GENERAL INFORMATION

Kasaragod district came into existence on 24th May 1984. District is bound

in the East by Kodagu and Dashkin Kannada districts of Karnataka State, in the

West by the Lakshadweep Sea, in the North by Manglore taluk and Dashkin

Kannada district of Karnataka and in the South by Kannur district of Kerala.

Kasaragod covers an area of 199077 ha. consisting 6 blocks, 3 municipalities

and 4 taluks. Lying at the Northern tip of Kerala, district lies between 1200235 to

1204738 North latitudes and between 7405154 to 7502559 East longitude.

Based on physiographic features district falls under three sub micro regions

namely Cannanore coast; Kasaragod table land; Peringom muttannur undulating

upland. Diversity of physical features results in corresponding diversity of climate

in this district. Forest is classified as Southern tropical moist deciduous, Western

tropical wet evergreen and semi evergreen and covers an area of 119.73 Sq.km.

Kasaragod covers sandy, sandy loam, laterite and hill or forest soil. Mineral

reserves are not abundantly rich except china clay and bauxite. Nine rivers are

flow through this district. Agriculture plays a vital role in the district with a total

cropped area of 151871 ha. District contributes major part of tobacco, arecanut

and cashew nut etc. coastal area extends 70 km consisting 18 fishing villages.

District holds immense potential for animal husbandry and related dairy

development activities. Animal husbandry activities are the major subsidiary

occupation of the district and total live stock population was 1.34 lakh during

2010-11. Besides the conventional sources for irrigation like tanks, wells, private

canals district has lot of minor irrigation schemes. Watershed has become an

acceptable unit of planning for optimum use and conservation of soil and water

resources. Land use category is observed in this district are built-up land, forest,

water bodies, agriculture land, wasteland and wetlands. Major categories of

wastelands land with dense scrub, land with open scrub and barren rocky etc

District is having an enchanting beauty and is of historical by importance.

- 1 -

Kasaragod offers diverse attraction like beautiful hills, lengthy sandy beaches,

forts and historical places.

History Kasaragod is the northern most district of the State and was formed on the 24th May, 1984. The Ancient Tamil Works of Sangam Age records that the area

covering the district was part of Poozhinad which comprises of the coastal belt

from Calicut to Mangalore. Politically the area was part of the Ezhimala Kingdom

with its Capital of Ezhimala. The most famous King of Ezhimala was Nannan

whose Kingdom extended up to Gudalur and northern parts of Coimbatore. The

Mooshaka Kings were considered descendants of Nannan. By the 14th century,

Mooshaka Kingdom was known as Kolathirinad and the Rulers as Kolathiris. The

Kolathunad Kingdom at the peak of its power reportedly extended from

Kasaragod in the north to Korapuzha in the south with Arabian Sea on the west

and Kutakumala on the eastern boundary.

It covered the principalities of Kumbla, Nileswaram, Kottayam (Malabar)

and Kadathanad. Of these Kumbla and Nileswaram are in Kasaragod district. At

the end of Mysore War (1799), the area along with other parts on the West Coast

came under British control. In February 1800, Lord Wellesley deputed Dr.Francis

Buchanan, a Medical Officer of the English East India Company to undertake a

journey and report the conditions prevailing in Mysore and other neighbouring

countries which were ceded to them by the Sreerangapattanam Treaty.

The British Government pensioned off the Kumbla and Nileswaram Rajas

in 1804 and consolidated their position. On the 16th April, 1862 South Canara

district was made part of Madras Presidency for administrative convenience and

Kasaragod taluk, comprising the areas now falling under Kasaragod district, was

formed in place of Bekal taluk. This set up continued even after independence till

the Reorganisation of State in 1956 when Kasaragod taluk was added to Malabar

district and included in Kerala State.

- 2 -

In 1921 a branch of the Home Rule League was established at Hosdurg,

though it was short lived. In the last week of October 1927, Mahatma Gandhi

passed through the area on his way to Mangalore. Swaraj day was celebrated at

Kasaragod and Kanhangad on 26th January, 1930. The Quit India Movement

also had its repercussions in the district. When Kerala State was formed in 1956,

Kasaragod taluk was included in the State attach in it with Malabar district. Later,

Kasaragod taluk was split into Kasaragod and Hosdurg taluks and included in

Kannur district when Malabar district was divided into Kannur, Kozhikode and

Palakkad districts on the 1stn January 1957. This position continued till the

24th May 1984 when the present Kasaragod district was formed.

- 3 -

KASARAGOD AT A GLANCE Table: 1.1

ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP

Sl. No. Particulars Kasaragod Kerala 1 No. of Revenue Divisions 1 212 No. of Taluks 2 633 No. of Revenue Villages 127 14534 No. of Corporations 0 55 No. of Corporation Wards 0 3596 No. of Municipalities 3 607 No. of Municipality Wards 113 22168 No. of Block Panchayat 6 1529 No. of Block Panchayat Wards 83 2095

10 No. of Grama Panchayat 38 97811 No. of Grama Panchayat Wards 663 1668012 No. of Assembly Constituencies 5 14013 No. of Parliament Constituencies 1 2014 No. of District Panchayat Wards 16 332

Table: 1.2

DEMOGRAPHY

Sl. No. Particulars Kasaragod Kerala 1 Total Population 1302600 333876772 No. of Literates 1036289 282342273 No. of Migrant 65209 1625653

Table: 1.3

GEOGRAPHICAL PARTICULARS

Sl. No. Area Categorization Kasaragod Kerala

1 Total Area (Ha) 199077 3886287

2 Forest Area (Sq.Km.) 119.73 11309.41

3 Length of Coastal Line (Kms) 70 590

- 4 -

Table: 1.4 AGRICULTURE

Sl. No. Land Utilization Pattern Kasaragod (Ha.) Kerala (Ha.)

