath eta

l Coa

st Ran

ge

sand

ston

eFrom

sub

soil be

droc

k on

sam

ples on hillslope

s20

01a

Orego

n U

SAsiltstone

estim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

10Be

3112

25

15ndash3

59(alth

ough

field ev

iden

ce sug

gests tempo

ral

26Al

variation in loc

al soil de

pth)

Grang

er eta

l Diamon

d Mts

hornblen

de

382

6ndash12

2001

bCalifo

rnia USA

gran

odiorite

Bed

rock sam

ples from exp

osures along

10Be

Fort Sag

e Mts

biotitie-gran

itecatchm

ent ridg

es26Al

119

ndashCalifo

rnia USA


Weissel and

Seidl

Mac

leay River System

gran

iteGorgehe

ad erosion

10Be

6~10

052

ndash195

1998

eastern New

Sou

thPlatea

u surfac

e ab

ove go

rge

26Al

140

ndashWales A

ustralia

Bierm

an and

Eyre Pen

insula south-

Bed

rock sam

ples from in

selberg summits

2708

03ndash

25

Turner 1

995

central A

ustralia

gran

iteinclud

ing bo

ulde

rs and


10Be

Bierm

an and

Expo

sed bo

ulde

rs and

bed

rock

sam

ples from

26Al

Caffee 200

2inselberg fla

nks

2121

05ndash

50

Heimsath eta

l Upp

er Beg

a Valley

gran

ite

From

sub

soil be

droc

k saprolite

sam

ples on

2000

New

Sou

th W

ales

gran

odiorite

slop

es at ba

se of esca

rpmen

t estim

ated

10Be

1428

69ndash

57Australia

assuming stea


ess

26Al

From

sides and

top

s of tors

715

89ndash

26Heimsath eta

l Bread

ho River Valley

gran

iteTo

rs on platea

u hillslope

s10Be

1010

04ndash

2820

01b

southe

astern H

ighlan

ds

26Al

New

Sou

th W

ales

Australia

Bierm

an and

Northern Territo

ry

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from to

ps of large bo

ulde

rs7

196

07ndash

37

Caffee 200

2Australia


10Be

Bed

rock sam

ples from lo

w lying

roc

k platform

s26Al

and fla

nks of inselbe

rgs

626

12ndash

38

Coc

kburn et

al

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from bornh

ardts som

e10Be

651

3ndash7

1999

Nam

ibia

eviden

ce of co

mplex

exp

osure

26Al

Coc

kburn et

al

Gam

sberg cen

tral

gran

ite-gne

iss


ing be

low

672

2ndash15

2000

Nam

ibian esca

rpmen

tescarpmen

t face

10Be

Nam

ibia

sand

ston

eEscarpmen

t face

sam

ples

26Al

472

5ndash12

Gam

sberg (escarpm

ent) summit

4044

035

ndash050

Bierm

an and

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

ite gn

iess

Bed

rock sam

ples from to

ps and

flan

ks of

10Be

4735

11ndash

75

Caffee 200

1Nam

ibia

quartz veins

inselbergs and

smaller rocky ou

tcrops

26Al

schist

Van

der W

ateren

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

Expo

sed veins on

gravel an

d sand

-cov

ered

4

046

011

ndash104

and Dun

ai 20

01Nam

ibia

quartz veins

pedimen

t surface

21Ne

River cut bed

rock surfaces 6

m and

0m abo

ve2

09

041

ndash14

presen

t dry ch

anne

l respec

tively

Flem

ing et

al

Drake

nsbe

rgba

salt

Escarpmen

t face

36Cl

255

48ndash6

219

99Esca

rpmen

tFlat-lying

escarpm

ent sum

mit

36

1ndash10

Not

es rates are mea


es used U

ncertaintie

s on

den

udation rates from

ana

lytic

al and

produ


5ndash2

0

Most de

nuda

tion rate estim

ates assum

e a lsquostead


mod

el




















VI Palaeoaltimetry









Table 4

AMS facilities invo

lved

in the

mea

suremen

t of cosm

ogen

ic isotop

es for Earth and

env

iron

men

tal s

cien

ce applic

ations

Facility

VT(M

V)

