niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑ rkSasiT§i

GarmÖkfa (Preface)  

esovePAenHsresreLIgkñúgeKalbMNgedIm,Idas;sμartI kUnecAEx μrCMnan;eRkay RbCaBlrdæEx μr TaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁm TaMgkñúg nigeRkARbeTs RBmTaMgRbCaCatiTaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn; Edl rgeRKaHedaysarkareKobsgát;CiHCan;BIyYnkumμ úynisþ eGayPJak;rlwkemIleXIjBIeRKaHfñak;RbeTs Cati CaBiesscg;bgðajBI b£sKl;bBaða Edl)annigkMBugekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrbc©úb,nñ. kñúgnam eyIgCakUnEx μrmYyrUb EdlkMMBugGanesovePAenHenAkñúgéd eyIgRtUvrYbrYmKñaKitKUrBIGayuCIvitRbeTsCati rbs;eyIg edayminRtUvbeNþayeGay Cati sasna RbCaCatiiEx μr enArgTukçevTna Føak;cUleTAkñúg kNþab;édyYnkumμúynisþ dUcRbeTscm,a: nig km

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒ rkSasiT§i

RbCaBlrdæEx μrCaCnrgeRKaHBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; edaysarEtemdwknaMrbs;xøÜnelaPln; GMNac KitRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜnCagplRbeyaCn_Cati suxelIKMnrTukçRbCaBlrdæ CaBiessdUcBYkemdwknaM kum μúynisþpþac;karbc©úb,nñ h‘un Esn ehg sMrin Ca sIum )anlg;kñúgmenaKmn_kumμ úynisþyYn. yYn)anykliTi§kumμ úynisþenHCameFüa)ay mksabeRBaHelIEx μr eGayEx μrEbk)ak; eRbobdUcTwkexμAmYy tMNk;EdlRsk;elITwks¥atl¥brisuT§ eRBaHEtcg;deNþImrwbGUsykplRbeyaCn_BIExμr elbTwkdIEx μr . yYnmanectnarMelIgb£sKl;Ex μreGayFøak;exSay enAkñúgrbb b:ul Bt edIm,IbMeBjmhicätaelbTwkdIEx μr ehIyRtYtRtaEx μrtaMgBIéf¶7 mkra 1979 mk.

RbeTsEx μrCaRbeTstUcmYy Edlsm,ÚredayFnFanFm μCati esIÞrEtRKb;Ebbya:g b:uEnþCa Gkusl eRkamkardwknaMrbs;BYkRtYtRtabc©úb,nñ Edlsuxcitþ»nk,aleRkamyYnRtYtRta eGaymkbMpøaj FnFanFm μCatiEx μr nigrwbGUsykeTARbeTseKKμansl; manCaGaT× dI éRBeQI Er: RtI stVéRB nigCaeRcIneTot. yYnkum μ úynisþ)aneFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIelIRbeTsEx μr edayeRbIsini§sBaØaxusc,ab; Edl)aneFIVeLIgCamYy h‘un Esn Ca sIum ehg sMrin taMgBIqñaM 1979 1982 1983 1985 sþIBImitþPaB snþiPaB shRbtibtþikar nigcuHhtßelxasin§isBaØabMeBjbEnßméf¶TI 10 Extula qñaM2005. eyIgeXIjehIy rdæaPi)albc©úb,nñpþl;dIsm,TaneGayRkumh‘unyYn Edlmanry³eBl 99 qñaM Gs;cMnYn 45 PaKry eRkamBaküfa vinieyaK nigGPivDÆn _. karrwbGUsdIEdleFIVeLIgedayRkumh‘unyYnenH )aneFIVeGayb:HBal;dl;CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæEx μrRkIRkya:gxøaMg eRBaHdIERsdIcMkarenaHehIyCaqñaMg )ayrbs;BlrdæRkIRk.

eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn CaCnlYcCati lk;Cati dUcr)aykarN_købl viFENs)anpSBVpSay eyIgeXIjfa BYkenHmin)ankarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr min)anbMerIpl- RbeyaCn_eGayRbCaBlrdæEx μrTUeTAeT pÞúyeTAvij BYkenHRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy lYcCati lk;Cati eGayyYn EdlCnCMBUkenH ebItamkarbeRgonrbs;RBHsm μasm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓ rkSasiT§i

ebIsinCaRbCaBlrdæEx μr)andwgehIy B¤ehIy eXIjehIy minrYbrYmKñaedaHRsaybBaðaenH eGay cb;eT vasnaEx μrnigrgTukçevTnadUcCaEx μrenAkm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔ rkSasiT§i

esckþIepþIm (Introduction)

RbeTsEx μr CaRbeTsmYymanTItaMgsißtenAGasIuPaKGaeKñy_ manépÞdIcMnYn 181 035 KILÚ Em:Rtkaer: RBMRbTl;xaglicCab;RbeTséf xageCIgCab;RbeTséfnigRbeTsLav nigxagekItCab;RbeTs yYn. RbCaBlrdæExμrmancMnYn 14 5 00 000 nak; kñúgenaHmanCnCatiyYncMnYn 4 500 000 nak; kMBugrs;enAkñúgRbeTsEx μr nigmYycMnYneTotCacarkm μyYnEkøgePTCaEx μr kMBugRtYtRtaExμrenAkñúgRksYg sMxan;²sBVéf¶ manTaMgsIuvil eyaFa nigb:UlIseTotpg. ExμrPaKeRcInCaGñkkan;RBHBuT§sasna nigEx μrcMnYntictYckan;sasna GIusøam nigRKwsþ. RbeTsEx μrbc©úb,nñenHRtYtRtaedayrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlyYnelIkbnþúbeLIgeGayeFIVCaGay:g kan;GMNactaMgBITsvtS 1980. enAqñaM 1999 RbeTsEx μr)ankøayCasmaCikeBjsiTi§rbs;smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ ehAkat;fa ¬Gas‘an¦.

RbeTsEx μrFøab;)anyYnRtYtRtamþgmkehIy enAkñúgrC¢kalesþcGgÁmIu cenøaHqñaM 1835-1841 EtRtUvEx μrerIbMr:HrYcBIGaNaniKmn_enH edayEx μrrYbrYmsamKÁIKña egIbeLIgedjyYnecj kalenaHemT½ByYn eRTOg mijya:g CaGñkkan;kab;RbeTsExμr. eRkaymkeTot Ex μr)anFøak;;kñúgGaNaniKmn_)araMgenAcenøaH qñaM 1863-1954 cab;BIesþc neratþm rhUtmkdl;esþc neratþm sIhnu. Exμrk¾Føab;enAeRkamkar RtYtRtarbs;Cb:unmYyry³eBlxøI enAkñúgsm½ysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 Edr. eRkayBIExμr)anrYcBIGaNa niKmn_)araMgmk RbeTsEx μr)anFøak;cUlenAkñúgsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI2 . enAkñúgeBlenaH BiPBelak sßitenAkñúgdMNak;kalsRgÁamRtCak; rvagkumμ úynisþ nigesrI ¬shPaB sUevot nig shrdæGaemrik ¦. cMENkÉRbeTsEx μr)angakeTArkb:Ulfμ ImYyeTot Rbkan;neya)ayGBüaRkit ¬mincUlbkSsm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๕ rkSasiT§i

saFarNrdæEx μr ln; nl; KW enAéf¶TI 30 Exemsa qñaM1975 yYnkum μ úynisþ)anbBa©b;sRgÁamrvag yYnxageCIg nigyYnxagt,ÚgPøam. Rtg;enHbBa¢ak;eGayeXIjfa sRgÁamEdlyYneFIVeLIg maneKal bMNgvatTITwkdInigplRbeyaCn_rbs;CatieK edIm,Idak;RbeTsTaMgGs;eGayeTACacMNuH shB½n§\NÐÚ cin. dUecñH éf¶ 17 emsa 1975 Caéf¶C½yCMnHrbs;BYkkumμ úynisþ\NÐÚcin EdlmanyYneFIVCaemekøag. enAkñúgrbbkm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๖ rkSasiT§i

ebIk»kaseGayyYnedaHédecjBIqakGnþrCati rYcxøÜnBIkarecaTRbkan;fa yYnQøanBanEx μr eRBaHyYn man h‘un Esn nig sI hnu CakUnGuk eFIVeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfa sRgÁamEdlekItmanenAkñúg RbeTsEx μr CasRgÁamsIuvileTAvij. enAqñaM 1993 RbeTsExμrTTYl)anBnøWénliTi§RbCaFibetyü tam ry³karerobcMe)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþiFm’ EdlerobcMeLIgedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati. xN³eBl enaH GgÁkarshRbCaCatiminTan;bBa©b;ebskkm μeBjeljpg Rsab;EteBlEdl h‘un Esn caj;eqñat enAqñaM1993 h‘un Esn )anbegáIttMbn;Gb,Kmn_enAeRtIyxagekIt KMrameFIVsRgÁam eRBaH h‘un Esn sMGagyYnenABIeRkayxñg EdlkalenaHmanneratþmcRkBgS CaGñkdwknaMeFIV. esþc sIhnu )anedj GgÁkarshRbCaCatieGaydkecjBIRbeTsEx μr ehIyEbgEckGMNaceGayBYkkumμ úynisþ h‘un Esn eFIVCanaykrdæmRnþITI2. b:uEnþeTaHCaya:gNak¾eday RbCaBlrdæEx μrKμanvasnaTTYl)annUvsuxsnþiPaB RbCaFibetyü nigkarGPivDÆn_BitR)akd dUcGIVEdlGgÁkarshRbCaCatixitxMenaHeLIy eRBaHenAéf¶ 5-6 kkáda 1997 Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn )aneFIVrdæRbhardeNþImGMNac smøab;GñkesñhaCatiExμr GñkRbCaFibetyü enAkñúgKNbkShViunsIunbiuc nig smaCikelakta sWn san Gs;Cag 280nak;. enHCa emeronEx μrRtUvcgcaMfa BYkkumμ úynisþminEdlcat;TukEx μrGñkesñhaCati CaEx μrenaHeT vaEtgEtsþab; ecAhVayyYnrbs;va eRbIl,ice)akR)as;Ex μr eGaycUleTAkñúgRTug bnÞab;mkeKcab;smøab;Ex μrtamcitþ. bBaðaTaMgenHk¾edaysarkarlg;eCOemdwknaMe)akR)as;dUcCnkum μúynisþ sI hnu mþgehIymþgeTot. cMENkkare)aHeqñateRkay²mkCabnþbnÞab; vaCakarerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn edIm,IbMP½nþEPñkCati nigGnþrCatiEtb:ueNÑaH lT§ple)aHeqñatTaMgGs;enaH minEmnecjBIqnÞ³RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akdeT. karerobrab;bgðajxagelI)ansreGayeXIjfa RbeTsEx μrbc©úb,nñkMBugEtFøak;eTAkñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμ I EdleFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μrrgTukç\tElðrhUtmkdl;eBlenH.