1 Total geographical area 199166 3886287

2 Forest area 5625 1081509

3 Land put to non agricultural use 24185 405826

4 Barren & uncultivable land 3700 13655

5 Permanent pastures and other grazing land 0 8

6 Land under misc. tree crops 344 2521

7 Cultivable waste 8560 97069

8 Fallow other than current fallow 2138 57346

9 Current fallow 2129 70976

10 Net area sown 148064 2050994

11 Area sown more than once 3807 565676

12 Total cropped area 151871 2616670 Table: 1.5

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Sl. No. Livestock Population Kasaragod Kerala

1 Cattle 82604 1740117

2 Buffaloes 3631 58145

3 Goats 46026 1729127

4 Pigs 1740 59017

5 Sheep 361 965

6 Ducks 2126 865331

7 Fowls 448236 11820376

- 5 -

Table: 1.6 FISHERIES

Sl. No. Particulars Kasaragod Kerala

1 Length of coastal line 70 590

2 No. of fishing villages

a) Marine 16 222

b) Inland 2 113

3 Fisher folk population

a) Marine 42909 78156

b) Inland 981 233034 Table: 1.7

INDUSTRIES

Sl. No. Industrial Units Kasaragod Kerala

1 Number of SSI units registered 6731 234251

2 Number of Women SSI units registered 1535 58774

3 Number of Industrial Co-operative Societies Registered 2 13 Table: 1.8

COMMUNICATION

Sl. No. Communication Divisions Kasaragod Kerala

1 Total Number of Post Offices 229 5067

a) Number of Head Office 2 51

b) Number of Sub Office 29 1457

c) Number of ED Branch Office 198 3559

2 Total Number of Telephone Exchanges 62 1266

- 6 -

Table: 1.9 HEALTH

Sl. No. Institutions Kasaragod Kerala

1 General Hospital 1 182 Women & Children Hospital 0 83 District Hospital 1 164 Taluk Hospital 2 795 Primary Health Centre 30 6826 Leprosy Control Unit/Hospitals 0 37 TB Centre/Clinic 0 208 Mental Health Centre 0 3

Table: 1.10

EDUCATION

Sl. No. Institutions Kasaragod Kerala

1 Government Lower Primary Schools 143 2602

2 Government Upper Primary Schools 56 858

3 Government High Schools 97 1159

4 Government Higher Secondary Schools 65 8315 Government Vocational Higher Secondary Schools 19 261

6 Teachers Training Institute 4 222

7 Kendriya Vidyalaya 2 30

8 Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya 1 14

9 CBSE School 29 978

10 ICSE School 3 139

11 Government Engineering Colleges 0 9

12 Government Medical Colleges 0 5

13 Government Polytechnic Colleges 2 49

- 7 -

Table: 1.11

WATER SUPPLY CONNECTIONS AND STREET TAPS

Sl. No. Particulars Kasaragod Kerala 1 Water supply connection a) Domestic 15867 1407778b) Non-Domestic 970 108185c) Industrial 10 10942 Street taps a) Panchayat 2915 160415b) Corporation/Municipality 556 45030

Table: 1.12

POWER

Sl.No. Particulars Kerala

1 No. of Pump sets Energised 524568

2 No. of Streetlight Energised 1202988 3 No. of Transformers 58104

Table: 1.13

MAJOR TOURIST SPOTS

Sl.No. Tourist Centre Focus

1 Bekal Fort 2 Chandragiri

3 Kasaragod

4 Valiyaparamba Back water

5 Parappa Wild life sanctuary 6 Malom

- 8 -

Table: 1.14

WATER RESOURCES

River

Chandragiri Chittari Kariangode Kavvayi Manjeswar Mogral Nileswaram Shriya Uppala

Back Waters

Cheruvathur

Nileswar

Chittari Kayal

Bekal Kayal

Kappil pozhi

Neembil Kayal

Chandragiri

Mogral Puthur

Kumbala

Suvarnagiri

Manjeswar

Thalappady Source: Various NB: Data based on 2015 statistics

- 9 -

- 10 -

Idukki

Palakkad

Kannur

Thrissur

Kollam

Malappuram

Ernakulam

Wayanad

Kottayam

Kozhikode

Pathanamthitta

Kasaragod

Alappuzha

Thiruvananthapuram

Mahe

KERALAAdministrative Map

District Boundary

Processed by Kerala State Land Use Board (2015)

- 11 -

- 12 -

- 13 -

- 14 -

- 15 -

- 16 -

- 17 -

- 18 -

- 19 -

- 20 -

DEMOGRAPHY

INDIA'S POPULATION CENSUS 2011

Table: 4.1

Current Population of India in 2011 1,210,193,422 (1.21 billion)

Total Male Population in India 623,700,000 (623.7 million)

Total Female Population in India 586,500,000 (586.5 million)

Sex Ratio 940 females per 1,000 males

Age structure

0 to 25 years 50% of India's current population

Currently, there are about 51 births in India in a minute.