Principa

lCom

men

tsco

smog

enic isotope

smea

sured

Acc

elerator Lab

oratory ANU

155

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

High vo

ltage acc

elerator w

ith an espe

cially goo

d capa

bility for 36Cl

Can

berra Australia

Expe

rien

ce w

ith env

iron

men

tal an

d geom

orph

ic app

lications

AMS Facility

510Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

Ded

icated

to Earth and

env

iron

men

tal scienc

e ap

plications

SUER

C Ea

st Kilb

ride

UK

Gif-sur-Yve

tte Tan

detron

310Be 26 A


plications employ

ing

10Be

Acc

elerator F

ranc

e

CAMS U

CLLN

L Califo

rnia

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

ith a high-vo


ced a large qu

antity of

USA

10Be an

d 26Al mea

suremen

ts and

has w

orke

d with

a w

ide rang

e of

colla

borators

ANTA

RES

ANST

O Lu

cas

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

hich

has becom

e sign

ifica

ntly in

volved

in ge

omorph

olog

ical

Heigh

ts A

ustralia

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications since

the mid-199

0s

PRIM

E La

b Purdu

e8

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

A facility w

hich

has w

orke

d with

a diverse ran

ge of co

llabo

rators both

Unive

rsity U

SAwith

the

USA

and

elsew

here

NSF

-Arizo

na AMS Facility

25

10Be 14 C

A m

ajor 14 C

facility tha

t ha

s be

en inv

olved in develop

ing the ap

plication

Unive

rsity

of A

rizo

na USA

of in

situ

-produ

ced

14C

VER

A V

ienn

a3

14C 26 A

l Prim

arily

kno

wn for 14C m

easuremen

ts

Austria

ETHPSI AMS Facility

610Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

One

of the

first fac

ilitie

s to be invo

lved

in a rang

e of geo

morph

olog

ical

Zurich Switz

erland

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications

Not

es T


austive Fac

ilitie

s un

dertak

ing mea

suremen

ts of 1

4 C only are no

t inc

lude

d V

T m

axim


NST

O A

ustralian

Nuc

lear Scien

ce and

Techn

olog

y Organ

isation ANTA

RES

Australian Nationa

l Tan

dem Accelerator fo

r App

lied Research ANU A

ustralian Nationa

lUnive

rsity

CAMS C

entre for AMS ETH

PSI S

wiss Fede

ral Institu

te of Techn

olog

yPaul Sch

errer Institu

te NSF N

ationa

l Scienc

e Fo

unda

tion PRIM

E La

bPu

rdue

Rare Isotop

e Mea

suremen

t La

boratory U

CLLN

L U

niversity

of C

alifo

rniaLaw

renc

e Liverm

ore Nationa

l Lab

oratory SUER

C Sc

ottish Universities

Environm

ental R

esearch Cen

tre VER

A V

ienn

a En

vironm

ental R

esea

rch Acc

elerator










Acknowledgements


References























































































































































































































































































































5 Burial events



















Table 3

Site-specific den



enic nuclides in

bed

rock

sam

ples

Sour

ceLo

cati

onLi

thol

ogy

Fiel

d se

ttin

g an

d co

mm

ents

Isot

ope

nR

ate

(mm

kandash1

)

Mea

nR

ange

Nishiizum

i et

al

Alla

n Hills sou

thern

sand

ston

eSamples from bou

lders an

d be

droc

k ou

tcrops

907

03ndash

13

1991

bVictoria La

nd

from

Bea

con Su

pergroup

Antarctica

Soumlr Ron

dane

Mts

Mea

n rate and

ran

ge exc

lude

two samples w

ith10Be

6017

006

ndash045

Droning

Mau

d La

nd

complex

exp

osure history

26Al

Antarctica

Wrigh

t Valley sou

thern

sand

ston

eBed

rock from horizon

tal platform

s7

09

05ndash

13

Victoria La

nd

Antarctica

Summerfie

ld eta


gran

ite

Rectilinea

r slop

e samples

4056

026

ndash102

1999

asouthe

rn Victoria La

nd

sand

ston

ePlateau surfac

e samples

21Ne

4015

013

ndash016

Antarctica

Brown et

al

Icac

os River Lu

quillo

quartz-diorite

Bed

rock ridge

crest sam

ples

10Be

225

ndash19

95a

Mts P

uerto Rico

Small et

al

Wind River W

yoming

gran

ite gn

eiss

775

3ndash12

1997

USA

Bea

rtoo

th

Mon

tana

USA

gran

iteTo

r an

d large bo

ulde

r samples from sum

mit

10Be

510

56ndash

19Fron

t Ran

ge Colorad

ogran

ite schist

flats (2ndash

10degslop

e) sho

wing no

evide

nce of prior

26Al

474

6ndash9

USA

glaciatio

nSierra N

evad

agran

ite3

30

2ndash5

Califo

rnia USA

Small et

al

Wind River Ran

ge

gran

ite gn

eiss

Samles from

regolith

profiles and

buried

10Be

1813

712

16

1999

Wyo

ming U

SAbe

droc

k26Al

Heimsath eta

l Marin Cou

nty northern

gree

nstone

Isolated

bed

rock outcrop

s on

hillslop

es10Be

324

715

ndash39

1997

19

99Califo

rnia USA

grey

wacke

From

sub

soil be

droc


s26Al

1146

521

ndash105

sand

ston

e che

rtestim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

Heimsath eta

l Coa

st Ran

ge

sand

ston

eFrom

sub

soil be

droc

k on

sam

ples on hillslope

s20

01a

Orego

n U

SAsiltstone

estim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

10Be

3112

25

15ndash3

59(alth

ough

field ev

iden

ce sug

gests tempo

ral

26Al

variation in loc

al soil de

pth)

