GuidanceText: DisneyLanguage PointsExercises: 1) Vocabulary 2) Structure 3) TranslationEnjoy EnglishGrammar Mood & Subjunctive Mood (1) 语气与虚拟语气

(1) Writing Skill Transition and Coherence (1) 过渡与衔接 (1)

1Predicting the future is always 2risky. But it’s probably safe 3so far to say that at least a few historians will one day 4speak of the 20th century as America’s “Disney era”. Today, it is certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that 5represents modern America as powerfully as the company that created Mickey Mouse.

1. predict [pri'dikt]vi.&vt. 预言 Terrorism is predicted to increase in the next two

years. 有人预言在近两年内恐怖主义会有所增长。 The weather station predicts rain tomorrow. 气象台预报明天有雨。 The environmental editor predicted that the

journey west would not be enjoyable. 这位环境问题的编辑预言这次西行的旅行不会令人愉快。

2. risky ['riski]a. 冒险的 It was too risky to disarm the gangster. 缴这个歹徒的械是很危险的。 It is a risky thing investing so large an amount

of money n the restaurant. 把如此大的一笔钱投在餐馆上是很有风险的。

3. so far

1) up to now 到目前为止 All the business activities have so far failed. So far in my life he is the dearest person to me.

2) to a certain limited extent 在程度上更……（常用于比较级或最高级前）

In 1930s, the West of America experienced the most serious economic crisis so far.

三十年代美国西部经历了最严重的一次经济危机。 This young fellow is so far better than any other

candidate.

这个小伙要远远好于其他候选人。

4.speak of … as 把……说成 The legendary writer often speaks of the

adventure as the most exciting one. 这位传奇小说家总是把冒险故事说成是最刺激的。 We teachers always speak of cheating on tests

as shameful. 我们做老师的总是强调考试作弊是可耻的。

5. represent [.repri'zent]vt. 1) vt. symbolize 象征 The Arch of Triumph represents France. 凯旋门象征着法国。 To Chinese people Yuanmingyuan Park represents

a history of foreign invasion. 对中国人而言，圆明园象征着外国入侵史。

2) to be an elected member of … 代表… An Ambassador represents his government in a

foreign country. 大使在他国代表本国政府。 Who represents romanticism in American literature? 哪位作家代表美国文学史中的浪漫主义？

3) formal state or point out 表述；陈述 Such complaints have been represented to the

Head Office. 这些投诉上诉给了总部。 The investment company pointed out that such

information was inaccurate. 投资公司说这样的信息不准确。

The reasons for Disney’s success are varied and numerous, but 6ultimately the credit 7belongs to one person — the man who created the cartoon and built the company from nothing, Walt Disney. 8Ironically, he could not draw 9particularly well. But he was a genius in plenty of other respects. In business, his greatest skills were his 10insight and his management ability.

6.ultimately ['ʌltimitli]ad. 最终 This problem has ultimately been resolved.

这个问题最终会得到解决。ultimate ['ʌltimit]adj.

1) 最终的 Our ultimate destination on this journey is Singapore.

这次旅行的最终目的地是新加坡。 The ultimate result is not too bad.

最终结果还不坏。

7.belong to 属于 This stopper belongs to this bottle. 这个塞子是这个瓶子的。 Your question does not belong to this discussion. 你的问题不属于这场讨论。

8.ironically [ai'rɔnikli]ad. 令人啼笑皆非地 Ironically, he was run over by his own car. Ironically, the development turned out far beyond

everyone’s expectation.

事态的发展不可思议地出乎人们的意料。ironic a. It was ironic that he was run over by his own car.

太可笑了，他竟然被自己的车压了。 It was ironic that the development turned out far beyond

everyone’s expectation.

令人啼笑皆非的是结果远远好于人们的预料

9. particularly [pə'tikjuləli]ad. 尤其；特别 I particularly dislike eating spinach.

我特别讨厌菠菜。 These two lectures are particularly meaningless.

10.insight ['insait]n. 洞察力；见解 Such comments show that she hasn’t any historical

insight.

这样的评述说明她根本没有历史见解。 Whenever we meet some crisis, he shows his unique

insight into the nature of things.

无论我们陷入什么危机，他总能显示出对事物本质的深刻洞察力。

11But what really distinguished Disney was his ability to 12identify with his audiences. Disney always made sure his films 13championed the “little guy”, and made him 14feel proud to be American. This he 15achieved by creating characters that reflected the hopes and fears of ordinary people…

11. But what really distinguished Disney was his ability to…: 但真正使迪斯尼与众不同的是他的…能力

“ability” 是一个用动词不定式作其定语的名词。如： Everyone must obtain the ability to study

independently. The ability to be clearly heard is extremely

important for newsreader.

英语中还有一些其它表示计划、意图、打算或能力的名词需要动词不定式作其定语。如：

What is new is the scientific attempt to discover whether other planets have given birth to advanced civilization.

科学界的最新企图就是去发现是否有其他的星球创造了先进的文明。 Surely her own daughter would make an even greater

effort to please her. 毫无疑问，她自己的女儿应该做更大的努力去取悦她。

12. identify [ai'dentifai]vt.&vi.

1) vi. 认同 He often identifies himself with the hero of the novel. 他总把自己当成是书中的英雄。 People have the tendency to identify with icons. 人们都有和偶像认同的趋势。2) vt. 认出；识别出 The body cannot be identified because it has been burned

beyond recognition. 无法辨别这个尸体，它已经被烧得面目全非了。 The police have arrested the criminal by identifying his

handwriting. 通过辨认字体警察抓住了罪犯。

13. champion ['tʃæmpjən]vt.&n.

1) vt. 拥护；支持 All religious works champion human rights. 所有的宗教作品都拥护人权。2) n. 冠军 They are table tennis world champions in men’s and

women’s singles. 他们是乒乓球男子单打和女子单打的世界冠军。 My nephew is a champion at telling stories. 我的侄子最善讲故事。

3) n. 捍卫者 Our president is the champion of reforms. All the revolutionaries are the champions for the

liberation of the oppressed of the world. 所有的革命者都捍卫全世界被压迫人民的解放。

14. proud [praud]adj.1) adj. 骄傲的；自豪的 The soccer team feels proud because it has won

every match this season. Although he was beaten, he was proud of

joining in the competition. 虽然他被击败了，他还是以参加了这次比赛而自豪。

2) adj. 傲慢的 The princess was so proud that every boy refused

to play with her. The senator was too proud to speak with people of

humble origin. 这个议员太傲慢，不愿和出生卑微的人说话。

15. achieve [ə'tʃi:v]vt.1) vt. 成功达到 ( 获得 )；完成 The ambitious young man has achieved only

half what he hoped for. A low unemployment rate has been achieved

through the government’s constant effort. 低失业率的获得是政府不断努力的结果。

….Some 16celebrated American achievements — Disney’s very first cartoon Plane Crazy, 17featuring a silent Mickey Mouse, was 18inspired by 19Charles Lindbergh’s flight across the Atlantic. Others, like the Three Little Pigs and Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, showed how, through hard work and helping one’s fellow man, ordinary Americans could 20survive social and economic crises like the 21Great Depression.

16. celebrate ['selibreit]vt.&vi.1) vt. 庆祝 Millions of American families crowded into the

East to celebrate the Public’s 200th birthday. 上百万的美国家庭拥到东部区庆祝共和国 200 年生日。2) vi. 过节；欢乐 She celebrated with a glass of schnapps. 她用一杯荷兰杜松子酒庆贺。 The children saw the snow and celebrated.

17. feature [fi:tʃə]vt.&n.1) vt. 是…的特色 This bank features round-the-clock service. 昼夜服务是这家银行的特色。2) vt. 给…以显著地位；由…主演 The book features the experience of the famous

archaeologist. 这本书详述的这个考古学家的经历。 This film features Woolf. 这个电影由沃尔夫主演。

3) n. 特征 Tell me the geographical features of that area. 告诉我那个地区的地理特征。 Being small and secure is the key feature of this island. 4) n. 特写 The local newspaper ran a feature on how the peasant

saved a drowning child. 当地报纸对那位农民如何救起溺水儿童作了特写。

16. celebrate ['selibreit]vt.&vi.1) vt. 庆祝 Millions of American families crowded into the

East to celebrate the Public’s 200th birthday. 上百万的美国家庭拥到东部区庆祝共和国 200 年生日。2) vi. 过节；欢乐 She celebrated with a glass of schnapps. 她用一杯荷兰杜松子酒庆贺。 The children saw the snow and celebrated.

17. feature [fi:tʃə]vt.&n.1) vt. 是…的特色 This bank features round-the-clock service. 昼夜服务是这家银行的特色。2) vt. 给…以显著地位；由…主演 The book features the experience of the famous

archaeologist. 这本书详述的这个考古学家的经历。 This film features Woolf. 这个电影由沃尔夫主演。

3) n. 特征 Tell me the geographical features of that area. 告诉我那个地区的地理特征。 Being small and secure is the key feature of this

island. 4) n. 特写 The local newspaper ran a feature on how the

peasant saved a drowning child. 当地报纸对那位农民如何救起溺水儿童作了特写。

18. inspire [in'spair]vt.&vi.

1) 激发；刺激灵感 The editor was inspired by this folklore to begin writing. 民间传说激发了这位编辑的灵感，他开始写作。 The muse does not inspire poets equally. 诗神给人的灵感并不相等。2) 鼓舞；激励 His speech inspired every audience. 他的演讲激励了每一位听众。 This song has inspired many young men to cling to life. 这首歌激励每一位青年不放弃生活。

19. Charles Lindbergh [t ɑʃ :lz][ 'lindbə:g]n. (人名 ) 查尔斯·林德柏格林德柏格 (1902—1974) ：美国飞行员，因单独完成横越大西洋 (1927.5.20) 不着路飞行而闻名于世，著《圣路易斯号》，记述其飞行经历。

20. survive [sə'vaiv]vt.&vi.1) vt. 幸免于 This grassland survived the heavy drought. Only two passengers survived the air-crash.2) vt. 比…活得长 The old woman survived her husband by three

years. The Third Reich survived Hitler by only one week. 第三帝国只比希特勒多活了一个星期。3) vi. 幸存；活下来 Nobody can survive only on belief. 没人能只靠信仰活下来。 The orphan survived on stale bread and cabbage. 这个孤儿靠馊面包和烂卷心菜活了下来。

21. Great Depression [grit / di'preʃən]n. 大萧条

从 20世纪 20 年代末 (1929年 ) 持续到 30 年代早期的波及整个世界的经济萧条。

By the time he died in 1966, Walt Disney was an icon like 22Thomas Edison and the 23Wright Brothers. To business people and filmmakers, he was a role model; to the public 24at large, he was “Uncle Walt” – the man who had 25entertained them all their lives, the man who represented all that was good about America.

22. Thomas Edison ['tɔməs][ 'edisn] 托马斯·爱迪生 (1847—1931) ：美国发明家，获白炽灯、留声机、电影放映机等 1093项发明专利，创办世界上第一个工业研究实验室 (1876) 。

23. Wright Brothers [rait brʌðə]n. 指Wilbur (1867—1912)和 Orville (1871—1948)]赖特兄弟：美国飞机发明家，航空先驱，成功试飞 (1903) 第一架可操纵的动力飞机，开始了飞行器重于空气的时代。

24. at large

1) adv. 整体讲；大多数 People at large love peace and hate war. 整体而言人们热爱和平、仇视战争。 The immigrants at large have contributed greatly to our

country. 移民整体而言为我们的国家做出了重大贡献。2) adj. 未被控制；自由自在 This disease is still at large. I am sorry to say that the escaped murderer is still at large. 很抱歉，罪犯还逍遥法外。

25. entertain [.entə'tein]vt.&vi.

1) vt. 娱乐；使……快乐 The boy entertained himself with a cartoon after finishing his

homework. 这个男孩做完作业后，自娱自乐地看卡通片。 The nursery teacher is entertaining the baby with building

blocks. 幼儿园的阿姨正用积木逗这个婴儿。 。

2) vt. 款待，招待 The hostess often entertains my friends over the

weekend. 女主人常招待我的朋友在她那过周末。 She was flattered by me and entertained me at

lunch. 她受到了奉承，款待我午餐。3) vi. 请客；招待 She entertains a great deal. 她常常请客

II. Structure2.1 Rewrite the following sentences after the given models. Model 1: It is ironic that he could not draw particularly

well. —Ironically, he could not draw particularly well. Exercise: It is interesting that he is the very person I am looking for. It is disappointing that the result is far below our

expectation. It is true that this can’t be described as an accident.

Answers:1) Interestingly, he is the person I am looking for.2) Disappointingly, the result is far below our expectation.3) Truly this can’t be described as an accident.

Model 2: Actually, I haven’t met any difficulty in obtaining the job. -- In actuality, I haven’t met any difficulty in obtaining the

job.Exercise: Theoretically, these three chemicals shouldn’t be

involved in the same reaction. Honestly, all the students did well this term. Historically, work has been thought of as a punishment.

Answers: 1) In theory, these three chemicals shouldn’t be involved in the

reaction. 2) With honesty, all the students did well this term. 3) In history, work has been thought of as a punishment.

2.2 Study the following model and then make sentences.Model: Why does Disney succeed? -- The reasons for Disney’s success are Walt Disney’s insight and

his management ability. Exercise:Why is Mrs. Liu late again? ______.Why has Jim been promoted? ______.Why does this film entertain every child? ______.Answers 1) The reason for Mrs. Liu’s being late again is that her daughter is ill. 2) The reason for Jim’s promotion is his hard work and sincerity. 3) The reason for the entertainment this film brings to every child is

that it is full of surprise and excitement.

2.3 Make sentences after the model.  Model: What really distinguished Disney was his

ability to identify with his audiences.Exercise: (真正让他父母感到骄傲的是 ) that he won the game. (我想说的是 ) I am not qualified enough for the task. (这部电影所表现的是 ) the miserable fate of the “little guy”.

Answers 1) (What his parents are really proud of is /what really makes his

parents proud is) that he won the game. 2) (What I want to say is that) I am not qualified enough for the task. 3) (What this film expresses is) the miserable fate of the “little guy”.

III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.

1) 很少有东西能像卡通片那样极大地影响孩子的想象力。 (as powerfully as)

2) 荣誉属于每一个员工，他们使公司从一无所有到繁荣昌盛。 (belong to; … from nothing)

3) 查尔斯具有绘画天赋，并以这幅杰作自豪。 (genius in …; be proud of …)

Answers

1) Few things can influence children’s imagination as powerfully as cartoon film.

2) The credit belongs to all the staff who have created the company from nothing and make it thriving and prosperous.

3) Charles is a genius in drawing and he is proud of this masterpiece.

4) 到目前为止，预言哪位政治家能代表公众利益是有风险的。 (so far)5) 他对 “小人物” 的拥护成了每家报纸的特写。 (champion; feature)6) 这部电影的创作源泉是一个民间故事。 (inspire)7) 这位商人帮助这位制片人度过了财政危机。 (survive)8) 大体上而言，他的管理目标实现了。 (at large; achieve)

Answers: 4) So far it is risky to predict which politician will represent the public’s

interest.5) Every newspaper featured his champion for the “little guy”.6) This film is inspired by the folklore.7) This businessman helped the filmmaker survive the financial crisis.8) At large, his management goal has been achieved.

语气：语气是一种动词形式，表示讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。语气可分为直陈语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三种。

1) 直陈语气（ Indicative Mood ）：表示说话人认为他所说的话是事实。 There are two sides to every question. Lanzhou is famous as the “Fruit City”.

2) 祈使语气 (imperative Mood) ：表示说话人向对方的请求或命令。 Come as early as possible. Never forget your duty

3) 虚拟语气：见下列重点讲解。

虚拟语气：表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一个愿望、假设、猜测、怀疑或空想等，如：

I wish I were five years younger.

He suggests that his wife take a rest.

虚拟语气的动词形式：  

1) 动词原形，它的前面省略了 should ，用于谓语要求 should+ 动词原形的虚拟语气句子中。

2) 动词的过去式 , 表示对客观事实的假设，或对当前事情的相反面的愿望。 be 动词一律用 were.

3) should (第一人称 )，would (第二、三人称 ) + 动词原形，表示对将来不可能事情的假设或愿望。

4) had + 过去分词，表示对过去发生的事的假设和相反面的设想。如果是条件状语从句，则处于从句的谓语成分中。

5) should (would, must, might, could) have + 过去分词，表示对过去发生的事的假设和想反面的设想。如果是条件状语从句，则处于主句的谓语成分中。 should, would, must, might, could 表示了不同的内涵。 should 表示本应该做而没做的事； would 表示很想做而没能做到的事； must 对发生过的事的肯定推测，没有否定式； might 表示对发生过的事的不太肯定的推测； could表示本来有能力做而没有做的事。

Read the following paragraph and answer the question: how does the writer link all the sentences effectively? 

Sample:  Human blood serves the body in three important

ways. First, blood carries substances needed to maintain and repair body tissues. In this way, blood serves as a provider. Secondly, blood also serves as a disposer, since it carries wastes and gases away from the tissues of the body. In addition, blood acts as a defender. The white corpuscles in the blood stream constantly guard against and try to destroy bacteria and other agents that threaten the body’s welfare.

Comments: As you have noticed, the writer employs four

ways to link his sentences:1) Use a pronoun to refer to a person, idea or thing

just mentioned in the preceding sentences. Now examine the paragraph above and underline all the pronouns.

2) Repeat a key word or phrase in the preceding sentence, but do not carry it to an absurd degree such that it bores your reader. Underline the key word or phrase in the paragraph above.

3) Use a synonym, a different word with much the same meaning as the one used in the preceding sentence (in order to avoid too much repetition). Identify the synonym of the phrase “serve as”.

A question for you that is so difficult that you must struggle to answer: What’s the function of the three methods? Or what do they have in common?

Your answer to the question is _______________.Answer: the three methods guarantee that most sentences are relevant to

each other, thus avoiding wandering of thoughts.

A transition word or phrase helps point out the thought relationship, or thread of thought, between sentences. These words are also called logic words because they show the logical flow of thoughts between sentences.

Here are the commonly used transitional words.1) words that denote addition: and, again, also, too,

besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, as well as2) words that denote examples: for example, for

instance, to illustrate, take …as an example3) words that denote comparison: similarly, in the

same way, equally important, likewise 

4) words that denote contrast: in contrast, on the other hand, nevertheless, yet, but, although, meanwhile, however

5) words that denote concession: of course, although, it’s true, though

6) words that denote result: therefore, consequently, so, as a result

7) words that denote time or order of importance: first (second, third etc), now, before, after, next, then, later, once, finally, after that, first of all, to begin with, more important, most important

8) words that denote conclusion: in conclusion, to conclude, to sum up 

*Tip: Coherence will be achieved if we employ the four methods correctly.

GuidanceText: Basic Apartment RulesLanguage Points

Exercises: 1) Vocabulary 2) Structure 3) Translation

Enjoy English

Grammar Mood & Subjunctive Mood (2) 语气与虚拟语气 (2) Writing Skill Transition and Coherence (2) 过渡与衔接 (2)

Rules 1vary from one apartment to another. Here are some 2typical regulations. 