India's Population in 2001 1.02 billion

Population of India in 1947 350 million

KEY FINDINGS OF THE CENSUS

Population grows to 1.21 billion

181 million people added during 2001-11

Growth declines to 17.64% from 21.15% during 1991-2001

There are 623.7 million males and 586.5 million females

India accounts for 17.5% of the worlds population, China 19.4%

First decade (with exception of 1911-1921) which saw addition of lesser people than the previous decade.

Child sex ratio 914 females against 1,000 males lowest since independence

Overall sex ratio rises by seven points 940 females per 1,000 males

Literacy rate goes up from 64.83% to 74.04%

74% people aged seven and above are literate

82.14% male literacy, 65.46% female literacy

In 2001, male literacy was 75.26%, female literacy was 53.67%

Delhi (11,297 people per square km) has the highest population density, followed by Chandigarh (9,252)

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state with 199 million people while Lakshadweep is the least populated at 64,429

- 21 -

Table: 4.2

Population 1991 Census

2001 Census

2011 Census

Total population (lakhs) 290.99 318.41 333.88

Male population (lakhs) 142.89 154.69 160.21

Female Population (lakhs) 148.10 163.73 173.66

Density per sq.km. 749 819 859

Sex ratio (Females per 1000 males) 1036 1058 1084

Literacy (%) 89.81 90.86 93.91

Male Literacy 93.62 94.24 96.02

Female Literacy 86.17 87.72 91.98

Rural population (lakhs) 214.18 235.75 174.56

Urban population (lakhs) 78.80 82.67 159.32

Increase of population (%) 13.88 9.43 4.86

Life Expectancy (years) 68 71 74

Infant Mortality (per 1000) 22 16 12

Birth Rate (per 1000) 19.8 18.3 14.7 Source: Census Report 2011

- 22 -

Tabl

e: 4

.3

CEN

SUS

OF

IND

IA 2

011

- PR

OVI

SIO

NA

L PO

PULA

TIO

N T

OTA

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in

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31,6

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- 23 -

Tabl

e: 4

.3 C

ontin

ued

.

Indi

a/S

tate

/Dis

trict

N

umbe

r of L

itera

tes

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)

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popu

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01-1

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9 10

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epor

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- 24 -

Tabl

e: 4

.4

POPU

LATI

ON

- 20

11 C

ENSU

S

Sl. N

o.

C

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ory

Kas

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7

- 25 -

Tabl

e: 4

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ued

.

7 To

tal W

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rs

Tota

l 46

2998

3250

95

1379

0311

6190

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1068

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lakk

ad D

istr

ict

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3,28

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66

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958

24.0

9

T 31

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327

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10,2

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00

955

Thris

sur D

istr

ict

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954

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10,4

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18,0

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-3

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44

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22

954

Erna

kula

m D

istr

ict

U 22

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564

10,9

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002

51.1

5 9.

00

9.35

8.

65

96.3

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30

954

68.0

7

T 11

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453

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82

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10,5

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95

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ukki

Dis

tric

t U

52,0

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1.32

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14,1

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taya

m D

istr

ict

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than

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0

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lam

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tric

t U

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15,2

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vana

ntha

pura

m

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tric

t

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9,

20,2

84

62.9

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71

970

53.8

0

ADM

INIS

TRAT

IVE

UNI

TS-K

ERAL

A 47.72

25.96

2011

2001

1,018

1,3

64

No. o

f Villa

ges

520

159

No. o

f Tow

ns

63

63

No. o

f Sub

-Di

stric

ts(T

aluks

)

Perc

enta

ge

of ur

ban

popu

latio

n

14

14

No. o

f Dist

ricts

2011

2001

NU

MB

ER O

F TO

WN

S A

ND

U

RB

AN

PO

PULA

TIO

N IN

K

ERA

LA

Cen

sus

Year

N

o. o

f to

wns

U

rban

po

pula

tion

1901

214,

54,4

99

1911

275,

24,6

61

1921

446,

80,9

00

1931

539,

16,3

30

1941

6211

,95,

550

1951

9418

,25,

832

1961

9225

,54,

141

1971

8834

,66,

449

1981

106

47,7

1,27

5

1991

197

76,8

0,29

4

2001

159

82,6

6,92

5

2011

520

1,59

,32,

171

GR

OW

TH IN

NO

. OF

TOW

NS

(KER

ALA

)

Tow

ns

2001

20

11

% G

row

th

(Rou

nded

to

nex

t di

git)

STs

60

59

-2%

CTs

99

46

1 36

6%

Tota

l 15

9 52

0

227

%

# M

ales

incl

ude

both

mal

es a

nd o

ther

s

- 31 -

- 32 -

So

me

Con

cept

s and

Def

initi

ons

Wha

t is c

ensu

s?

