General Zoology Unit Four
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Transcript of General Zoology Unit Four
General Zoology General Zoology Unit FourUnit Four
Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, protostomesprotostomesTriploblastic, eucoelomatesTriploblastic, eucoelomates
Exhibit metamerismExhibit metamerismBilaterally symmetrical Bilaterally symmetrical (cephalization)(cephalization)
Closed circulatory systemClosed circulatory systemRespiration by gills, skin or Respiration by gills, skin or parapodiaparapodiaWell developed nervous system & Well developed nervous system & sense organssense organs
Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tractHydrostatic skeletonHydrostatic skeleton
Excretion by paired Excretion by paired metanephridiametanephridiaChitinous setae in all but the Chitinous setae in all but the leechesleechesSexual reproduction, monoecious & Sexual reproduction, monoecious & dioeciousdioecious
Annelid TaxonomyAnnelid TaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia
Phylum - AnnelidaPhylum - Annelida
Class – Polychaeta (marine Class – Polychaeta (marine worms)worms)
Class – Oligochaeta (earthworms)Class – Oligochaeta (earthworms)
Class – Hirudinea (leeches)Class – Hirudinea (leeches)
Ex. – Ex. – Nereis, AphroditaNereis, Aphrodita
Ex. – Ex. – LumbricusLumbricus
Ex. – Ex. – HirudoHirudo
DefinitionsDefinitionsMetamere – a repeating body Metamere – a repeating body segmentsegment
Metamerism – the division of the Metamerism – the division of the body into a series of similar body into a series of similar segments, each containing repeating segments, each containing repeating arrangements of organs and systemsarrangements of organs and systems
Somite – a term that is synonymous Somite – a term that is synonymous with metamerewith metamere
PolychaetePolychaetess
Filter feeding with radiolesFilter feeding with radioles
Detritus Detritus feeding feeding
with with tentacletentacle
ss
Active predatorActive predator
OligochaetesOligochaetes
HirudineansHirudineans
Detritus feeding Detritus feeding with pumping with pumping
pharynxpharynx
Predators,detritPredators,detritus & fluid us & fluid
feeding with feeding with proboscis or proboscis or
cutting platescutting plates
Annelid Reproductive Annelid Reproductive DifferencesDifferences
DioeciousDioecious
No permanent sex organsNo permanent sex organs
No clitellumNo clitellum
External External fertilizationfertilization
PolychaetePolychaetess
Annelid Reproductive Annelid Reproductive DifferencesDifferences
MonoeciousMonoecious
Permanent sex organsPermanent sex organs
Permanent Permanent clitellumclitellum
Internal Internal fertilizationfertilization
OligochaetOligochaeteses
Annelid Reproductive Annelid Reproductive DifferencesDifferences
MonoeciousMonoecious
Permanent sex organsPermanent sex organs
Temporary Temporary clitellumclitellum
Internal Internal fertilizationfertilization
HirudineanHirudineanss
Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, protostomesprotostomesTriploblastic, eucoelomatesTriploblastic, eucoelomates
Advanced metamerism resulting in Advanced metamerism resulting in tagmatatagmata
Bilaterally symmetrical (advanced Bilaterally symmetrical (advanced cephalization)cephalization)
Open circulatory systemOpen circulatory systemComplete digestive tractComplete digestive tract
Highly adaptable exoskeleton and Highly adaptable exoskeleton and complex muscle systemcomplex muscle system
Highly adaptable jointed Highly adaptable jointed appendagesappendages
Respiration by gills, book gills, Respiration by gills, book gills, book lungs, body surface, and book lungs, body surface, and tracheae tracheae Well developed nervous system Well developed nervous system with complex sense organswith complex sense organs
Sexual reproduction – dioecious, Sexual reproduction – dioecious, internal fertilizers, most exhibiting internal fertilizers, most exhibiting metamorphosismetamorphosis
Excretion through coxal, antennal Excretion through coxal, antennal and maxillary glands, and and maxillary glands, and Malpighian tubulesMalpighian tubules
Arthropoda EcologyArthropoda Ecology
Over 1.2 Over 1.2 million million extant extant
speciesspeciesFound from polar to Found from polar to tropical regions and tropical regions and