Grang

er eta

l Diamon

d Mts

hornblen

de

382

6ndash12

2001

bCalifo

rnia USA

gran

odiorite

Bed

rock sam

ples from exp

osures along

10Be

Fort Sag

e Mts

biotitie-gran

itecatchm

ent ridg

es26Al

119

ndashCalifo

rnia USA


Weissel and

Seidl

Mac

leay River System

gran

iteGorgehe

ad erosion

10Be

6~10

052

ndash195

1998

eastern New

Sou

thPlatea

u surfac

e ab

ove go

rge

26Al

140

ndashWales A

ustralia

Bierm

an and

Eyre Pen

insula south-

Bed

rock sam

ples from in

selberg summits

2708

03ndash

25

Turner 1

995

central A

ustralia

gran

iteinclud

ing bo

ulde

rs and


10Be

Bierm

an and

Expo

sed bo

ulde

rs and

bed

rock

sam

ples from

26Al

Caffee 200

2inselberg fla

nks

2121

05ndash

50

Heimsath eta

l Upp

er Beg

a Valley

gran

ite

From

sub

soil be

droc

k saprolite

sam

ples on

2000

New

Sou

th W

ales

gran

odiorite

slop

es at ba

se of esca

rpmen

t estim

ated

10Be

1428

69ndash

57Australia

assuming stea


ess

26Al

From

sides and

top

s of tors

715

89ndash

26Heimsath eta

l Bread

ho River Valley

gran

iteTo

rs on platea

u hillslope

s10Be

1010

04ndash

2820

01b

southe

astern H

ighlan

ds

26Al

New

Sou

th W

ales

Australia

Bierm

an and

Northern Territo

ry

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from to

ps of large bo

ulde

rs7

196

07ndash

37

Caffee 200

2Australia


10Be

Bed

rock sam

ples from lo

w lying

roc

k platform

s26Al

and fla

nks of inselbe

rgs

626

12ndash

38

Coc

kburn et

al

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from bornh

ardts som

e10Be

651

3ndash7

1999

Nam

ibia

eviden

ce of co

mplex

exp

osure

26Al

Coc

kburn et

al

Gam

sberg cen

tral

gran

ite-gne

iss


ing be

low

672

2ndash15

2000

Nam

ibian esca

rpmen

tescarpmen

t face

10Be

Nam

ibia

sand

ston

eEscarpmen

t face

sam

ples

26Al

472

5ndash12

Gam

sberg (escarpm

ent) summit

4044

035

ndash050

Bierm

an and

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

ite gn

iess

Bed

rock sam

ples from to

ps and

flan

ks of

10Be

4735

11ndash

75

Caffee 200

1Nam

ibia

quartz veins

inselbergs and

smaller rocky ou

tcrops

26Al

schist

Van

der W

ateren

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

Expo

sed veins on

gravel an

d sand

-cov

ered

4

046

011

ndash104

and Dun

ai 20

01Nam

ibia

quartz veins

pedimen

t surface

21Ne

River cut bed

rock surfaces 6

m and

0m abo

ve2

09

041

ndash14

presen

t dry ch

anne

l respec

tively

Flem

ing et

al

Drake

nsbe

rgba

salt

Escarpmen

t face

36Cl

255

48ndash6

219

99Esca

rpmen

tFlat-lying

escarpm

ent sum

mit

36

1ndash10

Not

es rates are mea


es used U

ncertaintie

s on

den

udation rates from

ana

lytic

al and

produ


5ndash2

0

Most de

nuda

tion rate estim

ates assum

e a lsquostead


mod

el




















VI Palaeoaltimetry









Table 4

AMS facilities invo

lved

in the

mea

suremen

t of cosm

ogen

ic isotop

es for Earth and

env

iron

men

tal s

cien

ce applic

ations

Facility

VT(M

V)

