Philippine LiteraturePhilippine LiteratureAng Literatura ng Ang Literatura ng

PilipinasPilipinas

I. Pre-colonial Literature• Oral tradition brought about various

literary forms to different ethnic or indigenous groups.

• Literature was communal, collective, and functional.

• Literature used the language of daily life, developed from a Malayo-Polynesian base.

• Written forms also existed using the syllabic script, probably of Sanskrit origin. The common baybayin had 17 symbols – 3 vowels and 14 consonants.

• Literature sprang from the experiences of the community and served its needs from the transmission of beliefs, values, ideals, customs, and mores, to entertainment.

A. Traditional Verses1. riddles – usually a rhyming couplet, each having

a regular syllabic count, varying from four syllables to as many as 14 syllables. Riddles draw their subjects from everyday life, and they are used to test wit, ingenuity, and imagination.

2. proverbs – terse statements of practical wisdom based on long experience and observations about life. They cover a wide range of subjects from the expressions of general attitudes toward life to exhortations on behaviour. Proverbs are stated in figurative language and are usually rendered in rhyming couplets. They serve to ensure social conformity.

3. songs – are of great variety, expressive of a gamut of human experiences and feelings. They are sung at almost every occasion: work, worship, wedding, war, with the accompaniment of musical instruments, mostly percussive and stringed. They include lullabies, street songs, work songs, game songs, victory songs, love songs, and funeral dirges.

4. ritualistic chants – used for ritual or ceremony to propitiate the gods and spirits. The mimetic rituals are like drama, but the non-mimetic ones include chanting of invocations to particular divinities or environmental spirits, or formulas to ward off the spell of evil spirits. A good example is the burial chants of the Cordillera people.

5. short lyric poems – many indigenous poetic forms made use of monorhyming seven-syllable lines like the tanaga of the Tagalogs and the ambahan of the Hanunuo-Mangyans.

6. nursery and nonsense rhymes – used for games and play of children.

Mga Karunungang Bayan

Nang bata pa’y paruparo Nang tumanda na’y latigo.

Ang magtanim ng hangin Bagyo ang aanihin.

Utos na sa pusaUtos pa sa daga.

Pedro PendukoMatakaw ng tuyoNang ayaw maligoKinuskos ng gugo.

Ako’y nakahiga sa kamang malambot, Ako ay kinagat ng isa pong surot Ako ay nabigla at tuloy nautot Kaawa-awang surot namatay sa angot.

Tabi, tabi po, apo Baka po kayo mabunggo.

Paano nakakuha ng bayabas ang mangangaso na hindi siya sinaktan ng mga matsing?

B. Folk Epics – are lengthy narrative poems revolving around supernatural events, heroic deeds, or folk heroes. They were either chanted or sung with a certain seriousness of purpose. They were recited in communal gatherings as a way of strengthening tribal pride and unity.

Subalit dumating sa kanilang buhay ang isang napakalungkot na pangyayari. Nagkaroon ng tagtuyot. Namatay ang lahat ng mga mga halaman at mga hayop. Nagkamatay ang mga tao sa uhaw at gutom. Naisip ng mga taong hukayin ang ilog. Inabot ng tatlong araw ang paghuhukay bago bumalong ang tubig. Dahil sa lakas ng pagbalong ng tubig ay may mga namatay. Nagdiwang din ang mga tao kahit may mga namatay sapagkat sila’y may tubig na. Subalit hindi nahinto ang patuloy na pagbalong ng tubig hanggang sa mangalunod ang lahat ng tao maliban sa magkapatid na Wigan at Bugan. Ang lalaki, si Wigan, ay napadpad sa bundok ng Amuyao at ang babae, si Bugan, ay ipinadpad ng baha sa bundok ng Kalawitan.

Biag ni Lam-ang – Ilocano Ibalon or Handiong – Bicolano Ullalim – Kalinga Hudhud and Alim – Ifugao Bindian and Kabunian – Ibaloi Hinilawod – Sulod Agyu ad Baybayan – Bukidnon Banlakon – Pulangion Tuwaang – Manuvu Sambila – Tahavawa Guman – Subanon Bantugan – Maranao Indarapatra at Sulaiman – Maguindanaon Parang Sabir – Tausug Silungan – Siasi Kudaman – Palawan

Ang bundok ng Kurayang pinanahanan ng maraming tao Ay pinapaglagim ng isa pang ibong may pito ang ulo;Walang makaligtas sa bagsik ng kanyang matalas na kuko Pagkat maaaring kanyang matanaw ang lahat ng tao.