in the bodies of in the bodies of other organismsother organisms
Found on land, Found on land, in the air and in the air and
fresh and fresh and marine watersmarine waters
Arthropod Arthropod TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia
Phylum - ArthropodaPhylum - Arthropoda
Subphylum - Trilobita (all extinct)Subphylum - Trilobita (all extinct)
Subphylum - ChelicerataSubphylum - Chelicerata
Class - MerostomataClass - MerostomataEx. - Ex. - LimulusLimulus
Class - ArachnidaClass - Arachnida
Order - Araneae (spiders)Order - Araneae (spiders)Ex. - Ex. - Latrodectus, Latrodectus, LoxoscelesLoxoscelesOrder - Scorpionida (scorpions)Order - Scorpionida (scorpions)
Order - Opiliones (harvestmen)Order - Opiliones (harvestmen)Order - Acari (ticks)Order - Acari (ticks)
Arthropod Arthropod TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia
Phylum - ArthropodaPhylum - Arthropoda
Subphylum - CrustaceaSubphylum - Crustacea
Class - MaxillopodaClass - Maxillopoda
Subclass – Cirripedia Subclass – Cirripedia (barnacles)(barnacles)
Class - MalacostracaClass - Malacostraca
Order - Isopoda (includes pill bugs)Order - Isopoda (includes pill bugs)Ex. - Ex. - ArmadillidiumArmadillidium
Order - Decapoda (shrimp, crab, Order - Decapoda (shrimp, crab, lobsters)lobsters)Ex. – Ex. – Penaeus, CancerPenaeus, Cancer
Ex. – Ex. – BalanusBalanus
Arthropod Arthropod TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia
Phylum - ArthropodaPhylum - Arthropoda
Subphylum - MyriapodaSubphylum - Myriapoda
Class – Chilopoda (centipedes)Class – Chilopoda (centipedes)
Class – Diplopoda Class – Diplopoda (millipedes)(millipedes)
Arthropod Arthropod TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia
Phylum - ArthropodaPhylum - Arthropoda
Subphylum - HexapodaSubphylum - Hexapoda
Class – InsectaClass – InsectaOrder - Thysanura (silverfish)Order - Thysanura (silverfish)
Order - Odonata (dragonflies)Order - Odonata (dragonflies)
Order - Orthoptera (grasshoppers, Order - Orthoptera (grasshoppers, cockroaches)cockroaches)
Order - Isoptera (termites)Order - Isoptera (termites)
Order - Anoplura (sucking lice)Order - Anoplura (sucking lice)Order - Hemiptera (true bugs)
Arthropod TaxonomyKingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Arthropoda
Subphylum - Hexapoda
Class – Insecta
Order - Homoptera (cicadas)
Order - Coleoptera (beetles)
Order - Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)Order - Diptera (true flies)Order - Siphonaptera (fleas)
Order - Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and bees)
Six Reasons for Arthropod Six Reasons for Arthropod DiversityDiversity
A versatile and adaptable A versatile and adaptable exoskeletonexoskeletonAdvanced segmentation and paired Advanced segmentation and paired appendagesappendagesOxygen pumped directly to the Oxygen pumped directly to the tissuestissues
Highly developed sense organsHighly developed sense organs
Complex behavioral patternsComplex behavioral patterns
Limited intraspecific competition Limited intraspecific competition through metamorphosisthrough metamorphosis
ThermoregulatiThermoregulationonThe acquiring, regulating and The acquiring, regulating and
maintaining of body temperature through maintaining of body temperature through physiological and behavioral meansphysiological and behavioral means
Physiological – using body structures to Physiological – using body structures to generate, maintain, or release heatgenerate, maintain, or release heat
Behavioral – using body actions and Behavioral – using body actions and movements to obtain, maintain, or movements to obtain, maintain, or release heatrelease heat
Two body segments – Two body segments – cephalothorax (prosoma) and cephalothorax (prosoma) and abdomen (opisthosoma)abdomen (opisthosoma)Six pair of appendages – one pair Six pair of appendages – one pair of chelicerae, one pair of pedipalps of chelicerae, one pair of pedipalps and four pair of walking legsand four pair of walking legs
No antennae or mandiblesNo antennae or mandibles
Two body segments – Two body segments – cephalothorax (prosoma) and cephalothorax (prosoma) and abdomen (opisthosoma)abdomen (opisthosoma)Most have a carapaceMost have a carapace
Two pair of antennae Two pair of antennae