1. vary ['vɛəri]vt.&vi 多样化1) vt. 改变；变化 You can vary the speed of you driving at will. 你可以随意变化驾车速度。 Could you vary the pattern a bit? It looks boring. 你能变一下图案吗？这看起来有些单调。2) vi. 变化 These skirts vary in color and size. 这些裙子的颜色和大小都不一样。

2. typical ['tipikəl]a.典型的 This is typical of Lu Xun. 这是典型的鲁迅风格。 He is not a typical Canadian. 他不像一个典型的加拿大人。

Noise. Quiet times should be 3observed when other building occupants may be sleeping. Yelling, running, jumping and using the radio, TV or stereo should be kept at a 4moderate noise level in the unit, halls or common property between 11 p.m. and 7 a.m..

3. observe [əb'zə:v]v.

1) vt. 遵守 They faithfully observed the rules. 他们忠实地遵守规则。2) vt.观察 The police have been observing his movements. 警方一直监视着他的一举一动。3) vt. 庆祝 People observe Labor Day on the first Monday in September

in Canada and the U.S.. 在加拿大和美国， 9 月的第一个星期一是劳动节。

4. moderate ['mɔdəreit]a.适度的 He has an apartment of moderate size. 他的公寓大小适中。 Mu husband usually speaks at a moderate speed. 我丈夫通常说话慢声慢气。

Cooking 5odors. To 6minimize odors while cooking, close the door to the hall, open windows to the outside and 7turn on the stove fan.

5. odors ['əudə]n. 气味1) n. 气味 Did you smell the unpleasant odor in the air? 你闻到空气中难闻的气味了吗？ Dead flies send off an evil odor. 死苍蝇散发恶臭。2) n. 名声 He fell into bad odor after his affair with that lady was

unearthed. 自他和那女人的绯闻曝光后，他名声败坏。

6. minimize ['minimaiz]v. 减到最少 Why not minimize its difficulty by leaving out all those charts

in your thesis? 为什么不把论文里的图表去掉，减少自己的困难呢？ She is so humble that she has minimized her own

contributions. 她很谦虚，把自己的重大贡献缩小化。

7. turn on [tə:n ɔn]vt. 1) vt. 打开电源 /水龙 It is getting dark. Please turn the light on for me. 天要黑了 , 请把灯给我打开。 2) vt.&vi.让某人感兴趣 Jazz makes me crazy but has never really turned my brother

on. 爵士乐让我疯狂，但从未让我哥哥真正产生过兴趣。 Many young people are taking drugs to turn on. 许多年轻人吸毒寻求刺激。

Garbage. Wet 8garbage should be placed in a 9plastic bag, and all garbage should be 10removed 11regularly to 12designated garbage facilities. 13Littering the halls, elevators, entrances or other common properties is not allowed.

8. garbage ['gɑ:bidʒ]n. 垃圾；废话 /品格不好的人

This is a garbage can; leave your waste here. 这是垃圾桶；把你不要的东西丢进来。 Don’t talk such garbage! 别说那么多废话！

9. plastic ['plæstik]a.&n. 1) a. 塑料的；人造的 These plastic flowers are as beautiful as the

natural ones. 这些塑料花和真花一样美。2) n. 塑料 These spoons are made of plastic. 这些汤匙是塑料制的。

10. remove [ri'mu:v]vt.

1) vt. 消除 , 除去 He removed the mud from his shoes. 他除掉鞋上的泥。2) vt. 免职；开除 They removed him from his position. 他们把他从这个职位上撤了。3) vi. 搬迁 His company has been removed from Calgary. 他的公司从卡尔加里迁走了。

11. regularly ['regjuləli]ad. 定期地；经常地 This businessman regularly travels to the U.S.. 这个生意人经常去美国。 Learn to check the engine oil level regularly. 要学会定期检查发动机的油量。

12. designate ['dezigneit]vt. 指定 , 选派 , 标明 The idiot was designated as the successor to the crown. 个白痴被钦命为王位继承人。 The town has been designated a development area. 该城市已被定为开发区。

13. litter ['litə]vt.&n. 1) vi&vt. 乱丢垃圾，垃圾 You will be fined if you litter on the sidewalk. 如果你在人行道上丢垃圾，你会被罚款。 Papers littered his desk. 他的书桌上乱七八糟地堆满了文稿。 2) n. 垃圾；废物 The streets were full of litter. 街道上满是乱扔的废纸。

Pets. If pets are allowed, you must 14care for them and 15clean up after them with consideration for other building occupants. 16Check with the landlord before bringing pets into the building.

14. care for [kɛə fɔ:]vt.

1) vt. 喜欢 I don’t much care for that sort of man. 我不太喜欢那种男人。 I like fish but don’t care for pork. 我喜欢鱼，但对猪肉不感兴趣。2) vt. 牵挂 We must care for each other and help each other. 我们要互相关心 , 互相帮助。 Children are taught to care for others.

15. clean up [kli:n / ʌp] vt.&vi.

1) vt. 清理 You should regularly clean up your garden. 你应该定期清理你的花园。2) vi. 大扫除 Don’t stand by. Please help me clean up. 别站在一边，帮我打扫。

16. check [tʃek]v.&n.

1) vt. 检查 Please check your e-mail and see whether you have got the

information from the office. 请检查你的邮件，看部里的信息到了没有。

2) n. 检查；支票 技术人员彻底检查了我的电脑。 The technician gave my computer a thorough check. 妈妈给我开了一张假支票。 My mom wrote me a fake check.

Children. Some rental complexes do not rent to families with young children, especially complexes that rent mainly to 17retired adults. If you have children, it is important that you control them. Children should be left in the rental unit or in safe, designated areas only, not in the halls, elevators, staircases, or laundry rooms. Children under 12 years of age should be left in the care of an adult or an older child who speaks English. Children who are not toilet trained must 18wear diapers while they are in the rental unit or using common property.

17.retired [ri'taiəd]a.退休的；退役的 She is a retired professor. 她是一个退休的老教授。 Noticing his military beating, I regarded him as a

retired major. 从他那军人的举止，我认为他是一位退役的少校。

18. wear [wɛə]v.&n.

1) vi.&vt. 磨损 The bed sheet has worn thin in the middle. 床单的中间部分磨薄了。2) vi&vt. 穿着 She never wears blue. Today my son wears a new coat.

3) vt. 使疲乏，使筋疲力尽 I am worn out.

4) n. 耐磨 The carpet will stand any amount of wear. 这地毯极其耐用。 These shoes I bought last week are already

showing signs of wear. 我上周买的这双鞋已经快破了。

Parking. Tenants must park their vehicles in designated or 19assigned stalls or on the street. Guests must use the visitors’ stalls or the street, not other tenants’ 20vacant spots.

19. assign [ə'sain]vt.分配 She was assigned a job on the night shift. 她被分配夜间上班的一份工作。 They assigned me a small room. 他们给我分配了一个小房间。

20. vacant ['veikənt]a. 空的 , 空缺的 The toilet room is vacant now. 厕所现在无人使用。 He was appointed to the vacant post. 他被委派填补那空缺。

Utilities. Heat, water and electricity should be used 21conservatively to 22reduce utility bills. When costs are shared or paid by the landlord, low utility bills help to keep rents from increasing.

21. conservatively [kən'sə:vətivli]ad. 保守地 , 谨慎地

It is conservatively estimated that 80 persons were lost in this hurricane.

据保守估计，这场飓风中有 80 人失踪。

22. reduce [ri'dju:s]vt.1) vt. 减少 He has tried every way to reduce the family’s expenses. 他正尽力减少家庭开支。 I must reduce my weight to get into that beautiful dress. 要想穿上那件漂亮的衣服 , 我就得减肥。2) vt. 使处境困难 (或悲惨等 ) They were reduced to begging or starving. 他们穷得不得不行乞或挨饿。 She was reduced almost to a skeleton. 她瘦得几乎变成了一个骨头架子。

Fire hazards. Fire-related accidents or damage can be 23avoided. Barbecues that use fuel may be used outside only. Electrical appliances should be 24turned off before you leave the unit or go to sleep. Heating appliances should be kept clean. Smoking materials should be 25emptied into a tin or non-flammable container and left until they are cold before they are put in the garbage. Smoking while you are lying down or resting is very dangerous.

23. avoid [ə'vɔid]vt. 避免 This lady tried to avoid answering my questions. 她试图避而不答我的问题。 To avoid accidents, you have to drive carefully. 要防止事故，你必须仔细开车。24. turn off [tə:n ɔ:f]vt. 关掉 Turn off the switch if anything goes wrong with the

machine. 如果机器出故障，就把开关关掉。 Turn off the power before you check the lamp. 在检查灯之前先把电源关掉。

25. empty ['empti]a.&vt.

1) a. 空的；空虚的 My room is actually empty. Life is empty and meaningless.

2) vt.&vi. 把…腾出来 , 倒空；流入 He emptied his tool bag but did not find the notebook. 他倒空了自己的工具袋，还是没有发现钥匙。 This river empties into the East Sea. 这条河流入东海。

2.1 Look at the model first and then translate the following sentences by using “keep … from …”

Model: Low utility bills help to keep rents from increasing.Exercises: 1) 锻炼能防止你体重增加。2) 政府采取措施防止蔬菜价格上涨。3) 没有人能阻止我和他交谈。Answers: 1) Exercises could keep you from gaining weight.2) The government took measures to keep the vegetable prices

from going up.3) Nobody could keep me from talking with him.

2.2 Look at the model first and then translate the following sentences by using “while” as a conjunctive indicating time:

Model: To minimize odors while cooking, close the door to the hall.

Exercises: 1) 在电脑上打论文的时候抽烟会弄脏一切。2) 你不在的时候，他却来了。3) 当他签字的时候，突然一阵怀疑袭上心头。

Answers: 1) Smoking while you type your thesis will litter

everything. 2) He came while you were away. 3) A suspicion came upon him while he was about to

sign his name.

2.3 In English, if there is another verb following “avoid”, it should be changed into a present particle, for example: He avoids answering my question.

Exercises: Translate the following Chinese into English by using “avoid doing…”.

1) 请尽量避免大声说话。2) 要避免被抓，就得停止作弊。3) 为了避免和他人合租公寓，他买了自己的房子。Answers:1) Try to avoid as much as possible speaking loudly. 2) To avoid being caught, you had better stop cheating.3) In order to avoid sharing apartment with other, he bought his own

house.

III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

1) A disadvantage of renting is that renters cannot make changes to the property.

2) For one thing, you have to pay all bills on time.3) Here are some essential tips for you to be a good

tenant.

Answers:1) 租房子的不利之处就是租房者不能对房屋进行改动。2) 最起码，你得按时付清房租。3) 这里有一些最基本的建议，能保证你做一个好房客。

III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

4) Tins, feathers and specimens of butterflies were used in his artistic design.

5) The medical examination must be conducted by a designated doctor.

6) The cooking odors must be removed from the corridor.

Answers:

4) 锡铁罐、羽毛以及蝴蝶标本被用到了他的艺术设计中。5) 体检必须由专门指定的医生来做。6) 过道里的油烟味必须处理掉。

1. 虚拟语气常用于表示条件的从句和表示结果的主句。现在把其对应的动词形式列表如下：

1 ）与现在事实相反

Examples:If I were you, I would go and see the doctor at once.If he had more time, he would learn another foreign language.He would tell me if he knew, but he does not know anything about it.

从句：If I (we, you, he, she, they) + 动词 be 的过去时 ( 一律用 were)

主句：I (we) should + 动词原形You (He, She, They) would

2) 与过去事实相反

Examples:I should have died of hunger if the old man had not given me a piece of bread.If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.If she had not been so strict with herself, she couldn’t have made so much

progress.They might have arrived in London if they had started off earlier.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

从句：If I (we, you, he, she, they) + had + 过去分词

主句：I (We, You, He, She, They) should (would, must, might, could) + have + 过去分词

3) 与将来事实可能相反

Examples:

If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go to see my friends.

What would happen if I missed the train?

-- Fortunately, you are on the train.

If you dropped the watch, it would break.

从句：If I (we, you, he, she, they) + 动词 be 的过去时 ( 一律用 were)

主句：I (we) should + 动词原形You (He, She, They) would

2. 省略 if 的条件从句：如果从句中有 were, had,  should 时， if 可省略，直接把 were, had, should 放在主语的前面。

Were I in your position, I would not leave.

Had the workers not helped us, our experiment would have failed.

Should he come, tell him to phone me.

3. 有时条件从句的动作和结果和主句的动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。

If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he could be quite all right now.

If he hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have finished the writing so early and very likely I would be still working on it now.

If I had a bike I would have lent you it yesterday. If I were you, I would have accepted the money.

A paragraph is coherent when its ideas flow smoothly from sentence to sentence and when the reader is able to follow the train of thought without disruption.

Read the following paragraph and determine

whether it’s well written or not. If your answer is no, point out the problems in the writing.

 

Sample:  English corner is a place for foreign language learners

to communicate in foreign languages. It’s good to practice speaking ability. Foreign language learners have few chances to practice speaking ability; many foreign language learners can’t speak. They may have studied the very language for more than ten years. So they have a high level of writing, reading, and listening.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

Comments:         As you may have discovered, the thoughts do not flow

logically. Here is an improved version.

Improved Version:  English corner is a place for foreign language learners to

communicate in foreign languages. It’s a place designed to practice speaking ability, because foreign language learners have few chances to speak with native speakers. So English corners are a great help to students who may have learned a foreign language for more than ten years but remain mute learners, though they may have a high level of writing, reading, and listening.

Exercise 1: Please answer the following questions: 1) What words have been repeated? (English corner, foreign

language, student learners) 2) What pronouns have been used? (it (English corner), they

(students)) 3) What logic words have been used? (Logic words used are: so,

though)

Exercise 2: Read the following paragraph; try to insert appropriate

transitional words.   What explains the growing trend toward delayed

childbearing? 4) ________, the high divorce rate is making newlyweds think twice about starting a family right away. 5) ________, many young couples want to be more financially secure before having children. 6) ________, more married women prefer to devote time to their careers before having a baby.

Answers: (4) At first 5) Then 6) Finally

GuidanceText: Numbers and BeliefLanguage Points

Exercises: 1) Vocabulary 2) Structure 3) Translation

Enjoy English

Grammar Mood & Subjunctive Mood (3) 语气与虚拟语气 (3) Writing Skill Transition and Coherence (3) 过渡与衔接 (3)

Which of these numbers do you think are lucky: four, seven, eight or thirteen? In many cultures around the world, people believe that some numbers are luckier than others. In most western cultures, 1many people consider the number thirteen to be unlucky. In the United States, for example, many cities do not have a thirteenth street; many buildings do not have a thirteenth floor. There are also those who believe that Friday the 13th is an unlucky day – one 2on which many things can go wrong.

1. … many people consider the number thirteen to be unlucky: 许多人认为 13 不吉利

“consider” 的宾语补足语和主语补足语可以有多种形式， 如： Liu Bin is considered as the most skillful technician in this

factory. 人们认为刘斌是这个厂技术最好的。 They consider Professor Hart an authority. 他们巴哈特先生视为权威。 All the tourists are considered in the hotel. 所有游客被认为是在旅馆里的。 In China people consider the number four to be unlucky. It is surprising that the number thirteen is considered

unlucky in the United States.

2. …on which many things can go wrong: 在这一天，许多事情会出错。

“go wrong” 中的 “” 是系词。英语的系词可以分成动态和静态两种。 “ be” 表示性质上的肯定或事物处于稳定或静止状态；动态系词则表示状态或性质的变化，体现了一个过程，如： become, turn, grow, run 等，其具体使用方法见本科 “结构练习”。

The exact 3origin of superstitions about Friday the 13th is unknown. However, 4superstitious fears about this date have grown and spread over the years, thanks, in part, to unfortunate events. In the eighteen century, a ship – the HMS Friday – which 5launched on a Friday the 13th, 6disappeared at sea. 7In 1945, people watched in disbelief on a Friday the 13th when the first atom bomb was tested. On a Friday the 13th in 1992, an 8earthquake in Turkey killed thousands of people.

3. origin ['ɔridʒin]n. 1) n. starting point 起源 ; 开端 Who can tell me the origin of this quarrel / rumor? 谁能告诉我这场争论 /谣言的起因是什么？ No one knows the origin of this custom. 没人知道这个习俗的起源。 2) n. 出身 ; 血统 He was too proud to speak with anyone of humble origin. 他太骄傲，不愿意和任何出身低微的人谈话。 By origin, he is a Hungarian.

4. …superstitious fears about this date have grown and spread over the years, thanks, in part, to unfortunate events: 从某种程度上讲，历史上的一些不幸事件导致了这类迷信的加深和广泛传播。

“thanks to”: 由于 , 得益于 , 起因于 Thanks to his laziness, the work was delayed a great

deal. 由于他的懒惰，这项工作被推迟了。 Thanks to a good teacher, Helen was able to write and

speak even though she was blind. 多亏了一位好老师，双目失聪的海伦 既能写又会说。

4. “in part”: 部分地 ; 相当于副词 “ partly” He is part right in what he says. Some mental problems are in part caused by

failure to communicate. 有些精神疾病部分是由于交流障碍造成的。 This student failed the exam in part because of his

carelessness.

5. launch [lɔ:ntʃ]vi.&vt.&n. 1) vt.&vi. 使船下水 ; 船出海 People crowded to the beach to see a new passenger liner

launched. 人们拥到海边去观看一艘新游轮下海了。 The large ship launched on a Friday the 13th but never

came back. The Titanic launched in the direction of the Mediterranean. 泰坦尼克号出海了，驶向地中海。 2) vt. 发射 They have successfully launched a man-made satellite. 他们成功地发射了一颗人造卫星。

5. 3) 发起 (运动，争论，战争… ) Students launched a movement to catch those

who cheat on tests. 学生发起了一场运动，捉拿考试作弊者。 The workers launched a strike for bread and

rights. 工人们为面包和权力罢工。

6. disappeared at sea: 消失在海上 “disappear” [.disə'piə]vi.&vt. 1) vi. 消失，失踪 The burglar disappeared into the night. 盗贼消失在夜色里。 Many worthy books disappeared from the shelf. 许多有价值的书从架子上消失了。

2) vi. 灭绝 It is in the Ice Age that the species disappeared

from the earth. 在冰期时代，许多物种从地球上灭绝了。 Maybe the human being will disappear in

hundreds of years. Who knows! “at sea” 在海上 泛指 “在海上” , “ 在空中” , “ 在陆地” 的表达 : “at

sea” / “in air” / “on land”

7. In 1945, people watched in disbelief on a Friday the 13th when the first atom bomb was tested: 1945 年，黑色星期五这一天，人们难以置信地目睹了第一颗原子弹的试验成功。

“watch” [wɔtʃ]vi.&vy.&n. 1) vi. 观看 ; 瞧 The coach sat there watching, but said nothing. If you watch carefully, you will see how the trick

is done. 只要你认真看，你就会发现这个魔术师怎么回事。

7. 2) vt. 观看 ; 瞧 (注意宾语补足语表现 ) They were watching the football game. He stood there watching his children eating and drinking. 他站在那儿，看着自己的孩子又吃又喝。 I watched him put on his coat and leave. 我看到他穿上大衣离开。 The secretary watched her old typewriter taken away from her

office. 秘书目睹着她的老 打字机被从办公室搬走。 Watch closely what the teacher is doing. 仔细看老师正在怎么做。 She watched the plane fly out of sight, waving. 她看着飞机驶出视线，仍然挥着手。

7. 3) vt. 照看 Watch my baby while I am cooking. 我做饭的时候你要照看我的婴儿。 I must find someone to watch my things while I am away. 4) vt.&vi.当心 ; 注意 ; 提防 Please watch that the milk does not boil over. 当心！牛奶不要煮出来了。 Watch your money or it will be gone before payday. 你要当心花钱，别在下个发工资日之前就把他们花完了。

Watch when you cross the street. 过马路要当心。 Watch him! He is dangerous. 提防他！他是个危险人物。

7. 5)vt. 监视 Watch the prisoner and make sure that he doesn’t escape. 你要监视这个狱卒，确保他不能逃跑。 You are watching me! Why? 6) n.手表 ; 监视 I didn’t have a watch with me but my cell phone can tell me

the time. 我没带表；但我的手机可以告诉我时间。 The police put a watch on the suspect’s house. 警方派人监视那个可疑人的住宅。

7. “in disbelief” [.disbi'li:f]prep. 不相信地 She gazed at me in disbelief when I told her the news. 我告诉她这消息时，她以怀疑的目光注视着我。 In disbelief, the director came to the spot in person. 由于不信任，领导亲临现场。 A conversation in disbelief is waste of time. 缺乏信任的谈话时浪费时间。 英语中有很多副词功能是通过 “介词 in + 名词” 表现的；这种用

法很广泛，避免有些名次没有相应的副词形式所带来的缺憾，或为了句式变换，如：

He happily accepted this invitation. → He accepted this invitation in happiness.