P

opul

atio

n ce

nsus

is

the

tota

l pr

oces

s of

col

lect

ing,

co

mpi

ling,

an

alyz

ing

or

othe

rwis

e di

ssem

inat

ing

dem

ogra

phic

, ec

onom

ic

and

soci

al

data

pe

rtai

ning

, at

a

spec

ific

tim

e, to

all

pers

ons

in a

cou

ntry

or

a w

ell d

efin

ed p

art

of a

cou

ntry

. A

s su

ch,

the

cens

us p

rovi

des

a sn

apsh

ot o

f th

e co

untr

ys

popu

lati

on a

nd h

ousi

ng a

t a g

iven

poi

nt o

f tim

e.

Cla

ssifi

catio

n of

Are

a:

F

or C

ensu

s pu

rpos

es t

otal

geo

grap

hica

l ar

ea i

s br

oadl

y cl

assi

fied

into

Rur

al a

nd U

rban

.

Urb

an:

Con

stitu

ents

of

ur

ban

area

s ar

e St

atut

ory

Tow

ns,

Cen

sus

Tow

ns a

nd O

utgr

owth

s.

SS ttaa tt

uu ttoo rr

yy TT

oo wwnn

(( SSTT

)) ::AA

ll llpp

ll aacc

eess

wwii tt

hhaa

mmuu

nnii cc

ii ppaa

ll iitt yy

,,cc

oorr pp

oorr aa

tt iioo

nn,,

ccaa

nntt oo

nnmm

eenn

ttbb

ooaa

rr ddoo

rrnn

oott ii

ff iiee

ddtt oo

wwnn

aarr ee

aacc

oomm

mmii tt

tt eeee

eett cc

..NN

oo..

ooff

SSTT

ssii nn

KKee

rr aall aa

::55

99**

Cen

sus

Tow

n (C

T):

Plac

es t

hat

satis

fy t

he f

ollo

win

g cr

iter

iaar

e te

rmed

as

C

ensu

s T

owns

(CT

s).

(a)

A

min

imum

po

pula

tion

of

5000

(b)

At

leas

t 75

% o

f th

e m

ale

mai

n w

orki

ng p

opul

atio

n en

gage

d in

non

-agr

icul

tura

l pur

suits

(c)

A

dens

ity

of

popu

lati

on

of

at

leas

t 40

0 pe

r sq

.km

No.

of

CT

s in

Ker

ala:

461

*

Out

Gro

wth

(OG

): O

ut G

row

th s

houl

d be

a v

iabl

e un

it s

uch

as a

vil

lage

or

part

of

a vi

llag

e co

ntig

uous

to

a st

atut

ory

tow

n an

d po

sses

s th

e ur

ban

feat

ures

in

term

s of

inf

rast

ruct

ure

and

amen

ities

su

ch

as

pucc

a ro

ads,

el

ectr

icit

y,

taps

, dr

aina

ge

syst

em,

educ

atio

n in

stitu

tion

s, p

ost

offi

ces,

med

ical

fac

ilitie

s,

bank

s, e

tc. E

xam

ples

of

OG

s ar

e R

ailw

ay c

olon

ies,

Uni

vers

ity

cam

puse

s,

Port

ar

eas,

th

at

may

co

me

up

near

a

city

or

st

atut

ory

tow

ns

outs

ide

its s

tatu

tory

li

mits

but

w

ithin

the

re

venu

e li

mit

of

a vi

llage

or

villa

ges

cont

iguo

us to

the

tow

n or

ci

ty.

No.

of

OG

s in

Ker

ala:

16

*

Urb

an A

gglo

mer

atio

n (U

A):

It

is a

con

tinu

ous

urba

n sp

read

co

nsti

tutin

g a

tow

n an

d its

adj

oini

ng u

rban

out

grow

ths

(OG

s)

or t

wo

or m

ore

phys

ical

ly c

onti

guou

s to

wns

tog

ethe

r an

d an

y ad

join

ing

urba

n ou

t- g

row

ths

of s

uch

tow

ns.

No.

of

UA

s in

Ker

ala:

19

*

Rur

al: A

ll a

reas

oth

er t

han

urba

n ar

e ru

ral.

The

bas

ic u

nit

for

rura

l are

as is

the

reve

nue

villa

ge.

No.

of

Vill

ages

in K

eral

a: 1

018

*

*

All

adm

inis

trat

ive

unit

s ar

e as

on

31.1

2.20

09, t

he d

ate

of

fre

ezin

g

of a

dmin

istr

ativ

e bo

unda

ries

for

Cen

sus.

