GCT Brochure August 2014 - 25.08.2014

GIRTON CONSERVATION TRUST

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Girton Conservation Trust

With thanks to: Mr Steve Johnson of Girton Sailing Club, for reproduction of his exceptional photograph, Boundary House in November 2012 flood. Mr & Mrs John Ward, Girton, for reproduction of village photographs. Mr Bernard Martin, Architect, for reproduction of mapping.

Mr Nick Stokes, BA MSc CEnv CSci MCIWEM C.WEM of Black & Veatch Ltd, Consultants to the Environment Agency.

Primeprint of Newark, for production of presentation materials. Newark & Sherwood District Council, Community Safety and Technical Support Departments. This brochure contains Environment Agency information © Environment Agency and database right. Licensed by the Environment Agency to The Girton Conservation Trust Parish Chairman Kenneth Rice, Holly Cottage, West Lane, Girton, Newark, Nottinghamshire NG23 7JB Tel: 01522 778507 email: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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0NE FAINT VOICE IN A HUGE WALL OF SOUND THAT IS THE TRAUMA OF FLOODING,

Throughout January and February 2014, daily news reported on flooding and storm damage from the Somerset Levels and South West coastal towns.

In this 21st Century, people cannot be asked to live their lives under such constant threat year on year. That is totally unrealistic!

The Environment Agency’s Lord Smith said the country had faced "an extraordinary combination of weather conditions over the past eight weeks with prolonged periods of heavy rain and gale-force winds affecting almost every part of England".

¾ Within UK there are other less high profile situations that also suffer the constant trauma of repeated flooding.

The village of Girton is one such case – it is an ancient village set alongside the wide and slow moving River Trent, in one of the least densely populated areas of Nottinghamshire. Comprising Church, Village Hall and 24 houses, standing on a small area of raised land formed after the last Ice Age, changing little over centuries. Its charm stemming from having no room to expand with only one house having been built over the last 170 years. The Parish of Girton & Meering is one of the largest in Nottinghamshire, in most winters the village is often surrounded by the overflow of the River Trent into its wash lands, bringing an abundance of wildlife and waterfowl up to the very boundaries of the village properties. We are desperate for the full flood protection of a major flood bank around the village. The brochure defines exactly how much this tiny village defends and protects surrounding populations, properties and businesses. Finance We are told that Girton will never be granted Capital Expenditure for a flood bank from the Environment Agency. The only way forward is to raise funds for the surveys needed to achieve full Planning permission, and to then ‘partnership’ the construction costs of the flood defence.

¾ Initially, we need to raise funds in the order of £100K for the Surveys.

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Request The only way that Girton could achieve this – Requesting larger Companies, SME’s and even individual traders who may be liable for Corporation Tax to HM Inland Revenue, to please help in any amount and view making a Tax deductable payment to - ‘The Girton Conservation Trust’ This will not in any way be a detriment to your Company, it could be extremely beneficial. This is an amazing way of - ‘giving something back’. We sincerely ask you or your Company to please consider this request, if you do not have an in-house Financial Director then please speak with your Accountant, they will explain how it works. Enclosed at the back, is a basic explanation copied from Inland Revenue information. Each and every amount donated, is a major contribution to the Charity. With your help, such donations mean we are that much quicker in achieving our target of funding the Surveys for Planning permission. ¾ The brochure relates in detail, the serious predicament our ancient village of Girton is facing.

¾ Page 28 onward within the brochure, lists everything that is required of surveys needed for Planning permission, before we

can ever contemplate the construction of a flood bank around the village.

¾ Anyone who has lived through the trauma of flooding, or has a relative or friend having experienced this, will know exactly

the reality of what we are trying to achieve, in the protection of lives and properties.

¾ The village of Girton has no other way of attempting to protect itself. Other than requesting your generosity in re-directing

any amount of monies to the Charity, that would otherwise pass through your annual accounts to HM Inland Revenue in Corporation Tax!!.

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What can this benevolence do for your Business? By succeeding with fund raising for Surveys, then completing the building of permanent flood protection around this village, Girton will be embarking on a full scale Public Relations campaign of Press and TV throughout this journey. Demonstrating that co-operation between Industry, Commerce and private individuals can achieve something amazing! - flying in the face of total adversity and negative responses from Government Institutions. The Public Relation profile of promoting ‘Contributors’ within this campaign, from the smallest to the largest, offers a huge opportunity to benefit all those involved. They will certainly be identified and magnified to the maximum all along this journey, by ‘The Girton Conservation Trust’.