3

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๗ rkSasiT§i

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN (Acknowledgement)

Cabzm´sUmelIkhtßfVaybgÁM RBHBuT§ RBHFm’ RBHsgÇ CaTIskáar³d¾x

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๘ rkSasiT§i

matika esckþIepþIm ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 GarmÖkfa ------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 esckþIEføgGMNrKuN ----------------------------------------------------------- 7

CMBUkTI 1 b£sKl;bBaða

I-edImkMeNItEx μrkum μ úynisþenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr ----------------------------------------- 11 II-b£sKl;énrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_Ex μr --------------------------------------------- 20 III-ehtuGIV)anCaExμrFøak;kñúgrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_ ------------------------------------- 21 IV-b£sKl; éf¶ 7 mkra ------------------------------------------------------- 25 V-yYnkumμúynisþQøanBanRtYtRtaEx μr éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 ------------------------------- 26 VI-sRgÁamrvagEx μrGñkts‘U CamYyyYnQøanBan nigrbbkum μúynisþ h‘un Esn xusc,ab; ----------- 27 VII-sn§isBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs ------------------------------------------------------ 28 VIII-kMeNItliTi§RbCaFibetyüenAkñúgRbeTsEx μreLIgvij ------------------------------- 29 IX-karFøak;cuHliTi§RbCaFibetyü ------------------------------------------------- 30 X-RbeTsEx μrFøak;kñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamGNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμ I ------------------- 31 XI-K μantulüPaBxagnitibBaØtþi nitiRbtibtþi nigtulakar -------------------------------- 32

1-B½t’man ---------------------------------------------------------- 32 2-karGb;rM ---------------------------------------------------------- 33 3-kare)aHeqñat ------------------------------------------------------- 34 4-esrIPaBbeBa©jmti --------------------------------------------------- 34 5-c,ab; ------------------------------------------------------------- 35

XII-emdwknaMpþac;karbc©úb,nñ)aneFIVGIVxøH b:HBal;RbCaBlrdæ ------------------------------ 35 1-karbeNþjRbCaBlrdæ rwbGUsykdI -------------------------------------- 35 2-GMeBIBukrlYy ------------------------------------------------------- 36 3-PaBRkIRk -------------------------------------------------------- 37 4-kat;eTasEx μrRkhm ------------------------------------------------- 37 5-GaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμ I ------------------------------------------------ 39 6-FnFanFm μCati ------------------------------------------------------ 39

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๙ rkSasiT§i

CMBUkTI 2 bBa©b;bBaða

I-etIRbCaBlrdæEx μrcg;)anGIV? --------------------------------------------------- 42 II-etIEx μrRtUveFIVGVIxøHedIm,ICYyseRgÁaHEx μr? ------------------------------------------ 42 III-etIRbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;EdlrgeRKaH Lav m:ug cam Ex μr RtUveFIVdUcemþc? ---------------------- 43 IV-etIshKmn_GWr:ub nigshrdæGaemrik CYyGIVxøHdl;RbCaCatirgeRKaH? ----------------------- 43 V- RbeTsExμrRtUvdwknaMtameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyüÉkraCüBitR)akd - ------------------- 44

1-nitibBaØtþi ---------------------------------------------------------- 45 2-tulakar ---------------------------------------------------------- 45 3-nitiRbtibtþi -------------------------------------------------------- 45 4-B½t’man ----------------------------------------------------------- 45 5-bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy --------------------------------------------------- 46 6-begIánCIvPaBRbCaBlrdæ ----------------------------------------------- 46 7-KNbkSneya)ay --------------------------------------------------- 46 8-KN³km μkarerobcMe)aHeqñat -------------------------------------------- 46 9-CnGenþaRbevsn_ nigcarkm μyYn ------------------------------------------ 47

VI-karsnñidæan -------------------------------------------------------------- 47 Éksareyag --------------------------------------------------------------- 48

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๐ rkSasiT§i

CMBUkTI 1

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๑ rkSasiT§i

b£sKl;bBaða (The Root of Problems) I-edImkMeNItExμrkumμ úynisþenAkñúgRbeTsExμr (Origin of Khmer Communism in Cambodia)

kñúgdMNak;kalEdlliTi§kum μ úynisþkMBugEtrIkraldalxøaMgenATIVbGWur:ub ekItmansRgÁamelakelIk TI 2 ehIysRgÁamenH)anbBa©b;enAqñaM 1945. GgÁkarshRbCaCatiRtUv)aneKbegIáteLIg edIm,IedaH RsaybBaðaBiPBelak kñúgenaHmanRbeTssMxan;²CasmaCikGciéRnþy_ dUcCa shrdæGaemrik shPaBsUevot cin Gg;eKøs nig)araMg. BiPBelak)anFøak;eTAkñúgsRgÁamRtCak;. kalenaH BiPBelak)anEbgEckCaBIr kumμ úynisþ nigesrI. RbeTskum μúynisþmancMnYn 97 RbeTs nigmYycMnYn epSgeTotCa RbeTskan;liTi§RbCaFibetyüesrI. kumμ úynisþmanRbPBedImecjmkBIRbeTsr:UsSIú¬elnIn sþalIn¦ GaLWm:g; ¬GIuEtø kalma:kS¦ GIutalI GWur:ubxagekIt )araMg cMENkRbeTskan;liTi§RbCaFibetyü esrIvijKWman shrdæGaemrik Gg;eKøs nigRbeTsmYycMnYneTot. liTi§kum μ úynisþ)anrIksayPay enAGWur:ubnig mktMbn; GasIu kñúgenaHmanRbeTscin ¬emA: esTug ¦ RbeTseyokNam ¬hU CImij¦ nigRbeTsEx μrCaedIm Edl)anykliTi§kum μ úynisþmkGnuvtþn_. RbeTsEx μr)aneFIVtammenaKmn_kumμ úynisþ eBlEdleyokNamykliTi§enHmkpSBVpSay cab;taMgBIEx μrenAkñúgsm½yGaNaniKmn)araMg. enAeBl enaH eyokNamdwknaMeday hU CImij eFIVbdivtþn_pøas;bþÚresþc e)A day nigrMedaHRbeTseGayrYcecj BIGaNaniKmn_)araMg. edayrs;enAeRkamGaNaniKmn_)araMg KμansiTi§esrIPaB Bi)akevTna eBlenaH esþcyYn e)A day )anmanKtibNÐitTukfa eFIVCaRbCaraRsþsamBaØkñúgRbeTsÉkraCü mansiTi§esrIPaB RbesIrCageFIVesþc mRnþIeRkambreTsRtYtRta. eTIbenAqñaM 1945 e)A day )andak;raCüRbKl;eGay hU CImij dwknaM. hU CImij )anpøas;bþÚrrbbRKb;RKgBIrbbraCaniymeTACasaFarNrdæsgÁmniymeyok Nam ehIybnþts‘Uedj)araMgecjBITwkdIrbs;xøÜn. nisSitExμrmYycMnYn Edl)anecjeTAeronenA eRkARbeTs CaBiess nisSitEdl)aneTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMg dUcCa saLúut s eGog sarI )annaMyk liTi§kumμ úynisþmksabeRBaHenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr. liTi§kumμúynisþenHminEmnecjBIqnÞ³neya)ayrbs;xøÜn BitR)akd Edlman\sSrHPaB ÉkraCü edIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatiEx μreLIy EtCaliTi§kum μ úynisþsaxa rbs;bkSkumμ úynisþ\NÐÚcin Edl)anerobcMdwknaMedayyYn hU CImij. GñkdwknaMmanyYneQμaH swug g:ukmij ehAGacarü emon bnøMxøÜneFIVCab¥Ún swug g:ukfaj; CaRbFanbkSkumμ úynisþkm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๒ rkSasiT§i

kñúgdMNak;kalEdlRbeTsTaMgbI Exμr eyokNam Lav enAeRkamGaNaniKm)araMg edayman CMnYyBIbkSkum μ úynisþcin KUmIgtaMg nigRsbeBlEdl hU CImij )ancUlCasmaCikbkSkumμúynisþ GnþrCati yYn)anerobcMeFIVbdivtþn_mYyedIm,Iedj)araMgecjBITwkdI\NÐÚcin. yYn)anykliTi§kum μ úynisþ CameFüa)ay GMBavnaveGayRbCaCnkñúgtMbn;cUlrYmts‘Uedj)araMgecjBITwkdI\NÐÚcin edIm,IRbeTs TTYl)anÉkraCü. sUmbBa¢ak;fa menaKmn_kumμ úynisþEdlyYnbNþúHbNþalExμrenaH KWCamenaKmn_ kum μúynisþxusTwssMrab;bMerIneya)ayeGayyYnb:ueNÑaH. kareFIVdUcenH eRBaHyYncg;rMelIgCatiEx μreGay exSay dUcCaenAkñúgrbb b:ul Bt edIm,IelbykTwkdIEx μr. yYnkumμúynisþ)ancUlmkbBa©úHbB©aÚlEx μrCa sm¶at;enAkñúgTwkdIExμr bNþúHbNþalExμrenAkñúgTwkdIEx μr edIm,IeGayExμrcUlCasmaCikbkSkum μ úynisþyYn cab;taMgBIqñaM1946 . eRkaymk yYn)ancab;kUnEx μrcMnYn 3 500 nak; eTA 4 000 nak; ykeTA bNþúHbNþalmenaKmn_viC¢akumμúynisþenATIRkughaNUy. BYkekμgEx μrTaMgenaHenAek μgx©IxagRbvtþisaRsþ nigneya)ay eFIVeGayEx μrTaMgenaHlg;kñúgmenaKmn_kum μúynisþyYn ehIybMerIneya)ayeGayRkug haNUy ekobsgát;CiHCan;CatiÉgCabnþbnÞab;mkrhUtdl;sBVéf¶.

emdwknaMyYn eQ μaH egVog éGkuk ¬hU CImij¦

bkSkum μ úynisþ\NÐÚcinRtUv)an hU CImij begIáteLIgenATIRkug hug kug naéf¶ 3 kumÖ³ 1930. bkSkum μ úynisþenHmankarKaMRTBIcin nigbkSkumμ úynisþGnþrCatir:UsSúI. cin)anbNþúHbNþalkmμaPi)alyYn pþl;CMnYyEpñkesdækic© smÖar³sBVavuF nigpþl;kEnøghVwkhat;eGay hU CImijenAPaKxagt,ÚgénRbeTscin xageCIgRbeTséf RbeTslav cMENkÉrU:sIuvijCYyxaghVwkhat;kmμaPi)alyYnsMxan;². hU CImij )anyklTi§kum μ úynisþ BIma:kS elnIn mksabeRBaHenAtMbn;\NÐÚcin eRkayBIxøÜn)ancUlCasmaCik bkSkum μ úynisþGnþrCatimYyenH. hU CImij )andwknaMRbeTsTaMg 3 enA\NÐÚcin edIm,IrMedaHRbeTs ecjBIGaNaniKmn_)araMg nigpøas;bþÚrkardwknaM RbeTsrbs;xøÜnBIrbbraCaniymeTACarbbsaFarNrdæ

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๓ rkSasiT§i

sgÁmniym EdlkalenaH RbeTseyokNamsißt enAkñúgkardwknaMrbs;esþc e)A day enAeLIy. TIbBa©b; hU CImij )anTTYlC½yCMnHesþcelI e)A day enAqñaM1945 bþÚrRbeTseTACasaFarNrdæ. hU CImij )anbnþneya)ayrbs;xøÜnedIm,IedjGaNniKmn_ )araMgecjBI\NÐÚcineTot. hU CImij maneQ μaH TaMgGs; 19 nigCaGñkmanRbCaRbiymYyrUbkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnevotNam . hU CImij ekItenAéf¶TI 19 Ex]sPa qñaM1890 enAkñúgPUmi KIm elon kñúgextþ ejGan RbeTseyokNam. enAqñaM 1911 hU CImij )ancakecjBIRbeTsevotNameTARbeTs)araMgtamka)a:l;Twk edayeFIVCacugePArbs;)araMg. hU CImij )ankøayCasmaCikbkSkumμ úynisþ)araMgenAqñaM 1920 ehIy)anbþÚreQ μaHeTACa egVog éGkuk mann½yfa GñkesñhaCati. enAqñaM 1921-1929 hU CImij )ancUlrYmskm μPaBneya)ayCamYybkSkum μúyniisþ GnþrCati nigpSBVpSayesovePAmYymancMNgeCIgfa pøÚvbdivtþn_ enAqñaM 1927. enAqñaM 1923 hU CImij )aneTAshPaBsUevot edIm,IEsVgrkkarKaMRT GMBIbuBVehtuénkarts‘Urbs;Kat;kñúgcMeNamCnCati eyok Nam EdlCaGñkRbqaMg ehIy)annireTseTAeRkARbeTs. hU CImijk¾)aneFIVdMeNIreTAkan;RbeTscin PUma nig\NÐapgEdr. clnaneya)ay yYneyokmij)ancUlmkeFIVclnas¶at;²enATwkdIExμr Edlkal enaHmanyYnPaKeRcIn eFIVCakmμkrekAs‘U EtBYkeKCaCnkumμ úynisþdMbUg cUlmkeFIVclnaneya)ay enARbeTsEx μr dUcCaenAtamextþkMBg;cam extþkMBt nigextþmYycMnYneTot. yYn)ancab;epþIm eFIVkareXasna nigeFIVcitþsaRsþCamYyEx μr EdleFIVkmμkrenATIenaH edIm,IeGayEx μrcUlCasmaCik rbs;bkSkumμ úynisþ\NÐÚcin bMerIneya)ayeGayBYkkum μ úynisþyYn. tamry³kareXasnayYnkumμúynisþ ¬eyokmijeF μjex μA¦ Ex μrmYycMnYn)anlg;eCO cUlbMerIskm μPaBneya)ayeGaybkSkum μ úynisþyYnenaH. enA cenøaHqñaM 1946-1954 ekμgEx μr CaeRcInBan;nak; 3500-4000nak; RtUv)aneKcab;ykeTAbMBak; bMb:nmenaKmn_kum μ úynisþBIRkughaNUy EdleBlenaH Ex μrehAfaRbma:t;Rbm:g; eRkay²mkeTotyYn enAEtbnþykkUnExμreTAbNþúHbNþalCabnþbnÞab;. hU CImij )aneFIVkarts‘UCamYy)araMgrhUtdl;QñH sRgÁamenA eDon ebonPU enAqñaM 1954 ehIy)ancab;Tahan)araMgCacMNab;x μaMg bgçMeGay)araMg cuHhtßelxa RbKl;ÉkraCümkeGay\NÐÚcin enAéf¶TI20 Exkkáda qñaM1954. yYncab;epþImbnþeFIV neya)ay edIm,IRtYtRta\NÐÚcinCMnYs)araMgbnþeTot.