Mandibles for chewing and Mandibles for chewing and crushingcrushingBiramous appendagesBiramous appendages
Body segments – myriapods have a Body segments – myriapods have a head and trunkhead and trunk
One pair of antennaeOne pair of antennae
Mandibles for feeding Mandibles for feeding
Uniramous appendagesUniramous appendages
Body segments – insects have Body segments – insects have three tagmata – head, thorax and three tagmata – head, thorax and abdomenabdomenOne pair of antennaeOne pair of antennae
Mandibles for feeding Mandibles for feeding
Uniramous appendagesUniramous appendages
Three Reasons for Insect Three Reasons for Insect Abundance and DiversityAbundance and Diversity
Structural modifications to the Structural modifications to the mouth, legs, wings and alimentary mouth, legs, wings and alimentary canalcanal
Well adapted to dry environmentsWell adapted to dry environments
Light weight, highly adaptable Light weight, highly adaptable exoskeletonexoskeleton
Insect Feeding StrategiesInsect Feeding Strategies
PhytophagusPhytophagus
SaprophagusSaprophagus
Carnivorous predatorsCarnivorous predators
ParasitesParasites
HyperparasitismHyperparasitism
Insect Flight MechanismsInsect Flight Mechanisms
SynchronousSynchronous AsynchronousAsynchronous
Holometabolous (complete) metamorphosisHolometabolous (complete) metamorphosis
Hemimetabolous (incomplete) metamorphosisHemimetabolous (incomplete) metamorphosis
Insect Reproductive Success FactorsInsect Reproductive Success Factors
Insect Reproductive Success FactorsInsect Reproductive Success Factors
Insect Reproductive Success FactorsInsect Reproductive Success Factors
Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, deuterostomesdeuterostomesTriploblastic, eucoelomatesTriploblastic, eucoelomates
No metamerismNo metamerismRadially symmetrical (no Radially symmetrical (no cephalization)cephalization)
Complete digestive systemComplete digestive system
Respiration through papulae, bursae, Respiration through papulae, bursae, tube feet, skin or respiratory treetube feet, skin or respiratory tree
Complex water vascular system for Complex water vascular system for movementmovement
Endoskeleton made up of ossiclesEndoskeleton made up of ossicles
Reduced nervous system with few Reduced nervous system with few sense organssense organs
No circulatory or excretory systemsNo circulatory or excretory systems
Sexual reproduction –dioecious, Sexual reproduction –dioecious, external fertilizers that go through external fertilizers that go through metamorphosismetamorphosis
Autotomy and regeneration Autotomy and regeneration commoncommon
Echinoderm EcologyEchinoderm Ecology
All All members members
are marine are marine organismsorganisms
Found from polar to Found from polar to tropical regions in tropical regions in all depths of the all depths of the
oceanocean
Some are Some are carnivores, others carnivores, others
detritivores and detritivores and others herbivoresothers herbivores
Echinoderm Echinoderm TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia
Phylum - EchinodermataPhylum - Echinodermata
Subphylum - Pelmatozoa (stalk Subphylum - Pelmatozoa (stalk animal)animal)Class - Crinoidea (lily form - sea Class - Crinoidea (lily form - sea lilies)lilies)Ex. - Ex. - AntedonAntedon
Subphylum - Eleutherozoa (free Subphylum - Eleutherozoa (free animal)animal)
Echinoderm Echinoderm TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia
Phylum - EchinodermataPhylum - Echinodermata
Subphylum - Pelmatozoa (stalk Subphylum - Pelmatozoa (stalk animal)animal)
Class - Asteroidea (star form - sea Class - Asteroidea (star form - sea stars)stars)Ex. - Ex. - Asterias, EchinasterAsterias, Echinaster
Ex. - Ex. - OphiuraOphiuraClass - Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)Class - Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
Class - Echinoidea ( sea urchins, Class - Echinoidea ( sea urchins, sand dollars)sand dollars)Class – Holothuroidea (sea Class – Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)cucumbers)
Subphylum - Eleutherozoa (free Subphylum - Eleutherozoa (free animal)animal)
Ex. - Ex. - StronglyocentrotusStronglyocentrotus
Ex. - Ex. - Sclerodactyla, HolothuriaSclerodactyla, Holothuria
General Echinoderm AnatomyGeneral Echinoderm Anatomy
General Echinoderm AnatomyGeneral Echinoderm Anatomy