8. earthquake ['ə:θkweik]n. 地震 The daily flight to the city has been suspended

because of the earthquake. 因为地震，每天飞往这个城市的航班暂停了。 The newspaper articles gave lengthy

descriptions of the earthquake. 报纸文章大量描述了地震的情况。

9It is surprising, though, that the number thirteen is considered unlucky in the United States. The country was 10originally divided into thirteen states. On the dollar bill there is a picture of an 11incomplete pyramid with thirteen steps. The bald eagle carries an olive 12branch in one of its claws with thirteen leaves and thirteen berries on it. In the other claw it is holding thirteen arrows, and above its head there are thirteen stars.

9. It is surprising, though, that the number thirteen is considered unlucky in the United States: 然而，在美国13 被认为是不吉利的数字就有些奇怪了。

“though” [ðəu]conj.&ad. 1) conj.虽然 , 尽管 (其意义和功能类似于 “ although”) Though we lost the game, we had tried our best. 我们虽然输了，但尽了努力。 It wasn’t a sound decision, though I thought I agreed with it

in part. 这不是一个好决定，但我还是部分地 同意了。

9.2) ad. 然而 ( 起承上启下的作用 , 其功能和意义相当于 “ nevertheless”, “however”)

He can’t dance: he sings well, though. 他不会跳舞，但歌唱得好。 I can’t stay long. I will have a coffee, though. 我不能久呆，然而我想来一杯咖啡。

10. originally [ə'ridʒənəli]ad. 最初 , 原本地 This suggestion was originally rejected but finally

accepted by all members. 这个建议最初被否决，但最终还是被所有成员接受了。 This jacket was originally marked 2000 dollars but now on

sale. 这件夹克原价 2000元，现在甩卖。 Coco was originally American. 可可源自美国。

11. incomplete [.inkəm'pli:t]a. 不完整的；片段的 My life without you is incomplete. 没有你我的生活是不完整的。 They only got incomplete information from this

trial. 他们从这次审讯中只得到了一些不完整的信息。

12. branch [brɑ:ntʃ]n.&vi.&vt. 1) n. 树枝 Birds are singing from the branches of the tree. 2) n. 分部 , 分店 I want to work in an executive branch of the government 我希望在政府某 行政 部门工作。 What is the code number for your branch of the TD

bank? 你的分行的代码是多少？ 3) vi.分叉 , 从主体上分离出去 The road to the village branches off to the right. 通往该村的道路在右边分叉转为另一条小路。 She quit her job in this big company to branch out on her

own. 她从那家大公司辞职，自己另起炉灶。

In different cultures, other numbers are believed to be unlucky. In Japan, Korea, and China, for example, people consider the number four to be unlucky 13because the pronunciation of the word “four” is very similar to the pronunciation of the word that means “death”. Many hotels in these countries do not have fourth floors. Also, people do not give gifts in multiples of four.

13. … because the pronunciation of the word “four” is very similar to…: 因为 “四” 的发音近似于…

“similar” ['similə]adj. 1) 作修饰性形容词 She spends her whole day washing, sewing, cooking and

doing other similar housework. 她花了一整天的时间洗衣服、缝衣服、做饭和干类似的家务活。 We were all in similar situations. 我们的情形相似。

2) 作表述性形容词 My opinion is similar to yours. 我的观点和你的相似。 In China, there are many fast food restaurants

similar to those in the United States. 中国有很多类似于美国的快餐店。

There are some numbers that are thought to bring good luck. In many western cultures, people believe that seven is a lucky number, while many Chinese people believe that the luckiest number is eight. Many people also believe significant dates in their lives – such as birthdays and anniversaries – are lucky. People who regularly play the lottery will often use these numbers in the hope that they will win.

2.1 Complete the following sentences, using the given words as the Linking Verb.

go wrong / run dry / fall ill / go bad / turn yellow / grow impatient / get wet / go mad / come false / grow wise

1) Friday the 13th is an unlucky day, on which many things can ______

2) You ______. Why don’t you take an umbrella with you? 3) News ______. We were defeated instead. 4) Yesterday Jim ______ and ran a high fever. 5) As autumn is coming, leaves ______.

Answers: 1) go wrong / 2) get wet / 3) came false / 4) fell ill / 5) turn yellow

2.1 Complete the following sentences, using the given words as the Linking Verb.

go wrong / run dry / fall ill / go bad / turn yellow / grow impatient / get wet / go mad / come false / grow wise

6) It has not rained for half a year. All the streams ______.

7) Meat easily ______ in hot weather. 8) As time went by, the criminal ______. 9) One does not necessarily ______ as he grows older. 10) Being treated so rudely, the model almost ______.Answers: 6) run dry / 7) goes bad / 8) grew impatient / 9) superstition

/10) lottery

2.2 When used as a conjunction, “while” may mean “during the time that …” ( 与此同时 ), “although” (虽然…但是 ), “whereas” (而 ), “as long as ” (只要 ) and “since or now that” (既然 ).

Exercise: Study the following sentences and explain the meanings of the “while” in each sentence.

1) In many western cultures, people believe that seven is a lucky number, while

many Chinese people believe that the luckiest number is eight. 2) While many university students seek part-time jobs, she pays

all her attention to studying elective/selected courses.

Answers: 1) “whereas” (而 ) / 2) “during the time that …” ( 与此同时 )

2.2 When used as a conjunction, “while” may mean “during the time that …” ( 与此同时 ), “although” (虽然…但是 ), “whereas” (而 ), “as long as ” (只要 ) and “since or now that” (既然 ).

3) While she loves her son, she is very hard on him. 4) While there is water there is life. 5) I’d like to settle it while we are at it. 6) Mary got 95 in the exam while her partner got 50. 7) While they are my neighbors, I don’t know them very well. 8) While you are sorting your things upstairs, I’ll pack your books. 9) While there are crimes in this city, we will carry on the fight. 10) You will never save any money while you are so extravagant.Answers: 3) “although” (虽然…但是 ) / 4) “as long as” (只要 ) / 5) “now that” (既然 ) / 6) “whereas” (而 ) 7) “although” (虽然…但是 )/ 8) “during the time that …” ( 与同时 ) / 9) “as long as” (只要 ) /10) “since” (既然 )

III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.

1) 对于黑色星期五的恐惧源自历史上这一天所发生的一系列不幸事件。 (grow out of…)

2) 令人惊讶的是东方人和西方人对数字的信仰竟如此不同。 (It is surprising…)

3) 误解被认为是 这场争论的起源。 (origin)

Answers1) The fear of Friday the 13th has grown out of a series of unfortunate

events happening in history on this day.2) It is surprising that there exists so much difference in the belief in

number between the eastern and western people.3) Misunderstanding is considered the origin of the dispute.

III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.

4) 两位领导人的握手是通向和平的重要一步。 (a significant step towards…)

5) 人们难以置信地看着世贸双塔被飞机撞毁。 (in disbelief)

6) 两兄弟在外貌上看起来很相似，但性格却截然不同。 (similar in … different in…)

Answers:

4) The two leaders’ shaking hands is a significant step towards peace.

5) People watched in disbelief when the World Trade Centre towers were hit by the plane.

6) The two brothers look very similar in appearance but they are completely different in personality.

4. 省去从句或主句的虚拟语气：虚拟结构中的从句或主句有时形式上可以省去，但意义上仍存在。

1) 省去了条件从句的虚拟结构 That would be fine. (省略了 if you should do it) I wouldn’t have done that. (省略了 if I had been given

the chance) 即使给我机会的话，我也不会那样做。 2) 省去了结果主句的虚拟结构 (常表示愿望 ) If only I could help you! If only he hadn’t left. 如果他没离开该多好啊！

5. 虚拟语气的特殊用法1) 在 It is necessary (important, strange, impossible, impractical,

advisable, natural … 等表示主观看法的形容词 ) that …这类句型里 , that 引导的从句里，谓语动词用 should + 动词原形， should 常省略。

It is advisable that he travel abroad. It was necessary that the question be settled at once. It was strange that he should have gone away without telling us. 他没告诉我们一声就离开了，这有点奇怪。

2) 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。

a. 用于动词 wish后的宾语从句中，表示不可实现的愿望，或对过去事情的 遗憾。

I wish I hadn’t been so forgetful. Then I wouldn’t have missed the lecture.

I wish I knew how to design a robot, but I don’t. I wish I hadn’t said that. 我真希望我没说过那话。

b. 用于动词 demand, require, suggest, propose, order, command, insist, urge, advise, desire 等后的宾语从句中，从句用 should + 动词原形， should 常省略。

Most students insist that the English teacher speak English both inside and outside the classroom.

My friend suggested that I should go to the theater for a rest.

Many parents urged that educational TV programs be produced with children in mind.

很多家长强烈建议，电视教育节目应该为孩子着想。

* * 这类动词的名词的定语从句或同位语从句也要相应地用虚拟语气做谓语。

The doctor’s suggestion that he be operated on has finally been accepted.

Everyone supports his insistence that smoking be prohibited in school.

3) It is time (that)…句型中。从句的谓语动词用动词过去时表示虚拟，意思是“早该干……” .

It is time we went to school. It is high time that we made up the missed class. 我们早该把拉下的课补上。

4) would rather / had better / would sooner等词或短语后面的从句中，谓语用虚拟语气，用动词一般过去时。

I’d rather that you left tomorrow. I would much rather it was forgotten. 我宁愿这事被忘了。

5) 虚拟语气用于 as if / as though 引导的状语从句中，表示和现在、过去或将来的事实不相符。

He talked about the moon as if he had been there.

She stood up as if by doing so she could have corrected everything.

She treats the old man kindly as though he were her father.

6) 用于特殊连词 for fear that, lest, in case引导的从句，其虚拟语气形式是 should + 动词原形， should 常省略。

We dare not play jokes on Miss Liu lest she get angry. He works hard for fear of failing the exam. She speaks in a low voice in case she wakens the baby.

7) 用于介词短语表示的虚拟。此类介词有 but for, otherwise, without, with, under more favorable condition, in case of …等。

He worked hard; otherwise he might have failed. But for his help, I should not have succeeded. Without you, things would be better.

Combine the following sentences into an effective paragraph that uses strategies of coherence (pronouns, repetition, synonyms, and transitional words). Note: Try to use the sentence expanding strategies that we have discussed in Book 1.

1)    Many people have dreams. 2)    The dreams are too confusing to figure out. 3)    The dreams seem to be telling them something. 4)    You may have been puzzled by such dreams. 5)    If so, you may still wonder about this. 6)    What, if anything, are those midnight messages

saying? 7)    There are no infallible formulas.

8)    Formulas are for interpreting dreams.

9)    One thing is certain.

10)   Dreaming is a meaningful experience.

11)   The experience should not be ignored as nonsense.

Suggested Version:

Many people have dreams that seem to be telling them something, but the dreams are too confusing to figure out. You may have been puzzled by such dreams. If so, you may still wonder what, if anything, are these midnight message saying. Although there are no infallible formulas for interpreting dreams, one thing is certain: reaming is a meaningful experience that should not be ignored as nonsense.

GuidanceText: Oil and Gas

Language Points

Exercises: 1) Vocabulary 2) Structure 3) Translation

Enjoy English

Grammar Nonfinite Verbs & Gerund 非谓语动词 -动名词 Writing Skill Choosing the Right Words (1) 选择正确的词 (1)

Crude oil is made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms that have come together. These two atoms come together in many 2forms, and gas is just one form. *Gas is lighter than air. It has no color and cannot be seen. The color of oil depends on which set of hydrogen and carbon atoms have come together. Some are found to be light yellow and almost as clear as water, while others are found to be black and thick. Oil is heavier than air but lighter than water.

1. Crude oil is made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms…: 原油由氢和碳组合而成

“be made up of” 表示“由 ...构成 (组成 ), 强调主语由两部分以上的部分构成。

For example: Support groups are made up of persons sharing

similar situations. 援助小组往往是由一些志趣相投的人组成。

Cf: be made of: 表示“由 ...制成” , 指从原料到制成品 , 只发生了形状变化。 The bike is made of bamboo that has been smoked and heat-treated. 这辆自行车是由热处理过的竹子制成的。 The desk is made of wood. 这张桌子是由木头制成的 Cf: be made from: 表示“由 ...制成” , 指从原料到制成品 , 发生了质的变化。 This paper is made from wood. 这种纸是由树木制成的 . These costumes are made from animal skins. 这些化妆品时由动物的皮制成的。 ** 但是很多情况下，人们并不刻意去区分 be made of 或 be made from 的使用。

2. form [fɔ:m]n.&vt.&vi. 1) n. 形式；表格 Ice, snow and steam are different forms of

water. 冰、雪、蒸汽是水的不同形式。 Everybody is required to fill up three different

forms. 每个人都要填三张不同的表格。

2) vt. 使成型 Children’s personalities are formed when they were very

young. 孩子很小的时候，其性格就形成了。 His research formed the basis of his new book. 他的研究成果是他这本新书的基础。 3) vi. 形成 A plan began to form in his head. 一项计划在他脑子中形成。 They automatically formed into three lines. 他们自然排成了三行。

People who study the earth think that about 750 million years ago – many years before there were human beings on the earth – tiny animals and plants lived and died there. They 3sank into the mud and sand by the seas. Millions of years later animals in the seas also died. *They sank to the floor of the seas, along with sand and mud brought by the rivers. All these plants and animals are made up of many parts, including hydrogen and carbon. When plants and animals die, they begin to 4decay - to go back to the chemical parts of which they are made. As they decay, some of these parts change to tiny 5drops of oil and gas. We still do not know how this happens. But oil and gas are always being made in this way, even today.

3. sink [sink]vt.&vi.&n. 1) vt.&vi. He put the money into a plastic bag and sank it

to the bottom of the water tank. 他把钱装进塑料袋并把它沉到水池子的底部。 The sun sinks every evening in the west. 太阳每天傍晚西沉。 2) n. 污水槽 ; 水池子 The dirty dishes are in the sink. 那些脏盘子在洗涤槽内。

4. decay [di'kei]vt.&vi.&n.衰败，使衰败 1) n. 衰败 What has caused the decay and fall of the Roman Empire? 是什么导致了罗马帝国的衰亡？ 2) vi. 衰败 ; 变弱 Our powers decay in old age. 我们的精力随着年龄的增长在衰退。 3) vt. 使衰败；使变坏 The books had been decayed by the bad weather. 坏天气使书发霉了。 Sugar can decay your teeth in the long run. 糖能够让你的牙齿变坏。

5. drop [drɔp] n.&vt. 1) n. 滴 , 微量 , 落下

Two drops of water are enough for this baby. 两滴水对婴儿来说已经足够。 2) vt. 落下 , 减少 , 下降 , 放弃 Prices are dropping. 价格在下降。 The motorist dropped his speed. 摩托车司机在减速。 They dropped the right to have their money refunded. 他们放弃了把钱找回来的权利。

Although the biggest animals that ever lived on earth were the dinosaurs, their decaying bodies gave little, if anything, to the making of oil and gas 6compared to the many tiny animals that lived before and after them. *The remains of these decayed plants and animals, called fossils, are found in layers of rock. Because oil and gas come from these rocks, they are called fossil fuels

6. compared to把…比作 Shakespeare compared the world to a stage. 莎士比亚把世界比作舞台。 Tom was compared to her sun but quickly this sun

disappeared. 汤姆被比作她的太阳，但这太阳很快就消失了。 Cf: compare with和 ...相比 Compare with other vehicles, a car is really the best

choice. 同其他车辆相比，汽车确实很方便。 Compared with those who are suffering, we are better off. 跟那些受苦的人相比，我们过得很好了。

As the rivers were bringing new mud and sand from the land to the seas, this new mud and sand sank to the floors of the seas. They sank on top of the decayed animals and plants, 7pressing down hard on them and forming 8layers. 9Like a tall stack of jelly sandwiches, the layers at the bottom were squashed by the weight of those on top….

7. press [pres]vt.&n. 1) vt.按 , 压 , You press the button and the machine will do the

calculations. 按一下这个按钮，机器就会帮你运算。 My boss was pressed to pay off his debt. 我的老板被逼债。 2) vi. 催逼；紧迫；敦促 The solution to the problem is pressing. 这个问题急待解决。

3) n. 按 , 压新闻界 The press is always interested in the private lives of

celebrities. 新闻界总是对名人的私生活感兴趣。 Under the press of recession, many companies declared

bankruptcy. 在经济萧条的重压下，许多公司宣布倒闭。 “press for” 一再索求… If I press for the answer, you will be irritated. 如果我一再追逼答案，你会恼怒的。 He is still pressing for compensation. 他仍然坚持要求赔偿。

8. layer ['leiə]n.&vi.&vt. 1) n. 层 There was a layer of dust on the desk. This poem contains many layers of meaning. 这首诗有多层含义。 2) vt.分层 , 将…堆积成层 Could you layer the chart with different colors? 你能够用不同颜色把表格分层吗？ Please layer these clothes based on their functions. 按功能把衣服分层归类。

9. Like a tall stack of jelly sandwiches, the layers at the bottom were squashed by the weight of those on top: 像几层堆起来的果冻三明治 , 底部会受到上层重量的挤压

“stack” [stk]n.&vt. 1) n. 堆 I was scared by the stack of bills to be paid. 那一堆账单让我吓破了胆。 2) vt. 堆积 This small room was stacked with newspapers, clothes and

whisky bottles. 这间小房子堆满了报纸、衣服和威士忌酒瓶。

“squash” [skwɔʃ]vt.&vi. vt. 压扁 , 压制 You sat on my hat! I am afraid you have squashed it. 我坐在自己的帽子上 , 把它给压扁了。 n. 果汁 (汽水 )；西葫芦；壁球 Do you like a lemon squash or coffee? 你想喝柠檬汽水还是咖啡？ Find the most delicious ways to eat zucchini and summer

squash. 有很多方法让小胡瓜和西葫芦变得美味。 There are many tips on how to play squash on that website. 那个网站上有很多建议指导如何打壁球。 方位词的搭配： on the top of / at the bottom of / in the

middle of

… Just as jelly would be squeezed out of the sandwiches, so oil, gas, and water were squeezed out of the mud. They move into the space between the grains of sand. The heavy weight of the new mud and sand pushed the bottom layers of mud into thin layers of hard rocks called shales. Some of the oil in the world is found in shales and limestones which are made of the shells of many tiny animals.