kUnExμrEdlyYnkum μúynisþ bMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kum μ úynisþ eGaysmøab;Exμr

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๔ rkSasiT§i

cMENknisSitEx μrEdlTTYl)anGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMgvij dUcCa sa Lút sr

eG‘og sarI CYn mMu hU‘ nwm hU‘ yn; )ancab;GarmμN_nigesovePARkhmrbs;kum μúynisþ ma:kS elnIn EdlkalenaHRTwsþIkum μ úynisþkMBugEtmanRbCaRbiyenATIVbGWur:ub. enAeBlenaHnisSitExμrTaMgGs;enaH )ancab;ykliTi§kumμ úynisþ eFIVkarRbqaMgneya)ayCamYyrbbskþiPUmirbs;semþc sI hnu . TIbMput neratþm sIhnu )ankat;pþac;GaharUbkrN_rbs;nisSitmYycMnYn kñúgenaHman sa Lútsr EdlCaGñk RbqaMg neratþm sIhnu . enAqñaM 1951 eBlEdl sa Lútsr RtLb;mkRbeTsEx μrvijTaMgminTan; eroncb;EpñkxageGLicRtUnicpgenaH sa Lútsr )aneFIVCaRKUbeRgon nigbegIátsalaeronÉkCneQμaH km

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๕ rkSasiT§i

kum μúynisþ)anecaTyYnxagt,ÚgEdldwknaMeday eg:a DijyIm faCaGay:gbrivarbs;GaemrikkaMg. yYneyokkugsMueGayEx μrCYypþl;CMrkdl;T½BeyokkugRCkenAelITwkdIEx μrPaKxagekIt edIm,IeFIVsRgÁam edjGaemrikkaMg. eRkamelsfa eFIVsRgÁamedjGaemrikaMg BYkRbtikiriyaecjBITwkdI\NÐÚcin sI hnu )ancuHhtßelxas¶at;²CamYy hU CImij enAqñaM1965 GnuBaØateGayyYndak;kgT½BeyokkugenAkñúg TwkdIExμrPaKxagekItman extþRkecH mNÐlKIrI éRBEvg sVayerog nigkMBg;camCaedIm. yYndak;T½BenH edaysMueGayEx μrCYy edIm,IvayyYnxagt,Úg nigedjGaemrikaMgecj EtenHCal,icx©IpøÚvedIr edIm,I x©b;ykbUrIrbs;yYnkumμ úynisþEtb:ueNÑaH eRBaHfayYn)anBRgIksRgÁam enaHFøak;mkelIRbeTsEx μr. smr PUmisRgÁamBitR)akdKW TwkdIEx μr eRBaHmUldæanT½BéRByYneyokkugtaMgenAelITwkdIEx μr ehtuenH TaMg yYnxagt,Úg nigGaemrikaMg)anvaylukcUlmkkñúgTWkdIExμr eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μrsøab;)at;bg;Civit nigrgeRKaHya:gxøaMg.

enAéf¶TI 9 Ex kBaØa qñaM 1969 hU CImij )anTTYlmrNPaB ehIysaksBRtUv)aneKrkSaTuk rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. emdwknaMEx μrman sIhnu nig h‘un Esn k¾eGank,aleKarBsBhUCImijEdr. enApÞH h‘un Esn )anerobcMGasn³dak;taMgrUb hU CImij fVaybgÁM eRbob)andUcCaRBHBuT§.

sIhnu kMBugeKarBex μachUCImij sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI2 enH yYnTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn plRbeyaCn_TaMgenaH man

dUcCa EpñkhirBaØvtßú EpñksmÖar³ nigsBVavuF nigTwkdIEx μr.l. kalEdlhUCImijRtUvsøab; BIeRBaHyYn RtUvedaHédecjBIcin edaymin)ansgbMNulepSg²eTARbeTscin EdlCYyyYntaMgBIqñaM 1930 . yYn)anplRbeyaCn_BICMnYyBIGaemrikaMg EdlCYyyYnxagt,Úg eg:a DijyIm nigcMeNjTwkdIExμr Ex μreRkam TwkdIlav. edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_TaMgGs;enH yYn)angakeTAcgsm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๖ rkSasiT§i

NamTaMgmUl edaymincaM)ac;sgsMNgTaMgLayeTAeGaycin nigGaemrikehIypøas;neya)ay gak eTArkRbeTsrU:sISú edIm,IRbqaMgnigshrdæGaemrik nigbM)at;kic©snüarvag sI hnu nig hU CImij edIm,I)anRKb;RKgelbTwkdIEx μreTotpg.

sIhnu CYypþl;es,ogeGayyYn nig pþl;CMrkeGayyYn ¬kum μ úynisþ¦ b¤eyokkug hU CImij CasmaCikkumμ úynisþGnþrCati KU mIgtaMg . edIm,IBRgIkkum μ úynisþenAtMbn;GasIu hUCImij

CasmaCikmYyrUbrbs;bkSkum μúynisþGnþrCatiEdlerobcMbegIátedaycin )aneTARbeTséf m:aeLsIu nigsigðbUrI edIm,IeFIVCaGFibtIkñúgkarbegIátsaxabkSkumμúynisþenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenH. shPaBsUevot )anRbKl;eGay hU CImij TTYlxusRtUvbegáItsaxabkSkumμ úynisþenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr nigLav EdlCaEpñk mYyénbkSkum μ úynisþGnþrCati tamkaryl;RBmpþl;mUlniFiedayshPaBsUevot. GIVEdlCaEpnkarrbs; hU CImij begIáteLIgedIm,IBRgIkTwkdIevotNameGayFMedayQøanBanRbeTsEx μr lav ehIyeRkay mkeTot RbeTsenAGasIuGaeKñy_ dUcGIVEdlsþalIn nigrU:sSIú)aneFIVeLIg cMeBaHRbeTsCitxagrbs;eK kñúgkarbegIátshPaBsUevotEdr. enAkñúgsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 edaymanCMnYy]btßmÖnigGnuBaØatBI neratþm sIhnu yYn)aneRCotcUlTwkdIExμrkan;EteRCAeTABaseBjTwkdIExμr edayyYn)anx©ITwkdIEx μr edIm,IeFIVCasmrPUmiRbyuT§ e)aHBum

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๗ rkSasiT§i

eyabl;GñkNaTaMgGs;. ehtuenHehIyeTIb ln; nl; esrImt³ )anTMlak;semþc sIhnu enAéf¶TI 18 ExmIna qñaM 1970 edaykare)aHeqñatdkesckþITukcitþBIsPa edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðakgT½ByYneyokug EdlkMBugEtQøanBanelITwkdIExμrPaKxagekIténRbeTs. eRkayBI sI hnu Føak;BIGMNacRBHGgÁmin RBmKg;enAes¶omenaHeT eTaHCaeKsnüafanigRbKl;GMNacmkeGayRBHGgÁvij eRkayBIedaHRsay bBaðaeyokkugQøanBanecjBITwkdIcb;k¾eday. RBHGgÁ)anyageTARbeTs r:UsSIú nig RbeTscin edIm,I EsVgrkkarKaMRT. eBlenaHcin)anKaMRT yYnCaGñkCYyBIeRkayxñg snüadeNþImraCblø½gÁmkeGay RBHGgÁvij. tamkarjúHjg;rbs;BYkkumμ úynisþ sIhnu eGaybegIátrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๘ rkSasiT§i

dUcenHbkSkum μ úynisþ\NÐÚcin hU CImij )ancab;epþImneya)ayGaNaniKmn_Ebbf μ IelIRbeTsEx μr nig RbeTslav edaycat;TukCnCatievotNamPaKeRcInEdlrs;enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenH CaCnCatiExμr b¤ CnCatilav . karGnuvtþEpnkaredIm,IRtYtRtaEx μrenH eK)anbBa©ÚlPñak;garyYnkumμúynisþEdl)anGb;rM bNþúHbNþalenAhaNUyrYcehIy edIm,IbegIátmuxrbrepSg²edayxøÜneKenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenH ehIy\LÚv enHkUnRbus nigkUnRsIrbs;CnCatievotNamTaMgenaH)anerobcMdwknaMrebobkumμ úynisþenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr niglav. eRkayBIcb;sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 3 yYn)anrkSaTukkgT½ByYnenAkñúgRbeTslav mancMnYn ya:geRcInedIm,ICYykumμ úynisþRbeTsLav kñúgkarbRgáabBYk m:ug EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik. cMENkRbeTsEx μrvij eRkayBIkarcrcarKña nigcuHhtßelxa elIsni§sBaØaRkug)a:rIs 23 tula 1991 yYn)andkEtkgT½BÉksNæan edayyYn)anbgáb;TukkgT½BsIuvilCaeRcIneFIVkarenAkñúgRksYgsMxan;² enA kñúgRbeTsEx μr tamkarGnuBaØatedayKNbkSRbCaCnkm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๑๙ rkSasiT§i

RksMag Ek,rtaex μA CaBiessTahanyYn EdlesøokBak;sIuvilmkeFIVCakmμkrcMkarekAs‘U nigtamry³ rUbPaB Rkumh‘unvinieyaK deNþImrwbGUsykdIRbCaBlrdæExμrCabnþbnÞab;. TahanyYnmanenATIenaH edIm,I FanaGegátemIlfa Gay:grbs;haNUy h‘un Esn mingakerBIneya)ayrbs;RkughaNUykMBugdak; GaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμ IenAelIRbeTsEx μr. cMENkGgÁrkSrbs; h‘un Esn EdldwknaMeday Gwug b‘un ehog CaCnCatiyYnlayLMCamYyEx μrmancMnYn 40 000 nak;.

kum μúynisþeyokNam)ancab;epþImdak;GaNaniKmn_Ebbfμ IelIRbeTsEx μr nigRbeTslav tam eKalneya)ayBRgIkTwkdIrbs;xøÜn edaydMbUgeKykkgT½Bmkkan;kab;TwkdIRbeTsTaMgBIr ehIybnÞab; mkeKykRkumRKYsarrbs;eKmktaMgCMrkenAkñúgTwkdIf μ I. eRkaymkeTot yYnpøas;bþÚrkgT½BTaMgenaH eTA esøokBak;CasIuvil eFIVCaRbCaBlrdæsamBaØ nig)anpøas;bþÚrTahanTaMgenaHCakgT½BmYyfμ I edIm,IBRgIk kmøaMgbEnßmeTot.

enAqñaM 1989 eRkayBIyYn)ancaj;eRbobxagneya)aykarTUtrbs;clnats‘UTaMg 3 RkumenA tamRBMuEdnEx μréf yYn)anbgçMGay:g h‘un Esn eGaycuHhtßelxaxusc,ab;GnuBaØatpþl;dIPaKxagekIt énRbeTsEx μreGaykgT½ByYn nigBlrdæevotNamTaMgenaHCag 500 000 nak; dUckalEdl sI hnu cuHhtßelxas¶at;²eGayeyokkugenAqñaM1965 Edr. ehtudUecñHehIy yYnnUbnIykm μenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr ekItmantaMgBIyYn)ankan;kab;RtYtRtaExμrenAéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 mk. yYnbgçMeGayrbbGay:g RkugPñMeBjecjpSayenAqñaM 1982 saracrN_elx 240 sr mc hh nigsaracrN_GMBavnav eGayRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;BicarNaGMBIkarBRgIksamKÁIPaB CamYyRbCaBlrdæevotNam nigPar³kic© rbs;eKkñúgkarCYyCnCatievotNamedIm,IRCkekanenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr. enAqñaM 1989 cMnYnCnCatiyYn taMgCMrkenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrmanrhUtdl; 1 250 000nak;. eRkaymkyYn)anbegIátEpnTIfμ I bgçitRBMEdn fμ IBRgIkrhUtdl; 40 KILÚEm:RtcUlmkTwkdIExμr nigTwkdIlav. h‘un Esn )ankat;dItamRBMEdn kat; ekaHRtl; nigekaHesHTaMgenaHeGayRkughaNUyCapøÚvkar tamry³snii§sBaØaCabnþbnÞab; nigfμ I²bMput sn§isBaØabMeBjbEnßmelIsn§isBaØaxusc,ab;naTsvtS 1980 EdlcuHhtßelxaenAéf¶TI 10 tula 2005 edayRBHmhakSRt neratþm sIhmunñI. RbCaBlrdæyYnPaKeRcInenAxagekIténRbeTsdUcCa extþ sVayevog nigéRBEvg.

yYnkumμ úynisþ)anbnþneya)ayrbs;xøÜneFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfμI edayBRgIkmktamRBMEdn dUcCa tameqñrsmuRT nigekaH ¬ekaHRtl; ekaHRkckesH¦tamsni§sBaØaxusc,ab;EdlrbbGay:gRkugPñMeBj )aneFIVxusrMelaPelIsni§sBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs.

