Genetics and Heredity
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Transcript of Genetics and Heredity
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Genetics and Heredity
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Genetics and traits
• Genetics: the study of how certain features are passed from parents to their offspring
• Trait: a distinguishing quality that all members of a species have in common (eyes, chin, etc.)
• Variations: Different forms of the same trait (blue/brown/or green eyes, cleft chin)
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Traits• Heredity: the passing of traits from
parents to offspring.• Heredity plus your environment will
work together to influence who you will become–“Nature Vs. Nurture
• Which do you think bear a greater impact on your development?
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Reproduction and Heredity• Four basic methods of asexual reproduction:–1.Rooting: a cutting is taken from a mature
plant and rooted to create a new plant (often used to get desirable traits in agriculture)–2.Spores: like seeds can grow into new
organisms–3.Budding: small bud forms on the parent and
breaks off to form a new organism’–4.Fission: (most common) dna is copied, cell
divides, new cell membrane encases new daughter cells
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Sexual Reproduction• Requires male and female cells (sperm and
egg) called gametes.• Does asexual or sexual reproduction generate
greater variety?• Sexual reproduction creates greater variety
due to a greater variety of trait possibilities.• Traits are passed from parent to offspring in
the form of genes• Genes: small segment of DNA that carries
hereditary info.
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Genes
• Genes have all info needed to build, maintain, and reproduce an organism.
• Genes link together to form chromosomes• Organisms’ cells can read the codes in
chromosomes just like we read a book
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Genetic Code
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Genetic Code/Traits
• Some genes determine on trait:–Straight hairline or widow’s peak–Earlobes are attached or free
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Heredity Recessive trait
Dominant trait
This woman’s genotype
This woman’s genotype
homozygousheterozygous
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DNA
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M
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• DNA is a molecule shaped like a twisted ladder called a double helix• Sugar and phosphate make the
support/legs of the ladder• Nitrogen bases such as adenine (A),
thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are paired together to make the “rungs” of the ladder
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• Nucleotide: the “rungs,” or the combination of bases• Certain nitrogen bases always pair
up:–A-> T–C->G
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• Replication: The DNA strand unwinds, unzips, new nucleotides pair up with existing, exposed nitrogen bases and new sugar/phosphate support is produced.
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Mutations
• Mutations are “errors” in genetic code• Seedless grapes are an example. • Mutation: a change in the sequence
of one or more nucleotides in a DNA molecule
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• Substitution: Sickle Cell Anemia
• Insertion: Huntington’s disease
• Deletion: Cystic Fibrosis
• Inversion: Hemophilia
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Mutations Cont• Some mutations do not effects the organism• Some affect appearance and health, some only one
of these• Some mutations are caused by a mistake in DNA
replication and take years to develop.• Some are uncontrollable, others are not• Mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that
causes mutations to occur• Radiation, smoke, chemicals, pesticides, drugs, x-
rays, ultraviolet light, radiation.
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Chernobyl
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEmms6vn-p8