RU

RA

L A

ND

UR

BA

N P

OPU

LATI

ON

OF

KER

ALA

1901

-201

1

0

5000

1000

0

1500

0

2000

0

2500

0

3000

0

3500

0

4000

0

1901

1911

1921

1931

1941

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

CEN

SUS

YEAR

S

POPULATION IN THOUSANDS

Rur

al

urba

n

DE

CA

DA

L G

RO

WT

H O

F P

OP

UL

AT

ION

IN

RU

RA

L A

ND

U

RB

AN

AR

EA

S O

F K

ER

AL

A 1

90

1-1

91

1 t

o 2

00

1-2

01

1 I

N

PE

RC

EN

TA

GE

10

.07

15

.44

7.6

4

60

.97

37

.64

35

.72

39

.89

52

.72

30

.47

34

.58

29

.78

92

.72

20

.64

11

.47

-25

.96

3.5

6

15

.67

24

.61

22

.41

9.1

9

14

.5

7.5

2

9.1

6

21

.85

16

.04

22

.82

24

.76

26

.29

19

.24

14

.32

9.4

3

4.8

6

11

.75

-30

-20

-100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10

0

1901-1911

1911-1921

1921-1931

1931-1941

1941-1951

1951-1961

1961-1971

1971-1981

1981-1991

1991-2001

2001-2011

C E

N S

U S

Y

E A

R S

P E R C E N T A G E

UR

BA

NR

UR

AL

KE

RA

LA

DIS

TR

IBU

TIO

N O

F P

OP

UL

AT

ION

IN V

AR

IOU

S

UR

BA

N A

RE

AS

OF

KE

RA

LA

Ne

w C

en

sus

To

wn

C

on

trib

uti

on

(47%

)

Ou

tgro

wth

s in

200

1 &

201

1(2

%)

Ce

nsu

s T

ow

ns

in

2001

& 2

011

(18%

)

Sta

tuto

ry T

ow

ns

in 2

001

& 2

011

(33%

)

CE

NSU

S O

F IN

DIA

201

1

SUM

MA

RY

OF

PRO

VISI

ON

AL

POPU

LATI

ON

FIG

UR

ES

KER

ALA

r

ur

al

u

rb

an

dis

tr

ibu

tio

n

C

ensu

s of

Ind

ia,

2011

is

the

seco

nd C

ensu

s of

the

21s

t ce

ntur

y an

d 7t

h C

ensu

s af

ter

Inde

pend

ence

. T

he p

rovi

sion

al r

esul

ts o

f 201

1 sh

ow

that

Pop

ulat

ion

of K

eral

a as

on

1st

Mar

ch

2011

is

3,

33,8

7,67

7 w

ith

1,74

,55,

506

in R

ural

and

1,5

9,32

,171

in

Urb

an.

O

ur C

ensu

s, O

ur F

utur

e Dir

ecto

rate

of C

ensu

s Ope

ratio

ns, K

eral

a C

.G.O

. Com

plex

, Poo

nkul

am, V

ella

yani

(P.O

) T

hiru

vana

ntha

pura

m-6

95 5

22

Ph

one:

047

1-24

8185

9, 2

4818

61 F

ax: 0

471

2481

860

E-

mai

l: dc

o-ke

r.rg

i@ce

nsus

indi

a.go

v.in

- 33 -

- 34 -

METEOROLOGY

Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere.

Meteorology, climatology, atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry are

sub-disciplines of the atmospheric sciences. Meteorology and hydrology

compose the interdisciplinary field of hydrometeorology. Interactions between

Earth's atmosphere and the oceans are part of coupled ocean-atmosphere

studies. Weather information and forecasts are of vital importance to many

activities like agriculture, aviation, shipping, fisheries, tourism, defense, industrial

projects, water management and disaster mitigation. Keralas climate condition is

divided into four seasons viz Winter, Summer, South-West monsoon and

North-East monsoon.

Diversity of physical features results in corresponding diversity of climate

in this district. District experiences South-West monsoon from June to September

and North-East monsoon from October to November. The South-West monsoon

starts towards the end of May or the beginning of June, heralded by thunder

storms and stays till September when the rain fed out. Actual rainfall of the

district is 2721.3 mm and Normal rainfall is 3007.5 mm during South-West

monsoon rainfall. There will be some rainfall in North-East monsoon during

October and November. Actual rainfall of the district is 363.4 mm and Normal

rainfall is 334.3 mm during North-East monsoon rainfall. Relative humidity is

more during the month of March to May and is less during December and

January. Generally March, April months are hottest and December, January are

coldest. The average maximum temperature is 31.20C and minimum 23.60C.

- 35 -

Table: 5.1

ACTUAL RAINFALL, NORMAL RAINFALL AND PERCENTAGE OF DEPARTURE FOR THE YEAR 2014

Pre-Monsoon Rainfall (March to May)

District/State Actual Rainfall (mm) Normal Rainfall

(mm) Percentage departure

Kasaragod 258.7 272.9 -5

Kerala 364.4 379.9 -4

South West Monsoon Rainfall (June to September)

District/State Actual Rainfall (mm) Normal Rainfall

(mm) Percentage departure

Kasaragod 2721.3 3007.5 -10

Kerala 2163.3 2039.7 6

North East Monsoon Rainfall (October to till 17th December 2014)

District/State Actual Rainfall (mm) Normal Rainfall

(mm) Percentage departure

Kasaragod 363.4 334.3 9

Kerala 496.8 472.2 5

Source: Economic Review

- 36 -

Table: 5.2

RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2013-14

(Rainfall in mm)

2013

District/State JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Kasaragod 1001.2 435 255.2 182.1 34.1 5.1