\LÚvenH GgÁkarmitþPaBkm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๐ rkSasiT§i

eRbobdUcCarNsirSrMedaHCatiEdlbegIáteLIgeday haNUy GMLúgeBlsRgÁamevotNam EdlehAfa sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2Edr.

enAeBlfμ I²enH naqñaM 2004 evotNam)anbBa¢aeGayrbbkum μ úynisþGay:g lav nigExμr cuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBogGPivDÆn_tMbn;RtIekaN. kic©RBmeRBogenHeFIVeGayyYnBRgIkTwkdIeday Rsbc,ab;eq

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๑ rkSasiT§i

kab;smøab;Kña. kl,icx©IkmøaMgEx μr tamkareRbImenaKmn_enHehIy eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μr eyIgenAEt yl;RcLMfa Ex μrsmøab;Ex μr rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶. yYnkum μúynisþEkERbneya)aybnþicmþg² tamry³eRbI h‘un Esn CakUnGuk bnþRtYtRtaExμr edayminecjmux. eBlEdlExμrFøak;cuHexSaydl;kMritsUnü K μanKm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๒ rkSasiT§i

enAsMLÚt nigkMBt cab;taMgBIqñaM 1946. yYn)aneXasnaeGayEx μr niglavcUlrYbrYmCamYyeK edIm,IedjGaNaniKmn_)araMgecjBITwkdI EtenABIeRkayxñgneya)ayenH yYn)anerobEpnkarRtYtRta \NÐÚcinCMnYs)araMgvij eRBaHyYnman cin nigsUevot CaGñkenACYyBIeRkayxñg. enAqñaM1954 )araMg)an cuHhtßelxaenATIRkughSWENv RbKl;ÉkraCümkeGay\NÐÚcin eBlEdlyYn)aneFIVsRgÁamQñH)araMgenA eDon ebonPU. eRkayBIyYnTTYl)anÉkraCüBI)araMgehIy tamsn§isBaØaRkughSWENv)antMrUveGay kgT½ByYn ¬eyokmij¦ dkecjBIRbeTsEx μr niglavTaMgGs;. eBlenaHyYn)andkecjBIRbeTsEx μr edayyYn)ancab;kUnEx μrtUc²eTACamYypg edIm,IykeTAbNþúHbNþal enATIRkug haNUy.

cMENkÉ sa Lútsr EdlTTYl)anGaharrUbkrN_eTAsikSaRbeTs)araMgEpñkGKÁIsnI)ancab; GarmμN_erOgneya)ay ehIy)anGanesovePAkum μúynisþ¬esovePARkhm¦enARbeTs)araMg. dMbUg eLIy sa Lútsr )andwknaMeFIVkarts‘URbqaMg nigkardwknaMrbbskþiPUmirbs; neratþm sI hnu taMgBI Kat;kMBugsikSaenARbeTs)araMg eRkaymkesþc neratþm sIhnu )ankat;pþac;GaharUbkrN_vij edayKat; minTan;eroncb;pg k¾RtLb;mkRbeTsExμrvij. eRkayeBlEdlKat;mkdl;RbeTsEx μr edaykarmin eBjcitþnigrbbskþiPUmi dwknaMeday sIhnu Kat;)anerobcMeFIVneya)aybdivtþn_enAkñúgRbeTsEx μr ehIy Epnkar)anEbkdwgdl;GaCJaFr sIhnu eTIb sIhnu )anRbkasedjcab; sa Lúts nigGñkcUlrYm kñúgkic©karenHmYycMnYneTot mancMnYn 63 nak;kñúgenaHman sun esn Edr. eBlenaH sa Lútsr )anrt;cUléRBehIy)ancUleTAeFIVCaelxarbs; TU samut EdldwknaMeday swug g:ukmij. eyIgeXIjfa yYn)anCYyExμrRkhmeGayRbqaMg nigneratþm sIhnu

sIhnu CaemEx μrRkhm bMerIneya)ayeGayBYkkumμúynisþ yYn nig cin

EtBIeRkayxñgmçageTotyYn)ansMueGay sIhnuu CYypþl;es,ogGarhar nigTwkdICMrkdl;yYn eyokkugedIm,IeFIVsRgÁamCamYyeyokNamxagt,Úg nigshrdæGaemrik. sRgÁamenH)anFøak;mk elIRbeTsEx μr eFIVeGayvinasGnþray dUcykePøIgmkdutpÞHxøÜnÉg. yYnxageCIgcab;epþImsRgÁamCamYy

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๓ rkSasiT§i

yYnxagt,ÚgtaMgBIqñaM 1958 ehIysRgÁamenH)anrIkraldalenAelITwkdIExμrCabnþbnÞab; cab;BIqñaM 1965 edaysarEt sI hnu )anGnuBaØatpþl;TwkdIEx μrPaKxagekItcMnYn 5 extþ eGayyYneyokkugdak;T½BcMnYn 60 000 nak; eTA 80 000 nak; eFIVsRgÁamEdlkalenaHkgT½BExμrmanEtcMnYn 30 000 nak; . cMENkEx μrenAkm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๔ rkSasiT§i

RbeTsCati nigGayuCivitrbs;RbCaBlrdæEx μrEdlsøab;enaHeLIy. kgT½Beyokkug EdlmanenAkñúg TwkdIExμrRsab;)anBak;pøakrUbPaB sI hnu R)ab;RbCaBlrdæEx μrCakgT½B semþc« edIm,IeGay RbCaBlrdæEx μrCYyKaMRT eRBaHyYndwgfaeBlenaHesþc sIhnu enAmanRbCaRbiycMeBaHRbCaBlrdæExμr enAeLIy. Ex μrPaKeRcIn)anCYyKaMRTCYyyYneyokkugTaMgenaH edIm,IeFIVsRgÁamCamYykgkmøaMgExμr saFarNrdæ Ex μrGñkesñhaCati Edlman nisSit bBaØvnþ RBHsgÇ RbCaBlrdæExμr)anrYbrYmKñaeLIg. cMENkEx μrmYycMnYneTotlg;eCO kareXasnarbs;yYneyokkug EdlykeQμaH sIhnu mkeRbI nigkarRbkasrbs; esþc sIhnu eGayEx μrrt;cUléRBma:KI edIm,Ic,aMgdeNþImGMNac nigraCblø½gÁmk eGayRBHGgÁvij. TIbMputBYkEx μrRkhm Edl RbqaMg neratþ sIhnu )anrYbrYmKña edayman cin nigyYn eyokkugCaGñkCYy edIm,Ic,aMgnigEx μrsarFarNrdæ ln; nl; EdlRtg;cMNucenH Ex μr)anedIr eRkamyuT§saRsþrbs;BYkkumμ úynisþ eFIVtamBYkkum μ úynisþ x©IédEx μr eFIVsRgÁamCamYyEx μr Ex μrCaGñkxat RbCaBlrdæEx μrCaGñksøab; TwkdIExμrRtUvbMpøajedaysarsRgÁam TIbMputRbeTsEx μrRtUvFøak;kñúgkNþab;éd yYnkumμ úynisþ.

eBlEdlkgT½BshrdæGaemrik)andkecjBI\NÐÚcin eRkayBIcuHhtßelxaCamYyyYnenATIRkug hSWENvenAqñaM1973 edIm,IbBa©b;sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 yYn)anenAEtbnþeFIVsRgÁamQøanBanEx μreTot eRkampøak sIhnu nigExμrRkhm CaGñkbiT)aMgeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfa sRgÁamsIuvil rhUtdl;yYn kum μúynisþ)anQñHsaFarNrdæEx μrenAéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 ehIyelIkC½yCMnHenaHeTAeGayEx μr Rkhm Edlman sIhnu nigb:ul Bt CaemdwknaM cMENkyYnvij)anpøas;bþÚrexaGaveyokkugeTABak;Gav bnøMxøÜneFIVCaExμrRkhm bnþsmøab;Ex μr. enAeBlEdlEx μrRkhmTTYl)anC½yCMnHenaH kalenaHEx μrRkhm manbIRkumTI1 Ex μrRkhm EdlyYncab;eTAbNþúHbNþaledayRkughaNUy BYkenHsMrab;eFIVCa BiCXatsmøab;Ex μrEdlRbqaMgyYnedaykarecaTRbkan;epSg² dUcCaecaTfa Pñak; sIu Gay eG kareseb nig brivaGaemrikaMgCaedIm. TI2 Ex μrRkhmEdlKaMRT sIhnu TI3 ExμrRkhmEdlKaMRT b:ul Bt Ex μrTaMgbIRkumenH suT§EtbNþúHbNþalmenaKmn_viC¢aneya)ayxusTws BIhaNUy ¬cgkMhwgnigEx μr smøab;Ex μrEtKaMRTyYn¦. ehtudUcenHehIy GñkEdlbgávinasskmμsmøab;Ex μrenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrenAkñúg rbbenH KWRkumBiCXatEdlyYn)anbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumμúynisþmk ehIyBYkBiCXatTaMgenaHRtUv )aneKbBa¢ÚnCabnþbnÞab; BIRkughaNUycUlmkkñúgrbbkm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๕ rkSasiT§i

b:ulBt mankarsgS½y ehIybegIáteGaymankarkab;smøab;tbtvij eRkayBIyYnkkUrsßankarN_kñúg sgÁmEx μr enHCakareRKagTukrbs;yYn eRkayBIExμrRcbUlRcbl;vikvrkñúgRbeTsehIy yYn)ancUlmk EkERbneya)ayf μ I 7 mkra 1979. eBlEdleKsmøab;Ex μr GñkecHdwgGs;ehIy dUcenHRbeTsRtUv Føak;kñúgkarRKb;RKgrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcinEdlmanyYnCaemekøagrhUtmkdl;eBlenH. cMeBaHEx μr EdlenAsl;sBVéf¶ xøac)ak;s,at minh‘anniyaykarBit manEtkarQWcab;eFVIKr eFIVføg;minh‘anniyay bBaðaBitEdlekIteLIgenAkñúgsgÁm nigeGank,aleRkamyYnedIm,ICivitrs; edaykarekobsgát;RKb;Ebb ya:gtamkareRbIGMNacpþac;karrbs;BYkkum μ úynisþsBVéf¶ etIeyIgbeNþayTukeGayCatiEx μrTaMgmUlRtUv rlay)at;bg; ehIyTukçevTnaRtUvFøak;elIkUnecAeyIgCMnan;eRkayeTot b¤mYyya:gNa?.