‘The start of giving something back’

“By demonstrating the individual and collective strengths of British people in supporting this Charity and donating an amount through Gift Aid to the Trust, you would be personally helping to achieve the protection of the Ancient village of Girton, by funding the construction of a major flood defence. This will last far beyond our lifetime, protecting the Heritage of that village to benefit generations in the future, which is surely far more rewarding than paying a financial commitment of Corporation Tax to HM Inland Revenue in any one year. The constant inundation of the properties within the village by floods, will in the long term see the total destruction and loss of the village, as went the way of the properties of ‘Meering’ less than 100 years ago. Our Parish is ‘Girton & Meering’ even though one village has now disappeared forever”.

“Those who do not think of the future are unworthy of their ancestors” Winston Churchill, 24th October 1936

This faint voice, from the ancient village of Girton, in the Parish of Girton & Meering, Newark, Nottinghamshire, needs

your financial support, PLEASE HELP......

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Please support the village of Girton in any amount by Gift Aid that you can, every individual contribution will make a difference!

The Girton Conservation Trust Registered Charity Number – 1115660

Barclays Bank,

Market Place, Newark on Trent Branch,

Sort code 20-50-21

Account number 73588246

Thank you Kenneth Rice, Chairman

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Life in the 21st Century under constant threat of flooding is totally

unacceptable.

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Boundary House – November 2012 floods

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Cause The village of Girton is positioned upon the ‘Cusp’ of where the Fluvial River Trent meets the Tidal River Trent The influence of the Tidal River Trent is normally minimal beyond Gainsborough and upstream through Torksey to Girton, other than exceptional surges in the North Sea as in December 2013, causing large incoming tides from the Humber Estuary rising to levels not normally seen. Flood risk to Girton is mostly associated with large ‘Known-Unknown Fluvial Events’ on the River Trent and tributaries, from its origin at Stoke on Trent through to Nottingham, Newark and Girton. Any volume of flood water being unable to continue down the River Trent, because of incoming tides from the Humber Estuary, this is called a ‘Tidelock’.

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The coinciding duration of Fluvial waters meeting the Tidal waters, causes the increased possible flooding of the village. Girton is situated within the River Trent flood plain which is 2.5km wide at this point, lying approximately 1.3km from the actual River and is currently –undefended!

The River Trent bank at the bottom of Trent Lane was constructed after the 1947 floods to a 1:5 year level. Through compaction and deterioration, there has also been little to no maintenance work, the EA acknowledge this is now probably at a 1:4 level at best. Inundation of the floodplain around Girton can therefore occur on a regular basis, year on year, subject to even minor ‘Events’ on the River Trent at Nottingham and beyond. Actual flooding to properties within the village occurs at a 1:7 year level of flooding!

There is little differential between the River Bank level and this level to work with at present, for the protection of the village.

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Girton Oak Doors - 12.39pm afternoon of 27th November 2012 – River Trent beginning to overtop the 1:5 year level floodbank.

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Girton Oak Doors - River Trent fully overtopping November 27th 2012 late afternoon, illustrating the MINIMAL height protection of the 1:5 year level.

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In September 2008 the Environment Agency produced a Girton Flood Risk Assessment through their Consultants ‘Black & Veatch’.

Within that, 3.4 Tributary Flooding Section item 3.4.1 states - further potential sources of flooding through Girton are from the Mill Dam Dyke and “The Broad Fleet”, which are TWO further watercourses flowing in close proximity through the village.

Mill Dam Dyke, drains approximately 38 square kilometres in area, to the east of Girton. The dyke rises in Morton and flows in a predominantly westerly direction towards Girton, crossing beneath Baxter Bridge (A1133), then turning to a southerly direction as it flows past Girton. The dyke flows beneath Tinkers lane and discharges to the Broad Fleet a short distance downstream from this road culvert (‘Pepper Bridge’).

Existing flood gates are located across the Mill Dam Dyke approximately 80m upstream of Baxter’s Bridge to prevent the ingress of flood water from the Trent along the dyke toward North Scarle village in reverse flow.

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The Fleet, drains approximately 24 square kilometres in area to the south of Girton.