Kerala (Average) 833.2 374.2 321.9 259.1 155 16.6

2014

District/State JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN

Kasaragod 0 0 0 15.4 243.4 595.2

Kerala (Average) 4.70 10.3 17.9 156.1 250.7 454.4

2013-14

District/State

Actual Normal Departure (%)

Kasaragod 2766.7 3620.4 -23.6

Kerala (Average) 2819.2 2946.1 -4.3 Source: Agricultural Statistics, DES

- 37 -

- 38 -

GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

Kasaragod is the northern most districts of Kerala. Lying at the Northern

tip of Kerala, district lies between 1200235 to 1204738 North latitudes and

between 7405154 to 7502559 East longitude. To its North and East lies the

State of Karnataka while to the South is Kannur distict of Kerala and to the West

is Lakshadweep Sea. Ariyakaduva, Chandragiri, Payaswami and Shiriya rivers

are West flowing and form the main drainage system. The drainage pattern is

dendritic to subdendritic.

GEOLOGY

The district is broadly divisible into five geological belts: 1) Southern

charnockitic rocks which extends further South 2) Northern gneiss 3) A syenite

pluton in the central part 4) Isolated cappings of sedimentary rocks (Warkalli

Formation) confined to the coastal tract and 5) Quaternary sediments of the

coastal plain.

The district forms a part of the Precambrian metamorphic shield, major

part of which is occupied by Archaean rocks. Along the western margin, patches

and isolated cappings of Warkalli Formation and low-lying Quarternary alluvial

deposits are seen. Both the Archaean and the tertiary rocks have been intensly

lateritised. The important basement rocks in the area belong to Khondalite

Group, Charnockite Group, Wyanad Schist Complex and Peninsular Gneissic

Complex. The Khondalite Group, comprises quartz-graphite schist, quartz-

feldspar-garnet-sillimanite schist and associated amphibolite with abundant

flakes of graphite and it occurs as bands and lenses within hornblende-biotite

gneiss. The predominant rock in the South is charnockite. The other member of

Charnockite Group, namely hornblende granulite, has limited outcrops near

Mullaria. Quartzo feldspathic gneiss of Peninsular Gneissic Complex is the major

- 39 -

rock in the North and it is foliated. Along the East, rocks of the Wyanad Group,

comprising fuchsite quartzite, garnetiferous quartzite and quartzite are exposed.

They occur as vestiges within high-grade gneiss and charnockite. An anorthosite

massif occurs along the southern border of the district, a major part of the massif

is in the adjacent Kannur district. It is emplaced into pyroxene granulite/

charnockite. Around Angadimogar, a large syenite pluton is emplaced, which

varies in colour from pink to grey. Both varieties are medium to coarse grained

and lack foliation. There is a granite body east of Badiaduka which is in the form

of perched blocks and tors. Numerous dolerite dykes trending, NNW-SSE

traverse the older rocks. In the West the basement rocks are unconformably

overlain by Late Tertiary (Neogene) sedimentary rocks, the Warkalli Formation,

which is sporadically distributed. It comprises impersistent and alternating beds

of grit, sandstone, clay and carbonaceous clay with or without lignite.

Occasionally a pebble bed is also noticed. Laterite is a major lithounit of the

district, covering all the rock formations except the Quarternary. It is hard,

ferruginous and bauxitic at places. Its thickness varies from 5 to 15 m.

Unconsolidated Quaternary sediments, mostly comprising sand or admixture of

sand, silt or clay occupy the coastal plain and valley floors. They have been

classified into different units based on their environment of formation,

morphological character and lithic content. They are palaeo-marine deposits

(Guruvayur Fromation), fluvial deposits (Periyar Formation), fluvio-marine

deposits (Viyyam Formation) and beach and barrier beach deposits

(Kadappuram Formation).

GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOHYDROLOGY Broadly the district is divisible into three physiographic zones; the coastal plain to the West, the midland region and the high hills forming foothills of the

Western Ghats to the East. A number of palaeo-beach ridges are suggestive of

- 40 -

marine regression. The coast at Bekal is rocky, whereas West of Uduma and

Melparamba it is cliffed, exposing the Warkalli Formation. At Kasaragod, there is

a well developed beach. The midland region is being denuded. The terrain is

characterized by flat topped or gently rolling laterite-capped upland, laterite

mesas and laterite interfluves, dissection of which has led to the development of

narrow flat-bottomed valleys. The mesas and laterite flats are remnants of a

former extensive pediplain. The high hills in the East are structural and

denudational, with steep hills and narrow summits. The terrain in general is

rugged. The high peaks in the area are situated South of Perathodi and at

Mozhakkavalli. Chandragiri is the major river draining the district. Karymkote

River drains the southern part of the district. The area receives good rainfall,

300-350 cm annually. Because of the sloping terrain and impermeable basement

rocks, major part of the rainwater goes as runoff. From the point of view of yield

of groundwater, the area can be divided into four zones; a) the coastal tract with

alluvium is a highly potential aquifer. Depth to water is 0.5 to 3 m and the yield is

upto 50 lp s. The area is suitable for filter point wells and dug wells. b) The

midlands with laterite cover are suitable for dug wells. Depth to water is between

5 and 20 m below the ground level. The valleys are potential aquifers. c) Areas

underlain by thin laterite cover or weathered zone. The valleys and topo-lows are

good for open wells. Bore wells are feasible along fractures but are site specific.

d) Foot hills and highly undulating terrain exposing basement rocks or with thin

soil cover. The terrain can rarely sustain domestic wells. Fractures are potential

zones and bore wells are site specific.