Masaya at maringal ang kasalan. Pati na ang langit ay nasayahan sa kasalang ito, kaya’t nang matapos ang kasal sa simbahan ay nagtungo muna ang mga ito sa bahay ng babae, at pagkatapos ay sa bahay naman ng lalake at dito ipinagpatuloy ang masayang pagdiriwang.

Sa kailukuhan ay may isang kaugalian, na pagkatapos ng kasal kinakailangang sumisid ang lalaki sa ilog upang humuli ng isda.

Morphology of Filipino EpicsAdapted by Dr. Isagani Cruz from the Morphology of Russian Folktales of Vladimir Propp.

1. Aalis ang bayani sa kanyang bayan.

2. Makakatanggap ang bayani ng isang mahiwagang bagay.

3. Dadalhin o pupunta ang bayani sa pook kung saan naroroon ang isang hinahanap na karaniwan ay isang mahal sa buhay.4. Magsisimula ang bayani ng isang labanan.

5. Makikipaglaban ang bayani nang matagalan.6. Pipigilan ng isang diwata ang labanan.7. Ibubunyag ng diwata na magkamag-anak pala ang bayani at ng kanyang kaway.8. Mamamatay ang bayani.

9. Mabubuhay muli ang bayani.

10. Babalik ang bayani sa kanyang bayan.11. Magpapakasal ang bayani.

C. Folk Narratives – perform the function of explaining natural phenomena, past events, contemporary beliefs, and comprehending the natural environment.1. Creation myths – deal mainly with the creation

of the universe, the origin of people, the gods, supernatural beings, and divinities.

2. Legends – deal mainly with the origin of local phenomena or happenings, origin of places, plants, animals, things, and names.

3. Fables – deal with animals and inanimate beings made to speak and act like rational beings and teaching morals.

4. Fantastic stories – deal with the unseen world or the underworld, and with odd, whimsical, or grotesque characters

5. Folk tales – deal with humorous or heroic stories about native culture heroes, village idiots, trickster, tramps, and other stock characters.

II. Literature Under Spanish Colonial Period (1565 – 1898) A. First Publications – xylographic methods were used by printing presses controlled by Spanish friars.1. Catechism books – Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola y Tagalog. This book contained prayers and Christian doctrines.

2. Vocabulary and grammar books – example is Arte y regla de la lengua tagala (1610) by Fr. Blancas de San Jose. Similar types were published for lengua pampanga, bicol, and iloco.

1. Ladino poems – have alternating Spanish and vernacular linesSalamat nang Ualang Hangga (1605) by Fernando BagongbantaAuit (1610) by Tomas Pinpin

2. Marian hymns (1865) by Fr. Mariano Sevilla are sung during the Flores de Mayo celebrations

3. Pasyon – the verse narrative of the suffering and death of Christ. Ang Mahal na Pasion ni Jesu Cristong Panguinoon Natin ng Tola (1704) by Gaspar Aquino de Belen

B. Poetry – became the most popular vehicle for literary expression.

4. Metrical romances – allowed and encouraged by the ecclesiastical censors because of their harmless plots – triumph of good over evil, Christians over their enemies.

(1) Corridos – are extended verse narratives based on European tales, mostly on courtly love and chivalric adventures.Ibong Adarna, Don Juan Tiñoso, Don Juan Tenorio, Ang Doce Pares ng Francia, Bernardo Carpio

(2) Awit – similar to corridor but its plot is a fabrication of the author although the characters and the setting may be European. Moreover, corrido is octosyllabic quatrains while awit is dodecasyllabic quatrains.Florante at Laura

C. Prose Narratives1. Barlaan at Josaphat (1712) By Baltazar

de Santa Cruz translated by Fr. Antonio de Borja into Tagalog. It tells the story of the conversion to Christianity of a young Indian prince.

2. El Martir de Golgota (1863) – Juan Evangelista’s Tagalog version of Enrique Perez Escrich’s fictional biography of Christ.