The Fleet rises in Newark and flows in a northerly direction along the edge of the Trent floodplain. There are a number of bifurcations along the length of the watercourse upstream of Girton, with ditches taking flows to the Trent.

The Fleet crosses beneath Trent Lane, just north of Besthorpe village, where there is a former flow control structure and enters a small floodplain lake, known as the “Broad Fleet”.

The Fleet then reforms to a channel just upstream of its confluence with Mill Dam Dyke, then flowing in a northerly direction past Girton to its final confluence with the River Trent.

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Girton village - under pressure of flood water storage from FOUR directions

Tidal River Trent from Gainsborough

Fluvial River Trent from Nottingham

and Newark

Mill Dam Dyke Incoming

Fluvial water from 38 square

km between Morton and North Scarle

Broad Fleet incoming Fluvial water from

24 square km between Newark and

Collingham

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The village of Girton – frequently isolated by flood water incoming from all FOUR directions

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Mill Dam Dyke – permanently incoming fluvial water from - 38 sq/km area east of Girton. Rivers Trent & Witham are shown.

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The Broad Fleet - permanently incoming fluvial water from - 24 sq/km area south of Girton. Rivers Trent & Witham are shown.

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Environment Agency website data recorded for December 27th and 28th, 2012

River Trent at Torksey

Last updated 08:00 on 27/12/2012

Summary

The river level at Torksey is 6.48 metres.

This measurement was recorded at 08:00 on 27/12/2012.

x The typical river level range for this location is between 1.40 metres and 3.60 metres.

The highest river level recorded at this location is 7.31 metres and the river level reached 6.28 metres on 23/01/2008.

River Trent at Gainsborough

Last updated 08:00 on 28/12/2012

Summary

The river level at Gainsborough is 4.82 metres.

This measurement was recorded at 08:00 on 28/12/2012.

x The typical river level range for this location is between 1.29 metres and 3.64 metres.

The highest river level recorded at this location is 5.68 metres and the river level reached 5.48 metres on 24/01/2008.

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Torksey - 27th December 2012 – 6.48m @ 8.00am Gainsborough - 28th December 2012 – 4.82m @ 8.00am

The village of Girton has great need of flood protection, by the construction of a permanent flood bank defence!

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Effect

In this 21st Century, we live in times of constant climate change. Years past, Girton saw the Trent river levels rise through nature’s effect, depending upon the individual winter conditions, there was always ‘time’ for the residents to prepare, the water rose slowly as it came across the washlands and surrounded the village, occasionally entering the properties in exceptional years. (Notably: 1932, 1946, 1947, 1951, 1955, 1960 (twice), 1965, 1967, 1976, total inundation in 2000 then 2012 November, December for a full 10 weeks through January into February of 2013). Previously, the flood water sitting in the washlands for up to ten days, then leaving the village as it followed the receding tides out to Gainsborough and the Humber Estuary. Since 2000 those features have changed permanently.

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2012-2013 November, December and January, flood water stayed within Girton village fully -

10 weeks of the worst Christmas ever! Having 80/90 year old residents feeling isolated, boarded

& sandbagged into their houses for the period of 10 weeks.

That is totally unacceptable and unforgivable!

The washlands surrounding Girton, hold the largest flood storage area for the whole length of

the River Trent. Over the last few decades, the Environment Agency through massive investment have constructed flood defences from Stoke on Trent through to Nottingham, in defence of large ‘urban and industrial’ areas that previously were experiencing a regular threat of flooding. The improvements in flood protection to these areas, has meant that for Girton, we have more often witnessed ‘much larger volumes of fluvial flood water arriving far quicker’ into the surrounds of the village. Being stored there until dispersed through Torksey and Gainsborough and onwards to the Humber Estuary.

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The increased pressure this brings upon the Village and residents, has meant that we have witnessed ‘Events’ occurring elsewhere, affecting Girton throughout the year with normal tides rather than as previously aligned with November and February tides which are far greater in size. Since the major flood of 2000 affecting the village, we have been under threat on quite a few occasions within any one year. Due to what are now called ‘a Super cell’ of rainfall - up to a month’s heavy rainfall in the space of 24 or 48 hours being dumped on one small area. These ‘Known-Unknown Events’ cause severe flash flooding through ‘run-off’, becks, dykes and main drains not being able to cope with the volume. It would almost be implausible for Girton itself to flash-flood, however, all of that flood water has then to travel down tributaries into the River Trent anywhere from Stoke on Trent to Nottingham and then Newark, finally to Girton, inundating the surrounds. There it sits until it can get out to the Humber Estuary, ‘tidelock’ permitting. If the volume is exceptional then at a certain level noted previously, the village properties would certainly flood beyond the 1:7 year level!