2.1 In the following sentences there are mistakes in the use of comparative and superlative adjectives. Indentify them and provide the correct forms.

1) My apple is as better as yours. 2) Gas is more light than air. 3) The rock is usually four times hard than the diamond. 4) That stupid woman always thinks that she is superior

than any other women.

Answers:

1) as good as 2) lighter 3) harder 4) superior to

2.1 In the following sentences there are mistakes in the use of comparative and superlative adjectives. Indentify them and provide the correct forms.

5) This is the most excellent firework I have ever seen. 6) Animals lived on the earth prior than 500,000 million

years. 7) Among all the women I knew, she is the most perfect

one. 8) This is the bad plan I could ever think of.

Answers:

5) excellent 6) prior to 7) perfect 8) worst

2.2 Pay attention to the use of the past participles in the following sentences:

Model: They sank to the floor of the seas, along with sand and mud

brought by the rivers. 他们和河流带来的泥沙一起沉入海底。 → …along with sand and mud which had been brought by the rivers. Exercise: Translate the following sentences. 1) She is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 2) The universities in China need more qualified teachers. 3) Is there anything planned for tomorrow. Answers: 1) 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。 2) 我们需要更多合格的教师。 3) 明天有什么活动吗？

4) The books, written by Mo Yan, are popular with many Chinese people.

5) Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.

6) Inspired by Einstein’s story, he was determined to be a scientist.

7) Compared with other students, you should make greater efforts to study English.

8) If heated, water can be turned into steam.

9) Laughed at by many people, he continued his research.

Answers:

4) 这些书是鲁迅写的，受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。5) 从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。

6) 爱因斯坦的故事激励了他，他决心做一名总科学家。 7) 和班上其他同学相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。 8) 水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。9) 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。

10) The old man went into the hall, accompanied by a beautiful lady.

11) Did you make an appointment to have your tooth examined?

12) Why don’t you speak loudly to make yourself heard?

13) One of the glasses was found broken.

14) Please keep me informed of the latest situation there.

Answers:

10) 那个老人在一个美女的陪伴下走进了大厅。 11) 你约了什么时候去检查你的牙齿？ 12) 你为什么不大声点，好让大家都能听到你？13) 一只杯子被打破了。14) 应该让他们知道那儿的形势

Translation: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

1) Crude oil must be separated from water and gas when recovered from underground.

2) People who try to find where oil and gas are hidden are called geologists.

3) In the refinery the crude oil is changed, or refined, so that it can be used.

Answers:

1) 原油从地下被发现后，必须和水以及气体分开。2) 那些寻找原油和天然气的人被称作地质学家。3) 在冶炼厂里，原油被加工，以至于能被使用。

Translation: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

In his address to the United States on energy problems on April 18, 1977, President Carter emphasized the need to conserve natural resources: “We must not be selfish or timid if we hope to have a decent world for our children and our grandchildren. We simply must balance our demand for energy with our rapidly shrinking resources. By acting now we can control our future instead of letting the future control us.

Answers:

卡特总统在 1977年 4 月 18日就能源问题对美国公民发表了演说。他强调了保护自然资源的重要性。 他说：“如果我们希望留给子孙一个体面的世界的话，我们既不能太自私也不能太谦虚。我们必须在能源需求和快速减少的资源之间进行平衡。从现在做起，我们还能掌控未来，否则，未来将掌控我们。”

1. 非限定动词（非谓语动词）包括动名词、不定式和分词三种2. 非限定动词（非谓语动词）和限定动词的区别 2.1 限定动词可在句中独立做谓语，非限定动词则不能。 2.2 限定动词的形式要与主语的人称、数一致，而非限定动词的

形式则不受主语的人称和数的限制。 The girl walking in front is my sister.        The girls walking in front are my students.         Jim likes to sing.         I like to sing.

2.3 非限定动词具有双重性，从语法角度讲，它们不能像限定动词那样作谓语；但从意义上 讲，它们具有动词特征，既有动作的承受者（有自己的宾语），也有修饰其动作的副词，同 时还有时态和语态的变化。如：

Picking the grapes is the first step. ( 动名词有自己的宾语 )

Running quickly is not easy. ( 动名词有自己的副词 ) I am sorry to have troubled you. ( 动词不定式有时态变化 )

I saw her carrying a book and going into the library. ( 分词有自己的宾语和副词 )

3. 动名词：即语法上是名词，意义上是动词。可作主语、宾语、表语、介宾。

          Getting up early is a good habit. Being patient is important in making wine. All children enjoy watching TV. Stop talking and listen to me. Seeing is believing.    His hobby is collecting stamps. I am interested in speaking French. She is good at telling lies.

3.1 动名词的否定结构：由 not + 动名词组成。 Trying without success is better than not trying. I must offer my apology for not coming to your

party.

3.2 动名词的被动语态：有两种 , 即 being + 过去分词和 having been + 过去分词。

Being invited to the party is a kind of honor. Being criticized for breaking the vase made the

boy ashamed of himself. Having been made the leader of this team, he

became arrogant.

3.3 动名词的复合结构：有物主代词或名词所有格加动名词构成。在此动名词结构中，物主代词或名词所有格是动名词动作的逻辑主语。如：

Do you mind my smoking? Your joining in the game will be a great help. The opening of the new building will

eventually lead to women being allowed to have full membership of the Stock Exchange.

3.4 有些动词后必须要求动名词作其宾语。这类动词有：enjoy, appreciate, advocate, practice, acknowledge, admit, avoid, miss, escape, deny, fancy,  imagine, consider, postpone, put off 等。

By taking a back street he escaped being seen.

The doctor first practiced using needles on his own leg.

Try your best to avoid running into trouble.

3.5 用于某些特殊句式1) There is no use (good, sense) + (in) + -ING There is no use advising him to give up smoking. There is no good in drinking tea before sleeping.2) feel like + -ING I feel like sleeping. I don’t feel like eating now.3) have difficulty ( trouble, fun, a problem, a good time)

+ (in) + -ING The student had no difficulty making money. The children have a lot of fun listening to their mother

telling stories. He had had a good time talking with her.

4) be busy (worth) + -ING The novel is worth reading. The workers are busy selecting the best grapes

on each vine. 5) spend + (in) + -ING Tom had spent half a year preparing for the

examination. There is no sense spending so much money

buying useless things.6) How about + -ING How about going to the movies? How about inviting the Browns to our house

tonight?

To write clear, precise prose we must use the English language efficiently. That means our words and phrases should be properly positioned and should clearly denote our intended meaning. When we fail to write with precision, words lose their flavor, sentences fail to express ideas, and the vitality of our thoughts dissipates.

Although good diction is most difficult to achieve, we may avoid bad diction by not breaking the following rules:

1. Avoid clichés — keep your language fresh.    Clichés are expressions that have lost their vitality

from overuse. When someone first used the expression as a beautiful as flower to describe a good-looking girl, he was being creative; but the expression has lost its flavor due to overuse. So clichés are excuses for originality that prevent us from expanding our vocabulary and refining our thoughts.

Here are some of the most awkward clichés:

busy as a bee / diamond in the rough / doomed to failure / easier said than done / better late than never / gentle as a lamb / hit the nail on the head / it goes without saying / last but not least / this day and age / time is money / to make a long story short slowly but surely. There are, of course, many more.

Correct the following sentences by replacing the clichés with more precise and vigorous expressions of your own.

1 ）We discovered the hydraulic system failure in the nick of time.

2 ） In this day and age it’s difficult to save money.3 ） It goes without saying that our company must

increase its cash flow, or it will be doomed to failure.4 ）Making money in a tight money market is easier said

than done.5 ）Robert found a diamond in the rough when he

married Claudia.

Answers:1) just in time / 2) Today /3) Obviously /4)  not easy / 5)  found

a wonderful woman

2. Watch jargon — make your writing precise. We use clichés when we rely on timeworn

expressions to convey our meaning, but we use jargon when we turn to unusual or technical language to express our meaning. Jargon is private language, usually developed within particular institutions, subjects and professions. Many jargon expressions have legitimate meanings within a restricted context. For instance, the term “bottom line” may be used in an accounting office; the term “address the issue” is a favorite expression by most politicians. But when these terms and others like them are used in everyday language, that is, when the context has changed, they sound awkward and overbearing.

Correct the following sentences by replacing the jargon with your own words and expressions.

1) I can relate to your position, but can you identify with my special circumstances?

2) In the upcoming semester we will hire someone in the engineering field to teach a construction course.

Answers:

1) I can understand your position, but can you, in return, appreciate my circumstance?

2) Next semester we will hire an engineer to teach a construction course.

3) I need her financial input before I can budget our expenditures next fall.

4) If you contact our representative in Lanzhou, he will dialogue with our advertising agency next week.

5) If you do not soon address the issue of wages, we will have a strike on our hands.

Answers:

3) I need her financial figures before I can estimate our expenditure next fall.

4) If you meet with our representative in Lanzhou, he will speak to our advertising agency next week.

5) If you do not discuss wages, we will soon have a strike.

GuidanceText: The Case of A Broken ChairLanguage PointsExercises: 1) Vocabulary 2) Structure 3) TranslationEnjoy EnglishGrammar Nonfinite Verbs & Infinitives (1) 非谓语动词 -动词不定式 (1) Writing Skill Choosing the Right Words (2) 选择正确的词 (2)

Sometime ago I 1discovered that one of the chairs in my front hall had a broken leg. I didn’t 2foresee any great difficulty in getting it 3mended, 4as there are many antique shops on Pamlico Road which is three minutes’ walk from my flat. I 5set forth one morning *carrying the chair with me. I went into the first shop 6confidently. I expected a friendly reception, with a kind man saying, “What a charming chair. Yes that’s quite a simple job. When would you want it back?”

1. discover [dis'kʌvə]vt. We discovered that she was a very good cook. 我们发现她是一名很好的厨师。 Columbus is said to have discovered America

in 1492. 据说哥伦布于 1492 年发现了美洲。

2. I didn’t foresee any great difficulty in getting it mended: 我没有想到修它会遇到如此多的麻烦。

foresee [fɔ:'si:]vt. 预见 The mayor foresees that there will be growth in the

economy. 这位市长预见经济会有增长。 I foresee a bright future for such a talented young man as

you. 我能预见像你这样的有才华的青年定会有光明未来。

difficulty in (doing) sth. 做什么事有困难，固定搭配， in 往往省略。如：

Do you have any difficulty in finishing your math homework?你完成数学家庭作业有困难吗？They met no difficulty finding the broken car.我们很容易就找到了那辆破车。getting it mended: 让人修好它过去分词作了宾语补足语，“修”这一动作的承受者是宾语故它和宾语之间是被动关系，用过去分词形式。见第一册讲过的句式：“ have/let/make/get sth done” 和“ have/let/make/get sb do…”.

3. mend [mend]vt. 1) 修补；改进 That hole inyour shoe should be mended. 你鞋上的洞该补了。 The workers have spent three days mending the road. 工人们花了 3 天时间修这条路。 2) 改进；改善 Crying will not mend matters 哭无济于事。 You two are good friends. Perhaps you should mend your

broken fences. 你们两个是好朋友。或许你们应该摈弃前嫌。

4. ... as there are a whole lot of antique shops in the Pimlico Road which is three minutes’ walk from my flat: 因为在离我公寓三分钟路远的帕姆利科街上有很多古玩店。“ as” 在这里带起一个表示客观原因的从句。

如： As it is raining, the sports meet is canceled (取消 ).

“three minutes’ walk”: 走路三分钟的距离。类似的表达： It will take two hours for you to drive from here to the hospital.

→ It is two hours’ drive from here to the hospital.

5. set forth 1) vt. start a journey 开始一个旅程 Yesterday the salesman set forth on a trip to Shanghai. 昨天，推销员已经上路去上海了。 2) vt. state, address 陈述 All the committee members have set forth their opinions in

a report to the chairman. 3) vt. display, exhibit 陈列 All the antiques have been set forth for the visitors to

appreciate (欣赏 ).

6. confidently ['kɔnfədəntli]ad. 有信心地 , 自信地

He said confidently that he would win. 他自信地说，他会赢。 The manager confidently predicted a big

increase in sales. 经理有信心地预言，销售会增长。

I was quite wrong. The man I 7approached wouldn’t look at it. I wasn’t too 8concerned; 9after all, it was only the first try and there are many more shops on both sides of the road.

7. approach [ə'prəutʃ]vt.&vi.&n. 1) vt. 接近，靠近 The volleyball team is approaching the stadium. When the soldier approached his hometown, he was filled

with expectation. 当这个士兵接近家乡时，他心中充满了期盼。 2) vt. 找…商量；与…洽谈 The student approached the professor for advice. 学生找这位教授寻求建议。 The administrator is difficult to approach. 那位行政官很难接近。

7.3) vi. 临近；接近 Spring is approaching. My mother is approaching 60 years old. 4) n. 接近，靠近 Our approach frightened the birds on the branch. 我们的接近惊起了树上的鸟。 We climbed to the top of the mountain and watched

the approach of night. 我们爬上山顶目睹着夜晚的降临。 5) n. 方法 There are two basic approaches to this problem. They are trying to find a more practical approach

8. concern [kən'sə:n]vt.&n. 1) vt. 涉及；与…有关 This environmental problem concerns everyone in the world. This episode concerns two people and one chair. 2) vt. 使担心；使挂念 Poor business concerns the proprietor. 买卖不好让业主担心。 The old man’s health concerns his son.

8.3) n. 有关的事；感兴趣的事 The approaching World Cup is everyone’s concern. It is very much my concern whether you can pass the examination. 我最关心的是你能否过考试。 4) n. 关心；牵挂；忧虑 “Have you got the meaning?” the teacher asked in concern. “ ”老师关心地问 你明白了吗？ Health care is the government’s concern. 保健是政府关心的事。

9. after all ad. 毕竟 , 到底 After all, the game is over. 不管怎么说，游戏结束了。 He is, after all, your best friend. 他毕竟是你最好的朋友。

The 10reaction at the second shop, though slightly politer, was just the same, and at the third and the fourth — so I 11decided that my approach must be wrong.

10. reaction [ri'ækʃən]n. 1) effect 有效果；起作用 I didn’t expect such a violent reaction from him. 我没想到他的反应如此强烈。 It is usually said that there is a healthy reaction after a cold

bath. 人们常说洗个冷水澡会让人精神焕发。 2) (尤指政治方面的 ) 反动 The forces of reaction made reform difficult.

10.3) 反应；回答 His reaction to the criticism is silence. 他对于批评的反应是沉默。 What is the advertiser’s reaction to this proposal? 广告商对此建议的反应是什么。 4) 化学反应 The chemical reaction is very complicated. 这个化学反应很复杂

11. decide [di'said]vt.&vi. 1) vt. give a judgment 判断 After comparing them, I decided that the red jacket is more

suitable for me. 比较后，我觉得红夹克更适合我。 We decided the question by experience. 我们借助经验判断此事。 2) vt.&vi. make up one’s mind 决定 It has been decided that the competition is cancelled. 这场竞赛已经决定被取消了。 The actress decided not to feature this film. 那位女演员决定不主演那部电影。 decide on 决定选择 After consideration, I have decided on this plan. 考虑之后，我决定选择这个方案。

I entered the fifth shop with some confidence because I had 12concocted a plan. I placed the chair gently on the floor *13so as not to 14disturb the damaged leg and said “Would you like to buy a chair?’ The proprietor 15looked it over carefully and said “Yes, not a bad little chair. How much do you want for it?” “ ￡ 20,” I said. “Ok,” he said, “I’ll give you ￡ 20.” “It’s got a 16slightly broken leg.” I said.“Yes, I saw that. It’s nothing. Don’t 17worry about it.” …

12. concoct [kən'kɔkt]vt. 1) vt. invent 编造；构思 I am afraid you must concoct a reasonable excuse for

your being late. 恐怕你得编造一些理由说明你为什么迟到。 The writer is busy concocting the plot of the story. 这位作家忙着编故事情节。 2) vt. prepare by mixing together 混合 The waiter is very skilful with concocting food and wine

combinations. 那位服务生很会调酒和创新食物。 My mother is learning to concoct a new kind of soup. 我母亲正学着调制一种新汤。

13. so as to (so as not to) 1) 以便…；为了… Every student is busy making notes so as to go

over the text more easily. 每个学生都忙着做笔记，好下次容易通过考试。 The boy goes to bed early so as to get up early

the next morning. 那男孩很早上床睡觉，好第二天早起。

13.2) 结果……以至 I will get everything ready so as not to keep you

waiting. 我会将一切准备好，不让你等。 Don’t speak loudly so as to disturb the others. 有时此句式也可表现为： so … as to Don’t speak so loudly as to disturb the others. 别那末大声说话，以至于打搅了别人。

14. disturb [dis'tə:b]vt. 1) vt. 扰乱；滋扰 I am deeply disturbed to hear of my mother’s illness. 听说母亲病了，我感到很不安。 This strike has disturbed the whole nation. 罢工扰乱了整个国家。 2) vt. 搞乱；妨碍 Don’t disturb the papers on the desk. 不要动桌子上的纸。 The growthof the plants was disturbed for lack of

water. 缺水妨碍了植物的生长。

15. look over 1) 整个看一遍 Will you please look over the paper before I hand it

in? 你能不能在我把文章交上去之前整个看一遍？ 2) 从…上方看过去 He looked back over his shoulder and found nothing. 他从肩头回头看，什么也没看见。

16. slightly ['slaitli]adv. 些微地 He was slightly drunk. 他稍微有点醉。 They are slightly different. 他们稍有不同。17. worry about Don’t worry about little things. 别为琐事烦恼。

… Everything was going to plan and I was getting excited. “What will you 18do with it?’ I asked. ‘Oh, it will be very 19saleable once the repair is done. I like the bit of old green velvet on the top. I shall leave that. Yes, very saleable.” “I’ll buy it,” I said. “What d’ye mean? You’ve just sold it to me,” he said.“Yes, I know, but I’ve 20changed my mind; 21as a matter of fact it is just what I’m 22looking for — I’ve got a pair to it at home, I’ll give you 27 quid for it.”“You must be crazy,” he said;

18. do with 1) (与what连用 ) 用；利用 I don’t know what to do with this dictionary. 我不知道怎么用这本字典。 2) (与what连用 ) 对待；处理 What are we going to do with these old

newspapers? 这些旧报纸怎么处理？ 3) 以……凑合着用 I can’t find the pen, so I shall do with a pencil. 我找不着钢笔，所以用铅笔凑合。 4) (与 oneself 连用 ) 使忙碌；有效度过时间 On weekends many people don’t know what to do

with themselves. 周末许多人不知道如何打发自己。

19. salable ['seiləbəl]adj. 适于销售的 , 有销路的 Silk is salable in the Western countries. 丝绸在西方国家很有市场。 to change one’s mind How can I change your mind? You are so

stubborn. 我如何能让你改变主意？你太倔强。 He suddenly changed his mind and drove back. 他突然改变主意，开车回去。

21. as a matter of fact其实，事实上 As a matter of fact, I don’t care anymore. 事实上，我已经不在乎了。 I'm going there tomorrow, as a matter of fact. 其实 , 我明天是准备去那里。22. the penny dropped: （英口）恍然大悟；突然明白 He stared at me for a long time and the penny dropped. 他盯着我看了很久，恍然大悟

…then suddenly 23the penny dropped and he smiled and said, “I know what you want - you want me to mend your chair.”“You’re plumb right,” I said.“*And what would you have done if I had walked in and said ‘Would you mend this chair for me?’”“I wouldn’t have done it,” he said, “We don’t do repairs. Not enough money in it and too much of a nuisance, but I’ll mend this for you.Shall we say a fiver?” He was a very nice man and thought the whole episode rather funny.

