GeogPrinciples.ppt

7/29/2019 GeogPrinciples.ppt

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The Study of Geography

Why it Matters??

Globalization:

The increasing interdependence

and interconnectedness ofplacesglobally.

Geography Defined: earth writing,

study of the earth, why of where


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Implications of Globalization

The stretching ofglobal connections,relations and networks

Making them fasterand more intense.

Increasing awarenessabout the world.


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Interdependence of Places

Place have become increasingly interdependent.

Caused by a set of interrelated forces or processes

that we call globalization.

Globalization helps to extend anddeepen linkages

between sets of places (and peoples)


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Why Geography Still Matters

Questions of POWER:Global flows are managedin particular place(s)

Global flows generateuneven spatial impacts.

Human Geography has

become more rather thanless important.


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World-system

CORE - Industrialized, market-oriented countries Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia.

PERIPHERY - Poor, ex-colonial nations

Kenya, Bolivia, Pakistan, etc.

SEMI-PERIPHERY - Partially industrialized

ex-colonial nations (both exploited and exploiter)South Africa, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, etc.


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Not regional geography approach

Country-by-country, or region-by-region

Examines internal geography of each

world region.

Does not adequately show connections

between regions (basis of globalization)


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Systematic geography approach

Through human geographic lenses: Population geography

Cultural geography

Economic geography Urban geography

Political geography

Some environmental geography


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Population geography

Growth in Periphery

Graying in Core

Resulting changes inmigration patterns

Causes andconsequences offorced migration.


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Cultural geography

Relationship betweenplace & cultural identity.

Cultural homogenization

(Americanization) fromglobalization?

Yet cultural differences

across places arebecoming significant?


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Economic geography

Rising economic

interdependence among

places.

Local responses in turn

affect globalization.

Glocalization a better

term than globalization?


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Political geography

Economics supposedly erodingsignificance of borders.

Ethnic minorities feel they

deserve states of their own.

States under attack from above(global economics) and frombelow (ethnic communities).

Yet states are still powerful, andcan respond.


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Urban geography

Different types of citiesin core and periphery.

How globalization

affects cities. Are theystill needed in theinformation age ?

Strong reasons for citiesto still exist.


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Watershed moment

in human history

Dramatic changes in social, cultural,

political, economic relations at the

Global scale

State (national) scale

Regional scale

Local scale Scales interrelate, affect each other


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Changes since 1990

Collapse of Soviet Union, end of Cold War.

Rise of local ethnic/religious nationalism.

New forms and locations of warfare.

Communications revolution (Internet).

Massive increase in economic globalization.


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Collapse of Soviet bloc

Changes in formerSoviet Union andallies.

Changes in thedeveloping world.

Changes in the U.S.,now without a

powerful enemy.


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Rise of ethnic nationalism Soviet, Yugoslav breakups.

Minority ethnic groups

looking to end majorityoppression.

Increased local/ethnicidentity as reaction toimpersonal globalization.

Increased ability to surviveas smaller country.


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Communications revolution

Only 50 websites in1992; 2.5 billion +today.

Internet makes worldmore connected, yet inmore specialized niches.

Can be used forglobalization from

above, or from below.


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New forms and

locations of warfare Smaller, more brutal wars.

Military technologies moreefficient, usually not made by

combatants.

Freelancers can wage war

Physical distance or borders nolonger protected

Terrorist groups/Extremistscreating havoc worldwide


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Economic Globalization

Country 1 Country 2

From above (elites)

From

below


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Globalization from above

Globalization from the top down

Increasing power of corporations throughinternationalizing of production and marketing.

Financial markets transcend nationalboundaries.

Telecommunications spreads ideas, cultures


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Players in globalization

from above

Governments and elites inevery country

Multinational corporations

International agencies (UN)

Global trade/financeagencies

World Bank,IMF, WTO


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Globalization from below

Globalization from the bottom up.

Greater economic interdependence eroding

governments?

Increasing influence of local scale to affect globalpolicies: Think Globally, Act Locally.

Easier communications among those at the bottom?

Pl i l b li i


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Players in globalization

from below

Non-GovernmentalOrganizations (NGOs)Greenpeace, Amnesty Intl, etc.

Alliances of communitieswith a common concern,linked through Internet.

Seattle WTO protests, 1999

Some international agencies

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