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We now have the Known-Unknowns of “Atmospheric Rivers” The Institute of Physics in Environmental Research, have published a paper on

Powerful weather systems called "atmospheric rivers" -

“Winter floods could intensify in Britain, according to new research into powerful weather systems called atmospheric rivers".

Only identified about 20 years ago, atmospheric rivers are intense bands of moisture that flow through the air.

Known to be responsible for very heavy rainfall, they have been blamed for severe flooding in California and the UK.

The new study suggests that warmer conditions could create more rivers - and make them more severe.

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Atmospheric rivers are up to 300km wide and can stretch in length for over 1,000-2,000km. They flow invisibly, between 1- 2.5km above the surface of the ocean.

One atmospheric river is believed to have been behind the violent flooding that hit Cockermouth

in Cumbria on 19 November 2009 causing loss of life.

The researchers, led by Dr David Lavers of the University of Iowa, have estimated the staggering volume of moisture carried by this particular atmospheric river.

They calculate that at its peak it was transporting almost 300,000 tonnes of moisture every second.

By comparison, the River Thames carries about 65 tonnes of water through London over the same period.

If the Atmospheric Rivers make landfall and encounter a steep rise in terrain, the air is forced upwards where it cools and releases the moisture in the form of rain.

If the river remains on the same course for 24 hours - as it did over Cumbria in 2009 - it will deliver a continuous flow of heavy rain over a fixed area.

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Over the last 30 years, there has been an average of 9 to 11 of the strongest atmospheric river ‘Events’ hitting Britain every year.

"These are the most relevant feature of winter flooding in Britain and their studies are certainly suggesting an increase in both strength and frequency."

Dr Richard Allan of Reading University UK, also an author of the paper, said: "What this shows is that the dominating factor is the increase in water vapour which means that if you've got more moisture - and the winds don't change -then you've got a much bigger potential for flooding.

"These are really massive flows of invisible water which can feed clouds and cause rainfall if forced up over land."

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The village of Girton has great need of flood protection, by the

construction of a permanent flood bank defence! We are demonstrating with this ‘Identification of the Ancient Village of Girton’ –

There isn’t another village along the whole of the River Trent, from origin to discharge

into the Humber, under the same threat of constant flooding!

There are many villages along the River Trent and its tributaries, under threat of flooding as identified by the Environment Agency in their Fluvial & Tidal reviews.

They are not however situated within the “largest flood storage area” upon the River Trent as the village of Girton is!

They also do not face the constant threat from four sources of incoming flood water!

Whatever flooding these villages experience is because of an exogenous factor due to exceptional weather - their fluvial water always finally arrives in Girton!

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The resulting volume of water ending up in the surrounds of the washlands of Girton, before it can be dispersed into the Humber Estuary.

The sheer volume of which, determines whether OUR village floods or not!

We should think very carefully about what we do know – though it may be

more important to know more of what we don’t have certainty about!

Please note:

Girton village meantime, is constantly 24*7 and 365 - evacuating 62 square kilometres of local surrounding area from its residual and potential fluvial flood water, through two other water sources arriving directly into the confines of the village of Girton, thereby protecting at least 1,000 properties, hundreds of businesses plus light industry and farming small and large, before discharging this ever constant water, into the River Trent at “Oak Doors” penstock.

We are not just 24 houses!

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Solution

The village of Girton cannot remain ad infinitum, sacrificial to the solution for

everyone else’s flooding problems along the River Trent. That is totally unreasonable!

We are a compact grouping of properties that could easily be contained within the short flood bank of approximately 1.8 Kilometres in length, just over ONE mile! The area of washlands around the village would still be available as storage from Fluvial ‘Events’ upriver of Girton, this facility would not change. With the proposal of the short flood bank as shown, there would be absolutely little to no effect upon flood storage area for the Environment Agency.