23. not enough money in it and too much of a nuisance ：在这上面挣不了多少钱，还很麻烦。

“much of a” 了不起的；真正的 Although he is a singer, he is not much of an

artist. 虽然他是个歌星，但算不上是一个艺术家。 I don’t think he will have much of a future. 我想他没有多少前途。

2.1 Rewrite the following sentences after the models. Model 1: I set forth one morning and I carried the chair with me. → I set forth one morning carrying the chair with me. Exercise:1) The professor came into the classroom and he carried a book with

him.2) He handed in his application and hoped that he would be selected.3) The passenger stood up but said nothing.

Answers: 1) The professor came into the classroom carrying a book with him. 2) He handed in his application hoping that he would be selected. 3) The passenger stood up saying nothing.

Model 2: I expected a friendly reception and there was a kindly man who said, “What a charming chair!” → I expected a friendly reception, with a kindly man saying, “What a charming chair!” 2.2 Exercise: 1) I was writing my term paper and my sister was dyeing her hair. 2) All the drivers are taking special training courses and at the same time the background

music is on.3) He said goodbye to everyone when the train was leaving.

Answers:1) I was writing my term paper with my sister dyeing her hair.2) With the background music on all the drivers are taking the special training

courses 3) With the train leaving he said goodbye to everyone

Model 3: I placed the chair gently on the floor so as not to disturb the damaged leg.

“so as not to” 是 “ so as to” ( 为了 ) 的否定形式，其意思 “为了不…” .

2.3 Exercise: Translate the following sentences by using “so as to” or “so as not to”.

1) Please check the list carefully so as to avoid mistakes.2) Listen carefully so as not to fail the exam.3) He drops in so as to say “Hello” to everyone.4) She prepared a lot of excuses so as not to be refused.

Answers: 1) 请仔细检查这个单子，千万别出错。 2) 仔细听，这样你才不会考试不过。 3) 他顺便来访，问候一声。 4) 她准备了很多理由以至不会被拒绝。

III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1)      This factory concocted many excuses for producing fake products. 2)      He decided that, after all, this chair must be mended. 3)      He spoke in a very low voice so as not to disturb the sleeping baby. 4)      Try to change your mind and approach this problem in another way. 5)      As a matter of fact, this stern-looking proprietor is very kind. 6)      She looked over the broken cage but did not know what to do with

it.  

Translation 1 ．这个工厂编造很多理由生产假货。 2 ．他得出结论，不管怎样，这把椅子得找人修理。 3 ．他说话声音很小，目的是不打扰熟睡的婴儿。 4 ．试着改变思路，用另一种方法解决此问题。 5 ．事实上，这个看似精明的业主是很友好的。 6 ．她仔细看了看破损的鸟笼却不知如何处理它。

动词不定式 (infinitive)：由不定式记号 to + 动词构成。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。

1. 作主语 To talk to him is a great pleasure. To die for people is worthwhile.

* 动词不定式作主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，而用 it作形式上的主语。上面两句可改写成：

It is a great pleasure to talk to him. It is worthwhile to die for people.

2. 作宾语：不定式作宾语有两种，一是“及物动词 + 带 to 的不定式”；另一种是“动词 + 疑问词 + to 不定式”

2.1 “及物动词 + 带 to 的不定式”。这类后面跟动词不定式的及物动词有： agree, arrange, afford, offer, manage, endeavor, promise, swear, seek, intend, aim, undertake, pretend, decide, determine, expect, long, hope, wish, desire, claim, learn, fail, refuse, decline … 等。

Examples:He decided to make some changes in his plan.Learn to walk before you run.He wishes to be an engineer.The Exchange House offers to provide coffee to

customers.They have arranged for us to visit the Great Wall.

2.2 “ 动词 + 疑问词 + to 不定式”。这类动词常见的有： advise, decide, discuss, find out, know, learn, remember, see, understand, wonder…等 , 这类疑问副 (代 ) 词有 what, where, which, how, whether…等。

He doesn’t know …

… how to go there. / … when to meet his cousin.

… whom (who) to visit. / … which one to choose.

… she cannot decide. / … whether to go or to stay.

… when to see a doctor. / … how to solve this problem.

… whom to ask for help. / … where to put my bag.

3. 不定式作表语。一种是主语是不定式，表语也是不定式；另一种是主语以下列名词 aim, duty, goal, hope, intent, job, object, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心词时，不定式表语对主语起补充、说明作用， 其结构往往是“主语 + be + to

不定式表语”。

3.1 主语是不定式，表语也是不定式 To eat means to live. To help others is to help yourself.

3.2 “ 主语 + be + to 不定式表语” His wish is to buy a used car. The most important thing in her life is to make money. The purpose of this action is to catch students who take

test for others. The object of his visit to the professor is to ask for advice.

3. Avoid wordiness — write concisely Because effective writing is always economical, there is a

direct correlation between the number of words we use and the clarity of our message. The more we rely on certain inflated expressions, the more insensitive we become to the exact connotations of words and the more we ignore the principle of directness in our writing.… 

“ I am not in a position to pay your tuition expenses due to the fact that I am presently financially embarrassed.” The sentence sounds very pretentious because it employs unusual words to express commonplace meanings. We may say the same thing perfectly well by replacing the wordy parts with common words: “I can not pay your tuition fees because I have no money”.

Exercise: Correct the following sentences by replacing the wordy expression with clearer, more concise words and phrases. 

1) Our delivery date was delayed for the reason that our

production line was shut down for two days.

2) On the occasion of our twentieth wedding anniversary, we

went on an ocean cruise.

Answers: 1) Our delivery date was delayed because our production

line was shut down for two days. 2) On our twentieth wedding anniversary we went on an

ocean cruise.

3) Despite the fact that he won the race, he is still not considered a significant athlete.

4) She seldom ever eats fatty food.

5) We finally found our lost dog in the vicinity of the old

churchyard.

Answers:

3) Even though Herman won the race, he is still not considered a significant athlete.

4) She seldom eats fatty foods.

5) We finally found our lost dog near the old church yard.

4. Avoid redundancies — only write what is necessary. A redundant expression is one that contains two or more

words that convey the same idea, thus it is both wordy and repetitious. For instance, new innovation, end result, fear and dread, free gift, very unique, new beginners, etc. Correcting redundancy is usually a matter of eliminating one or two words or of substituting one precise word for an entire expression. 

Exercise: Correct the redundancies in the following sentences by placing parentheses around unnecessary words. 

6) My son always disappears from view when it is time for supper.

7) My sister and I bought the same, identical dress in different stores.

Answers:

6) My son always disappears (from view) when it is time for supper.

7) My sister and I bought the same (identical) dress in different stores.

Exercise: Correct the redundancies in the following sentences by placing parentheses around unnecessary words. 

8) Ted’s new car is red in color.

9) We had a serious crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire.

10) Our new car may be small in size, but it is certainly comfortable.

Answers:

8) Ted’s new car is red (in color).

9) Our golf course was much too difficult for the (new) beginners.

10)   Our new car may be small (in size), but it’s certainly comfortable.

Guidance

Text: Suntan and Society

Language Points

Exercises: 1) Vocabulary 2) Structure 3) Translation

Enjoy English

Grammar Nonfinite Verbs & Infinitives (2) 非谓语动词 -动词不定式 (2)

Writing Skill Descriptive Writing 叙述体写作

Heredity is not the only thing that 1influences our skin color. Where we live and how we live after we are born is important, too. For instance, our genes influence how fat or thin we are. But our 2weight depends mainly on how much we eat and how much exercise we get. In the same way, our skin color depends 3to a large extent on how much sunshine we get.

1. influence ['influəns]n.&vt.

1) vt. 影响，对…起作用 Probably we influenced each other. The moon influences the tides. 月亮影响潮汐。 Don’t be influenced by what she says.

2) n. 影响 Religion has a great influence on man’s behavior. 宗教对人的行为有极大影响力。 I shall try to place her under better influences. 我尽力让她处于好的影响下。 Stars’ influence on people’s lives has not been proved. 明星对人们生活的影响还没有被证实。

2. weight [weit]n.&vt.

1) n. 重量 , 体重 He is putting on some weight. The full weight of decision-making falls on me.

2) vt. 使 ... 负重 , The coat was heavily weighted after it became wet. 大衣湿了以后变得很重。

3. to … extent 在…程度上 ; 到…程度 To some extent, she was responsible for the accident. 从某种角度而言，她要为此事故负责。 The car was damaged to such an extent that it could

not be repaired. 车被毁到如此程度，以至于修复是不可能的。 To what extent are you willing to help me?

During the cold winter months, people keep themselves covered. A group of light-colored people will all seem to be pretty much the same color in these months. But when summer arrives and they go to the beaches, some will 4tan darkly, some will tan lightly and a few will not tan at all. Each one has 5inherited a different ability to tan, but the differences do not 6appear until the 7conditions are right. An outdoors man will soon become pale if he changes to an indoor job, while a desk clerk will 8take on a tan after a short vacation in the sun.

4. tan [tæn]vt.&a.

1) vt. (使 ) 晒成棕褐色 You will be tanned quickly in the sun. 你在太阳下很快就会晒黑了。 2) n. 棕黄色 ; 晒黑 To get a suntan my boss spent hundreds of dollars on a

tropical vacation. 为了获得太阳晒黑的肤色，我老板花了几百美金去热带度假。 These shoes are tan, not dark brown. 这些鞋是棕黄色的 , 不是深褐色的。

5. inherit [in'herit]vt.

1) vt. 经遗传得到 (性格、特征等 ) She inherited her blue eyes from her father. He has inherited his grandfather’s skill in making money. 他继承了祖父善于挣钱的天赋。 She inherited her mother’s good looks. 她继承了母亲姣好的相貌。 2) vt. 继承 (传统、遗产、权利等 ) A son inherits his father. 子承父业。 She inherited a large amount of money from her father. Jim will inherit his father’s farm.

6. appear [ə'piə]vi.

1) 出现；显现 A car appeared over the hill. 一辆车出现在山上。 Gradually a smile appeared on her face. 她脸上逐渐出现了笑容。 I’ve noticed that smaller cars are starting to appear

again. 我注意到了，小车子又开始出现。

6.2) 看起来好像；似乎  She appears older than she is. 她比实际年龄显得老。 He appears to have traveled quite a lot. 他好像旅游了很多地方。 He didn’t want to appear a fool. 他不想让自己看起来像个傻瓜。

7. condition [kən'diʃən]n.&vt.

1) n. 情况 ; 条件 What are the conditions of being a member of that

club? 成为那个俱乐部成员的条件是什么？ You should consider his financial conditions. 你应该考虑他的经济状况。 2) vt. 作为…的条件 ; 决定 ; 约束 My expenditure is conditioned by my income. 我的支出取决于我的收入。 My skin is conditioned by the lotion. 我的皮肤被护肤霜护理。

8. take on

1) vt. 披着 ; 呈现 ; 获得 The city took on a festive air. 这个城市呈现节日的气氛。 Her voice took on a terrible tone. 她的音调很可怕。 2) vt. 承担 ; 从事 (某工作 ) Is he willing to take on the responsibility? You should never take on more than you can do. 你不该承担你做不了的事。

Sometimes people decide that being tanned is better than being pale. Sometimes they decide the opposite.

Centuries ago, most of the people in Europe were peasants and had to work in the fields all day. Noblemen, 9on the other hand, did not have to work. They 10stayed indoors and 11remained pale. You could always 12tell a nobleman from a peasant because the peasant had a tan. 13As a result, noblewomen 14did their best to keep their skins as light as possible. A skin so pale that the veins showed was 15considered a mark of great beauty.

9. on the other hand另一方面，可是 He is clever, but on the other hand, he makes many

mistakes. Food here is cheaper than Britain: clothing, on the

other hand, is dearer. 这里的食物比英国便宜，但衣服贵得多。 On the one hand I admire his gifts, but on the other

hand I distrust his judgment. 一方面羡慕他的才华，另一方面不信任他的判断力。

10. stay [stei]vi.&link-v.

1) vi. 逗留 , 待 , 暂住 Shall we go or stay? 我们走还是留？ He stayed in bed all day. 他整天呆在床上。 Can you stay after work to play tennis?

2) link-v 保持，持续 We are going to stay awake to see the eclipse. 我们不睡 , 等着看月蚀。 The weather has stayed warm all week. 整个一周，天气很暖和。

11. remain [ri'mein]vi.&link-v.&n. 1) vi. He’ll remain to accompany you. 他将留下来陪你。 After the tenants left, the landlord remained to clean

the apartment. 房客走后，房东留下来打扫公寓。 2) vi. 留待 This problem remains to be solved. 问题留待解决。

11.

3) link-v. 保持 , 持续 Mary remained poor all her life. 玛丽一生落魄。 To remain at peace is our best wish. 保持和平是我们最大的愿望。 4) n. 残羹剩饭 ; 残留物 Nobody likes to eat the remains of a meal. 没有人喜欢吃剩饭。 Tourists crowded to that small island to see the

remains of the ancient temple. 游客拥挤到那个小岛去看古寺的遗迹。

12. tell … from … 区别…… I can’t tell Jane from Sarah -- they look so alike. It’s important to tell truth from falsehood. 区别真理与谬误很重要。 One should know how to tell the good ones from the

bad ones. 一个人应该知道如何区分好与坏。

13. as a result 结果 ; 因此 As a result he has been given an excellent job. 其结果是，他获得了一份很好的工作。 He broke his leg. As a result, he’ll have to be away

from school for some time. 他摔断了腿；结果是，他不得不停学呆在家里。 We followed up on the suggestions and have had

satisfying experiences as a result. 我们听从建议，其结果很满意

14. do one’s best 尽最大努力，尽量 You have to do your best to finish all these tasks. 你必须尽最大努力完成这些任务。

The term “do one’s best” has many synonyms ( 同义词 ), such as “take pains”, “do one’s utmost”, “give one’s hundred percent”, “do all one can”, “do all in one’s power”, “drive for”, “give a go”, “run after” and “attempt”.

15. consider [kən'sidə]vt.&vi.

1) vt. 认为，断定 He is currently considered the best British athlete. 目前他被认为是英国最好的运动员。 They considered the house beautiful. We don’t consider her suitable for the job. 我们认为她不适合干这份工作。 Most people consider him innocent. 很多人认为他天真

15. 2) vt.&vi. 考虑 I’m considering changing my job. 我正在考虑换工作。 You have to consider what to do next. Your suggestion will be carefully considered. 你的建议会被认真考虑。

During the Industrial Revolution things changed. Farmers left their fields and went to work in factories, mines and mills. Working for long hours in dimly-lit factories and mines made their skins pale. Wealthy people, however, could 16afford to travel to sunny countries. They had the leisure to 17lie around on the beaches and get a tan. Having a tan became a sign of wealth.

16. afford [ə'fɔ:d]vt. (常与 can, could, be able to连用 1) vt.负担得起 , 承受得起 (费用、损失、后果等 ) We can’t afford to pay such a price. 我们付不起这个价格。 He could not afford to lose his fortune entirely. 他承受不起丢失整个财产。 You can’t afford to miss that film tonight. 你无论如何今晚不能错过那部影片。

16. 2) vt. 买得起 , 出得起 He is not rich enough to afford the house. 他还不够富，买不起那套房子。 Few people are able to afford cars like that. 很少有人买得起那样的车。 I can’t afford so much money.

3) vt. 给予 ; 提供 The trees afford a pleasant shade. 树给人们提供阴凉。 Music affords her pleasure. 音乐给她带来快乐 A five-day working week affords us more leisure time. 一周五天工作日给我们提供了很多闲暇时间。

17. lie [lai]vi.

1) vi. 躺 , 卧 It’s wonderful lying on the beach all day. 整日躺在沙滩上很惬意。 He lay awake for about ten minutes. 他醒着躺着大概 10分钟。 The old man lay dead on the floor. 老人躺在地板上死了。

17.

2) vi. 平放着 ; 展现 The book is lying on the desk. The long road lay in front of us. A great future lies before him. 伟大的前程就在他前面。3) vi. 位于 The town lies near the river. 这座城市位于河边。 The village lies to the north of the city. 这个村庄在城市的北边。 At the foot of the hill lies a small lake. 山脚下有个小湖。

17.

4) vi. 在于 Where do your interests lie? 你的兴趣点在哪里？ His fate lies in the hands of the jury. 他的命运掌握在陪审团手上。 It’s wonderful lying on the beach all day. The solution lies in social and political reform. 答案存在于社会和政治改革。

In Western Europe and North America pale skin is 18no longer desirable. 19Instead of bleaching themselves white with lemon juice, many women spend their time under a sunlamp. The desire for a quick tan has led to the invention of pills and lotions that darken the skin 20artificially without exposure to sunlight.

18. no longer 不再 ( 相当于 not any longer) He no longer lives here. She could no longer go to school. 她无法再上学了。 I can’t wait any longer. 我再也等不住了。

19. instead of 代替 , 而不是 He will go instead of you. 要走的是他而不是你。 Give me the red one instead of the green one. 把红色的、而不是绿色的给我。 He studies in the evening instead of during the day. 他在晚上而不是白天学习。 We walked down-stairs instead of taking the elevator (电梯 ).

我们走楼梯、不坐电梯。

20. bring about导致 , 引起 , 造成 What brought about his illness? 是什么让他生病了？ He brought about a quarrel between his parents. 是他导致了父母间的争吵。 This cannot be brought about without the help of

industry. 工业使得这一切发生。

2.1 Combine each group of sentences after the model, using –ing forms:

Model: Wealthy people usually had a tan. It became a sign of wealth. → Having a tan became a sign of wealth.

Exercise:

1) He likes fishing. That is one of his hobbies.

2) Tom fell ill. He had eaten too much ice-cream.

3) We have to get enough people to do the job. That is our main problem.

4) She has to look after the baby and cook for the whole family. That is her job.

Answers: 1) Fishing is one  of  his hobbies. 2) Eating too much ice-cream made Tom ill. 3) Our main problem is getting enough people to do the job. 4) Her job is looking after the baby and cooking for the whole family.

2.2 Study the models and put the following Chinese into English by using noun clauses:

Models: Where we live and how we live after we are born is important, too.

→ Our genes influence how fat or thin we are. Exercise: 1)   __________ ( 他们为什么要离开这个国家 ) is a secret. 2)   __________ (谁将主持会议 ) has not yet been decided. 3)  I don’t remember __________ ( 她已经这样说过多少遍了 ). 4)  Do you know __________ ( 这是谁的钢笔 )? Answers:

1) Why they left the country

2) Who will chair the meeting

3) how many times she has said so

4) whose pen is this

2.3 In English, if the antecedent ( 先行词 ) is an indefinite pronoun ( 不定代词 ) or a noun modified by an adjective in its superlative degree, the attributive clause is normally introduced by the conjunctive “that”. Study the models and fill in the blanks with “that” or “which”:

Models:

Heredity is not the only thing that influences our skin color.

→Our skin color comes from the conditions in which we live.

Exercise:

1)  These books, ______ you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information ______ you need.

2)  This is one of the rooms ______ was damaged in the fire.

3) He asked for the best book ______ was available on the subject.