IV-b£sKl; éf¶ 7 mkra (The Root of 7 January) dUc)anerobrab;xagelImkehIyfa neya)ayrbs;yYnkumμ úynisþeFIVtamEpnkarrbs;hU CImij

EdlerobcMtaMgBIqñaM 1930. edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæCaeRcInrbs;xøÜnrs;enARsYl yYnRtUvvatTITwkdIenA tMbn;\NÐÚcin dUcmanRbeTs lav Ex μr cam nig Ex μrenAkm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๖ rkSasiT§i

neya)ay. EteKkMBugEtbeRgonRbvtþisaRsþ\NÐÚcinCMnYsvij ¬yYnCaGñkmanKuN CYyrMedaHEx μr CaedIm¦. dUcenHehIy eyIgeXIjfab£sKl;rbs; éf¶ 7 mkra KW yYnkumμ úynisþ ¬shB½n§\NÐÚcin ¦ Edl)anyklTi§kumμúynisþmksabeRBaHelIEx μr. yYnQñHExμr taMgBIéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 eday eRbIneya)ayTaMgRtCak;TaMgekþA eRbIBYkEx μrkum μ úynisþ b¤Ex μrRkhmEdlniymyYn ehg sMrin Ca sIum h‘un Esn eGaykan;GMNacCMnYs rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñedIm,IelbTwkdIEx μr sMerctamEpnkarshB½n§ \NÐÚcin.

CnCatievotEx μrlavrYmsamKÁImWunqña V-yYnkumμ úynisþRtYtRtaEx μr éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 (Vietnamese Communist Colonize Cambodia on January 7, 1979)

cab;BIéf¶TI 7 Exmkra qñaM1979 yYn)anpøas;bþÚrneya)ayf μ I edayyYn)anpøas;bþÚrExμr ¬Rkhm¦ kum μúynisþniymcinecjBIGMNac elIkbnþúbEx μrRkhm ¬kum μúynisþ¦niymyYnvij eGaykan;GMNac. BYk kum μúynisþEdlniymyYnmandUcCa Eb:n suvNÑ can; sIu ehg sMrin h‘un Esn Ca sIum say b‘Ufg nigCaeRcIneTot. yYnelIkExμr edIm,IeFIVCa]bkrN_neya)ayeGayxøÜn eRBaHyYn)angakBIcin ehIyP¢ab; TMnak;TMngCamYyr:UsIu. cinmanCemøaHCamYyr:UsIu cin)anbþÚrTMnak;TMngeTArkshrdæGaemrikvij. Cak;Esþg enAeBlEdlyYnelIk Eb:n suvNÑ nig can;sIu eGayeFIVCaGay:g bMerIneya)ayrbs;xøÜn EtEb:n suvNÑ nigcan; sIu mineFIVtamneya)ayrbs;xøÜn yYn)ancak;fñaM can; sIu smøab;enAelIynþehaHEdleTABüa)al enARbeTsr:UsIu. cMENkÉ Eb:n suvNÑvijRtUv h‘un Esn nig say b‘Ufg XubXitCamYyyYn cab;;yk eTAdak;KukenATIRkughaNUy cMnYn 10 qñaM 52éf¶ enHedaysaEb:n suvNÑ manRbBn§yYnCakUnRbsar paMva:n;dug emø:HRtUvsøab;dUc can; sIu. yYn)anelIkbnþúbCnel μaPGMNacdUc h‘un Esn Ca sIum nigehg sMrin eGaykan;GMNacrhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. yYn)anQøanBankan;kab;TwkdIEx μr rwbGUsbøn;ykRTBü sm,tþiEx μr cab;BIeBlenaHmk ehIyEfmTaMgedjsmøab;Ex μrEdlRbqaMgnigyYn rbbGay:gyYn eday

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๗ rkSasiT§i

ecaTfaBYk b:ul Bt. cMENkGñkEdlenAesssl;Rbus² EdlCaGñkmankmøaMg va)ancab;bgçMeGay eTAeFIVCaTahan nigxøHRtUvcab;mkeFIVCaBlkr eTAsøab;enAtMbn;k 5 PaKeRcInsøab;edaysarCm¶WRKuncaj; Can;mInCaedIm. enAkñúgeBlenaH yYnkum μ úynisþCaGñkkan;kab;RbeTsEx μrTaMgRsug. yYn)anedjsmøab; Ex μrGñkts‘UenAtamCayEdneTot edayeFIVsRgÁame)assMGat smøab;Ex μrEdlts‘UCamYyyYnenAtam CayEdnenAqñaM 1984. TIbMputEx μrts‘UtamCayEdn)ancaj;yYn ehIy)anRbmUlKñaeTArs;enA CMrMsayFU nigsayb‘Í CaedIm. enAqñaM 1985 eTIbshrdæGaemrikcab;epþImpþl;CMnYydl;Gñkts‘U eday pþl;TwkR)ak;RbmaN 5 landuløa pþl;smÖar³swk nighVwkhat;TahanenAkøaMgdug . cMENkyYnRtUv)an GnþrCati nigRbeTskñúgtMbn; dUcCa cin Gas‘an efáaleTasedaysar karQøanBanrMelaPGFibetyü PaBRbeTsEx μr elIkElgEtRbeTs\NÐÚensIuenACaGaBüaRkit cMENkRbeTsr:UsSIúb:ueNÑaHEdlKaMRTyYn. eRkayBIkardYlrlMrbs;shPaBsUevotenAqñaM 1989 sUevotQb;pþl;CMnYyeGayyYn eRBaHr:UsISúman vibtiþhirBaØvtßú edayGs;fivkaBITunbMrug. karGs;fvikaBITunbMrugenH eRBaHEtshPaBsUevotBRgwg EpñkeyaFaxøaMgeBk CaBiess xatCaeRcIncMeBaHneya)ayenA\NÐÚcin EtcMeNjenAxagGWur:ubxagekIt. yYncaj;eRbobxagkarTUt cMeBaHkmøaMgGñkts‘U EdlCYy]btßmÖedayshrdæGaemrik cin nigGas‘an. b:uEnþtamkarsikSaRsavRCaveXIjfa kgT½BGñkts‘UExμr BMumanbec©keTsRKb;RKan;kñúgkareFIVsRgÁam eFIVeGaycaj;eRbobkgT½ByYnEdlmankarhVwkhat;c,as;las; sBVavuFRKb;RKan;. eBlenaH eK)anbBa¢Ún kgkmøaMgts‘UEx μreGayeTAeronenA m:aeLsIu nigRbeTséf . eRkaymkeTIbkmøaMgts‘UmaneRbob elIyYnkum μúynisþ nigBYkGay:g ehg sMrin h‘un Esn eRBaHsUevotEdlCasm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๘ rkSasiT§i

BaseBjépÞRbeTs ehIycab;epþImeFIVneya)ayyYnnUbnIykm μenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr edayTahanyYn)an ykRbBn§Ex μr cMENkÉRsIyYn)anykbþIEx μr ehIyyYncMnYn 5 nak;enATIRkug b¤TIRbCMuCn 1 nak; cMENkenAtamCnbTyYn 1nak;Exμr 5 nak;. dMNak;kalenH KWminxusBIsRgÁamsm½ysaFarNrdæ b:unμaneT eRBaHEx μrmçagKaMRTedaykumμ úynisþyYn EdlmanBYkGay:g h‘un Esn ehIymçageTotKaMRTeday cin GaemrikkaMg Gas‘an CaehtueFIVeGayGñkts‘UtamCayEdnmaneRbobelIyYn nig rbbkumμ úynisþ h‘un Esn xusc,ab;. eBlEdlshPaBsUevot)andYlrlM ehIybBa©b;sRgÁamRtCak;CamYyGaemrik enAqñaM 1989 cMENkRbeTsGaløwm:g;)ankøayeTACaRbeTsEtmYy sUevot)anQb;CYy]btßmÖyYn eBlenaHyYn)ansMerccitþdkkgT½BesøokBak;ÉksNæanecjBIRbeTsExμrmun EtyYn)anbgáb;TukkgT½B yYn EdlesøokBak;sIuvilCaeRcInenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrvij. yYn)aneRbI h‘un Esn eTAcrcarCamYy sI hnu CabnþbnÞab;rhUtdl;mankic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaBTIRkug)a:rIsenAéf¶ 23 tula 1991. yYneFIVdUc enH edIm,IedaHédBIkarefáaleTasBIGnþrCati fayYnQøanBanExμr eFIVeGayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfaCa sRgÁamsIuvilrvagExμrnigEx μr. ebIeyIgRkeLkemIlenAkñúgrbbEx μrRkhmEdlmanEx μrsøab;rab;lan k¾yYn eFIVdUcenHEdr edayyYnykEx μreTAbNþúHbNþalmenaKmn_kum μ úynisþ eFIVCaBiCXadmksmøab;Ex μr ehIy eRbIEx μrRkhm sIhnu b:ul Bt edIrtamneya)ayrbs;xøÜn bMP½nþEx μreGayvegVgrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶. karcrcarrvag sIhnu nig h‘un Esn CabnþbnÞab;enA )a:taya: RbeTséf enAya:kata RbeTs\NÐÚensIu ehIyenATIbMputenA TIRkug)a:rIsRbeTs )araMgenAéf¶ 23 tula 1991. VII-sn§isBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs (Paris Agreement Treaties)

sn§isBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs)aneFIVeLIg eRkayBImankarcrcarCabnþbnÞab;rvag sIhnu nig h‘un Esn cab;BIqñaM 1987 mk. cMENksRgÁamRtCak;rvagkum μ úynisþ nigesrI)anbBa©b;enAqñaM 1989. shPaBsUevoteRbImenaKmn_kumμ úynisþ cMENkshrdæGaemrikeRbImenaKmn_esrI nigRbCaFibetyü. shPaBsUevotCaGñkKaMRTyYnkumμ úynisþTaMgxagbec©keTs GñkCMnajkar nigsmÖar³sBVavuF. kñúgeBl enaHCMnajkarsUevotTaMgcl½t nigGciéRnþy_CaeRcInRbmaN 1 Esnnak; eFIVkarenAkñúgRbeTs eyokNam. cMENkÉRbeTscin shrdæGaemrik nigGas‘anCaGñkKaMRTclnats‘UEx μrTaMg 3Rkum. Ex μrTaMg3Rkum enaHmanRkumTI1 rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæEx μrdwknaMeday elakta sWn san RkumTI 2 km

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๒๙ rkSasiT§i

Esn. yYn)aneGay h‘un Esn mkcrcarCamYy sI hnu EdltMNagGñkts‘UEx μrCMnYsvij. eBlenaH yYn)anedaHédecjBIkarefáaleTasBIqakGnþrCati edayGnþrCatiemIleXIjfasRgÁamEdlekIteLIgenA RbeTsEx μrCasRgÁamsIuvil minEmnCasRgÁamQøanBanenaHeT. karcrcarKñaCabnþbnÞab; rvag h‘un Esn nig sIhnu rhUtQaneTAdl;kic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs enAéf¶ 23 tula 1991 Edlman \NÐÚensIu nig )araMg eFIVCashRbFankñúgeBlcuHhtßelxasn§isBaØasnþiPaBbYnPaKI sWn san tMNagrNsirS CatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr neratþm rNriTi§ hViúnsIunbiuc exov sMpn km

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๐ rkSasiT§i

eXIjfaenAqñaM 1993 RbCaBlrdæ)aneTAe)aHeqñatya:geRcInkuHkr edaysarcg;eGayRbeTsmankar pøas;bþÚrRbeTsCatimankarrIkcMerIntamRbCaFibetyü BIeRBaH RbCaBlrdæEx μrrs;enArgnUvkareKob sgát;CiHCan; eFIVTukçbukemñj biTsiTi§esrIPaB BIBYkGay:g h‘un Esn nig yYnkumμ úynisþ CayUrmkehIy. GgÁkarshRbCaCati CaGñkerobcMkare)aHeqñatmYyedayesrI nigyutþiFm’. BIeRBaHEx μr EdlFøab;rs;enA rgkareKobsgát;CiHCan; eFIV)abRKb;Ebbya:grbs;BYkGay:g nigyYnkumμ úynisþ. b:uEnþRbCaBlrdæExμr Gs;sgÇwm edaysar sI hnu )anedjGgÁkarshRbCaCatiecjBIRbeTs ehIyRbKl;GMNaceGay BYkkumμ úynisþ h‘un Esn vij. kalenaH eKeXIjRbeTsExμrdwknaMedaynaykrdæmRnþI 2 KWnaykmRnþITI1 neratþm rNriTi§ nig naykrdæmRnþITI2 KW h‘un Esn. cab;BIqñaM 1993 mkdl;qñaM 1997 RbeTsEx μr)ansÁal;enABnøWRbCaFibetyümYyry³eBlxøI EteRkaymkBYkkumμ úynisþ h‘un Esn)an eFIVrdæRbharsmøab;GñkRbCaFibetyü GñkesñhaCatiGs;RbmaNCag 280 nak;. matuPUmiCaTIesñha rbs;eyIg )anFøak;cuHsnSwmbnþicmþg² cUleTAkñúgkNþab;édrbs;Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlsißtenAeRkam yYnRtYtRtaminecjmux rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ.

