Genetics1 classification ranks and clades

Genetics 1: Classification of

Lifeppt. by Robin D. Seamon

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HOOK VIDEO: COSMOS-“Some Things Molecules do”

3 Domains:

Prokaryote: no nucleus or organellesEukaryotes: nucleus & membrane-bound organellesVIDEO: How we think complex cells evolved (5:30)

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../../../2 Science VIDEOS/8th GRADE/CLASSIFICATION/How we think complex cells evolved - Adam Jacobson.mp4

NEW There are 3 Domains

K

C

O

F

S

G

P

RANKING SYSTEM

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CC video: comparative anatomy (10 min)

Kingdom Archae-bacteria

H I S T O R Y

Aristotle: (Greek philosopher 384-322 CE) classified animals based on method of reproduction

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Taxonomy: group or categorize organisms

• Before 1700, there were multiple long names for new species with no rules in naming process

Carl Linnaeus (Swedish) 1735grouped organisms by shared physical characteristics

• wrote Systems Naturae

3 Kingdoms: 1. Mineral

2. Vegetable

3. Animal

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Today naming is regulated by Nomenclature Codes allowing names to be divided into ranks:

Binomial nomenclature (genus & species) 1740’s

R A N K I N G S Y S T E M

7CC Video: #19 Taxonomy(12 min)

• 1859 Darwin insisted classification should reflect genetic relatedness

• 1900 Emil Willi Henning: grouped organisms by inferred evolutionary relatedness

• Homologous structures; inherited from common ancestors, so were related

Phylogenetic taxonomy

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• Cladistic system: 1960’s scientists started using DNA sequences to determine common ancestry IGNORING RANKS

• This new field is making changes & revisions in classification everyday.

• International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode) is currently under development

Molecular Phylogenetics

C L A D E S Y S T E M

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• 1990’s: New Grouping based on new discoveries in bacteria metabolism

1. Archaea

2. Bacteria

3. Eukaryota

D O M A I N S

Separated these 2

Includes Protists

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CC Video: #35 Archaea, Bacteria, Protists (12 min)

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Archaea- ancient group of prokaryotic organisms that are still present today --Extremphiles- types of archaea that live in very extreme placesSome examples:

• Halophile: live in extreme salty conditions

• Thermophile: live in extremely hot conditions

• Methanogen: metabolize such that they use acidic conditions (sulfur) and release methane

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Hiller Lake, Australia

Halophilic archaea & bacteria live in this salty lake

BACK

Under-ocean hot vent

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Yellowstone hot vent, Wyoming

thermophilic archaea & bacteria live in this hot vent BACK

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Methanogenic archaea

BACK

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Bacteria- ancient group of prokaryotic organisms that are still present today

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Eukaryota- group of organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

ALL THE REST

Phylogenetic tree

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H I S T O R Y O F C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