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The village would continue receiving fluvial water coming from the East of Girton up to the 1:7 year level before requiring pumping out into the washlands to maintain status quo for properties within the village, ONLY IF, the coinciding duration of Fluvial and Tidal flood waters persisted for any length of time sufficient to require this very remote possibility. Past experience leads us to believe that the coinciding duration of levels overtopping from the River Trent and the fluvial storage arriving within the village and contained behind the flood bank would be minimal to virtually all ‘Events’ so far. We submitted to the EA various options for the position of a flood bank around Girton, their Consultants Black & Veatch, conducted a ‘Flood Risk Assessment including approximate costings for the village of Girton. From that assessment ‘Option 1’ was agreed as being acceptable for all parties concerned, to then go forward for full planning with Nottinghamshire County Council.

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Option 1 Flood bank around Girton - shown in ‘purple’ line, originates junction of A1133 to Besthorpe, approximate length of 1.8km.

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Flood Bank construction costs estimated by Black & Veatch

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However, before we can take that action, various studies would have to be implemented of which - suggested costs from Black & Veatch are as follows:

1. Ecological Impact Assessment estimated at £3,000.00

2. Geotechnical Studies estimated at £6,000.00

3. Topographical Survey estimated at £8,000.00

4. Archaeological Survey estimated at £6,000.00

5. Ground Investigation estimated at £30,000.00

6. Outline Design estimated at £20,000.00 The total cost for all of these studies is estimated in the region of £90K to £100,000.00 (figures supplied by Black & Veatch).

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If we are left with the only alternative being ‘self funding’ through charitable donations, we are personally able to negotiate directly with the relevant organisations on a ‘best value’ for the surveys, rather than the Environment Agency commissioning them.

It would be reasonable to expect that we could reduce the suggested costs as listed by Black & Veatch. Our priority is to achieve this first step and fund raise the £100K suggested.

‘The Girton Conservation Trust’ with joint help from Newark & Sherwood District Council and Nottinghamshire County Council can then prepare the surveys needed for full planning application on the suggested Flood Bank around the village.

We know this is a long and arduous route the village has to take. With help from people within major Companies, down to a single individual, their donations would serve to protect people’s lives and properties, certainly the long term heritage of an Ancient village.

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Facts and Misconceptions

x It remains the intention of the residents of Girton, to continue to press for the construction of permanent flood defences around the village.

x The Ancient village of Girton is very much an unknown jewel in the County of

Nottinghamshire, without doubt worth protecting!

x The village of Girton is a totally ‘unique proposition’, considering the disadvantages we continually live with and are exposed to, these facts should be evaluated and accredited as such, presently they are being totally disregarded!.

x Girton is continually accepting and storing levels of flood water to ease other’s

problems from any known-unknown ‘Events’. These ‘Events’ will certainly, due to climate change, occur far more regularly and with much greater ferocity.

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x The flood water residing in the washlands and often directly up to the village properties anywhere to the 1:7 year level, relieves Urban and Industrial conurbations occurring upriver of Cromwell lock, Newark, Nottingham, Derby and beyond.

x An area of 62 square kilometres is protected by two fluvial water sources

continuously discharging into the village of Girton.

x There is a common misconception that Girton is just 24 properties and on the EA principle

of ‘cost benefit ratio’ we would never qualify for a Flood Bank.

We have long been stigmatised because of that perception right up to this present day, and

it is grievously unfounded.

Quote “It is unlikely that a flood bank would be considered viable by the Environment Agency in at least the short or medium term”. “We have continued to work with residents of the village with regard to a proposed scheme, but have had to ‘manage their expectations’ in the terms of likelihood of any full scale flood risk management scheme” End quotes.

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This statement of ‘manage their expectations’ is a terrible indictment of Government policy upon Girton, when it is a generally ‘unaccepted fact’ of what the village actually copes with - providing the resolution to other people’s problems of flood water!

FACT

EA statement 12.08.2014 – “There are less than 30 properties within the village of Girton”

failing to even mention the other properties within the Parish.

The Parish of Girton consists of 53 properties in total, of which 24 plus the Church and Village

Hall are within the village, the rest of the properties sit to the north and east of the village, they

are under an EA qualification of ‘medium risk’ level flooding. By constructing the floodbank

around the village as illustrated, it removes the risk factor for all the other properties as well!