Principa

lCom

men

tsco

smog

enic isotope

smea

sured

Acc

elerator Lab

oratory ANU

155

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

High vo

ltage acc

elerator w

ith an espe

cially goo

d capa

bility for 36Cl

Can

berra Australia

Expe

rien

ce w

ith env

iron

men

tal an

d geom

orph

ic app

lications

AMS Facility

510Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

Ded

icated

to Earth and

env

iron

men

tal scienc

e ap

plications

SUER

C Ea

st Kilb

ride

UK

Gif-sur-Yve

tte Tan

detron

310Be 26 A


plications employ

ing

10Be

Acc

elerator F

ranc

e

CAMS U

CLLN

L Califo

rnia

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

ith a high-vo


ced a large qu

antity of

USA

10Be an

d 26Al mea

suremen

ts and

has w

orke

d with

a w

ide rang

e of

colla

borators

ANTA

RES

ANST

O Lu

cas

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

hich

has becom

e sign

ifica

ntly in

volved

in ge

omorph

olog

ical

Heigh

ts A

ustralia

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications since

the mid-199

0s

PRIM

E La

b Purdu

e8

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

A facility w

hich

has w

orke

d with

a diverse ran

ge of co

llabo

rators both

Unive

rsity U

SAwith

the

USA

and

elsew

here

NSF

-Arizo

na AMS Facility

25

10Be 14 C

A m

ajor 14 C

facility tha

t ha

s be

en inv

olved in develop

ing the ap

plication

Unive

rsity

of A

rizo

na USA

of in

situ

-produ

ced

14C

VER

A V

ienn

a3

14C 26 A

l Prim

arily

kno

wn for 14C m

easuremen

ts

Austria

ETHPSI AMS Facility

610Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

One

of the

first fac

ilitie

s to be invo

lved

in a rang

e of geo

morph

olog

ical

Zurich Switz

erland

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications

Not

es T


austive Fac

ilitie

s un

dertak

ing mea

suremen

ts of 1

4 C only are no

t inc

lude

d V

T m

axim


NST

O A

ustralian

Nuc

lear Scien

ce and

Techn

olog

y Organ

isation ANTA

RES

Australian Nationa

l Tan

dem Accelerator fo

r App

lied Research ANU A

ustralian Nationa

lUnive

rsity

CAMS C

entre for AMS ETH

PSI S

wiss Fede

ral Institu

te of Techn

olog

yPaul Sch

errer Institu

te NSF N

ationa

l Scienc

e Fo

unda

tion PRIM

E La

bPu

rdue

Rare Isotop

e Mea

suremen

t La

boratory U

CLLN

L U

niversity

of C

alifo

rniaLaw

renc

e Liverm

ore Nationa

l Lab

oratory SUER

C Sc

ottish Universities

Environm

ental R

esearch Cen

tre VER

A V

ienn

a En

vironm

ental R

esea

rch Acc

elerator










Acknowledgements


References





































































































































































































































































































Table 3

Site-specific den



enic nuclides in

bed

rock

sam

ples

Sour

ceLo

cati

onLi

thol

ogy

Fiel

d se

ttin

g an

d co

mm

ents

Isot

ope

nR

ate

(mm

kandash1

)

Mea

nR

ange

Nishiizum

i et

al

Alla

n Hills sou

thern

sand

ston

eSamples from bou

lders an

d be

droc

k ou

tcrops

907

03ndash

13

1991

bVictoria La

nd

from

Bea

con Su

pergroup

Antarctica

Soumlr Ron

dane

Mts

Mea

n rate and

ran

ge exc

lude

two samples w

ith10Be

6017

006

ndash045

Droning

Mau

d La

nd

complex

exp

osure history

26Al

Antarctica

Wrigh

t Valley sou

thern

sand

ston

eBed

rock from horizon

tal platform

s7

09

05ndash

13

Victoria La

nd

Antarctica

Summerfie

ld eta


gran

ite

Rectilinea

r slop

e samples

4056

026

ndash102

1999

asouthe

rn Victoria La

nd

sand

ston

ePlateau surfac

e samples

21Ne

4015

013

ndash016

Antarctica

Brown et

al

Icac

os River Lu

quillo

quartz-diorite

Bed

rock ridge

crest sam

ples

10Be

225

ndash19

95a

Mts P

uerto Rico

Small et

al

Wind River W

yoming

gran

ite gn

eiss

775

3ndash12

1997

USA

Bea

rtoo

th

Mon

tana

USA

gran

iteTo

r an

d large bo

ulde

r samples from sum

mit

10Be

510

56ndash

19Fron

t Ran

ge Colorad

ogran

ite schist

flats (2ndash

10degslop

e) sho

wing no

evide

nce of prior

26Al

474

6ndash9

USA

glaciatio

nSierra N

evad

agran

ite3

30

2ndash5

Califo

rnia USA

Small et

al

Wind River Ran

ge

gran

ite gn

eiss

Samles from

regolith

profiles and

buried

10Be

1813

712

16

1999

Wyo

ming U

SAbe

droc

k26Al

Heimsath eta

l Marin Cou

nty northern

gree

nstone

Isolated

bed

rock outcrop

s on

hillslop

es10Be

324

715

ndash39

1997

19

99Califo

rnia USA

grey

wacke

From

sub

soil be

droc


s26Al

1146

521

ndash105

sand

ston

e che

rtestim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

Heimsath eta

l Coa

st Ran

ge

sand

ston

eFrom

sub

soil be

droc

k on

sam

ples on hillslope

s20

01a

Orego

n U

SAsiltstone

estim

ated

assum

ing steady

-state soil thickn

ess

10Be

3112

25

15ndash3

59(alth

ough

field ev

iden

ce sug

gests tempo

ral

26Al

variation in loc

al soil de

pth)