IX-karFøak;cuHRbCaFibetyü (Declining down the Democracy) karFøak;cuHRbCaFibetyüeTAkñúgkNþab;édrbs;BYkkum μ úynisþKWcab;taMgBI h‘un Esn eFIVrdæRbhar

deNþImGMNacBIKNbkShVú‘nsiunbiuc dwknaMeday neratþm rNriT§ enAéf¶TI 5-6 kkáda 1997 emøH. h‘un Esn elIkbnþúb Gwug h‘Yt CatukátaCMnYsvij. kareFIVrdæRbharenH CaEpnkarrbs;BYkkumμ úynisþ EdlmanyYn Caemekøag edIm,Ipþac;b£sKl;GñkesñhaCati GñkRbCaFibetyüEdlmankmøaMgxøaMgeGayGs; edIm,IgayRsYlyYnnig BYkGay:g eFIV)abRbCaBlrdæEx μrdUcbc©úb,nñ. kalenaHeKeXIjmanGñk RbCaFibetyü nigGñkesñhaCatiCaeRcIn enAkñúgKNbkShV‘únsiunbiuc nig KNbkSRbCaFibetyü esIrIniymRBHBuT§sasnarbs;elakta sWn san RtUveKcab;ykeTAsmøab;dUcCa hY sux RkUc eyOm ecA sm,tþi Ca riTI§Qut nigCaeRcInnak;eTot RbmaNCit 300nak;. cMENkGñkEdlrYcxøÜnenAEss sl;)anrt;eTAkan;tMbn; GUsμac; ehIyeFIVkarts‘UCamYyBYk h‘un Esn nig yYnkumμ úynisþeTot. BYk h‘un Esn )anelIkGMNac xül;eTAeGay Gwug h‘Yt CMnYsvij dUckalEdlyYncUlmkQøanBanEx μr éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 ehIyelIkGMNacxül;eGay ehg sMrin nig hu‘n Esn Edr. eBlEdlBYk h‘un Esn minGacvayEbkRkumGñkts‘UenAGUsμac;RbmaN 300nak; . eBlenaH RBwT§sPashrdæGaemrik r:UNa EbK½r )ancuHmkRtYtBinitüpÞal;dl;tMbn;GUsμac; dMNwgenH)aneFIVeGay sIhnu R)ab;kUnneratþm rNriTi§ eGayehA jwk b‘unéq xan; saevOn RtLb;cUleTAkñúgRbeTsvij edaysnüafaeGaytMENgCaedIm EtTIbMputGMNacenaH RtUvBYkkumμ úynisþdkbnþicmþg²rhUtdl;cb;Etmþg. GIVEdlRbCaBlrdæExμrenAEt P½nþRcLMenaHyl;fa esþc sIhnu CaGñkRsLaj;kUnecARbCaBlrdæEx μrBitR)akd EdlGñkesñhaCatiExμr

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๑ rkSasiT§i

GñkRbCaFibetyüxMdEgðrtamRBHGgÁtaMgBIts‘UéRBma:KI ts‘UtamCayEdnEx μr-éf edaykaryl;RcLMs μan faesþc sIhnu bMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayCatiExμr RsLaj;karBarRbCaBlrdæExμr EtTIbMput esþc sIhnu CaCnkumμ úynisþ EdlEkøgxøÜneTAtamCMenarneya)aybMerIeGaykumμ úynisþ tamkarjak;RbmUlExμr GñkesñhaCati mkeGayBYkkumμúynisþsmøab;Cafμ I . sI hnu b:ul Bt h‘un Esn suT§EtCaCnkum μ úynisþ EdlehAfa Ex μr Rkhm.

dUecñHehIy eyIgeXIjfa kare)aHeqñatEdlekIteLIgCabnþbnÞab;eRkayBIrdæRbharqñaM 1997 CakarerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCnkm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๒ rkSasiT§i

Ex μr KWsmøab;EtnisiStbBaØvnþ . BYkkumμ úynisþ kMBugEteXasnaRKb;Ebbya:g eGaymtiRbCaBlrdæ mtiCati nigGnþrCatiemIleXIjfa RbeTsEx μrCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyü EtpÞúyeTAvijRbeTsEx μr sißtenAkñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμ I. yYnEkøgePTCaEx μr RtYtRtaEx μr Bak;pøakRbCaFibetyü taMgesþcCarnaMg)aMg kMueGayEx μremIleXIjBIeKalbMNgneya)ayRtCak;rbs; BYkva edIm,IelbTwkdIExμrTaMgmUl. cab;BIyYndkT½BÉksNæaneyaFaeTA bnSl;TukkgT½B ÉksNæan sIuvil eGaykan;kab;tMENgx

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๓ rkSasiT§i

mYYyeTot EdlpÞúyBIeKalkarN_rbs;RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd eRBaHfatameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü BitR)akd Bt’manRtUveFIVtamviC¢aCIv³ ÉkraCüRtwmRtUvsMrab;qøúHbBa©aMgTegIVrbs;emdwknaM nigGIVEdlekIt manenAkñúgsgÁmBitR)akd. RbeTsEdlkan;liTi§RbCaFibetyüesrI RbB½n§sarB½t’manRtUvEtÉkraCü minlMeGogeTArkKNbkSneya)ayNamYyb¤sißtenAeRkamGMNacrbs;buKÁlNamñak;. ebIeyIgRkeLk emIlkardwknaMenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrvij etICaRbeTsRbCaFibetyü b¤pþac;kar ebImanemdwknaM Etmñak;kan;GMNac cMENkGñksarBt’man minh‘ansresrkarBitenAkñúgsgÁm PaKeRcInsresIrrdæaPi)al ebIsinCah‘anriHKn; RtUveKKMramkMEhg eKobsgát;ecaTRbkan; bþwgGMBIbTbriharekrþi_ júHjg; cab;b¤)aj;smøab;CaedIm. Cak;EsþgenAkñúgeBlfμ I²enH GñkkarEst Kwmsm,Úr RtUveK)aj;smøab; GñkniBn§karEstEx μrm©as;RsukmYyrUbeQμaH hgS cRka RtUveKbþwg ehIycab;dak;KukryHeBl 2 qñaM. ÉelakemOg sun RtUveKecaTRbkan;fa pSayB½t’manminBit nigjúHjg; edaysarEtelakniyaykarBit R)ab;RbCaBlrdæEx μr GMBIkarb:HBal;GcäriyvtßúEx μr GgÁrvtþ EdlRtUvBYkCnBukrlYy yYn sux Kg; kMBugEtdab;fμrR)asaTdak;GMBUlePøIg. ehtuenHehIy ebIsinCaExμreyIgh‘anniyayBIkarBitenAkñúg sgÁm BYkeKRtUvRbQmmuxeRKaHfñak;dl;GayuCivitnig suvtßiPaB RBYy)armÖ BIsuvtißPaB nigsnþisux. GñksarB½t’man GñkesñhaCati nigGñkRbCaFibetyüPaKeRcIn EdlXatkr)aj;smøab;GaCJaFr h‘un Esn minEdlcab;Xatkr b¤Cnel μ IsykmkpþnÞaeTaseLIy EtpÞúyeTAvij BYkeKcab;EtCnsøÚtRtg;mkdak; kMhusCMnYsvij. Bt’manmin)anebIkTUlMTUlaydl;RbCaBlrdæeGay)andwg pÞúyeTAvij GñkEdl sþab;viTüú GasIuesrI vIGUeG RtUveKbMPitbMP½y KMramkMEhg hammineGaysþab;.

yYn sux Kg; dab;fμR)asaTGgÁrvtþ bMpøajGcäriyvtßúExμr 2-karGb;rM (Education) karGb;rMRtUvmanTaMgKuNPaB nigbrimaNsMrab;RbCaBlrdæEx μrTUeTA. edaysarGMeBIBukrlYy

kMritGb;rMenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrenAEtminTan;manKuNPaBsikSaRKb;RKan; tamkMrittMbn; kMritGnþrCati b¤man kMrites μ InwgRbeTsCitxageLIy edayRbB½n§Gb;rMmanGMeBIBukrlYy xVHsmÖar³sikSa xVHeBlevla sikSa

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๔ rkSasiT§i

RsavRCavedaysarEtCIvPaBRkIRk RKUR)ak;ExminRKb;RKan; CaehtueFIVeGayRKUK μanTwkcitþkñúgkarbeRgon nigCaBiesssißtenAeRkamKMnab\Ti§Blneya)ay min)anelIktMekIgeGayeronRbvtþisaRsþEx μrBitR)akd nigmin)anGb;rMeGayecHRsLaj;Catirbs;xøÜn. karminR)ab;BIeKalbMNgeKaledAdl;sisSeGay)an c,as;las; edIm,IeFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCatimatuPUmi karBarplRbyaCn_Cati EtbeRgoneGayExμremIleXIj luyCaerOgsMxan; nigeronedIm,IEsVgrkkargar rkluyCaedIm. RKUbeRgonK μansiTi§esrIPaBRKb;RKan; kñúgkarniyaykarBit BIbBaðasgÁmenAkñúgRbeTs edaysarkareKobsgát;BInayksalaEdleKbgçM eGaybMerIKNbkSRbCaCnkm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๕ rkSasiT§i

dl;R)asaTGgÁrvtþ CavtßúGcäriy CaGtþsBaØaNrbs;Ex μr EdlbuBVbursExμr)anksagTukeGayEx μr. kareFIVEbbenHbuBVbursEx μrmankarekþARkhay eFIVeGayGñkesñhaCatih‘anegIbeLIg edIm,IkarBar R)asaTGgÁrvtþ karBarTWkdI edayminbeNþayeGayGñkbMpøajCati GñkbMpøajvtßúbUraN eFIVeRscEtcitþ enaHeLIy. GñkEdlniyayBIerOgRbeTsCati RtUveKecaTfaCaerOgneya)ay ehIyRtUv)aneKKMram kMEhg RtUv)aneKcab;dak;Kuk b¤tamsmøab;edIm,IbM)ak;sμartI dUcCaeRbIRbB½n§tulakartamcab; elak emOgsun ecaTRbkan;cab;elak hgS cRka dak;Kuk dkGP½yÉksiTi§rbs;GñkRsI mUsuxhYr nig GñktMNagraRsþ hU va:n; CaedIm. GñkEdlha‘nkarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiRtUveKtamcab;tamsmøab; dUcCa elak Ca viC¢a RtUveKsmøab; TUc RsInic Bisidæ BalIkarRtUveK)aj;smøab; nigRBHetCKuN Twm saxn RtUv)aneKcab;ykeTAdak;KukyYnCaedIm. RBwtþikarN_TaMgGs;enH pÞúyBIRbeTsEdlmansiTi§esrIPaBeBj elj EdlRbCaBlrdæmansiTi§esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti RbCaBlrdæCam©as;GMNac.

