GEH bio II
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Transcript of GEH bio II
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D E P . O F B I O C H E M I S T R Y
F A C U L T Y O F M E D I C I N E H A S A N U D D I N U N I V E R S I T Y
R O S D I A N A N A T Z I R
BIOMEDIC II
SYSTEMGASTROENTEROHEPATHOLOGY
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BIOCHEMICAL IMPORTANCE
UndernutritionUlcer ----> gastric acidsGallstones----> cholesterol
Lactose intolerance ------> lactase enzymeEtc.
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DIET
FATPROTEINCARBOHYDRATENUCLEIC ACIDS
VITAMINMINERALS
WATER.
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DIGESTION
BSORPTION
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Digestion, Absorption, Transport
DigestionBreakdown of food molecules for absorption intocirculation
Mechanical: breaks large food particles to smallChemical: breaking of covalent bonds by digestiveenzymes
Absorption and transportMolecules are moved out of digestive tract andinto circulation for distribution throughout body
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Carbohydrate - polysaccharide
Polysaccharide -----> oligosaccharide ------->Disaccharide------> monosaccharide.
Monosaccharide :
GlucoseGalactoseMaltose
IsomaltoseTrehalose.
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LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
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LIPIDS :
FatsOilsPhospholipids
Sterols
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FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS :
Major components of cell membranes.Required to solubilise fat soluble vitaminsBiosynthetic precursors (e.g. steroidhormones from cholesterol)
Protection (e.g. kidneys are shielded with fat in fed state)Insulation
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LIPIDS :
1) Stomach - lingual lipase and gastric lipase attacktriacylglycerols and hydrolyse a limited number ofFA.
2) Small Intestine - acid chyme (stomach contents)stimulates mucosa cells to release choleocystokinin which stimulates gall bladder and pancreas to release
bile.
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. (bile acids help emulsify fatdroplets thus increasing their surfacearea) and digestive enzymes
respectively.
Other mucosa cells release
secretin which causes pancreas torelease bicarbonate rich fluid toneutralise chyme.
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ACTION OF BILE SALTS
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Transport of lipid
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P i S i
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Aqueous. ;Produced by columnar epitheliumlining smaller ducts.;Na +, K+, HCO3-, water. ;Bicarbonate ;lowers pH inhibiting pepsin and
providing proper pH for enzymes.
Pancreatic Secretions:Pancreatic Juice
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Enzymatic portion:
TrypsinogenChymotrypsinogen
ProcarboxypeptidasePancreatic amylasePancreatic lipasesDeoxyribonucleasesribonucleases
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Interaction of duodenal and pancreatic enzymes.
Enterokinase from the duodenalmucosa and attached to the brush border activates trypsinogen to trypsin .
Trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen tochymotrypsin.
Trypsin activates procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase.
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Trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidasedigest proteins: proteolytic.
Pancreatic amylase continues digestion ofstarch.Pancreatic lipase digests lipids
Deoxyribonucleases and ribonucleases digestDNA and ribonucleic acid, respectively
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All lipids carried in the blood are done so incombination with protein to make them soluble inplasma. :
Cholesterol: 15% ingested; 85% manufactured inliver and intestinal mucosaLipids are lower density than water; proteins arehigher density than waterChylomicrons: 99% lipid and 1% protein (extremely
low density); enter lymph
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Cont..
VLDL: 92% lipid, 8% proteinForm in which lipids leave the liverTriglycerides removed from VLDL and stored in adiposecells.
LDL: 75% lipid, 25% protein
Transports cholesterol to cellsCells have LDL receptors.HDL: 55% lipid, 45% protein
Transports excess cholesterol from cells to liver.
Amino Acid Transport
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Amino Acid Transport
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Chemical Digestion: Nucleic Acids
Absorption: active transport via membranecarriers
Absorbed in villi and transported to liver viahepatic portal veinEnzymes used: pancreatic ribonucleases anddeoxyribonuclease in the small intestines
El l Ab i
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Electrolyte AbsorptionMost ions are actively absorbed along the
length of small intestineNa + is coupled with absorption of glucose andamino acidsIonic iron is transported into mucosal cells whereit binds to ferritin
Anions passively follow the electricalpotential established by Na +
K + diffuses across the intestinal mucosa inresponse to osmotic gradientsCa 2+ absorption:
Is related to blood levels of ionic calciumIs regulated by vitamin D and parathyroidhormone (PTH)
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Water and
Ions
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