- 41 -

Tabl

e: 6

.1

(Are

a in

Ha)

Sl.N

o.C

ateg

ory

Enm

akaj

eM

anga

lppa

dyM

anje

swar

amM

eenj

aPa

ival

ike

Puth

ige

Vork

ady

1A

cidi

c ro

cks

26.2

82

Alk

alin

e ro

cks

186.

8717

86.3

431

7.83

1682

.88

3B

asic

rock

s16

.86

50.2

016

.84

4C

harn

ocki

te g

roup

of r

ocks

391.

275

Hig

h gr

ade

met

a se

dim

enta

ry ro

cks

6K

hond

alite

gro

ups

of ro

cks

1104

.09

1221

.14

7La

terit

e93

.98

1077

.51

705.

0722

2.32

694.

848

Pen

insu

lar g

neis

sic

com

plex

6151

.96

1190

.01

2153

.83

3361

.47

4893

.03

1947

.72

3507

.45

9S

and

and

silt

617.

5237

7.19

10S

ands

tone

and

cla

y w

ith li

gnite

inte

rc50

.38

282.

1227

.45

11U

ltra

basi

c ro

cks

Panc

haya

t Tot

al78

34.1

937

55.0

928

63.3

445

09.5

571

37.0

738

52.9

242

02.2

9B

lock

Tot

al

Tabl

e: 6

.2

(Are

a in

Ha)

Sl.N

o.C

ateg

ory

Bed

aduk

aB

ello

orD

elam

pady

Kar

aduk

kaK

umba

daje

Kut

tikol

Mul

iyar

1A

cidi

c ro

cks

232.

392

Alk

alin

e ro

cks

3B

asic

rock

s80

.27

120.

9365

.84

125.

5561

.23

4C

harn

ocki

te g

roup

of r

ocks

26.3

439

8.19

123.

915

Hig

h gr

ade

met

a se

dim

enta

ry ro

cks

189.

336

Kho

ndal

ite g

roup

s of

rock

s60

4.77

450.

9726

8.22

147.

0190

9.16

7La

terit

e8

Pen

insu

lar g

neis

sic

com

plex

8345

.96

2412

.94

7947

.77

3463

.27

2701

.42

6436

.12

4466

.97

9S

and

and

silt

10S

ands

tone

and

cla

y w

ith li

gnite

inte

rc11

Ultr

a ba

sic

rock

sPa

ncha

yat T

otal

8452

.57

3017

.71

9107

.19

3797

.33

3059

.36

6644

.36

5500

.04

Blo

ck T

otal

3415

4.45

KA

RA

DU

KK

A B

LOC

K

3957

8.56

MA

NJE

SWA

RA

M B

LOC

K

GEO

LOG

Y D

ETA

ILS

- 42 -

Tabl

e: 6

.3

(Are

a in

Ha)

Sl.

No.

Cat

egor

yB

alal

East

-Ele

riK

alla

rK

inan

oor-

Kar

inda

lam

Kod

om-

Bel

oor

Pana

thad

iW

est-E

leri

1A

cidi

c ro

cks

2A

lkal

ine

rock

s3

Bas

ic ro

cks

310.

5928

1.34

215.

8714

.16

46.3

229

0.68

4C

harn

ocki

te g

roup

of r

ocks

8496

.70

4720

.41

2839

.06

6199

.31

6748

.14

3927

.52

6927

.35

5H

igh

grad

e m

eta

sedi

men

tary

rock

s55

5.38

1023

.63

522.

5857

6.08

6K

hond

alite

gro

ups

of ro

cks

1943

.71

7La

terit

e13

54.2

970

7.56

8P

enin

sula

r gne

issi

c co

mpl

ex75

.53

2276

.55

9.47

1365

.84

2934

.40

9S

and

and

silt

131.

1510

San

dsto

ne a

nd c

lay

with

lign

ite in

terc

11U

ltra

basi

c ro

cks

Panc

haya

t Tot

al94

38.2

060

25.3

853

31.4

877

08.3

893

90.4

488

05.6

377

94.1

1B

lock

Tot

al

Tabl

e: 6

.4

(Are

a in

Ha)

Sl.

No.

Cat

egor

yB

adiy

aduk

aC

hem

man

adC

heng

ala

Kum

bala

Mad

hur

Mog

ral-P

uthu

r

1A

cidi

c ro

cks

72.4

110

7.63

87.4

82

Alk

alin

e ro

cks

52.1

923

79.1

522

9.70

274.

583

Bas

ic ro

cks

39.1

829

.44

4C

harn

ocki

te g

roup

of r

ocks

5H

igh

grad

e m

eta

sedi

men

tary

rock

s6

Kho

ndal

ite g

roup

s of

rock

s25

4.47

2.34

566.