3. Tandang Basio Macunat (1882) by Fr. Miguel Lucio Bustamante

4. Urbana at Feliza (1855) by Fr. Modesto de Castro, constituted a code of conduct for the period.

5. Lagda – a Visayan compilation of maxims first published under the Caton Christiano (1734, 1746, 1850) in Waray and in Cebuano (1865, 1893).

1. Panunuluyan – is the Tagalog version of Mexican posadas, held on the eve of Christmas.

2. Cenaculo – dramatization of the passion and death of Jesus Christ from Palm Sunday to Easter Sunday.

3. Salubong – Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen Christ and His mother

4. Tibag or Santacruzan – performed in May and depicts St. Elena’s search for the cross on which Christ died.

D. Drama – became the most effective tool in propagating the new faith and replaced the pagan rituals and ceremonies of the pre-colonial era.

5. Karagatan – indigenous dramatic form from old legendary practice of testing the mettle of young men vying for a maiden’s hand. An imaginary ring is retrieved from the sea through a clash of wits involving the use of puns, metaphors, proverbs, and quotations from the Bible, the metrical romances, and the Penal Code.

6. Duplo – considered a forerunner of the balagtasan, composed of two teams of dupleras/belyakas and dupleros/belyakos.

7. Carillo – a shadow play presented outdoors on dark or moonless nights, had its remarkable similarity to the wayang plays of Java.

8. Comedia – most comedias have the same plots as the awit and corridos, a spectacular play of courtly love usually between a prince and princess of different religion (Christian and Muslim) that ends with the victory of Christians. Famous writers of comedia included Jose de la Cruz (Huseng Sisiw) and Francisco Baltazar (Balagtas).

9. Sainete – 18th century dramatic form, a short musical comedy, depicting scenes from everyday life with rustic or lower class figures as characters and had a wide range of themes.

1. La Solidaridad (1889 – 1895) – the propagandists newspaper founded and edited by Graciano Lopez Jaena. Marcelo H. del Pilar later became its editor. Its writers included Jose Rizal, Mariano Ponce, Juan Luna, Felix Resurrecion Hidalgo, Jose Ma. Panganiban, Fernando Canon.

2. Fray Botod – a novellete in Hiligaynon, a satire about a pot-bellied, abusive, and immoral friar written by Graciano Lopez Jaena.

3. Leona Florentino – her 22 poems were published in Paris in 1889 in an international encyclopedia of women writers

E. Propaganda Movement - launched in Spain by a group of young illustrado students and graduates to demand for reforms in the Philippines from Spain.

III. Literature Under American Colonization (1898 – 1945) A. Early Period (1898 – 1930) – period of transition and learning1. English became the official medium of instruction.•Magazines started publication: College Folio (1910),

Philippine Free Press (1905), Philippines Herald (1920), Philippine Education Magazine which gave literary prizes.•Zoilo Galang published Child of Sorrow (1921), first Filipino novel in English, and Life and Success (1921) first volume of essays in English.•The UP Writers’ Club was founded (1927).•Newspapers and magazines provided space for literary pieces for the regions: Muling Pagsilang (1903, Tagalog), Ang Kaluwasan (1902, Cebuano), Makiugalingon (1913, Hiligaynon), and Nueva Era (1908, Ilocano), Liwayway (1922, Tagalog), Bisaya (1930, Cebuano), Hiligaynon (1934, Hiligaynon), and Bannawag (1934, Ilocano).

1. Kalayaan – the publication of the Katipunan edited by Emilio Jacinto.“Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas,” “ Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa,” Andres Bonifacio’s poems“Liwanag at Dilim,” “A Mi Madre,” “Kartilla ng Katipunan” Emilio Jacinto’s works