Grang

er eta

l Diamon

d Mts

hornblen

de

382

6ndash12

2001

bCalifo

rnia USA

gran

odiorite

Bed

rock sam

ples from exp

osures along

10Be

Fort Sag

e Mts

biotitie-gran

itecatchm

ent ridg

es26Al

119

ndashCalifo

rnia USA


Weissel and

Seidl

Mac

leay River System

gran

iteGorgehe

ad erosion

10Be

6~10

052

ndash195

1998

eastern New

Sou

thPlatea

u surfac

e ab

ove go

rge

26Al

140

ndashWales A

ustralia

Bierm

an and

Eyre Pen

insula south-

Bed

rock sam

ples from in

selberg summits

2708

03ndash

25

Turner 1

995

central A

ustralia

gran

iteinclud

ing bo

ulde

rs and


10Be

Bierm

an and

Expo

sed bo

ulde

rs and

bed

rock

sam

ples from

26Al

Caffee 200

2inselberg fla

nks

2121

05ndash

50

Heimsath eta

l Upp

er Beg

a Valley

gran

ite

From

sub

soil be

droc

k saprolite

sam

ples on

2000

New

Sou

th W

ales

gran

odiorite

slop

es at ba

se of esca

rpmen

t estim

ated

10Be

1428

69ndash

57Australia

assuming stea


ess

26Al

From

sides and

top

s of tors

715

89ndash

26Heimsath eta

l Bread

ho River Valley

gran

iteTo

rs on platea

u hillslope

s10Be

1010

04ndash

2820

01b

southe

astern H

ighlan

ds

26Al

New

Sou

th W

ales

Australia

Bierm

an and

Northern Territo

ry

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from to

ps of large bo

ulde

rs7

196

07ndash

37

Caffee 200

2Australia


10Be

Bed

rock sam

ples from lo

w lying

roc

k platform

s26Al

and fla

nks of inselbe

rgs

626

12ndash

38

Coc

kburn et

al

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from bornh

ardts som

e10Be

651

3ndash7

1999

Nam

ibia

eviden

ce of co

mplex

exp

osure

26Al

Coc

kburn et

al

Gam

sberg cen

tral

gran

ite-gne

iss


ing be

low

672

2ndash15

2000

Nam

ibian esca

rpmen

tescarpmen

t face

10Be

Nam

ibia

sand

ston

eEscarpmen

t face

sam

ples

26Al

472

5ndash12

Gam

sberg (escarpm

ent) summit

4044

035

ndash050

Bierm

an and

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

ite gn

iess

Bed

rock sam

ples from to

ps and

flan

ks of

10Be

4735

11ndash

75

Caffee 200

1Nam

ibia

quartz veins

inselbergs and

smaller rocky ou

tcrops

26Al

schist

Van

der W

ateren

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

Expo

sed veins on

gravel an

d sand

-cov

ered

4

046

011

ndash104

and Dun

ai 20

01Nam

ibia

quartz veins

pedimen

t surface

21Ne

River cut bed

rock surfaces 6

m and

0m abo

ve2

09

041

ndash14

presen

t dry ch

anne

l respec

tively

Flem

ing et

al

Drake

nsbe

rgba

salt

Escarpmen

t face

36Cl

255

48ndash6

219

99Esca

rpmen

tFlat-lying

escarpm

ent sum

mit

36

1ndash10

Not

es rates are mea


es used U

ncertaintie

s on

den

udation rates from

ana

lytic

al and

produ


5ndash2

0

Most de

nuda

tion rate estim

ates assum

e a lsquostead


mod

el




















VI Palaeoaltimetry









Table 4

AMS facilities invo

lved

in the

mea

suremen

t of cosm

ogen

ic isotop

es for Earth and

env

iron

men

tal s

cien

ce applic

ations

Facility

VT(M

V)