0636

2.59

7La

terit

e76

5.56

8P

enin

sula

r gne

issi

c co

mpl

ex64

25.6

822

06.3

448

75.4

735

.14

1751

.41

515.

379

San

d an

d si

lt16

55.2

432

0.36

2.96

539.

7610

San

dsto

ne a

nd c

lay

with

lign

ite in

terc

227.

8226

5.92

411.

1911

Ultr

a ba

sic

rock

sPa

ncha

yat T

otal

6732

.34

3903

.10

5513

.94

3757

.47

2720

.21

1828

.38

Blo

ck T

otal

PAR

APP

A B

LOC

K

5449

3.62

2445

5.44

KA

SAR

AG

OD

BLO

CK

- 43 -

Tabl

e: 6

.5

(Are

a in

Ha)

Sl.

No.

Cat

egor

yC

heru

vath

ur

Kay

yur-

Che

emen

iPa

dann

aPi

licod

eTh

rikka

rippu

rVa

liyap

aram

ba

1A

cidi

c ro

cks

2A

lkal

ine

rock

s3

Bas

ic ro

cks

11.4

34

Cha

rnoc

kite

gro

up o

f roc

ks53

57.9

615

8.92

5H

igh

grad

e m

eta

sedi

men

tary

rock

s6

Kho

ndal

ite g

roup

s of

rock

s7

Late

rite

738.

858

Pen

insu

lar g

neis

sic

com

plex

9S

and

and

silt

1744

.85

1209

.85

1491

.50

2595

.85

2096

.59

1743

.61

10S

ands

tone

and

cla

y w

ith li

gnite

inte

rc11

Ultr

a ba

sic

rock

s44

.07

Panc

haya

t Tot

al17

44.8

573

06.6

614

91.5

027

98.8

420

96.5

917

55.0

4B

lock

Tot

al

Tabl

e: 6

.6

(Are

a in

Ha)

Sl.

No.

Cat

egor

yA

jano

orM

adik

kai

Palli

kkar

aPu

lloor

-Per

iya

Udu

ma

1A

cidi

c ro

cks

2A

lkal

ine

rock

s3

Bas

ic ro

cks

25.0

449

.75

5.57

4C

harn

ocki

te g

roup

of r

ocks

261.

7540

86.2

425

64.2

95

Hig

h gr

ade

met

a se

dim

enta

ry ro

cks

506.

796

Kho

ndal

ite g

roup

s of

rock

s7

Late

rite

86.4

128

7.91

8P

enin

sula

r gne

issi

c co

mpl

ex14

86.5

322

99.5

033

5.65

9S

and

and

silt

2752

.18

361.

4323

66.3

810

42.8

621

12.3

810

San

dsto

ne a

nd c

lay

with

lign

ite in

terc

24.5

111

Ultr

a ba

sic

rock

sPa

ncha

yat T

otal

3013

.93

5090

.42

3902

.66

6200

.13

2448

.03

Blo

ck T

otal

NEE

LESW

AR

AM

BLO

CK

1719

3.48

2065

5.17

KA

NH

AN

GA

D B

LOC

K

- 44 -

Table: 6.7

(Area in Ha)

Sl.No. Category

Kanhangad Municipality

KasaragodMunicipality

NeeleswaramMunicipality

1 Acidic rocks 115.54

2 Alkaline rocks

3 Basic rocks

4 Charnockite group of rocks 660.64 77.18

5 High grade meta sedimentary rocks 7.69

6 Khondalite groups of rocks 234.98

7 Laterite

8 Peninsular gneissic complex 73.59 180.94

9 Sand and silt 3036.27 1214.20 2653.44

10 Sandstone and clay with lignite interc 339.08

11 Ultra basic rocks

Municipality Total 4117.27 1745.66 2730.62

MUNICIPALITY

- 45 -

- 46 -

- 47 -

- 48 -

(Are

a in

Ha)

Sl.

No.

Cat

egor

yA

jano

orM

adik

kai

Palli

kkar

aPu

lloor

-Per

iya

Udu

ma

1B

each

(Coa

stal

pla

in)

2C

hann

el b

ar (F

lood

pla

in)

3C

oast

al p

lain

324.

3940

8.00

5.25

4D

enud

atio

nal h

ills

5D

enud

atio

nal s

truct

ural

hill

s6

Line

ar ri

dge

(Low

er p

late

au)

27.2

197

.51

7Li

near

ridg

e (P

iedm

ont z

one)

8Lo

wer

pla

teau

(Lat

eriti

c) -

diss

ecte

d16

40.1

737

14.0

031

82.9

444

67.6

519

40.7

59

Mud

flat

(Coa

stal

pla

in)

410.

3551

.58

10P

iedm

ont z

one

11P

oint

bar

(Flo

od p

lain

)12

Res

idua

l mou

nt

224.

6376

.60

650.

2927

.08

13R

esid

ual m

ount

(P

edim

ent)

14R

esid

ual h

ill43

.91

342.

2889

.20

15R

ock

expo

sure

16S

tabi

lized

cha

nnel

bar

(Flo

od p

lain

)17

Sw

ale

(Coa

stal

pla

in)

6.69

18V

alle

y93

.34

135.

4719

Val

ley