4) The goals for _____ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.

Answers:

1) which; that / 2) that / 3) that / 4) which

2.4 Study the models and translate the following sentences into Chinese:

Models: 1) The differences do not appear until the conditions

are right. “not … until” 的意思是 “直到…才” ; “在 ... 以前不”；因

为其含有否定意义， 如果这个短语放在句首，句子则要到装。

2) Not until last night did I know that my ex-husband had married.

Exercise:

1) It was not until he got seriously ill that he knew the importance of health.

2) Not until a few months later did he know the story.

3) I didn’t know anything about these pills and lotions until I saw them at the drugstore.

Answers:

1 ）直到他严重受伤之后他才认识到健康的重要性。2 ）直到几个月后他才知道整个事情的来龙去脉。3 ）我对这些药丸和润肤液一无所知，直到有天我在药店见到他们。

III. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.   很大程度上，人们到那里度假是为了享受那里的好天气。2.    一方面我喜欢薪水高的工作，另一方面我又喜欢现在的工作。3.   即使失败了也没关系，只要你尽了力就行。4.    我们不再像过去那样经常去旅游。5.    他们没乘公共汽车而是步行到那里去的Answers: 1 ） To a large extent people go on holiday there to enjoy the good

weather.

2 ）On the one hand I’d like a job which pays more, but on the other hand I enjoy the work I’m doing at the moment.

3 ） It doesn’t matter if you fail, just do your best.

4 ） We no longer travel as much as we used to.

5 ） They went there on foot instead of by bus.

4. 不定式作定语：

1)  修饰名词或代词，放在名词或代词的后面。这时被修饰的名词与不定式之间有主谓关系。

I have a lot of things to do. There are so many books on education, so it is hard for

me to decide which book to buy. Find yourself a chair to sit on. I cannot find any weapon to use.

2)    一些表示企图、努力、打算、倾向、目的、能力等意义的名词和要求不定式作其宾语的动词的相应名词，其后要求不定式作其定语，如： ability, attempt, effort, failure, intent…等。

When certain parts of the brain were damaged, men lost the ability to do certain things.

当大脑的某些部位损伤，人就会失去做某些事情的能力。 His failure to be selected as the delegate depressed

us. 他没有被选作代表令我们沮丧。

5. 不定式作状语：作状语的不定式要与其逻辑主语在意义和数上保持一致 。

1)  表示目的 You need a special material to stick the two things

together. 要把这两样东西粘在一起需要特别材料。 Animals must fight each other to stay alive.

2)  表示结果 He must earn money enough to support himself. I am too sleepy to stay awake.

3)   表示原因 I am sorry to trouble you. It’s very kind of you to say so.

6. 不定式作宾语补足语：下列这些动词往往要求宾语有补足语 advise, allow, ask, enable, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, get, invite, persuade, pretend, teach, want…

Did you intend us to use this new method? The teacher encourages us to use correct sentences. His specialized training enables him to complete the task. 他的特别训练使他能够完成这项任务。* 感官动词和某些使意动词的宾补可省略 to (help后可带 to也可不带

to ) I often heard him say that his family was very happy. We must have a person clean the room. I saw her cry in the street yesterday.

7. 不定式的一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行式： 1) 不定式表示的动作和谓语表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生时，不定式用一般式

。 Millions of people are waiting to welcome him.

A few years later he returned to find that his hometown had greatly changed.

2)    强调不定式表示的动作在谓语发生动作时正在发生，这时不定式用进行式。 When he came in I happened to be washing my feet.

He seems to be recovering.

3)  不定式表示的动作发生在谓语表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式。 She seems to have read the book before.

I feel relaxed to have finished a long journey.

4)   不定式表示的动作发生在谓语表示的动作之前，而且一直在进行，这时不定式用完成进行式。

We are happy to have been working with you for such a long time.

8. 动词不定式的被动形式：当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，此不定式用被动语态。

Most of the dust seems to have been blown away. “Do you have anything to be declared?” 有什么要申报的吗？ The next thing to be done is to pick up the baggage.

Narrative writing conveys to readers what happened to a writer, while descriptive writing conveys to readers what a writer sees, hears, smells, and feels. In other words, descriptive writing appeals to the reader’s senses.

There are basically two types of descriptive writing: objective ( 客 观 的 ) and impressionistic ( 印 象 派 的 ). Objective description is a factual account of the object the writer observes. The writer regards himself as a kind of camera, recording and reproducing, though in words, a true picture. Impressionistic description is very different. Focusing on the mood or feeling the object evokes in the writer, rather than on the object as it exists in itself, we may safely conclude that impressionistic description seeks not to inform but to arouse the emotions of readers.

Exercise: Read the following two paragraphs and tell which one is objective description and which one is impressionistic description.

1) Inside the house, in the very middle, there is an open courtyard with tropical plants and flowers and even a wild parrot that can say a few words and whistle.  Surrounding the courtyard is a kind of open corridor or porch with pillars and a railing.

2) She was, in fact, a woman of forty, and she gave me the impression of having more teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose.

Answers; 1) objective description 2) impressionistic description

In actual writing there is no clearly-cut line between the two types of description, as the following paragraph shows:

In the university where I teach, there is a lake with a name Rengong Lake, which, translated, means man-made lake. Despite having such an unpoetic name, it’s a place favored by all the students and faculty. It lies there so peacefully; even the reflection of the rough rocks around it seems so gentle. When the nights with a full moon come, sentimental student poets stroll around the lake composing romantic poems.

GuidanceText: Wine-makingLanguage Points

Exercises: 1) Vocabulary 2) Structure 3) Translation

Enjoy English

Grammar Nonfinite Verbs & Particles 非谓语动词 - 分词 Writing Skill Narrative Writing 叙事体写作

Not everyone understands how wine is made. It is an exacting process. The grapes must be 1gathered, 2pressed, and fermented. Then the wine must be bottled and aged. Each step in this process is critical if the wine is to have the flavor and bouquet that will make it memorable.

1. gather ['gæðə]vt.&vi. 1) vt. 采集；收集 Please gather some flowers for me. 请为我摘花。 That author is gathering materials for his next book. 那位作者正在为他的下本书收集资料。 2) vi.&vt. 聚集；召集 A crowd gathered to see what had happened. 人们聚集起来，看发生了什么事。 Gather the men together and we’ll start the march. 把人们召集起来，我们要出发了。

2. press [pres]vt. 1) vt. 挤压；榨取 Before cooking, the pastry must be pressed flat

and thin. 在烤制之前，面饼要压平、压薄。 To make wine, first you must press the grape. 要酿酒，先把葡萄压碎。

2) vt. 压；挤 Too many people were pressed in the room. 太多的人挤在房间里。 The shoe is pressing my toe. 这个鞋子磨脚。 3) vt. 压平；熨平 He was pressing his jacket. 他在熨衣服。 The girl pressed the flower between the pages of a book. 这个女孩把花压在书页之间。

Picking the grapes is the first step. They are watched in the fields for ripeness, When they are just right, grape pickers select the best grapes on each vine.

Each bunch of grapes is 3examined. The grapes that are broken or 4bruised are 5cut away. The ripe, sound grapes are put into baskets and 6transported to the wineries. There they are put through giant presses that 7squeeze the grapes and release the juice. After the grapes are crushed, their pulp and juice ferment in vats, producing the wine and 8giving off bubbles of carbon dioxide. The fermentation time depends on the kind of grape used and the wine being made. This process may be stopped after a few days or continued for more than three month.

3. examine [ig'zæmin] vt. 1) vt. 检查；调查；研究 You must examine the facts carefully. 你必须仔细研究事实。 The lawyer examined the witness. 这位律师正在研究证据。 We need to examine how an accident like this can

be avoided in the future. 我们要研究如何在将来避免此类事故的发生。

3. 2) vt. 对…进行考查 /测验 The teacher examined the students in

chemistry. 老师对化学专业的学生进行了考试。 15 students are being examined in linguistics

this year. 今年有 15 名学生要接受语言学考试。

4. bruise [bru:z] vt.&vi. 1) vi.&vt. 碰伤（水果、植物等）；使（皮肉）青肿 Tomatoes bruise easily. 西红柿很容易碎。 She fell and bruised her leg. 她摔倒在地，擦伤了腿。 Pack the apples carefully so that they won’t get bruised. 小心包装苹果，别把它们碰破了。 2) vi.&vt. 挫伤；伤害（感情） Harsh words bruised her feelings. 严厉的话伤了她的感情。 Her feelings bruise easily. 她太容易伤感。

5.   cut away 切除；剪掉 He cut away the old branches from the tree. 她把老枝剪掉。 He cut away the material which he didn’t need. 她把不需要的材料去除。  

6.   transport [træns'pɔ:t]vt.运送 1) vt. 运输；运送 The goods were transported by air. 空运物品。 A bus transported us from the airport to the city. 一辆公共汽车把我们从机场送到城里。 Trains transport the coal to the ports. 火车把煤运到港口。 2) vt. 使充满（某种感情）；使着迷 She was transported with grief. 她悲伤地变了形（悲伤极了）。 The beautiful music transported the audience. 美丽的音乐让听众着迷。

7.   squeeze [skwi:z]vt.&n. 1) vt.&vi. 压榨 , 挤压 , 塞进 I finally squeezed all my clothes into the

suitcase. 2) n. 挤压 , 压榨 , 勒索 Five people sit in a small car? It will be a tight

squeeze. 五个人坐在一辆小车里？这也太挤了吧！

8.   give off 散发出 The flowers gave off a sweet fragrance. The gas gave off an unpleasant smell. 这个气体散发出令人难闻的味道。

White wines can be made from either white or red grapes. To make the wine white, the grape skins are 9removed from the juice. To make red wines, the skin of the grapes is left in the juice during part of the fermentation. Rose is a light pink wine. It is made by removing the skins before they can 10impart a deep color. Rose can also be made by 11blending red and white till the desired tint is 12achieved. When fermentation is complete, the wine is put in bottles.

9.   remove [ri'mu:v]vt.&vi. 1) vt. 去除；消除 The manager’s remarks did little to remove

the workers’ fears. 经理的话并没有解除工人们的恐惧。 He removed all evidence of his crime. 他把自己的罪证全部抹掉了。

9.2) vt. 把……免职；开除 The chief of police was removed from office

for failing to do his duty. 警察局长由于渎职被免职了。 The angry man was removed from the

courthouse.

9. 3) vt. 移开；挪走 She removed her eyes from the picture. 她 把眼光从图片上移开。 The man came to remove the rubbish. 这个男人过来把垃圾移走了。 4) vt. 摘下；脱下 The man removed the pair of silver-rimmed glasses he

was wearing. 这个男人摘下了镶银边的眼镜。 It got so hot that he removed his tie and jacket.

10.  impart [im'pɑ:t]vt. 传授 , 赋予 , 告知 1) vt. 散发 This perfume imparts an air of elegance. 香水散发淡淡的香味。 2) vt. 传授 , 赋予 , 告知 A good teacher not only imparts knowledge to

students, but also wisdom. 一位好老师不但要传授知识，还有智慧。

11.  blend [blend]n.&vt. 1) v. 混合 Oil does not blend with water. 油不溶於水。 2) n. 混合物 In linguistics, a blend is a word formed from

parts of two or more other words. 在语言学上，混合词时由两个或两个以上的词组成的

。

12.  achieve [ə'tʃi:v]vt.&vi. 取得；获得；实现 He had achieved neither fame nor success. 他既没有获名也没有获利。 Only practice can achieve mastery. 熟能生巧。 He hoped to achieve his goal by peaceful means. 他希望通过和平手段实现目标。 Democracy is hard to achieve. 民主很难获得。

The cork, or stopper, must 13fit the bottle tightly and it must remain wet; 14otherwise the wine will turn to vinegar. To keep the cork wet, wine bottles are stored on their sides. Cork, 15rather than plastic, is the preferred material for making stoppers. Cork 16permits only a minute fraction of air to enter the bottle and allows the wine to age slowly to perfection.

13. fit [fit]vt.&vi. 1) vt. 适合；符合；与……相称 His experience fits him for the job. 他的阅历使他适合这份工作。 The key doesn’t fit the lock. 这把钥匙和这把锁配不上。 The dress fits her perfectly. 这件礼服太适合她了。 What you saw does fit the facts we know. 你见到的和我们了解的事实不符。

13. 2) vi. 适合 Your clothes fit well. 你的衣服太合身了。 The lid fits badly. 这个盖子盖得严严实实。

14.  otherwise [ɑ: ðəwaiz]ad. 1) 否则；不然 You’d better go now; otherwise you’ll miss your

train. 你最好现在就走，否则你就要误火车了。 Do it now. Otherwise, it will be too late. 现在就做；否则太晚了。

14. 2) 别样的；以另外方式的 She is quite healthy, though she looks very much

otherwise. 虽然她看起来不怎么健康，但实际上很健康。 He is guilty until proven otherwise. 他目前是有罪的，除非另有证据证明他无罪。 3) 除此之外 The rent is high, but otherwise the house is satisfactory. 房租很高，然而房子却很令人感到舒适。 He’s too fat; otherwise he’s nice looking. 他太胖了；除此之外，长得模样还不赖。

15.  rather than 而不是；与其…… (不如 ) The color seems green rather than blue. 这颜色更像绿色，而不是蓝色。 He is a writer rather than a teacher. 与其说他是老师，不如说他是作家。 He ran rather than walk. 他不是走，而是在跑。 The job will take months rather than weeks. The parents should be blamed rather than the children. 是父母应该受到谴责而不是孩子。

16.  permit ['pə:mit]vt.&vi. 1) vt.&vi. 允许；许可 We cannot permit such cruelty. 我们不允许这样的残忍存在。 We do not permit smoking in the office. 办公室不许抽烟。 Time permitting, we’ll go and see you. 如果时间允许，我们会去看你。 2) n. 许可 You can’t work here without a work permit. 你没有许可证就不能在这里工作。

2. 1. Rewrite the following sentences by using passive voice. Model: People call New York “the Big Apple.” New York is called “the Big Apple.” 1) We have to do something to stop population growth. 2) You can’t wash this dress; you must dry-clean it. 3) The police are searching the house. 4) He told me not to touch the red button.

Answers: 1) Something has to be done to stop population growth. 2) This can’t be washed; it must be dry-cleaned. 3) The house is being searched by the police. 4) I was told not to touch the button.

2.  Combine the following sentences using either…or.

Model: White wines can be made from white grapes. They

can also be made from red grapes. → White wines can be made from either white

or red grapes. 

2.

1) The girl will say yes to the boy’s invitation. Or she will say no.

2) Leave now. Otherwise I will call the police.

3) You can get there by bus. You can also get there by train.

4) John may come to see you off tomorrow. Otherwise Jack will come to see you off.

Answers: 1) The girl will say either yes or no to the boy’s invitation. 2) Either you leave now or I call the police. 3) You can get there either by bus or by train. 4) Either John or Jack will come to see you off tomorrow.

3. Replace the adverb clause with an infinitive phrase.

Model: Wine bottles are stored on their sides so that the

cork can be kept wet. → To keep the cork wet, wine bottles are stored on their sides.

1) One must have proper tools so that one can do good work.

2) Jane lived away from her children so that she could get some peace.

Answers: 1) To do good work, one must have the proper tools. 2) Jane lived away from her children to get some peace.

3. Replace the adverb clause with an infinitive phrase.

3) He stopped at the shop so that he could buy some wine.

4) They turned round so that they could see what had happened.

Answers: 3) He stopped at the shop to buy some wine. 4) They turned round to see what had happened.

III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.

1.   他深深吸了口气，又慢慢把气吐出。 (release) 2.  竞赛结果将主要取决于裁判的意见。 (depend largely on) 3.   他若再不努力工作的话，就无法实现自己的目标。 （ achieve … objectives ）

Answers:

1) He took a long breath and released the air slowly.

2) The result of the competition will depend largely on the opinion of the judges.

3. He will never achieve his objectives if he doesn’t work harder.

III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.

4.   这件上衣非常合你的身。 (fit) 5.   你最好给家里打个电话，不然你父母会担心的。 (had better) 6.   他实际上是我姐姐的朋友，而不是我的朋友。 (rather than)

Translation 4.      The jacket fits you perfectly. 5.      You‘d better phone home, otherwise your parents will worry. 6.      He is my sister’s friend really, rather than mine.  

1 ．分词的意义和特征1.1 分词也是一种非谓语动词，兼有动词和形容词的特征。

1.2 分词可有宾语（仅限于现在分词）或状语，分词和宾语、状语一 起构成分词短语。2. 分词的形式 2.1 分词有现在分词和过去分词：现在分词由动词原形 + ing ；规则动

词的过去分词由动词原形 + ed, 不规则动词的过去分词分别记忆。

Please see the following table

及物动词 write 不及物动词 go

主动语态 被动语态 主动语态

现 在分词

一般式 

writing being written going

完成式 having written

having been written

having gone

过去分词   written gone

3 ．现在分词和过去分词的区别：主要表现在语态和时间上。3.1 语态不同：现在分词表示主动，而过去分词多由及物动词变来，表示被

动的意思。如： an interesting story / the frightened little boy / a hand-written letter / an easygoing

boy / a moving story / a moved audience 注：还有一些过去分词是由不及物动词变来的，只表示动作完成，没有被

动的意味。 如： a retired miner (退休的矿工 )/ returned students (被退回的学生 )/ fallen leaves (落 叶 )

3.2时间关系上不同：现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，而过去分词表示的动作往往已经完成。如： the developing countries ( 发展中国家 ) / the developed countries ( 发达国家 ) boiling water ( 正在沸腾的水 ) / boiled water (煮过的水 )

4 ．分词和分词短语的用法 1) 作定语： 如果是单词，一般放在所修饰的名词前。 The boy likes drinking cold boiled water. 这男孩喜欢喝凉白开。 I decided to give up this boring book. 如果是分词短语，则往往放在所修饰的名词后面。 The journalist gathering news abroad will come back

tomorrow. 在国外收集新闻的记者明天回来。 My daughter likes the stockings ( 长袜 ) bought on last

Christmas Day.

2) 作表语 This story is very interesting and instructive. She is married. The glasses are broken.

3) 作状语：表示时间、原因、方式、伴随状况等。 a. 表时间 Looking out of the window, I saw my assistant running

here. Walking in the street, she met a friend of hers from

middle school.

3. b. 表原因 Being sick, Wang Lin didn’t go to school. Thinking that Chinese medicine might be helpful, this

foreigner came to China. c. 表方式、伴随情况或结果 Daisy came running back to tell us the good news. The headmaster stood there waiting for the bus. She works like a slave, hauling water, washing clothes and

cooking dinners. The child fell, striking his head against the ground and

cutting it.

4) 作宾语补足语 I saw your brother walking across the street alone

yesterday. 我昨天看到你哥哥一人在街上走。 I heard them talking about financial problems. 我听到他们在谈论 经济问题。 I found my hometown completely rebuilt. 我发现家乡整个变了样。 You had better have your watch repaired. 你最好是把你表修一下。

5. 分词的否定结构：由 not + 分词构成。如： Not knowing what to do, the students turned to their

teacher. 不知道该怎么办，学生们只得求助老师。 She was angry for his not coming.

6. 现在分词的时态 1) 一般式：表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在其前。

Working in the countryside, the young man has learned a lot from the peasants.