5-c,ab ; (The Law) c,ab;enAkñúgRbeTsEx μr Cac,ab;sMrab;karBarGñkmanGMNac GñkRbRBwtþTuc©rit RbRBwtþBukrlYy

minEmnCac,ab;sMrab;karBarplRbeyaCn_Cati karBarplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæGñkTn;exSayenaHeLIy. eyIgeXIjehIyfa Cm¶Wd¾F¶n;F¶renAkñúgsgÁmExμrsBVéf¶ KWGMeBIBukrlYy. c,ab;minRtUveKGnuvtþn_eGay )anRtwmRtUveLIy eRBaHmankarsIusMNUk sUk)a:n; BukrlYy nigniTnþPaB. BYkeKykEtc,ab;Ebb kum μúynisþ ykmkeRbIsMrab;ekobsgát;GñkTn;exSay. c,ab;sißtenAeRkamGñkmanGMNac nigbkSBYkrbs; KNbkSRbCaCn. c,ab;TaMgenHCa c,ab;Ebbkum μ úynisþ eRBaHfaTaMgRbeTskumμ úynisþ nigRbeTsesrIman c,ab;dUcKña EtRKan;Etc,ab;mYyekItecjBIbuKÁlmYyRkumtUcsMrab;plRbeyaCn_mYyRkumtUc dak;eGay RbCaBlrdæTUeTAGnuvtþn_ EtsMrab;RbeTsRbCaFibetyüesrIvij c,ab;ekItecjBIRbCaBlrdæ BItMNag RbCaBlrdæ edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæ nigplRbeyaCn_Cati. Cak;Esþg eyIgemIlGMeBI GyutþiFm’EdlekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr eBlEdl h‘un tU RtUvCakμ Üyrbs; h‘un Esn )aj;eKsøab;enA tamdgpøÚv Etc,ab;min)ancab;]RkidæCnmkpþnÞaeTaseLIy eRBaH h‘un tU CakμÜy h‘un Esn Edlman TaMgluy nigGMNac. GñkRsI Bisidæ BlIkar RtUv b‘un ra:nI EdlCaRbBn§rbs; h‘un Esn )anbBa¢aeGay eK)aj;smøab; EtKμannrNarkXatkrmkpþnÞaeTaseLIy rhUtmkdl;eBlenH. XII-etIemdwknaMpþac;karbc©úb,nñ)aneFIVGIVxøH Edlb:HBal;RbCaBlrdæ (What Does Present Dictator Leader Do to Suffer People)

1-karbeNþjRbCaBlrdærwbGUsykdI ( People Eviction for Grabbing Land) karbeNþjRbCaBlrdæExμrecjBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYy edIm,IrwbGUsykdI CaGMeBI]RkidæmYy

ya:gF¶n;F¶renAkñúgrbbpþac;kar h‘un Esn . karrwbGUsykdItamrUbPaBRkumh‘un nigGPivDÆn_enH eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæERskRTehayMesÞIrEtRKb;extþRkugenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. tamBiteTAyYnykrUbPaB

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๖ rkSasiT§i

Rkumh‘un CakarbiT)aMg cMENkÉBYkGay:g ykBaküfa GPivDÆn_ mkeFIVCaels edIm,IbMeBjmhicäta rbs;yYn Edlcg;elbTwkdIExμr dUckalEdlyYn)aneFIVenAkñúgTwkdIExμrkm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๗ rkSasiT§i

3-PaBRkIRk (Poverty) RbCaBlrdæEx μrcMnYn 40 PaKry sißtenAeRkambnÞat;RkIRk. nisSitCaeRcIn EdlbBa©b;karsikSa

ehIyK μankargareFIV. km μkrR)ak;ExticminRKb;RKan;kñúgkarcMNaysMrab;CIvPaBRbcaMéf¶. BYkeKeFIVkar RKan;EtbMerInayTuneragcRkEtb:ueNÑaH. RKUbeRgonR)ak;ExTabd¾Edl EtTMnijenAelITIpSar ekIneLIg CalMdab; CaBiess saMg EdleFIVeGayb:HBal;dl;CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæya:gxøaMg eRBaHkalTMnijeLIgéfø R)ak;ExdEdleFIVeGaycMNayeRcInCagcMNUl R)ak;snSMTab ¬RkIRk¦. RbCaBlrdæEx μrcMnYn 85 PaKry CaksikrRbkbmuxrbrksikmμ. muxrbrciBa©wmCIvitBYkKat;GaRs½yelIdIERs dIcMkar edIm,IciBa©wmCIvit Et\LÚvenH dIERsdIcMkarbs;Kat;mYycMnYn RtUv)anyYnEdlEkøgePTCaExμr nigbkSBYk h‘un Esn eRbIR)as;CarUbPaBRkumh‘undeNþImdIERsdIcMkarrbs;Kat;Gs; etIGnaKtvasnakUnecAKat;EdlCaEx μreTA Cay:agNa? kUnecARkIRk min)aneronsURt ehIyGs;dIERsdIcMkareTot. tamsm,tþiFnFanrbs;Exμr EdlmandUcCacMNUl)anBIeTscrN_ R)asaTGgÁrvtþ Er:mas eBRCt,Úg éRBeQI CaedIm eFobeTAnig RbCaBlrdæEx μrRbmaNCag 10 lannak;enaH RbCaBlrdæEx μrminKYrRkIRkedIrsMuTaneKenaHeLIy. etIFnFanTaMgGs;enaH Føak;eTAdl;édGñkNa? RTBüsm,tþirbs;Exμr plRbeyaCn_Exμr RtUvFøak;elI BYkCnBukrlYyKNbkSRbCaCnkm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๘ rkSasiT§i

RKb;Kñadwgc,as;faXatkrBitR)akd KWBYkkumμ úynisþyYn ¬\NÐÚcin¦ Edl)anerobcM nigbMBak;bMb:n lTi§kumμúynisþeGayEx μr ¬Rkhm¦ Edlrt;cUléRBma:KItamkarGMBavnavrbs; sIhnu nig Exμr ¬Rkhm¦ EdlKaMRT b:ul Bt eGaysmøab;Ex μr rYcehIyerobcMEpn smøab;CabnþbnÞab; edIm,IbM)at;bM)at;dan nig sakSI. eBlEdlyYnkum μ úynisþQñH elIkGMNaceGayEx μrkum μ úynisþ eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrsøab;rab; lannak; TaMgEx μreRkam nigEx μrbc©úb,nñ ehIyyYnbBa¢ÚnBlrdæxøÜnmkCMnYs eFIVCaEx μrfμ IelITwkdIEx μrvij. sI hnu nig h‘un Esn CaCnkumμúynisþ bMerIneya)ayeGayyYnkumμ úynisþ edIm,IGMNac nigplRbeyaCn_ pÞal;xøÜnÉg nigbkSBYkEtb:ueNÑaH edayCnkumμ úynisþTaMgenH min)anbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayCatiEx μr nigRbCaBlrdæEx μreT. RbCaBlrdæExμrkMBugrgcaMyutþiFm’BitR)akdBIsalakþIenH. yYnmincg;eGayEx μr dwgkarBit cMENk h‘un Esn k¾mincg;rkyutþiFm’eGayCnrgeRKaHEx μrBitR)akdeT eRBaHxøac)at;bg; GMNac. Cak;Esþgf μ I²enH h‘un Esn )anniyayfasuxcitþeGaysalakþIenHbraC½y ebIsinCanaM GñkBak;B½n§bEnßmeTotmkkat;eTas. karbegIátsalakþIenHcMeNjeTAkum μ úynisþyYnPaKeRcIn ¬ 1-Ex μr enAEtEbk)ak;KñaQWcab;nigExμr ¬Rkhm¦ b:ul Bt 2-dwgKuNyYn 7 mkra 3-RbCaBlrdæExμrenAEt mindwgkarBitfanrNaCaXatkrBitR)akd 4-ebIk»kaseGayyYnkumμ úynisþ RtYtRtaEx μrelbTwkdIExμr bnþ ¦.

éf¶ 17 emsa 1975 KWBYkkumμ úynisþ EdlyYnelIkGMNaceGayEx μr ¬Rkhm¦ dUcKñanig éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 EdlBYkkum μúynisþyYnQøanBanelIkbnþúbGMNacEx μr¬Rkhm¦ h‘un Esn Ca sIum nig ehg sMrin Edr cMENkÉ sI hnu EdlFøab;eFIVCaemExμrRkhm begIátExμrRkhm ¬kum μ úynisþ¦ k¾minh‘anecj mksarPaBTTYlkMhuseTot.

GgÁkarshRbCaCatiEdlcg;;rkyutiþFm’eGayRbCaBlrdæExμr nigcg;bM)at;niTnþPaB)ancMNay luyCaeRcInmkeGayBYkCnBukrlYy. edIm,IyutþiFm’sMrab;CnrgeRKaHEx μr sUmeGayGgÁkarshRbCa Cati beBa©jeGayGs;smtßPaB edIm,IsMercnUvkic©karCaRbvtþisaRsþenH.

ebIcg;rkyutiþFm’eGayExμr RtUvkat;eTas b:ul Bt sIhnu h‘un Esn nigyYn Edr

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๓๙ rkSasiT§i

5-GaNaniKmn_EbbfμItamrUbPaBRkumh‘un nigkarpþl;dIsm,Tan (The Neo-Colonism through the Picture of Company and Land Concession) yYn)anbþÚrBIrUbPaBGaNaniKmn_edaypÞal; dUckalBIqñaM 1979 mkeRbIGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIvij

edayyYn)anEkøgePTCaExμr edIm,IRKb;RKgExμr. yYn)aneRbIR)as;Rkumh‘unCakarbMP½nþEx μr biT)aMgmin eGayEx μremIleXIj faEx μrenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;kumμ úynisþyYn.Rkumh‘unTaMgenaH PaKeRcInCa Rkumh‘un evotNam EdlykTahanmkeFIVCakmμkr RtYtRtaemIlsPaBkarN_enAkñúgRbeTsEx μr. tamryHBaküfaGPivDÆn_ nig c,ab;sm,Tan yYn)andeNþImdIRbCaBlrdæ EdleFIVeGayb:HBal;dl; plRbeyaCn_ nigCIvPaBRbCaBlrdæya:gxøaMg. RbCaBlrdærgTukçevTna \tElð QWcab;minecHcb; GMBIkarrwbGUsdIFøI BIGñkkan;GMNac edayKμannrNaCYyrkyutþiFm’eGay)ansmrmüeLIy. CaBiess eBlfμ I²enH Rkumh‘un 7 EGnCI Edl)andeNþImdIRbCaBlrdæ nigRkumh‘unenAextþkMBg;s

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๐ rkSasiT§i

Rsukrevog enATIenaHkñúgmYyExrab;etanmas EtebIsinCa RbCaBlrdæEx μrvijBYkvaminGnuBaØateGayCIkeT eBlEdlEx μrrkeXIjkEnøøgman mas cin nigyYnvadeNþImEx μr edayminGnuBaØateGayEx μrCIkeLIy.

FnFanExμr kñúgTwk elIdI eRkam nigkñúgdI RtUvBYkCnBukrlYylk;CatiTaMgbI bMpøaj

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๑ rkSasiT§i

CMBUkTI 2

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๒ rkSasiT§i

bBa©b;bBaða (End Problems) I.etIRbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)anGIV? (What Does Cambodian People Want?)

RbCaBlrdæEx μrTaMgGs;Edlrs;enAkñúgRbeTsEx μrbc©úb,nñ KμansiTi§esrIPaBeBjeljeT PaKeRcIn CYbRbTHPaBRkIRk GyutþiFm’ nigkarrMelaPCiHCan;BIGñkkan;GMNacsBVéf¶. RbCaBlrdæExμrcg;eGay RbeTsCatiman \sSrPaB ÉkraCü minRBmrs;enAeRkamGaNaniKmn_énRbeTsNamYy CaBiess GaNaniKmn_énRbeTsevotNamsBVéf¶. RbCaBlrdæcg;)anRbCaFibetyü snþiPaBBitR)akd rYcput BIPaBRkIRk nigGMeBIBukrlYyCaedIm. edIm,IsMercnUveKaledAenH RbCaCatiEx μrTaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab;kñúg sgÁm eTaHenATINak¾edayRtUvrYbrYm samKÁIKña edaHRsaybBaðaTaMgGs;enHeGaycb;. RbCaBlrdæEx μr enOyNay nigQb;cg;rs;enAeRkamkareKobsgát; biTsiTi§rbs;BYkRtYtRtakum μ úynisþdEdl²eTotehIy eRBaHfaGs;ry³eBlCag 2 TsvtSknøgmkenH RbCaBlrdæmankarlM)ak edaysarkareKobsgát; CiHCan; nigkareFIVTukçbukemñj. ehtudUecñHehIy eBlEdlmankarerobcMe)aHeqñat EdlerobcM nig RtYtBinitüedayGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM1993 RbCaBlrdæExμr)aneFIVkarsMerccitþ e)aHeqñat eRCIserIsemdwknaMfμ I nigpøas;bþÚrrbbRKb;RKg. EtKYreGayesaksþay GIVEdlRbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)an ecjBIqnÞ³ RtUv)at;bg;eTAvij edaysaresþcsIhnu RbKl;GMNaceGayBYkkum μ úynisþ h‘un Esn EdlCa Gay:gyYnvij. cMENkÉGgÁkarshRbCaCati minTan;bMeBjtYrnaTIcb;pg sI hnu )anedjGgÁkar shRbCaCatiecjBIRsukEx μr ehIyKNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn )aneFIVrdæRbharbøn;GMNac smøab;Gñk esñhaCati smøab;GñkRbCaFibetyüenAéf¶TI 5-6 kkáda 1997. cMENkÉkare)aHeqñateRkay² mkCabnþbnÞab; vaCakarerobcMeLIgedayKNbkSRbCaCn edIm,IbMP½nþEPñkRbCaBlrdæExμr nigbMP½nþ mtiGnþrCati EtlT§ple)aHeqñatTaMgGs;enaH minEmnecjBIqnÞ³rbs;RbCaBlrdæEx μrBitR)akdeT. II-etIEx μreFIVya:gNaedIm,ICYyseRgÁaHExμr ?(How can Khmer help Khmer?)

