GC UNIT 6 PP 3

CHAPTER 13 SECTION 3

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Causes of the Reformation Social and political unrest =TENSION with the

RC Church Too much control by HRE (Pope’s

representative) Cut into the authority of local counts and Lords

Tax money (Tithe) leaving their regions and winding up in Rome

Clerical immunity to temporal law

Catalysts Wycliffe and Huss had begun the

movement by laying out the themes Religious simplicity, poverty of clergy, a

more egalitarian Church, vernacular bible Numerous abuses: Indulgences,

clerical ignorance and immorality, too much spending

The Printing Press helped spread the ideas (and vernacular Bibles) Johann Guttenberg (1455)

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Extremely strict Middle class upbringing Studied liberal arts at the University of

Erfurt Earned his masters, begins law school

Conversion experience Joins an Augustinian Monastery and is ordained

in 1507 1512 he earned his doctorate in Theology

and joined the theology department at University of Wittenberg

Luther’s main beliefs Justification by faith alone (not faith

and good works and ceremonies) You could never earn it through works and

ceremonies but only trust and belief in Jesus Christ

Requires the Bible to be in the Vernacular

He only believed in only 2 sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist and that lay authority more important than the Church He attacked Papal infallibility and

stressed the “priesthood of all believers” lowering the importance of the clergy (more egalitarian)

The Indulgence Problem Pope claimed to possess

a “treasury of merit” In 1517 Augustinian

John Tetzel was selling a special “Jubilee indulgence which prompts Luther to post his 95 thesis on October 31st 1517

Reactions Luther condemned as a

Heretic and excommunicated by Pope Leo X

Diet of Worms 1521 The new Emperor Charles V

convenes the Diet of Worms to allow Luther an opportunity to recant his beliefs He refused, was placed under Imperial ban

(Edict of Worms) and hidden by Frederick of Saxony translates New Testament (dies in 1546)

Charles V distracted by wars (with France and Turks) needed the help of the German Princes Eventually offers the Peace of Augsburg

(1555) which allowed German Princes to decide the religion of their land

John Calvin 1509-1564

John Calvin (1509-1564) French lawyer trained at the

University of Paris (Jean Cauvin) upper class background

Converted to Protestantism in 1534 Author of The Institutes of the

Christian Religion French Protestants were called

Huegonots He moves to Geneva in 1536 to

escape and became a part of their governing body

Eventually exiled and would not return until 1540

Calvinism in Practice Predestination (However: the elect

should live in a manifestly pleasing way) Everyone should try to re-order society

according to God’s plan He ran Geneva Switzerland as a

theocracy (refuge for protestants) Bible # 1 authority (life governed by faith) No dance, drink etc….

The English Reformation Irony? (1522 Henry was dubbed

“Defender of the Faith by Pope Leo X)

Henry VIII (1509-1547) Catherine of Aragon (Spanish

Princess)Problems? (widow of Henry’s

brother)Henry wants Anne BoyleynThe annulment controversy

They had been married 18 years, no male heir, just “Bloody Mary”)

Henry breaks with RC Church and creates the Church of England

The New Church Thomas Cranmer becomes

Archbishop of Canterbury and grants the annulment

The Act of Supremacy is passed by Parliament and the English King is recognized as the leader of the English Church Sir Thomas More

executed for failing to recognize the new Church

Anne Boleyn Catherine of Aragon

The other wives of Henry VIII Anne Boyleyn

Mother of Elizabeth I, Beheaded for treason

Jane Seymour Mother of Edward

VI

The other wives of Henry VIIIAnne Boleyn mother of Elizabeth I

Jane Seymour Mother of Edward VI

Henry’s Church

How Protestant was he? Kept the RC ban on clerical marriage Also denied Eucharistic cup to the laity Kept Confession as a sacrament

Full Protestantism Edward VI (1547-1553) Only 10 years old when he became King His regents brought England to “Full

Protestantism”

The Counter Reformation The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

3 sessions over 18 years Reaffirmed many beliefs

Pope infallible, faith and good works = salvation, only Church can interpret Bible, Indulgences OK, withhold cup from laity no doctrinal changes!

reforms The Jesuits, cut into Simony, Seminaries to

train clergy, the Index, The Inquisition, Bishops supervision more active

Outcome of Reformation Loss of cohesive power of Church,

division of Europe politically, militarily, religiously.

Persecution of Jews increases (ghettos). Religious warfare