Hearing that our team won the game, we all cheered. 听到我们队赢了，我们都欢呼起来。

2) 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，常表示时间或原因。

Having practiced for two hours, the actress took a rest. 练了两个小时以后，这个女演员休息了一下。 Not having done it right, the boy was asked to try again. 由于做得不对，这个男孩被要求重做。

7. 现在分词的被动语态 This is one of the supermarkets being built in this area. Being flooded, this village was cut off and had to be rescued

by boat. 这个村庄正被洪水围困，阻隔了与外界的联系，只能靠船营救。 Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave. 由于一直被请求留下，我不太好离开。 Having been informed that the President would give us an

audience, we made everything ready. 我们被告知，总统将接见我们，我们做好了一切准备。

8 ．独立主格 (absolute construction) ：分词短语所表示的动作其逻辑主语和主句主语不一致，这时分词短语的逻辑主语须放在分词前面。

Weather permitting, we will go swimming. 如果天气允许，我们去游泳。 The question having been settled, the meeting was announced

over. 这个问题解决了，会议宣布结束。  Their room was on the first floor, its broad window overlooking

the park. 他们的房间在一楼，宽大的窗户俯瞰公园。

At its simplest, a narrative tells a story. So the organization of narrative writing is essentially chronological, though, as in a film, there may be flashbacks. For instance, a story starts with its main character already on the gallows and then relates how he was brought to such an uncomfortable position. But the brief narrative employed in college writing is usually organized in the natural order that events/things take place.

Exercise: Underline all the words that indicate temporal progression.

I was born twenty-three years ago in a small town in Gansu, a northwest province backward in development. I was the second child and my brother was two years older than me. In the next four years another sister and brother came along, but during the year after that, my father’s death after a prolonged sickness forced the whole family to move to the city where my grandfather lived. After I completed my elementary education thanks to a scholarship from a rich merchant, I was able to go to one of the best universities in the country.

动词不定式 (infinitive)：由不定式记号 to + 动词构成。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。

1. 作主语 To talk to him is a great pleasure. To die for people is worthwhile.

* 动词不定式作主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，而用 it作形式上的主语。上面两句可改写成：

It is a great pleasure to talk to him. It is worthwhile to die for people.

2. 作宾语：不定式作宾语有两种，一是“及物动词 + 带 to 的不定式”；另一种是“动词 + 疑问词 + to 不定式”

2.1 “及物动词 + 带 to 的不定式”。这类后面跟动词不定式的及物动词有： agree, arrange, afford, offer, manage, endeavor, promise, swear, seek, intend, aim, undertake, pretend, decide, determine, expect, long, hope, wish, desire, claim, learn, fail, refuse, decline … 等。

Examples:He decided to make some changes in his plan.Learn to walk before you run.He wishes to be an engineer.The Exchange House offers to provide coffee to

customers.They have arranged for us to visit the Great Wall.

2.2 “ 动词 + 疑问词 + to 不定式”。这类动词常见的有： advise, decide, discuss, find out, know, learn, remember, see, understand, wonder…等 , 这类疑问副 (代 ) 词有 what, where, which, how, whether…等。

He doesn’t know …

… how to go there. / … when to meet his cousin.

… whom (who) to visit. / … which one to choose.

… she cannot decide. / … whether to go or to stay.

… when to see a doctor. / … how to solve this problem.

… whom to ask for help. / … where to put my bag.

3. 不定式作表语。一种是主语是不定式，表语也是不定式；另一种是主语以下列名词 aim, duty, goal, hope, intent, job, object, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心词时，不定式表语对主语起补充、说明作用， 其结构往往是“主语 + be + to

不定式表语”。

3.1 主语是不定式，表语也是不定式 To eat means to live. To help others is to help yourself.

3.2 “ 主语 + be + to 不定式表语” His wish is to buy a used car. The most important thing in her life is to make money. The purpose of this action is to catch students who take

test for others. The object of his visit to the professor is to ask for advice.

3. Avoid wordiness — write concisely Because effective writing is always economical, there is a

direct correlation between the number of words we use and the clarity of our message. The more we rely on certain inflated expressions, the more insensitive we become to the exact connotations of words and the more we ignore the principle of directness in our writing.… 

“ I am not in a position to pay your tuition expenses due to the fact that I am presently financially embarrassed.” The sentence sounds very pretentious because it employs unusual words to express commonplace meanings. We may say the same thing perfectly well by replacing the wordy parts with common words: “I can not pay your tuition fees because I have no money”.

Exercise: Correct the following sentences by replacing the wordy expression with clearer, more concise words and phrases. 

1) Our delivery date was delayed for the reason that our

production line was shut down for two days.

2) On the occasion of our twentieth wedding anniversary, we

went on an ocean cruise.

Answers: 1) Our delivery date was delayed because our production

line was shut down for two days. 2) On our twentieth wedding anniversary we went on an

ocean cruise.

3) Despite the fact that he won the race, he is still not considered a significant athlete.

4) She seldom ever eats fatty food.

5) We finally found our lost dog in the vicinity of the old

churchyard.

Answers:

3) Even though Herman won the race, he is still not considered a significant athlete.

4) She seldom eats fatty foods.

5) We finally found our lost dog near the old church yard.

4. Avoid redundancies — only write what is necessary. A redundant expression is one that contains two or more

words that convey the same idea, thus it is both wordy and repetitious. For instance, new innovation, end result, fear and dread, free gift, very unique, new beginners, etc. Correcting redundancy is usually a matter of eliminating one or two words or of substituting one precise word for an entire expression. 

Exercise: Correct the redundancies in the following sentences by placing parentheses around unnecessary words. 

6) My son always disappears from view when it is time for supper.

7) My sister and I bought the same, identical dress in different stores.

Answers:

6) My son always disappears (from view) when it is time for supper.

7) My sister and I bought the same (identical) dress in different stores.

Exercise: Correct the redundancies in the following sentences by placing parentheses around unnecessary words. 

8) Ted’s new car is red in color.

9) We had a serious crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire.

10) Our new car may be small in size, but it is certainly comfortable.

Answers:

8) Ted’s new car is red (in color).

9) Our golf course was much too difficult for the (new) beginners.

10)   Our new car may be small (in size), but it’s certainly comfortable.

Guidance

Text: Suntan and Society

Language Points

Exercises: 1) Vocabulary 2) Structure 3) Translation

Enjoy English

Grammar Nonfinite Verbs & Infinitives (2) 非谓语动词 -动词不定式 (2)

Writing Skill Descriptive Writing 叙述体写作

Heredity is not the only thing that 1influences our skin color. Where we live and how we live after we are born is important, too. For instance, our genes influence how fat or thin we are. But our 2weight depends mainly on how much we eat and how much exercise we get. In the same way, our skin color depends 3to a large extent on how much sunshine we get.

1. influence ['influəns]n.&vt.

1) vt. 影响，对…起作用 Probably we influenced each other. The moon influences the tides. 月亮影响潮汐。 Don’t be influenced by what she says.

2) n. 影响 Religion has a great influence on man’s behavior. 宗教对人的行为有极大影响力。 I shall try to place her under better influences. 我尽力让她处于好的影响下。 Stars’ influence on people’s lives has not been proved. 明星对人们生活的影响还没有被证实。

2. weight [weit]n.&vt.

1) n. 重量 , 体重 He is putting on some weight. The full weight of decision-making falls on me.

2) vt. 使 ... 负重 , The coat was heavily weighted after it became wet. 大衣湿了以后变得很重。

3. to … extent 在…程度上 ; 到…程度 To some extent, she was responsible for the accident. 从某种角度而言，她要为此事故负责。 The car was damaged to such an extent that it could

not be repaired. 车被毁到如此程度，以至于修复是不可能的。 To what extent are you willing to help me?

During the cold winter months, people keep themselves covered. A group of light-colored people will all seem to be pretty much the same color in these months. But when summer arrives and they go to the beaches, some will 4tan darkly, some will tan lightly and a few will not tan at all. Each one has 5inherited a different ability to tan, but the differences do not 6appear until the 7conditions are right. An outdoors man will soon become pale if he changes to an indoor job, while a desk clerk will 8take on a tan after a short vacation in the sun.

4. tan [tæn]vt.&a.

1) vt. (使 ) 晒成棕褐色 You will be tanned quickly in the sun. 你在太阳下很快就会晒黑了。 2) n. 棕黄色 ; 晒黑 To get a suntan my boss spent hundreds of dollars on a

tropical vacation. 为了获得太阳晒黑的肤色，我老板花了几百美金去热带度假。 These shoes are tan, not dark brown. 这些鞋是棕黄色的 , 不是深褐色的。

5. inherit [in'herit]vt.

1) vt. 经遗传得到 (性格、特征等 ) She inherited her blue eyes from her father. He has inherited his grandfather’s skill in making money. 他继承了祖父善于挣钱的天赋。 She inherited her mother’s good looks. 她继承了母亲姣好的相貌。 2) vt. 继承 (传统、遗产、权利等 ) A son inherits his father. 子承父业。 She inherited a large amount of money from her father. Jim will inherit his father’s farm.

6. appear [ə'piə]vi.

1) 出现；显现 A car appeared over the hill. 一辆车出现在山上。 Gradually a smile appeared on her face. 她脸上逐渐出现了笑容。 I’ve noticed that smaller cars are starting to appear

again. 我注意到了，小车子又开始出现。

6.2) 看起来好像；似乎  She appears older than she is. 她比实际年龄显得老。 He appears to have traveled quite a lot. 他好像旅游了很多地方。 He didn’t want to appear a fool. 他不想让自己看起来像个傻瓜。

7. condition [kən'diʃən]n.&vt.

1) n. 情况 ; 条件 What are the conditions of being a member of that

club? 成为那个俱乐部成员的条件是什么？ You should consider his financial conditions. 你应该考虑他的经济状况。 2) vt. 作为…的条件 ; 决定 ; 约束 My expenditure is conditioned by my income. 我的支出取决于我的收入。 My skin is conditioned by the lotion. 我的皮肤被护肤霜护理。

8. take on

1) vt. 披着 ; 呈现 ; 获得 The city took on a festive air. 这个城市呈现节日的气氛。 Her voice took on a terrible tone. 她的音调很可怕。 2) vt. 承担 ; 从事 (某工作 ) Is he willing to take on the responsibility? You should never take on more than you can do. 你不该承担你做不了的事。

Sometimes people decide that being tanned is better than being pale. Sometimes they decide the opposite.

Centuries ago, most of the people in Europe were peasants and had to work in the fields all day. Noblemen, 9on the other hand, did not have to work. They 10stayed indoors and 11remained pale. You could always 12tell a nobleman from a peasant because the peasant had a tan. 13As a result, noblewomen 14did their best to keep their skins as light as possible. A skin so pale that the veins showed was 15considered a mark of great beauty.

9. on the other hand另一方面，可是 He is clever, but on the other hand, he makes many

mistakes. Food here is cheaper than Britain: clothing, on the

other hand, is dearer. 这里的食物比英国便宜，但衣服贵得多。 On the one hand I admire his gifts, but on the other

hand I distrust his judgment. 一方面羡慕他的才华，另一方面不信任他的判断力。

10. stay [stei]vi.&link-v.

1) vi. 逗留 , 待 , 暂住 Shall we go or stay? 我们走还是留？ He stayed in bed all day. 他整天呆在床上。 Can you stay after work to play tennis?

2) link-v 保持，持续 We are going to stay awake to see the eclipse. 我们不睡 , 等着看月蚀。 The weather has stayed warm all week. 整个一周，天气很暖和。

11. remain [ri'mein]vi.&link-v.&n. 1) vi. He’ll remain to accompany you. 他将留下来陪你。 After the tenants left, the landlord remained to clean

the apartment. 房客走后，房东留下来打扫公寓。 2) vi. 留待 This problem remains to be solved. 问题留待解决。

11.

3) link-v. 保持 , 持续 Mary remained poor all her life. 玛丽一生落魄。 To remain at peace is our best wish. 保持和平是我们最大的愿望。 4) n. 残羹剩饭 ; 残留物 Nobody likes to eat the remains of a meal. 没有人喜欢吃剩饭。 Tourists crowded to that small island to see the

remains of the ancient temple. 游客拥挤到那个小岛去看古寺的遗迹。

12. tell … from … 区别…… I can’t tell Jane from Sarah -- they look so alike. It’s important to tell truth from falsehood. 区别真理与谬误很重要。 One should know how to tell the good ones from the

bad ones. 一个人应该知道如何区分好与坏。

13. as a result 结果 ; 因此 As a result he has been given an excellent job. 其结果是，他获得了一份很好的工作。 He broke his leg. As a result, he’ll have to be away

from school for some time. 他摔断了腿；结果是，他不得不停学呆在家里。 We followed up on the suggestions and have had

satisfying experiences as a result. 我们听从建议，其结果很满意

14. do one’s best 尽最大努力，尽量 You have to do your best to finish all these tasks. 你必须尽最大努力完成这些任务。

The term “do one’s best” has many synonyms ( 同义词 ), such as “take pains”, “do one’s utmost”, “give one’s hundred percent”, “do all one can”, “do all in one’s power”, “drive for”, “give a go”, “run after” and “attempt”.

15. consider [kən'sidə]vt.&vi.

1) vt. 认为，断定 He is currently considered the best British athlete. 目前他被认为是英国最好的运动员。 They considered the house beautiful. We don’t consider her suitable for the job. 我们认为她不适合干这份工作。 Most people consider him innocent. 很多人认为他天真

15. 2) vt.&vi. 考虑 I’m considering changing my job. 我正在考虑换工作。 You have to consider what to do next. Your suggestion will be carefully considered. 你的建议会被认真考虑。

During the Industrial Revolution things changed. Farmers left their fields and went to work in factories, mines and mills. Working for long hours in dimly-lit factories and mines made their skins pale. Wealthy people, however, could 16afford to travel to sunny countries. They had the leisure to 17lie around on the beaches and get a tan. Having a tan became a sign of wealth.

16. afford [ə'fɔ:d]vt. (常与 can, could, be able to连用 1) vt.负担得起 , 承受得起 (费用、损失、后果等 ) We can’t afford to pay such a price. 我们付不起这个价格。 He could not afford to lose his fortune entirely. 他承受不起丢失整个财产。 You can’t afford to miss that film tonight. 你无论如何今晚不能错过那部影片。

16. 2) vt. 买得起 , 出得起 He is not rich enough to afford the house. 他还不够富，买不起那套房子。 Few people are able to afford cars like that. 很少有人买得起那样的车。 I can’t afford so much money.

3) vt. 给予 ; 提供 The trees afford a pleasant shade. 树给人们提供阴凉。 Music affords her pleasure. 音乐给她带来快乐 A five-day working week affords us more leisure time. 一周五天工作日给我们提供了很多闲暇时间。

17. lie [lai]vi.

1) vi. 躺 , 卧 It’s wonderful lying on the beach all day. 整日躺在沙滩上很惬意。 He lay awake for about ten minutes. 他醒着躺着大概 10分钟。 The old man lay dead on the floor. 老人躺在地板上死了。

17.

2) vi. 平放着 ; 展现 The book is lying on the desk. The long road lay in front of us. A great future lies before him. 伟大的前程就在他前面。3) vi. 位于 The town lies near the river. 这座城市位于河边。 The village lies to the north of the city. 这个村庄在城市的北边。 At the foot of the hill lies a small lake. 山脚下有个小湖。

17.

4) vi. 在于 Where do your interests lie? 你的兴趣点在哪里？ His fate lies in the hands of the jury. 他的命运掌握在陪审团手上。 It’s wonderful lying on the beach all day. The solution lies in social and political reform. 答案存在于社会和政治改革。

In Western Europe and North America pale skin is 18no longer desirable. 19Instead of bleaching themselves white with lemon juice, many women spend their time under a sunlamp. The desire for a quick tan has led to the invention of pills and lotions that darken the skin 20artificially without exposure to sunlight.

18. no longer 不再 ( 相当于 not any longer) He no longer lives here. She could no longer go to school. 她无法再上学了。 I can’t wait any longer. 我再也等不住了。

19. instead of 代替 , 而不是 He will go instead of you. 要走的是他而不是你。 Give me the red one instead of the green one. 把红色的、而不是绿色的给我。 He studies in the evening instead of during the day. 他在晚上而不是白天学习。 We walked down-stairs instead of taking the elevator (电梯 ).

我们走楼梯、不坐电梯。

20. bring about导致 , 引起 , 造成 What brought about his illness? 是什么让他生病了？ He brought about a quarrel between his parents. 是他导致了父母间的争吵。 This cannot be brought about without the help of

industry. 工业使得这一切发生。

2.1 Combine each group of sentences after the model, using –ing forms:

Model: Wealthy people usually had a tan. It became a sign of wealth. → Having a tan became a sign of wealth.

Exercise:

1) He likes fishing. That is one of his hobbies.

2) Tom fell ill. He had eaten too much ice-cream.

3) We have to get enough people to do the job. That is our main problem.

4) She has to look after the baby and cook for the whole family. That is her job.

Answers: 1) Fishing is one  of  his hobbies. 2) Eating too much ice-cream made Tom ill. 3) Our main problem is getting enough people to do the job. 4) Her job is looking after the baby and cooking for the whole family.

2.2 Study the models and put the following Chinese into English by using noun clauses:

Models: Where we live and how we live after we are born is important, too.

→ Our genes influence how fat or thin we are. Exercise: 1)   __________ ( 他们为什么要离开这个国家 ) is a secret. 2)   __________ (谁将主持会议 ) has not yet been decided. 3)  I don’t remember __________ ( 她已经这样说过多少遍了 ). 4)  Do you know __________ ( 这是谁的钢笔 )? Answers:

1) Why they left the country

2) Who will chair the meeting

3) how many times she has said so

4) whose pen is this

2.3 In English, if the antecedent ( 先行词 ) is an indefinite pronoun ( 不定代词 ) or a noun modified by an adjective in its superlative degree, the attributive clause is normally introduced by the conjunctive “that”. Study the models and fill in the blanks with “that” or “which”:

Models:

Heredity is not the only thing that influences our skin color.

→Our skin color comes from the conditions in which we live.

Exercise:

1)  These books, ______ you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information ______ you need.

2)  This is one of the rooms ______ was damaged in the fire.

3) He asked for the best book ______ was available on the subject.

4) The goals for _____ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.

Answers:

1) which; that / 2) that / 3) that / 4) which

2.4 Study the models and translate the following sentences into Chinese:

Models: 1) The differences do not appear until the conditions

are right. “not … until” 的意思是 “直到…才” ; “在 ... 以前不”；因

为其含有否定意义， 如果这个短语放在句首，句子则要到装。

2) Not until last night did I know that my ex-husband had married.

Exercise:

1) It was not until he got seriously ill that he knew the importance of health.

2) Not until a few months later did he know the story.

3) I didn’t know anything about these pills and lotions until I saw them at the drugstore.

Answers:

1 ）直到他严重受伤之后他才认识到健康的重要性。2 ）直到几个月后他才知道整个事情的来龙去脉。3 ）我对这些药丸和润肤液一无所知，直到有天我在药店见到他们。

III. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.   很大程度上，人们到那里度假是为了享受那里的好天气。2.    一方面我喜欢薪水高的工作，另一方面我又喜欢现在的工作。3.   即使失败了也没关系，只要你尽了力就行。4.    我们不再像过去那样经常去旅游。5.    他们没乘公共汽车而是步行到那里去的Answers: 1 ） To a large extent people go on holiday there to enjoy the good

weather.

2 ）On the one hand I’d like a job which pays more, but on the other hand I enjoy the work I’m doing at the moment.

3 ） It doesn’t matter if you fail, just do your best.