Principa

lCom

men

tsco

smog

enic isotope

smea

sured

Acc

elerator Lab

oratory ANU

155

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

High vo

ltage acc

elerator w

ith an espe

cially goo

d capa

bility for 36Cl

Can

berra Australia

Expe

rien

ce w

ith env

iron

men

tal an

d geom

orph

ic app

lications

AMS Facility

510Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

Ded

icated

to Earth and

env

iron

men

tal scienc

e ap

plications

SUER

C Ea

st Kilb

ride

UK

Gif-sur-Yve

tte Tan

detron

310Be 26 A


plications employ

ing

10Be

Acc

elerator F

ranc

e

CAMS U

CLLN

L Califo

rnia

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

ith a high-vo


ced a large qu

antity of

USA

10Be an

d 26Al mea

suremen

ts and

has w

orke

d with

a w

ide rang

e of

colla

borators

ANTA

RES

ANST

O Lu

cas

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

hich

has becom

e sign

ifica

ntly in

volved

in ge

omorph

olog

ical

Heigh

ts A

ustralia

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications since

the mid-199

0s

PRIM

E La

b Purdu

e8

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

A facility w

hich

has w

orke

d with

a diverse ran

ge of co

llabo

rators both

Unive

rsity U

SAwith

the

USA

and

elsew

here

NSF

-Arizo

na AMS Facility

25

10Be 14 C

A m

ajor 14 C

facility tha

t ha

s be

en inv

olved in develop

ing the ap

plication

Unive

rsity

of A

rizo

na USA

of in

situ

-produ

ced

14C

VER

A V

ienn

a3

14C 26 A

l Prim

arily

kno

wn for 14C m

easuremen

ts

Austria

ETHPSI AMS Facility

610Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

One

of the

first fac

ilitie

s to be invo

lved

in a rang

e of geo

morph

olog

ical

Zurich Switz

erland

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications

Not

es T


austive Fac

ilitie

s un

dertak

ing mea

suremen

ts of 1

4 C only are no

t inc

lude

d V

T m

axim


NST

O A

ustralian

Nuc

lear Scien

ce and

Techn

olog

y Organ

isation ANTA

RES

Australian Nationa

l Tan

dem Accelerator fo

r App

lied Research ANU A

ustralian Nationa

lUnive

rsity

CAMS C

entre for AMS ETH

PSI S

wiss Fede

ral Institu

te of Techn

olog

yPaul Sch

errer Institu

te NSF N

ationa

l Scienc

e Fo

unda

tion PRIM

E La

bPu

rdue

Rare Isotop

e Mea

suremen

t La

boratory U

CLLN

L U

niversity

of C

alifo

rniaLaw

renc

e Liverm

ore Nationa

l Lab

oratory SUER

C Sc

ottish Universities

Environm

ental R

esearch Cen

tre VER

A V

ienn

a En

vironm

ental R

esea

rch Acc

elerator










Acknowledgements


References























































































































































































































































































Weissel and

Seidl

Mac

leay River System

gran

iteGorgehe

ad erosion

10Be

6~10

052

ndash195

1998

eastern New

Sou

thPlatea

u surfac

e ab

ove go

rge

26Al

140

ndashWales A

ustralia

Bierm

an and

Eyre Pen

insula south-

Bed

rock sam

ples from in

selberg summits

2708

03ndash

25

Turner 1

995

central A

ustralia

gran

iteinclud

ing bo

ulde

rs and


10Be

Bierm

an and

Expo

sed bo

ulde

rs and

bed

rock

sam

ples from

26Al

Caffee 200

2inselberg fla

nks

2121

05ndash

50

Heimsath eta

l Upp

er Beg

a Valley

gran

ite

From

sub

soil be

droc

k saprolite

sam

ples on

2000

New

Sou

th W

ales

gran

odiorite

slop

es at ba

se of esca

rpmen

t estim

ated

10Be

1428

69ndash

57Australia

assuming stea


ess

26Al

From

sides and

top

s of tors

715

89ndash

26Heimsath eta

l Bread

ho River Valley

gran

iteTo

rs on platea

u hillslope

s10Be

1010

04ndash

2820

01b

southe

astern H

ighlan

ds

26Al

New

Sou

th W

ales

Australia

Bierm

an and

Northern Territo

ry

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from to

ps of large bo

ulde

rs7

196

07ndash

37

Caffee 200

2Australia


10Be

Bed

rock sam

ples from lo

w lying

roc

k platform

s26Al

and fla

nks of inselbe

rgs

626

12ndash

38

Coc

kburn et

al

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

iteBed

rock sam

ples from bornh

ardts som

e10Be

651

3ndash7

1999

Nam

ibia

eviden

ce of co

mplex

exp

osure

26Al

Coc

kburn et

al

Gam

sberg cen

tral

gran

ite-gne

iss


ing be

low

672

2ndash15

2000

Nam

ibian esca

rpmen

tescarpmen

t face

10Be

Nam

ibia

sand

ston

eEscarpmen

t face

sam

ples

26Al

472

5ndash12

Gam

sberg (escarpm

ent) summit

4044

035

ndash050

Bierm

an and

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

gran

ite gn

iess

Bed

rock sam

ples from to

ps and

flan

ks of

10Be

4735

11ndash

75

Caffee 200

1Nam

ibia

quartz veins

inselbergs and

smaller rocky ou

tcrops

26Al

schist

Van

der W

ateren

Cen

tral N

amib D

esert

Expo

sed veins on

gravel an

d sand

-cov

ered

4

046

011

ndash104

and Dun

ai 20

01Nam

ibia

quartz veins

pedimen

t surface

21Ne

River cut bed

rock surfaces 6

m and

0m abo

ve2

09

041

ndash14

presen

t dry ch

anne

l respec

tively

Flem

ing et

al

Drake

nsbe

rgba

salt

Escarpmen

t face

36Cl

255

48ndash6

219

99Esca

rpmen

tFlat-lying

escarpm

ent sum

mit

36

1ndash10

Not

es rates are mea


es used U

ncertaintie

s on

den

udation rates from

ana

lytic

al and

produ


5ndash2

0

Most de

nuda

tion rate estim

ates assum

e a lsquostead


mod

el




















VI Palaeoaltimetry









Table 4

AMS facilities invo

lved

in the

mea

suremen

t of cosm

ogen

ic isotop

es for Earth and

env

iron

men

tal s

cien

ce applic

ations

Facility

VT(M

V)