2. El Verdadero Decalogo by Apolonario Mabini

F. The Revolutionary Period

2. Regional writers flourished.

•Bicol : Timoteo Ortile (playwright), Nicolas Arrieta (playwright), Jose Figueroa (poet), Manuel Fuentebella (poet), Enrique Centenera (fictionist)•Kapampangan: Juan Crisostomo Sotto (poet, fictionist), Aurelio Tolentino (playwright), Lino Dizon (poet)•Hiligaynon: (Magdalena Jalandoni (novelist, poet), Angel Magahum (novelist and dramatist), Ramon Muzones (novelist)•Cebuano: Sulpicio Ossorio (novelist), Tomas Hermosisima (novelist), Vicente Ranudo (poet), Marcel Navarra (fictionist), Piux Kabahar (dramatist)•Ilocano: Mena Pecson Crisologo (novelist, dramatist), Leo0n Pichay (poet)•Waray (poets): Iluminado Lucente (Julio Carter), Casiano Trinchera (Kalantas), Eduardo Makabenta (Ben Tamaka), Vicente de Veyra (Vatchoo).

3. Tagalog writers wrote seditious zarzuelas.

• Walang Sugat (1902) – Severino Reyes• Tanikalang Ginto (1902) – Juan Abad• Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas 91903) – Aurelio

Tolentino• Hindi Aco Patay (1903) – Juan Matapang Cruz• Anak ng Dagat (1922) Patricio Mariano• Other writers: Hermogenes Ilagan, Fulgencio

Tolentino, Bonifacio Abdon, Leon Ignacio, Juan Hernandez

4. Spanish writing continued.

• Crisalidas (1914) – Fernando Maria Guerrero• Pentelicas (1914) - Cecilio Apostol• Cantos del Tropico – Manuel Bernabe • Solo entre los Sombras – Claro M. Recto

5. Tagalog poetry produced great writers and the balagtasan.

• Ang Pangginggera (1912) – Lope K. Santos• Tungkos ng Alaala (1913) – Pedro Gatmaitan• Mga Gintong Dahon (1920), Sa Dakong Silangan

(1928) – Jose Corazon de Jesus

6. Tagalog novels developed as a genre.• Fulgencia Galbillo (1907), Capitan Bensio (1907)

and Alfaro (1909) – Gabriel Beato Francisco• Madaling Araw (1909), may Pagsinta’y Walang

Puso (1911), Sampaguitang Walang Bango (1918) – Iñigo Ed Regalado

• Lalaking Uliran o Tulisan (1914) – Juan Lauro Arciwals

• Pusong Walang pag-ibig (1910), Bagong Dalaga (1910) – Roman Reyes

• Banaag at Sikat (1904) – Lope K. Santos• Pinaglahuan (1907), Ang lihim ng Isang Pulo

(1926) – Faustino Aguilar

7. English short stories and anthologies started to become popular.

• Dead Stars (1925) – Paz Marquez Benitez• Box of Ashes and Other Stories (1925) – Zoilo M.

Galang• Filipino Love Stories (1927) – edited by Paz Marquez

Benitez• Stealer of Hearts and other Stories (1927) – Jose Villa

Panganiban• Philippine Short Stories: the Best of 1928 – Jose

Garcia Villa

8. Filipino poems in English gained popularity.• Sursum Corda (19070 – Justo Juliano• Reminiscences (1921) – Lorenzo Paredes• Never Mind (1922) – Procopio Solidum• Azucena (1925) – Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion

9. Other published works• Thinking for Ourselves (essay) – Vicente H. Hilario

and Eliseo M. Quirino• The Filipino Rebel (novel) – Maximo Kalaw• Footnote to Youth and Other Tales (1933) – Jose

Garcia Villa

B. The Later Period (1930 – 1945) – period of emergence and recognition

1. Literary organizations were formed: Philippine Book Guild (1936), Philippine Writers League (1939), The Veronicans, and the Bachelorettes

2. Literary awards gave new impetus to writing.Commonwealth Literary Awards (1940) : Literature and Society (essay) – Salvador P. Lopez; How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife (short story) – Manuel Arguilla; Like the Molave (poetry) – Rafael Zulueta da Costa; His Native Soil (novel) – Juan C. Laya

3. Art for art’s sake clashed with art with proletarian literature.• Jose Garcia Villa versus Salvador P. Lopez

4. The tabloid Sakdal inspired the Sakdalista Uprising - Benigno R. Ramos.

5. The Pacific War and the Japanese Occupation de-emphasized English and pushed Tagalog as national language.

• Without Seeing the Dawn (1947) – Stevan Javellana

• America Is in the Heart (1946) – Carlos Bulosan• 25 Pinakamabubuting Maikling Kuwento ng

Taong 1943 (1944) – Macario Pineda.