4 ） We no longer travel as much as we used to.

5 ） They went there on foot instead of by bus.

4. 不定式作定语：

1)  修饰名词或代词，放在名词或代词的后面。这时被修饰的名词与不定式之间有主谓关系。

I have a lot of things to do. There are so many books on education, so it is hard for

me to decide which book to buy. Find yourself a chair to sit on. I cannot find any weapon to use.

2)    一些表示企图、努力、打算、倾向、目的、能力等意义的名词和要求不定式作其宾语的动词的相应名词，其后要求不定式作其定语，如： ability, attempt, effort, failure, intent…等。

When certain parts of the brain were damaged, men lost the ability to do certain things.

当大脑的某些部位损伤，人就会失去做某些事情的能力。 His failure to be selected as the delegate depressed

us. 他没有被选作代表令我们沮丧。

5. 不定式作状语：作状语的不定式要与其逻辑主语在意义和数上保持一致 。

1)  表示目的 You need a special material to stick the two things

together. 要把这两样东西粘在一起需要特别材料。 Animals must fight each other to stay alive.

2)  表示结果 He must earn money enough to support himself. I am too sleepy to stay awake.

3)   表示原因 I am sorry to trouble you. It’s very kind of you to say so.

6. 不定式作宾语补足语：下列这些动词往往要求宾语有补足语 advise, allow, ask, enable, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, get, invite, persuade, pretend, teach, want…

Did you intend us to use this new method? The teacher encourages us to use correct sentences. His specialized training enables him to complete the task. 他的特别训练使他能够完成这项任务。* 感官动词和某些使意动词的宾补可省略 to (help后可带 to也可不带

to ) I often heard him say that his family was very happy. We must have a person clean the room. I saw her cry in the street yesterday.

7. 不定式的一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行式： 1) 不定式表示的动作和谓语表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生时，不定式用一般式

。 Millions of people are waiting to welcome him.

A few years later he returned to find that his hometown had greatly changed.

2)    强调不定式表示的动作在谓语发生动作时正在发生，这时不定式用进行式。 When he came in I happened to be washing my feet.

He seems to be recovering.

3)  不定式表示的动作发生在谓语表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式。 She seems to have read the book before.

I feel relaxed to have finished a long journey.

4)   不定式表示的动作发生在谓语表示的动作之前，而且一直在进行，这时不定式用完成进行式。

We are happy to have been working with you for such a long time.

8. 动词不定式的被动形式：当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，此不定式用被动语态。

Most of the dust seems to have been blown away. “Do you have anything to be declared?” 有什么要申报的吗？ The next thing to be done is to pick up the baggage.

Narrative writing conveys to readers what happened to a writer, while descriptive writing conveys to readers what a writer sees, hears, smells, and feels. In other words, descriptive writing appeals to the reader’s senses.

There are basically two types of descriptive writing: objective ( 客 观 的 ) and impressionistic ( 印 象 派 的 ). Objective description is a factual account of the object the writer observes. The writer regards himself as a kind of camera, recording and reproducing, though in words, a true picture. Impressionistic description is very different. Focusing on the mood or feeling the object evokes in the writer, rather than on the object as it exists in itself, we may safely conclude that impressionistic description seeks not to inform but to arouse the emotions of readers.

Exercise: Read the following two paragraphs and tell which one is objective description and which one is impressionistic description.

1) Inside the house, in the very middle, there is an open courtyard with tropical plants and flowers and even a wild parrot that can say a few words and whistle.  Surrounding the courtyard is a kind of open corridor or porch with pillars and a railing.

2) She was, in fact, a woman of forty, and she gave me the impression of having more teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose.

Answers; 1) objective description 2) impressionistic description

In actual writing there is no clearly-cut line between the two types of description, as the following paragraph shows:

In the university where I teach, there is a lake with a name Rengong Lake, which, translated, means man-made lake. Despite having such an unpoetic name, it’s a place favored by all the students and faculty. It lies there so peacefully; even the reflection of the rough rocks around it seems so gentle. When the nights with a full moon come, sentimental student poets stroll around the lake composing romantic poems.

GuidanceText: Wine-makingLanguage Points

Exercises: 1) Vocabulary 2) Structure 3) Translation

Enjoy English

Grammar Nonfinite Verbs & Particles 非谓语动词 - 分词 Writing Skill Narrative Writing 叙事体写作

Not everyone understands how wine is made. It is an exacting process. The grapes must be 1gathered, 2pressed, and fermented. Then the wine must be bottled and aged. Each step in this process is critical if the wine is to have the flavor and bouquet that will make it memorable.

1. gather ['gæðə]vt.&vi. 1) vt. 采集；收集 Please gather some flowers for me. 请为我摘花。 That author is gathering materials for his next book. 那位作者正在为他的下本书收集资料。 2) vi.&vt. 聚集；召集 A crowd gathered to see what had happened. 人们聚集起来，看发生了什么事。 Gather the men together and we’ll start the march. 把人们召集起来，我们要出发了。

2. press [pres]vt. 1) vt. 挤压；榨取 Before cooking, the pastry must be pressed flat

and thin. 在烤制之前，面饼要压平、压薄。 To make wine, first you must press the grape. 要酿酒，先把葡萄压碎。

2) vt. 压；挤 Too many people were pressed in the room. 太多的人挤在房间里。 The shoe is pressing my toe. 这个鞋子磨脚。 3) vt. 压平；熨平 He was pressing his jacket. 他在熨衣服。 The girl pressed the flower between the pages of a book. 这个女孩把花压在书页之间。

Picking the grapes is the first step. They are watched in the fields for ripeness, When they are just right, grape pickers select the best grapes on each vine.

Each bunch of grapes is 3examined. The grapes that are broken or 4bruised are 5cut away. The ripe, sound grapes are put into baskets and 6transported to the wineries. There they are put through giant presses that 7squeeze the grapes and release the juice. After the grapes are crushed, their pulp and juice ferment in vats, producing the wine and 8giving off bubbles of carbon dioxide. The fermentation time depends on the kind of grape used and the wine being made. This process may be stopped after a few days or continued for more than three month.

3. examine [ig'zæmin] vt. 1) vt. 检查；调查；研究 You must examine the facts carefully. 你必须仔细研究事实。 The lawyer examined the witness. 这位律师正在研究证据。 We need to examine how an accident like this can

be avoided in the future. 我们要研究如何在将来避免此类事故的发生。

3. 2) vt. 对…进行考查 /测验 The teacher examined the students in

chemistry. 老师对化学专业的学生进行了考试。 15 students are being examined in linguistics

this year. 今年有 15 名学生要接受语言学考试。

4. bruise [bru:z] vt.&vi. 1) vi.&vt. 碰伤（水果、植物等）；使（皮肉）青肿 Tomatoes bruise easily. 西红柿很容易碎。 She fell and bruised her leg. 她摔倒在地，擦伤了腿。 Pack the apples carefully so that they won’t get bruised. 小心包装苹果，别把它们碰破了。 2) vi.&vt. 挫伤；伤害（感情） Harsh words bruised her feelings. 严厉的话伤了她的感情。 Her feelings bruise easily. 她太容易伤感。

5.   cut away 切除；剪掉 He cut away the old branches from the tree. 她把老枝剪掉。 He cut away the material which he didn’t need. 她把不需要的材料去除。  

6.   transport [træns'pɔ:t]vt.运送 1) vt. 运输；运送 The goods were transported by air. 空运物品。 A bus transported us from the airport to the city. 一辆公共汽车把我们从机场送到城里。 Trains transport the coal to the ports. 火车把煤运到港口。 2) vt. 使充满（某种感情）；使着迷 She was transported with grief. 她悲伤地变了形（悲伤极了）。 The beautiful music transported the audience. 美丽的音乐让听众着迷。

7.   squeeze [skwi:z]vt.&n. 1) vt.&vi. 压榨 , 挤压 , 塞进 I finally squeezed all my clothes into the

suitcase. 2) n. 挤压 , 压榨 , 勒索 Five people sit in a small car? It will be a tight

squeeze. 五个人坐在一辆小车里？这也太挤了吧！

8.   give off 散发出 The flowers gave off a sweet fragrance. The gas gave off an unpleasant smell. 这个气体散发出令人难闻的味道。

White wines can be made from either white or red grapes. To make the wine white, the grape skins are 9removed from the juice. To make red wines, the skin of the grapes is left in the juice during part of the fermentation. Rose is a light pink wine. It is made by removing the skins before they can 10impart a deep color. Rose can also be made by 11blending red and white till the desired tint is 12achieved. When fermentation is complete, the wine is put in bottles.

9.   remove [ri'mu:v]vt.&vi. 1) vt. 去除；消除 The manager’s remarks did little to remove

the workers’ fears. 经理的话并没有解除工人们的恐惧。 He removed all evidence of his crime. 他把自己的罪证全部抹掉了。

9.2) vt. 把……免职；开除 The chief of police was removed from office

for failing to do his duty. 警察局长由于渎职被免职了。 The angry man was removed from the

courthouse.

10.  impart [im'pɑ:t]vt. 传授 , 赋予 , 告知 1) vt. 散发 This perfume imparts an air of elegance. 香水散发淡淡的香味。 2) vt. 传授 , 赋予 , 告知 A good teacher not only imparts knowledge to

students, but also wisdom. 一位好老师不但要传授知识，还有智慧。

11.  blend [blend]n.&vt. 1) v. 混合 Oil does not blend with water. 油不溶於水。 2) n. 混合物 In linguistics, a blend is a word formed from

parts of two or more other words. 在语言学上，混合词是由两个或两个以上的词组成的

。

12.  achieve [ə'tʃi:v]vt.&vi. 取得；获得；实现 He had achieved neither fame nor success. 他既没有获名也没有获利。 Only practice can achieve mastery. 熟能生巧。 He hoped to achieve his goal by peaceful means. 他希望通过和平手段实现目标。 Democracy is hard to achieve. 民主很难获得。

The cork, or stopper, must 13fit the bottle tightly and it must remain wet; 14otherwise the wine will turn to vinegar. To keep the cork wet, wine bottles are stored on their sides. Cork, 15rather than plastic, is the preferred material for making stoppers. Cork 16permits only a minute fraction of air to enter the bottle and allows the wine to age slowly to perfection.

13. fit [fit]vt.&vi. 1) vt. 适合；符合；与……相称 His experience fits him for the job. 他的阅历使他适合这份工作。 The key doesn’t fit the lock. 这把钥匙和这把锁配不上。 The dress fits her perfectly. 这件礼服太适合她了。 What you saw does fit the facts we know. 你见到的和我们了解的事实不符。

13. 2) vi. 适合 Your clothes fit well. 你的衣服太合身了。 The lid fits badly. 这个盖子盖得严严实实。

14.  otherwise [ɑ: ðəwaiz]ad. 1) 否则；不然 You’d better go now; otherwise you’ll miss your

train. 你最好现在就走，否则你就要误火车了。 Do it now. Otherwise, it will be too late. 现在就做；否则太晚了。

14. 2) 别样的；以另外方式的 She is quite healthy, though she looks very much

otherwise. 虽然她看起来不怎么健康，但实际上很健康。 He is guilty until proven otherwise. 他目前是有罪的，除非另有证据证明他无罪。 3) 除此之外 The rent is high, but otherwise the house is satisfactory. 房租很高，然而房子却很令人感到舒适。 He’s too fat; otherwise he’s nice looking. 他太胖了；除此之外，长得模样还不赖。

15.  rather than 而不是；与其…… (不如 ) The color seems green rather than blue. 这颜色更像绿色，而不是蓝色。 He is a writer rather than a teacher. 与其说他是老师，不如说他是作家。 He ran rather than walk. 他不是走，而是在跑。 The job will take months rather than weeks. The parents should be blamed rather than the children. 是父母应该受到谴责而不是孩子。

16.  permit ['pə:mit]vt.&vi. 1) vt.&vi. 允许；许可 We cannot permit such cruelty. 我们不允许这样的残忍存在。 We do not permit smoking in the office. 办公室不许抽烟。 Time permitting, we’ll go and see you. 如果时间允许，我们会去看你。 2) n. 许可 You can’t work here without a work permit. 你没有许可证就不能在这里工作。

2. 1. Rewrite the following sentences by using passive voice. Model: People call New York “the Big Apple.” New York is called “the Big Apple.” 1) We have to do something to stop population growth. 2) You can’t wash this dress; you must dry-clean it. 3) The police are searching the house. 4) He told me not to touch the red button.

Answers: 1) Something has to be done to stop population growth. 2) This dress can’t be washed; it must be dry-cleaned. 3) The house is being searched by the police. 4) I was told not to touch the button.

2.  Combine the following sentences using either…or.

Model: White wines can be made from white grapes. They can also be made from red grapes.→ White wines can be made from either white or red grapes. 

2.

1) The girl will say yes to the boy’s invitation. Or she will say no.

2) Leave now. Otherwise I will call the police.

3) You can get there by bus. You can also get there by train.

4) John may come to see you off tomorrow. Otherwise Jack will come to see you off.

Answers: 1) The girl will say either yes or no to the boy’s invitation. 2) Either you leave now or I call the police. 3) You can get there either by bus or by train. 4) Either John or Jack will come to see you off tomorrow.

3. Replace the adverb clause with an infinitive phrase.

Model: Wine bottles are stored on their sides so that the

cork can be kept wet. → To keep the cork wet, wine bottles are stored on their sides.

1) One must have proper tools so that one can do good work.

2) Jane lived away from her children so that she could get some peace.

Answers: 1) To do good work, one must have the proper tools. 2) Jane lived away from her children to get some peace.

3. Replace the adverb clause with an infinitive phrase.

3) He stopped at the shop so that he could buy some wine.

4) They turned round so that they could see what had happened.

Answers: 3) He stopped at the shop to buy some wine. 4) They turned round to see what had happened.

III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.

1.   他深深吸了口气，又慢慢把气吐出。 (release) 2.  竞赛结果将主要取决于裁判的意见。 (depend largely on) 3.   他若再不努力工作的话，就无法实现自己的目标。 （ achieve … objectives ）

Answers:

1) He took a long breath and released the air slowly.

2) The result of the competition will depend largely on the opinion of the judges.

3. He will never achieve his objectives if he doesn’t work harder.

III. Translation: Translate the following sentences into English.

4.   这件上衣非常合你的身。 (fit) 5.   你最好给家里打个电话，不然你父母会担心的。 (had better) 6.   他实际上是我姐姐的朋友，而不是我的朋友。 (rather than)

Translation 4.      The jacket fits you perfectly. 5.      You‘d better phone home, otherwise your parents will worry. 6.      He is my sister’s friend really, rather than mine.  

1 ．分词的意义和特征1.1 分词也是一种非谓语动词，兼有动词和形容词的特征。

1.2 分词可有宾语（仅限于现在分词）或状语，分词和宾语、状语 一起构成分词短语。

2. 分词的形式 2.1 分词有现在分词和过去分词：现在分词由动词原形 + ing ；规则动词的过去分词由动词原形 + ed, 不规则动词的过去分词分别记忆。

Please see the following table

及物动词 write 不及物动词 go

主动语态 被动语态 主动语态

现 在分词

一般式 

writing being written going

完成式 having written

having been written

having gone

过去分词   written gone

3 ．现在分词和过去分词的区别：主要表现在语态和时间上。3.1 语态不同：现在分词表示主动，而过去分词多由及物动词变来，表示被

动的意思。如： an interesting story / the frightened little boy / a hand-written letter / an easygoing

boy / a moving story / a moved audience 注：还有一些过去分词是由不及物动词变来的，只表示动作完成，没有被

动的意味。 如： a retired miner (退休的矿工 )/ returned students (被退回的学生 )/ fallen leaves (落 叶 )

3.2时间关系上不同：现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，而过去分词表示的动作往往已经完成。如： the developing countries ( 发展中国家 ) / the developed countries ( 发达国家 ) boiling water ( 正在沸腾的水 ) / boiled water (煮过的水 )

4 ．分词和分词短语的用法 1) 作定语： 如果是单词，一般放在所修饰的名词前。 The boy likes drinking cold boiled water. 这男孩喜欢喝凉白开。 I decided to give up this boring book. 如果是分词短语，则往往放在所修饰的名词后面。 The journalist gathering news abroad will come back

tomorrow. 在国外收集新闻的记者明天回来。 My daughter likes the stockings ( 长袜 ) bought on last

Christmas Day.

2) 作表语 This story is very interesting and instructive. She is married. The glasses are broken.

3) 作状语：表示时间、原因、方式、伴随状况等。 a. 表时间 Looking out of the window, I saw my assistant running

here. Walking in the street, she met a friend of hers from

middle school.

3. b. 表原因 Being sick, Wang Lin didn’t go to school. Thinking that Chinese medicine might be helpful, this

foreigner came to China. c. 表方式、伴随情况或结果 Daisy came running back to tell us the good news. The headmaster stood there waiting for the bus. She works like a slave, hauling water, washing clothes and

cooking dinners. The child fell, striking his head against the ground and

cutting it.

4) 作宾语补足语 I saw your brother walking across the street alone

yesterday. 我昨天看到你哥哥一人在街上走。 I heard them talking about financial problems. 我听到他们在谈论 经济问题。 I found my hometown completely rebuilt. 我发现家乡整个变了样。 You had better have your watch repaired. 你最好是把你表修一下。

5. 分词的否定结构：由 not + 分词构成。如： Not knowing what to do, the students turned to their

teacher. 不知道该怎么办，学生们只得求助老师。 She was angry for his not coming.

6. 现在分词的时态 1) 一般式：表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在其前

。 Working in the countryside, the young man has learned a

lot from the peasants. Hearing that our team won the game, we all cheered. 听到我们队赢了，我们都欢呼起来。

2) 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，常表示时间或原因。

Having practiced for two hours, the actress took a rest. 练了两个小时以后，这个女演员休息了一下。 Not having done it right, the boy was asked to try again. 由于做得不对，这个男孩被要求重做。

7. 现在分词的被动语态 This is one of the supermarkets being built in this area. Being flooded, this village was cut off and had to be

rescued by boat. 这个村庄正被洪水围困，阻隔了与外界的联系，只能靠船营救。 Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave. 由于一直被请求留下，我不太好离开。 Having been informed that the President would give us an

audience, we made everything ready. 我们被告知，总统将接见我们，我们做好了一切准备。

8 ．独立主格 (absolute construction) ：分词短语所表示的动作其逻辑主语和主句主语不一致，这时分词短语的逻辑主语须放在分词前面。

Weather permitting, we will go swimming. 如果天气允许，我们去游泳。 The question having been settled, the meeting was

announced over. 这个问题解决了，会议宣布结束。  Their room was on the first floor, its broad window

overlooking the park. 他们的房间在一楼，宽大的窗户俯瞰公园。

At its simplest, a narrative tells a story. So the organization of narrative writing is essentially chronological, though, as in a film, there may be flashbacks. For instance, a story starts with its main character already on the gallows and then relates how he was brought to such an uncomfortable position. But the brief narrative employed in college writing is usually organized in the natural order that events/things take place.

Exercise: Underline all the words that indicate temporal progression.

I was born twenty-three years ago in a small town in Gansu, a northwest province backward in development. I was the second child and my brother was two years older than me. In the next four years another sister and brother came along, but during the year after that, my father’s death after a prolonged sickness forced the whole family to move to the city where my grandfather lived. After I completed my elementary education thanks to a scholarship from a rich merchant, I was able to go to one of the best universities in the country.