Principa

lCom

men

tsco

smog

enic isotope

smea

sured

Acc

elerator Lab

oratory ANU

155

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

High vo

ltage acc

elerator w

ith an espe

cially goo

d capa

bility for 36Cl

Can

berra Australia

Expe

rien

ce w

ith env

iron

men

tal an

d geom

orph

ic app

lications

AMS Facility

510Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

Ded

icated

to Earth and

env

iron

men

tal scienc

e ap

plications

SUER

C Ea

st Kilb

ride

UK

Gif-sur-Yve

tte Tan

detron

310Be 26 A


plications employ

ing

10Be

Acc

elerator F

ranc

e

CAMS U

CLLN

L Califo

rnia

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

ith a high-vo


ced a large qu

antity of

USA

10Be an

d 26Al mea

suremen

ts and

has w

orke

d with

a w

ide rang

e of

colla

borators

ANTA

RES

ANST

O Lu

cas

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

hich

has becom

e sign

ifica

ntly in

volved

in ge

omorph

olog

ical

Heigh

ts A

ustralia

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications since

the mid-199

0s

PRIM

E La

b Purdu

e8

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

A facility w

hich

has w

orke

d with

a diverse ran

ge of co

llabo

rators both

Unive

rsity U

SAwith

the

USA

and

elsew

here

NSF

-Arizo

na AMS Facility

25

10Be 14 C

A m

ajor 14 C

facility tha

t ha

s be

en inv

olved in develop

ing the ap

plication

Unive

rsity

of A

rizo

na USA

of in

situ

-produ

ced

14C

VER

A V

ienn

a3

14C 26 A

l Prim

arily

kno

wn for 14C m

easuremen

ts

Austria

ETHPSI AMS Facility

610Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

One

of the

first fac

ilitie

s to be invo

lved

in a rang

e of geo

morph

olog

ical

Zurich Switz

erland

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications

Not

es T


austive Fac

ilitie

s un

dertak

ing mea

suremen

ts of 1

4 C only are no

t inc

lude

d V

T m

axim


NST

O A

ustralian

Nuc

lear Scien

ce and

Techn

olog

y Organ

isation ANTA

RES

Australian Nationa

l Tan

dem Accelerator fo

r App

lied Research ANU A

ustralian Nationa

lUnive

rsity

CAMS C

entre for AMS ETH

PSI S

wiss Fede

ral Institu

te of Techn

olog

yPaul Sch

errer Institu

te NSF N

ationa

l Scienc

e Fo

unda

tion PRIM

E La

bPu

rdue

Rare Isotop

e Mea

suremen

t La

boratory U

CLLN

L U

niversity

of C

alifo

rniaLaw

renc

e Liverm

ore Nationa

l Lab

oratory SUER

C Sc

ottish Universities

Environm

ental R

esearch Cen

tre VER

A V

ienn

a En

vironm

ental R

esea

rch Acc

elerator










Acknowledgements


References









































































































































































































































































































VI Palaeoaltimetry









Table 4

AMS facilities invo

lved

in the

mea

suremen

t of cosm

ogen

ic isotop

es for Earth and

env

iron

men

tal s

cien

ce applic

ations

Facility

VT(M

V)

