General science
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Transcript of General science
I. LIFE
A. What are we studying
1. Biology
“Bio” = Life “ology” = Description
2. How to study
B. Define
C. CHARACTERISTICS
C1. Complex, Organized Order
Have levels of hierarchy where each level based on and dependent on the ones below.
C2. Metabolism
Acquire and use energy from the environment
C3. Homeostasis
Maintain a complex structure and internal environment
C4. Growth & Development
Become larger and more complex.
Use material from the environment and incorporate into the body.
C5. Respond to stimuli
Interacts with the environment.
C6. Reproduce
Make individuals similar to themselves.
C7. Evolve
Change over time (from generation to generation)
C8. DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
THE HEREDITARY MATERIAL THAT CONTROLS EVERYTHING.
Stores information that acts as a blueprint
D. HOW STUDY
E. How to classify life
1. What is used
Cell type
Cell number
Mode of nutrition
2. Classification – 3 domains & 4 kingdoms
a. Domains
BACTERIA ARCHAEA EUKARYA
Prokaryote prokaryote eukaryote cell
b. Kingdoms of Eukarya
Eukaryotic cell
PROTISTA – single or colony
FUNGI – multicellular, consume others, cell wall
PLANTAE – multicellular, make food, cell wall
ANIMALIA – multicellular, consume others
II. SCIENCE
A. Definition
A systematized, mechanistic,causalistic discipline where generalizations to unknowns aredetermined through observationand experimentation
B. Characteristics of scienceB1. CONTROL OF THE UNIVERSE
Vitalism
A vital force (outside the
physical realm controls
the universe).
Ex. Religion
MechanismThe universe follows the
laws of chemistry and
physics (uniform in
space and time).
Ex. Science
B2. PURPOSE OF THE UNIVERSE
TeleologyThe universe and
events are pre-planned.
Ex. Religion
CausalismThere is no purpose to
the universe everything
is understood by cause
and effect.
(Cause) (Effect)
X happens Y happens
B3. LOGIC
DeductiveGeneralization
Specifics
Ex. Math
Religion
InductiveSpecifics
Generalization
CAN’T PROVE TRUE
Ex. Science
III. TWO SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES
A. Discovery Science
1. Make verifiable observations and measurements to describe life
2. Completely based on inductive reasoning.
B. Hypothesis-Driven Science
1. Use scientific method to ask questions
2. Do experiments
3. Use deductive logic to test hypothesis.
C. SCIENTIFIC METHODObservation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment and Conrol
Evluate results
Publish
Theory
METHOD OBSERVATION
Definition Use senses
Example: Bacteria does not grow
1920’s Fleming around fungus.
METHOD QUESTION
Definition What is the cause?
Example: How is the fungus killing the
bacteria?
METHOD HYPOTHESIS
Definition Testable statement with one
variable that proposes an
explanation for observations
Example: The fungus produces a
chemical that kills the bacteria.
METHOD PREDICTION
Definition What you think will happen.
Example: If I isolate material produced
I will find a chemical.
METHOD
EXPERIMENT Test the hypothesis
with only one variable
Heat broth/fungus
Filter
Pour on bacteria
BACTERIA DIE
CONTROLSame as experiment but
without the variable
Heat broth/ no fungus
Filter
Pour on bacteria
BACTERIA LIVE
METHOD EVALUATE
Definition What you think results mean.
Example: A chemical produced by the
fungus kills the bacteria.
METHOD PUBLISH
Definition Communicate with scientific
community.
Example: Peer review.
METHOD THEORY
Definition A general explanation ofnatural phenomena. Atheory has been testedand upheld many times.
THIS IS NOT A SIMPLE IDEA BUT AFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE.
IV. LEVELS OF COMPLEXITYChemical
atoms, compounds
Cellular
organelles, cells
Tissue
cells & cell products that work together
OrganTissues that work together and have a genetic shape.
SystemGroup of organs that work together for afunction.
OrganismIndividual
PopulationLocal group of individuals that arereproductively isolated
CommunityGroup of populations that live close enoughto interact
EcosystemGroup of communities and related abiotic
V. MODERN SCIENTISTS
A. Linnaeus – classification & taxonomy
B. Schleiden & Schwann – Cell Theory
C. Charles Darwin – Theory of Evolution
D. Gregor Mendel - Genetics