Gas Sweetening Total
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Oil & Gas Processing Plants
Design and Operation
Training Course
DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP - 24th March-4th April 2003
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GAS SWEETENING PROCESSES
DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP - 24th March-4th April 2003
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 3
GAS SWEETENING
• SALES GAS SPECIFICATION- To meet the H2S content Specification
H2S Content < 4 ppm Vol.
- To increase THE GROSS CALORIFIC VALUE
CO2 Removal
• PROCESS CONSTRAINTS- CRYOGENIC PROCESSES (Ethane extraction, LNG Manufacture) CO2
Solidification at temperatures below - 70/80°C
• CRUDE SWEETENING USING STRIPPING GAS- To remove H2S From the Stripping Gas
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 4
GAS SWEETENING PROCESSES
PROCESSES DEPENDING ON CONTAMINANTS TO BE REMOVED :
• CO2 ONLY
• H2S ONLY
• CO2 & H2S SIMULTANEOUSLY
• SELECTIVE REMOVAL OF H2S
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 5
GAS SWEETENING PROCESSES
• CHEMICAL ABSORPTION
• PHYSICAL ABSORPTION
• PHYSICO- CHEMICAL ABSORPTION
• PHYSICAL ADSORPTION
• CRYOGENIC PROCESS (CO2 Removal only)
• MEMBRANES
• Direct Conversion To SULPHUR
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 6
• CHEMICAL ABSORPTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 7
CHEMICAL ABSORPTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 8
CHEMICAL ABSORPTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 9
CHEMICAL ABSORPTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 10
CHEMICAL ABSORPTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 11
CHEMICAL ABSORPTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 12
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 13
DEA PROCESS
• ADVANTAGES :- No degradation by COS & CS2- Absorption of mercaptans- Good stability- low absorption of HC- No reclaimer- reduced vaporization losses- public
• DISADVANTAGES :- Higher circulation rate (lower activity)- Higher utility requirements- Oxydation- No selectivity between H2S & CO2
• UTILIZATION : H2S, CO2, COS, CS2, RSH (up to 20%)
• SPLIT FLOW
• SNEA-DEA : higher concentration
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 14
MDEA PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 15
MDEA PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 16
CHEMICAL ABSORPTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 17
HOT CARBONATE PROCESS
• ADVANTAGES :- No degradation by COS & CS2- Good chemical stability- No reaction with air- low absorption of HC- No reclaimer- Low heat requirement (50% of corresponding amine unit)
• DISADVANTAGES :- Low reactivity with H2S- No mercaptans absorption- higher water content of treated gas- licensing fee
• UTILIZATION : HIGH CO2- if H2S in two steps :
K2CO3 + mol. Sieves
K2CO3 + AMINE
• SPLIT FLOW : solution cooling / two stages process / LO HEAT
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 18
HOT CARBONATE PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 19
HOT CARBONATE PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 20
• PHYSICAL ABSORPTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 21
PHYSICAL ABSORPTION
• WATER WASH : partial treatment• SELEXOL PROCESS : NORTON (dimethyl ether of polyethylene glycol)
- up to 65% of CO2- light gas sweetening- regeneration by flash
• FLUOR SOLVENT : propylene carbonate
- up to 50% of CO2- Gas dehydration by as solvent and heat regeneration
• PURISOL : LURGI
- Selective process to remove H2S even in case of low H2S/CO2 ratio- Gas dehydration by add solvent and heat regeneration
• RECTISOL : LURGI - Refrigerated solution of MeOH (high selectivity for CO2)
• ESTASOLVAN : UHDE
- Recompression of flashed gas
• SEPASOLV-MPE : BASF
- Recoompression of flashed gas
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 22
SELEXOL PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 23
MORPHYSORB PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 24
PHYSICAL ABSORPTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 25
AMINE PROCESS GUIDELINE
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 26
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 27
SULFINOL PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 28
• CHEMICO-PHYSICAL ABSORPTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 29
SULIFINOL (SHELL)
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 30
SULFINOL (SHELL)
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 31
HYBRISOL PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 32
HYBRISOL PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 33
• PHYSICAL ADSORPTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 34
PHYSICAL ADSORPTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 35