Principa

lCom

men

tsco

smog

enic isotope

smea

sured

Acc

elerator Lab

oratory ANU

155

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

High vo

ltage acc

elerator w

ith an espe

cially goo

d capa

bility for 36Cl

Can

berra Australia

Expe

rien

ce w

ith env

iron

men

tal an

d geom

orph

ic app

lications

AMS Facility

510Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

Ded

icated

to Earth and

env

iron

men

tal scienc

e ap

plications

SUER

C Ea

st Kilb

ride

UK

Gif-sur-Yve

tte Tan

detron

310Be 26 A


plications employ

ing

10Be

Acc

elerator F

ranc

e

CAMS U

CLLN

L Califo

rnia

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

ith a high-vo


ced a large qu

antity of

USA

10Be an

d 26Al mea

suremen

ts and

has w

orke

d with

a w

ide rang

e of

colla

borators

ANTA

RES

ANST

O Lu

cas

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

hich

has becom

e sign

ifica

ntly in

volved

in ge

omorph

olog

ical

Heigh

ts A

ustralia

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications since

the mid-199

0s

PRIM

E La

b Purdu

e8

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

A facility w

hich

has w

orke

d with

a diverse ran

ge of co

llabo

rators both

Unive

rsity U

SAwith

the

USA

and

elsew

here

NSF

-Arizo

na AMS Facility

25

10Be 14 C

A m

ajor 14 C

facility tha

t ha

s be

en inv

olved in develop

ing the ap

plication

Unive

rsity

of A

rizo

na USA

of in

situ

-produ

ced

14C

VER

A V

ienn

a3

14C 26 A

l Prim

arily

kno

wn for 14C m

easuremen

ts

Austria

ETHPSI AMS Facility

610Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

One

of the

first fac

ilitie

s to be invo

lved

in a rang

e of geo

morph

olog

ical

Zurich Switz

erland

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications

Not

es T


austive Fac

ilitie

s un

dertak

ing mea

suremen

ts of 1

4 C only are no

t inc

lude

d V

T m

axim


NST

O A

ustralian

Nuc

lear Scien

ce and

Techn

olog

y Organ

isation ANTA

RES

Australian Nationa

l Tan

dem Accelerator fo

r App

lied Research ANU A

ustralian Nationa

lUnive

rsity

CAMS C

entre for AMS ETH

PSI S

wiss Fede

ral Institu

te of Techn

olog

yPaul Sch

errer Institu

te NSF N

ationa

l Scienc

e Fo

unda

tion PRIM

E La

bPu

rdue

Rare Isotop

e Mea

suremen

t La

boratory U

CLLN

L U

niversity

of C

alifo

rniaLaw

renc

e Liverm

ore Nationa

l Lab

oratory SUER

C Sc

ottish Universities

Environm

ental R

esearch Cen

tre VER

A V

ienn

a En

vironm

ental R

esea

rch Acc

elerator










Acknowledgements


References





























































































































































































































































































Table 4

AMS facilities invo

lved

in the

mea

suremen

t of cosm

ogen

ic isotop

es for Earth and

env

iron

men

tal s

cien

ce applic

ations

Facility

VT(M

V)

Principa

lCom

men

tsco

smog

enic isotope

smea

sured

Acc

elerator Lab

oratory ANU

155

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

High vo

ltage acc

elerator w

ith an espe

cially goo

d capa

bility for 36Cl

Can

berra Australia

Expe

rien

ce w

ith env

iron

men

tal an

d geom

orph

ic app

lications

AMS Facility

510Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

Ded

icated

to Earth and

env

iron

men

tal scienc

e ap

plications

SUER

C Ea

st Kilb

ride

UK

Gif-sur-Yve

tte Tan

detron

310Be 26 A


plications employ

ing

10Be

Acc

elerator F

ranc

e

CAMS U

CLLN

L Califo

rnia

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

ith a high-vo


ced a large qu

antity of

USA

10Be an

d 26Al mea

suremen

ts and

has w

orke

d with

a w

ide rang

e of

colla

borators

ANTA

RES

ANST

O Lu

cas

1010Be 14 C

26 A

lA facility w

hich

has becom

e sign

ifica

ntly in

volved

in ge

omorph

olog

ical

Heigh

ts A

ustralia

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications since

the mid-199

0s

PRIM

E La

b Purdu

e8

10Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

A facility w

hich

has w

orke

d with

a diverse ran

ge of co

llabo

rators both

Unive

rsity U

SAwith

the

USA

and

elsew

here

NSF

-Arizo

na AMS Facility

25

10Be 14 C

A m

ajor 14 C

facility tha

t ha

s be

en inv

olved in develop

ing the ap

plication

Unive

rsity

of A

rizo

na USA

of in

situ

-produ

ced

14C

VER

A V

ienn

a3

14C 26 A

l Prim

arily

kno

wn for 14C m

easuremen

ts

Austria

ETHPSI AMS Facility

610Be 14 C

26 A

l 36Cl

One

of the

first fac

ilitie

s to be invo

lved

in a rang

e of geo

morph

olog

ical

Zurich Switz

erland

and Qua

ternary scienc

e ap

plications

Not

es T


austive Fac

ilitie

s un

dertak

ing mea

suremen

ts of 1

4 C only are no

t inc

lude

d V

T m

axim


NST

O A

ustralian

Nuc

lear Scien

ce and

Techn

olog

y Organ

isation ANTA

RES

Australian Nationa

l Tan

dem Accelerator fo

r App

lied Research ANU A

ustralian Nationa

lUnive

rsity

CAMS C

entre for AMS ETH

PSI S

wiss Fede

ral Institu

te of Techn

olog

yPaul Sch

errer Institu

te NSF N

ationa

l Scienc

e Fo

unda

tion PRIM

E La

bPu

rdue

Rare Isotop

e Mea

suremen

t La

boratory U

CLLN

L U

niversity

of C

alifo

rniaLaw

renc

e Liverm

ore Nationa

l Lab

oratory SUER

C Sc

ottish Universities

Environm

ental R

esearch Cen

tre VER

A V

ienn

a En

vironm

ental R

esea

rch Acc

elerator










Acknowledgements


References































































































































































































































































































Acknowledgements


References






















































































































































































































































































Geomorphological applications of cosmogenic isotope...

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