1735Linnaeus

1866Haeckel

1925Chatton

1938Copeland

1969Whittaker

1990Woesse

1998Cavalier-

Smith

2 Kingdoms 3 Kingdoms 2 Empires 4 Kingdoms 5 Kingdoms 3 Domains 6 Kingdoms

Mineral Prokaryote Monera Monera Bacteria Bacteria

Protist Protist Protist Archaea Protist

Eukaryote Eukaryote Chromista

Vegetable Plant Plant Plant Plant

Fungi Fungi

Animal Animal Animal Animal Animal

To apply Darwin to

Microscopic organisms

To show having

nucleus or not

To show evolutionary

history of life

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NOTES LAB


1735Linnaeus

1866Haeckel

1925Chatton

1938Copeland

1969Whittaker

1990Woesse

1998Cavalier-

Smith






Fungi Fungi


To apply Darwin to


To show having

nucleus or not


history of life

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1969 Whittaker: 5 Kingdoms

Protists

Monera

PlantsAnimals

Fungi

Prokaryotes: Eubacteria &

Archeobacteria

Eukaryotes

Absorb & photosynthesize

Asexual Reproduction


Asexual & Sexual Reproduction

Photosynthesize


Non-mobile

Ingest


mobile

Absorb

Spores: asexual Reproduction

Non-mobile

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NOTES LAB

1969 Whittaker: 5 Kingdoms

Protists

Monera

PlantsAnimals

Fungi


Archeobacteria

Eukaryotes





Photosynthesize


Non-mobile

Ingest


mobile

Absorb


Non-mobile

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1990 Woese: 3 Domains

Eukaryotes

PlantsAnimals

Fungi

Protists

Photosynthesize


Non-mobile

Absorb


Non-mobile

Archaea CBacteriaMonera Monera

Absorb & photosynethsize

Aerobic respiration


Various metabolism: photosynthesis, fermentation,

Methanogenesis respiration



Anaerobic & aerobic respiration


Ingest


mobile

NO NUCLEUS

NO NUCLEUS

NUCLEUS

DOMAIN DOMAIN DOMAIN

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NOTES LAB


Eukaryotes

PlantsAnimals

Fungi

Protists

Photosynthesize


Non-mobile

Absorb

Spores: Asexual Reproduction

Non-mobile


Absorb & photosynethsize

Aerobic respiration



Methanogenesis respiration



Anaerobic & aerobic respiration


Ingest


mobile

NO NUCLEUS

NO NUCLEUS

NUCLEUS


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Protist

Fungi

Tree of life Web Project

Tolweb.org

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NOTES LAB

http://tolweb.org/

Protist

Fungi


Tolweb.org

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http://tolweb.org/

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1. System of classification in which organisms are groupedbased on physical characteristics in gradual degrees ofspecificity

2. Definition: To group or categorize organisms3. System of classification based on genetic relatedness of

species4. Organism with cells containing a nucleus & organelles5. Organism that has no nucleus or organelles6. Two-name naming system introduced by Linneus

7-9. Name the 3 Domains of life

10. Why were two of these domains separated in the 1990’s?

Genetics UNIT CHECK 1a. Eukaryote b. Ranking c. Phylogenetic (cladistics) d. taxonomy e. Prokaryote f. Binomial nomenclature

BD

CA

EF

It was realized there were significant differences in the DNA & metabolism of Archaea & Bacteria

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryota

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NOTES LAB: (WS COPIES)


1735Linnaeus

1866Haeckel

1925Chatton

1938Copeland

1969Whittaker

1990Woesse

1998Cavalier-

Smith






Fungi Fungi


To apply Darwin to


To show having

nucleus or not


history of life

NOTES LAB-

Highlight Animal category pink. In 1925, Chatton wanted to classify based upon ___________________________Highlight plant category green. Which is more complex- prokaryote or eukaryote?___________________Highlight prokaryotes blue. In 1969 Whittaker wanted to classify based upon visual similarities. How many kingdoms did he establish? ___

Which scientist coined the categorization of domains? ____________________ 28

Protists

Monera

PlantsAnimals

Fungi


Archeobacteria

Eukaryotes

metabolism: _________________________________________

Respiration: ________________

Movement?:______________

metabolism: _________________________________________

Respiration: ________________

Movement?:______________

metabolism: _________________________________________

Respiration: ________________

Movement?:______________

metabolism: _________________________________________

Respiration: ________________

Movement?:______________

metabolism: _________________________________________

Respiration: ________________

Movement?:______________

NOTES LAB-

1969 Wittaker: 5 Kingdoms

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NOTES LAB


Eukaryotes

PlantsAnimals

Fungi

Protists

metabolism:______________________________

Respiration: __________

Reproduction_________

metabolism:______________________________




metabolism: _________________________________________

Respiration: ________________

Reproduction:______________

metabolism: _________________________________________

Respiration: ________________


metabolism: _________________________________________

Respiration: ________________


metabolism:______________________________



NO NUCLEUS

NO NUCLEUS

NUCLEUS


NOTES LAB- 30

NOTES LAB

_______

_______


Tolweb.org

NOTES LAB- 31

NOTES LAB

http://tolweb.org/

EGG LAB:

Phylogeny

LINK: http://www.tbi.montana.edu/outreach/hotscience/materials/pdfs/Egg_Teachers.pdf

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http://www.tbi.montana.edu/outreach/hotscience/materials/pdfs/Egg_Teachers.pdf

Genetics1 classification ranks and clades

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