PHYSICAL ADSORPTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 36
CRYOGENIC PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 37
CO2 REMOVAL BY CRYOGENICS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 38
SPREX
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 39
• PERMEATION (Membranes)
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 40
MEMBRANE PROCESS
• MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY For bulk removal of CO2
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 41
LOW PRESSUREPERMEATE GAS
HIGH PRESSUREGAS MIXTURE RESIDUAL GAS
PERMEATE TUBERESIDUAL GAS
RESIDUAL GAS
HIGH PRESSURECHANNEL SPACER
PERMEATE CHANNEL SPACER
HIGH PRESSURE GAS MIXTURE
MEMBRANE/CLOTH COMPOSITE
HIGH PRESSURE GAS MIXTURE
Figure XI - B18 : SPIRAL WOUND ELEMENT CONSTRUCTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 42
CO2 RICH GAS
Seal Gasket
Epoxy coating
Aluminium TubeDiam. 3 to 4 cmHolesDiam. 5 to 7 mm
RESIDUE GAS
FibersBundleDiam. 4’’ and 9 1/2’’Length 1 m
FEED GAS
CO2 RICH GAS
(CYNARA)
Figure XI - B19 : HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANE ELEMENT
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 43
FIBER MEMBRANE
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 44
FIBER MEMBRANE
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 45
FIBER MEMBRANE
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 46
TYPICAL ONE STAGE MEMBRANE PFD
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 47
MEMBRANE PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 48
MEMBRANE PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 49
MEMBRANE PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 50
MEMBRANE PROCESS
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 51
PROCESS COMPARISON
DIRECT CONVERSIONTO SULPHUR
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 52
PROCESS COMPARISON
ABSORPTION :
H2S + 2 Fe3+(L) -------> 2 H+ + S° + 2 Fe2+(L)
REGENERATION :
1/2 O2 + H2O + 2 Fe2+(L) ------> 2 OH- + 2 Fe3+(L)
OVERALL :
H2S + 1/2 O2 -------> H2O + S°
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 53
SULFINT (IFP)
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 54
DIRECT CONVERSION TO SULPHUR
FIELD OF APPLICATIONLOW FLOWRATE• LOW PRESSURE (EXCEPT SULFINT FROM IFP)• LOW H2S CONTENT ( < 1000 ppm )
LICENSORS• US FILTER ( LO-CAT)• IFP with Le Gaz Intégral (SULFINT)• SHELL ( SULFEROX )
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 55
PROCESS COMPARISON
GUIDE LINE FOR PROCESS SELECTION
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 56
CHEMICAL ABSORPTION
ADVANTAGES DRAWBACKS
Not affected by acid gaspartial pressure
Low absorption of HC
In public domain
Reasonable cost ofsolvent
Extensive industrialreferences
High steamconsumption
Foaming tendency(except hot carbonate)
Boiler water for make-up
Corrosion tendency
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 57
PHYSICAL ABSORPTION
ADVANTAGES DRAWBACKS
Low energy requirement
Low corrosion
Remove mercaptans
Low water content inproduced gas
No need of pure watermake-up
Depends on acid gaspartial pressure andtemperature
HC absorption (Clausunit affected)
High cost of solvents
Proprietary processes
Most of conclusions are valide for the physico-chemical processes
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 58
PHYSICAL ADSORPTION
ADVANTAGES DRAWBACKS
Low CO2 content in theproduced gas
Low corrosion
May removemercaptans
Combined with waterdrying
Valid for low CO2 initialcontents
High regenerationtemperature (furnace)
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 59
MEMBRANE
ADVANTAGES DRAWBACKS
Low energyrequirement
Low corrosion
Low water content inproduced gas
No need of puresolvent make-up
Can be operated un-manned (offshore)
Depends on acid gaspartial pressure andtemperature
High residual CO2content (a few percent)
Sensitive to somecontaminants
Low life time ofmembranes (3 to 5 years)
Proprietary processes
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 60
GUIDELINE FOR PROCESS SELECTION
APPLICATION PROCESS NOTE
CO2 ABSORP.
BULKREMOVAL
LOW ACIDGASCONTENT
WATER WASH
MEMBRANE
DEA, aMDEA
HOTCARBONTE
PHYS.SOLVENTS
DEA, aMDEA
SMALLFLOWRATE
SENSIBLE TOCONTAMINANT
NOT WITH H2S
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 61
GUIDELINE FOR PROCESS SELECTION
APPLICATION PROCESS NOTE
CO2 AND H2SABSORPTION DEA, a MDEA
PHYSICALSOLVENT
HC ABSORTION(CLAUS UNIT)
SELECTIVE H2SABSORPTION GENERIC
MDEA, ADIP
SULFINOL
HC ABSORTION(CLAUS UNIT)
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DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP 62
GUIDELINE FOR PROCESS SELECTION
APPLICATION PROCESS NOTE
POLISHING
IRON SPONGEZnOCHARCOAL
DIRECTCONVERSIONTO SULPHUR
WASTE SOLIDTO BETREATED
LOW FLOWANDPRESSURE(EXCEPTSULFINT)
SWEETENINGWITHMERCAPTANREMOVAL
AMINE WITHMOLECULARSIEVE
SULFINOL
NOT FULLYREFERENCED
HC ABSORTION(CLAUS UNIT)