A. Post-Liberation Period (1946 -1985)

1. Barangay Writers Project was organized in 1946 with N.V.M. Gonzales as its first president.

• Heart of the Islands (1947) Manuel A. Viray• Phil. Cross Section (1950) Maximo Ramos• Phil. Poetry Annual (1950) Florentino B. Valeros

2. National magazines resumed publications and their literary awards.

• Guardia de Honor (1949, first prize Philippine Free Press) by Nick Joaquin

IV. Literature Under the Republic (1946 – 1985)

3. Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature began in 1950.

4. Publications flourished.• Diplomats and Other Poems (1952) Nick

Joaquin• Prose and Poems (1952) Dominador Ilio• Daedalus and Other Poems (1961) Ricaredo

Demetillo• Sunflower (1960) Tita Lacambra Ayala• Children of the Ash Covered Loam (1954),

Season of Grace (1956), The Bamboo Dancers (1959) N.V.M. Gonzales

• Villa Magdalena (1965), The Volcano (1965), You Lovely people (1955), Brother My Brother (1960), The Day the Dancers Came and Other Stories (1967) Bienvenido N. Santos

1. Tagalog writers embraced modernism.• Manlilikha, Mga Piling Tula: 1961-67 (1967) Rogelio

Mangahas, editor• Mga Agos sa Disyerto (1964) – Efren Abueg, editor• Makinasyon (1968), Peregrinasyon (1970),

Doktrinang Anakpawis (1979), Ang Makata sa Panahon ng Makina (1972) – Virgilio Almario

• Hagsik ng Silahis (1980) – Lamberto Antonio• Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag (1966) – Edgardo M.

Reyes• Sitsit sa Kuliglig (1972), Dunung-dunungan (1975),

Kristal na Uniberso (1989) – Rolando Tinio• Isang Dipang Langit, Panata sa Kaayaan, Luha ng

Buwaya, Mga Ibong Mandaragit – Amado V. Hernandez

• Dekada 70 (1984) – Lualhati Bautista

B. Modern Period (1960 – 1985) – marked by a growing militancy of national consciousness

2. Nationalist writers organization was formed in 1971, called Panulat para sa Kaunlaran ng Sambayanan (PAKSA)

• Sigwa (1972) – First Quarter Storm writers: Ricardo Lee, Wilfredo p. Virtucio, Fanny A. Garcia, Norma Miraflor, Domingo Landicho, Jun Cruz Reyes

• The Making of a Filipino (1969), The Philippines: A Past Revisited (1975), The Philippines: The Continuing past (1978) Renato Constantino

• Mga Kagilagilalas na Pakikipagsapalaran ni Juan de la Cruz (1979) – Jose f. Lacaba

• Utos ng Hari at Iba pang Kwento (1981) Jun Cruz Reyes

• Montage (1984) Ophelia Dimalanta

A. Creative writing centers and organizations honed literary craft of young writers.

1. Summer writing workshops: UP, Silliman University, DLSU, UST, San Carlos University

2. Writers organizations workshops: UMPIL, PEN, GAT, KATHA, LIRA, GUMIL, LUDABI, etc.

B. Literary critics articulated literary trends and movements.

• Kritismo (1992) – Soledad Reyes• Ang Panitikan ng Pambansang Demokrasya (1990) –

Gelacio G. Guillermo• Images of Change (1988) – Alice Guillermo• The Other View (1989) – Elmer Ordoñez• First Person, Plural (1987), Intertext (1990) – Edel

Garcellano• Beyond Futility (1984) – Isagani Cruz

V. Literature After EDSA (1986 – present)

C. More publishing houses printed literary works

• University presses : UP, Ateneo, DLSU, UST• Commercial presses: Anvil, Kalikasan, Giraffe,

New Day, GCF Books

D. More writers published their works.• Dreamweavers (1987) Marjorie Evasco• Men from the East – Charlson Ong• The Unusual Journey of Edgar Jopson (1989) –

Benjamin Pimentel Jr• Palipalitong Posporo (1991) – Benilda S.

Santos• Roses from the Rubbles – Conrado de Quiroz