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A very current yet minor ‘Known-Unknown’ for Girton 250 plus homes hit by flash flooding in Southwell Nottinghamshire in 2013 – A ‘super cell’ of one month’s worth of rainfall in just 4 hours!

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Seven days from July 22nd 2013 Floods in Southwell, Nottinghamshire Monday 22nd - EA reading for Gainsboro’ @ 1.78m at 4.00am – Torksey @ 1.70m at 4.00am Monday 29th - EA reading for Gainsboro’ @ 2.39m at 4.00am – Torksey @ 3.59m at 4.00am The peak of the flood water in Southwell took seven days to Torksey, travelling through Girton and out toward the Humber Estuary. The increase in Fluvial River Trent level at Girton, doubled over those seven days, this was a very minor ‘event’ for Girton, not so for Southwell! ‘Oak Doors’ closed to prevent reverse flow from the River Trent toward the village.

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We need the total committed support of both Newark &

Sherwood District Council and Nottingham County Council

to achieve a full flood bank defence of the Village of Girton…

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High Street Girton – 1951 floods

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Girton Village 2000 – totally inundated with flood water

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2012 November/ December to January 2013 – 10 weeks under water! - The flood water at this point is 1.4m deep - (4ft 7inches)

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The village of Girton cannot remain ad infinitum, sacrificial to the

solution for everyone else’s flooding problems along the River Trent!

We are the Parish of Girton & Meering. However, Meering village

has long since gone due to flooding.

The village of Girton has great need of flood protection, by the

construction of a permanent flood bank defence!

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Girton & Meering Parish and Charitable Conservation Trust

The Girton Conservation Trust Registered Charity Number – 1115660

With grateful thanks to County Councillor Mrs M Dobson of Nottinghamshire County Council for her committed support,

and over previous years Mr Vincent Dobson, without who’s help we would have never reached even this point in time.

Kenneth Rice

Chairman

Girton & Meering Parish

August 2014

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‘The start of giving something back’ Giving to Charity by Businesses: Gifts of money Business’ can get tax relief when they give money to Charities, whether as a one-off or a regular payment, under the Gift Aid Scheme. There is no longer a separate tax relief for payments under a Deed of Covenant. There is no limit to the amount that the business can give, but the way you get tax relief will depend on whether the business is a Company, a sole trader or a Partnership. How does a Company get Tax Relief?

I. If the Company decides to give money to a Charity, it simply makes the payment through Gift Aid and deducts the amount as a ‘charge’ when working out the Company profits for Corporation Tax purposes.

The Company makes the full payment to the Charity, there is no need to deduct any Tax from the payment and the Charity does not claim back any Tax on that gift. There is no longer a need to provide a Gift Aid Certificate to the Charity or to provide a form of Declaration.

II. If the Company has NO Corporation Tax liability in an accounting period, then there are special rules regarding how any loss created by the donation can be used and the Inland Revenue office dealing with the Company’s Corporation Tax affairs will supply further information in those circumstances.

Or, if the Company is a ‘close Company’, which is generally one under the control of five people or less, there is a limit on the benefit which the Company, or a person connected with the Company, can receive from the Charitable donation, again the local Inland Revenue office would supply the information. Or, from 2003, ‘Sole Traders’ can treat any Gift Aid payments made between the end of the Tax year and the date that the Self Assessment return is sent, as if they were made in the Tax year the return is for, to do this the self assessment must be sent in time to reach the filing date. Partnerships however, are treated on the basis that any Gift aid is made by the individual partners and are treated by the IR as each giving an equal share of the Gift aid, unless the IR is informed that the Partnership has decided to split the Gift in a different way. The Gift aid is treated as being paid out of the individual taxed income and the Charity will reclaim the basic rate tax on it from the Inland Revenue. If the Partner/s are higher rate tax payers, then they can get relief on the difference between the basic rate and the higher rate of Tax on the Gross amount on the individual share of the Gift Aid. Unless one Partner has the power under the Partnership agreement, or some other document, to make the Gift aid declaration on behalf of the Partnership, each Partner will need to make a Gift Aid declaration in favour of the Charity, this can be done on one declaration providing the name and address of each Partner is shown.

x Any further queries on the above can be answered through your own Accountant, or the local Inland Revenue Tax Office.

GCT Brochure August 2014 - 25.08.2014

Documents

Transcript of GCT Brochure August 2014 - 25.08.2014