K μannrNaRsLaj;Ex μrCaCagCatiEx μrxøÜnÉgenaHeT ehIyk¾KμannrNaGacCYyEx μr eRkABIEx μrxøÜn ÉgEdr enHebItam»vaTrbs;RBHsmμasm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๓ rkSasiT§i

eRbob)andUcCaTwkEdlhUrcUlkñúgsmuRTEtmYyya:gdUecñaHEdr etInNamYyminxøac TwksmuRT. eyIgRtUv rYbrYmKñaedaHRsayedImbBaðaeRkamyuT§saRsþrYmEtmYy eTIbbBaðaenaHcb; . ehtudUecñHehIy Ex μrRKb;rUb RtUvPJak;rlwkBIRKb;TwsTIRKb;mCÄdæan rYbrYmsamKÁICaFøúgmYy ebþCJacitþ TaMgGs;Kña edIm,IrMedaH karBar Cati sasna RbCaCatiEx μr eGayrYcputBITukçevTna Edlrs;enAK μansiTi§esrIPaB eRkamrbbkum μ úynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlmanyYnRtYtRtaeFIVGaNaniKmn_EbbfμIenH edayeyIgQb;eRbIviFIe)aHeqñat EdlK μanesrI nigyutþiFm’. III-etIRbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;EdlrgeRKaH Lav m:ug cam Ex μrRtUveFIVdUcemþc? (What do the People in the Region Lao, Hmong, Cham and Khmer do?)

eyIgCaRbCaBlrdærgeRKaH edaysaryYnkum μ úynisþTaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn;\NÐÚcin mandUcCa RbCaBlrdæ Lav m:ug cam Exμr RtUvEtdwgfa siT§iesrIPaB RbCaFibetyü ÉkraCü GFibetyüPaB sMrab;eyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaktþasMxan; kñúgnamCamnusS. eyIgminRBmsuxcitþrs;enAedayK μansiTi§esrIPaB eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;RbeTsNamYyeLIy. eyIgrs;enACaRbCaBlrdæsamBaØ EdlmansiTi§esrIPaB ÉkraCü RbCaFibetyü eBjeljBitR)akd RbesIrCagkarrs;enAeFIVCaesþcmRnþIeRkamGaNaniKmn_ breTs. RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;dUcCa Lav m:ug cam Ex μr EdlsißtenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnkumμ úynisþ RtUvEtmankarPJak;rlwk naMKñarYbrYmKñaeRkakeLIg edIm,IsiTi§esrIPaB \sSrPaB ÉkraCürbs;CatixøÜn nImYy². eyIgminbeNþayeGayRbeTsrbs;eyIgnImYy²sißtenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnkumμ úynisþ biTsiTi§esrIPaBCaerogrhUt dl;eyIg)at;eQ μaHenAkñúgBiPBelakenaHeLIy. enAeBlEdlGs;elak GñkmanesovePAenHGanenAkñúgédehIy RtUvEtmankarPJak;rlwk naMKñaeRkakeLIgtamyuT§saRsþrbs; emdwknaM nigGnuvtþn_PaBCaemdwknaM edIm,IQaneTArkeCaKC½y edayminRBmsuxcitþrs;enAeday K μansiTi§esrIPaB )at;bg;GtþsBaØaNCaCatimYy Edlrs;enAesμ ImuxeKenAelIBiPBelakeLIy. eyIgTaMgGs;KñaRtUvEtnaMKñaegIbeLIg edIm,IÉkraCüCati \sSrPaBrbs;eyIg. IV-etIshKmn_GWr:ub nigshrdæGaemrik CYyGIVxøHdl;RbCaCatirgeRKaH? (What Does EU and US help Cambodian Victims?)

shKmn_GnþrCati nigshrdæGaemrik EdlCaRbeTsmhaGMNac EtgEtEsVgrkyutþiFm’ eGayRbCaCatiEdlrgeRKaH eRkamkareKobsgát;biTsiTi§esrIPaB. EtktþasMxan;RbCaCatinImYy²RtUv mankarxitxMRbwgERbgxøÜnÉgCamun edayminbENþtbeNþaytameRBgvasna b¤k¾facaMEtBwgelIGñkdéT enaHeLIy. ktþaEdlnaMeGayeyIgeCaKC½yenaH KWGaRs½yelIxøÜneyIgCaktþacMbg ehIycMENkRbeTs RbCaFibetyüeKemIleXIjGMeBIGyutþiFm’ KμansiTi§esrIPaB eKnwgCYyelIkTwkcitþ nigCYyrkviFIedaH RsaybEnßmelIkarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;eyIg. edIm,IEsVgrkyutþiFm’CUndl;RbCaCatienAkñúgtMbn;TaMgenH

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๔ rkSasiT§i

eGayrYcputBIkarbiTsiiTi§esrIPaB TTYl)annUvsiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj nigRbCaFibetyütamGIVEdl RbCaCatienAkñúgtMbn;enHcg;)an. V-RbeTsEx μrRtUvdwknaMtameKalkarN_RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd (Cambodia Must Lead Country Through the Real Principle of Democracy)

RbeTsEx μrRtUvmanneya)aymYyEdlman \sSrPaB ÉkraCü nigRbCaFibetyüBitR)akd tamRbCaCatiEx μrcg;)an edayminsißtenAeRkam\Ti§Blrbs;RbeTsNamYyeLIy. RbeTsTaMgGs;Edl enACitxag RtUveKarBGFibetyüPaBKñaeTAvijeTAmk edayesμ IPaBcMeBaHmuxc,ab;GnþrCati. ehtuenH edIm,IeGayRsbeTAnigdMeNIrkardwknaMrbs;BiPBelak Edlpþl;siTi§esrIPaBeBjeljcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ RbeTsEx μrRtUvdwknaMtamrebobRbCaFibetyüBitR)akd. karBarEfrkSaplRbeyaCn_Cati nigGPivDÆn_ CatieGayrIkcMerIneTAmux edaykarcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdæCakarcaM)ac; sMrab;emdwknaM nigGñkesñhaCati Ex μr. eyIgRtUvelIktMekIgRBHBuT§sasna eGaytMélelIRBHsgÇ nigKm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๕ rkSasiT§i

smrmü manyutþiFm’ minRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy ehIyRtUvelIkTwkcitþCanic© edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_ Cati.

1-nitibBaØtþi (Legislative) GgÁnitibBaØtþiCaGñktMNageGayRbCaCatiEx μr tMNageGayRbCaBlrdæ minsißtenAeRkamGMNac

buKÁlNamñak; b¤KNbkSneya)ayNamYy . GgÁnitibBaØatþiCaGgÁkarkMBUlrbs;Cati. tMNagraRsþ RtUvykcitþTukdak;GMBIsuxTukçrbs;RbCaBlrdæCaTUeTA edaytaMgxøÜnCatMNageGayplRbeyaCn_rbs; RbCaBlrdæ tMNageGayplRbeyaCn_Cati ehIyenAkñúgsßab½nenHRtUvenACaÉkraCü dac;edayELk BIGMNacnitiRbtibtþi sMrab;RtYtBinitüemIlkarGnuvtþrbs;nitiRbtibtþi.

2-tulakar (The Court) tulakarmantYnaTIsMxan; sMrab;EsVgrkyutþiFm’eGayRbCaBlrdærgeRKaHenAkñúgsgÁm tulakar

RtUvEtÉkraCü edayminsßitenAeRkam\Ti§Blneya)ay b¤sißtenAeRkamKNbkSneya)ayNamYy CaBiess GMNactulakarenHRtUvsißtenAdac;edayELkBIGMNacnitibBaØtþi nigGMNacnitiRbtibtþi. edIm,IeGaymanyutþiFm’enaH karBRgwgEpñkGnuvtþn_c,ab;CaktþasMxan; nigsIlFm’sgÁm eFIVya:gNaRtUv bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy. tulakarRtUvmansuqnÞ³ÉkraCü kñúgkarEsVgrkyutþiFm’CUnRbCaCatiEx μrTUeTA.

3-GMNacnitiRbtibtþi (The Executive) GMNacnitiRbtibtþimantYnaTIsMxan;Nas; sMrab;eFIVeGayRbeTsCatimYyrIkcMerInrugerOg . rdæaPi

)alRtUvEtmanqnÞ³neya)ayBitR)akd eKalneya)ayc,as;las;. GMNacnitiRbtibtþiminRtUv eRCotERCkGMNacnitibBaØtþi nigGMNactulakar EdlnaMeGay)at;bg;GBüaRkitüPaB nig)at;bg;ÉkraCü enaHeLIy . kareRCotERCkenaH CakarxusBIeKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü. GMNacnitiRbtibtþi CaGñk Gnuvtþn_eKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü edayebIksiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj nigkareKarBc,ab;. RbCaBlrdæman siTi§esrIPaBeBjeljkñúgkarniyaysþIbeBa©jmti karCYbRbCMu nigkartva:edaysnþiviFICaedIm. kar e)aHeqñatedayesrInwgyutþiFm’ edayRbB½n§eXasna ÉkraCüminlak;)aMg lMeGogeTArkbuKÁl b¤KNbkS NamYy. GMNacnitiRbtibtþi mantYnaTIsMxan;CaGñkkac;cgáÚtRbeTsCatieGayrIkcMerIn karBar plRbeyaCn_Cati nigbMerIRbCaBlrdæeGaymanesckþIsuxsanþ.

4-B½t’man (The Information) bNþajsarB½t’manRtUveFVItamviC¢aCIv³sarB½t’manRtwmRtUv edaysißtenACaGBüaRkitü ÉkraCü

nigmansiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj. karniBn§ nigsresrB½t’man minsßitenAeRkam\Ti§Blneya)ayrbs; KNbkS b¤buKÁlNamYyeLIy. RbB½n§B½t’manRtUvebIkcMhrya:gTUlMTUlaydl;RbCaBlrdæTUeTA edIm,I eGayKat;yl;dwgGMBIsßankarN_TUeTAenAkñúgRbeTs. bNþajsarB½t’manRtUveKarBRkmsIlFm’rbs;

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๖ rkSasiT§i

xøÜn . sarB½t’manCakBa©k;qøúHbBa©aMgsgÁmBit edayniyayGMBIkarBit EdlekItmanenAkñúgsgÁm. bNþa bNþajsarB½t’man EdlKaMRTKNbkSRbCaCnkm

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๗ rkSasiT§i

ehIymankare)aHeqñatTukcitþBIsPaCati. BYkeKRtUvEtmanqnÞ³erobcMkare)aHeqñat mYyRbkbedayPaB yutþiFm’RtwmRtUv.

9-CnGenþaRbevsn_ nigcarkmμyYn (Immigrants and Vietnamese spies) CnGenþaRbevsn_TaMgGs;RtUveKarBtamc,ab;GenþaRbevsn_ nigeKarBc,ab;rbs;RbeTsEx μr.

cMeBaHCnGenþaRbevsn_EdlmineKarBc,ab;rbs;Ex μr RtUvbBa¢ÚnRtLb;eTARbeTskMeNItvij. cMeBaHCn GenþaRbevsn_EdlmansBa¢atiEx μr EdlmanlkçN³eBjeljCaCnCatiExμr mansiTi§esμ IKñanigBlrdæEx μr TUeTAEdr. RKb;Pñak;garTaMgGs;rbs;yYnTaMgsIuvil nig eyaFa RtUvbBa¢ÚnRtLb;eTARbeTsedImvij.

carkm μyYn EkøgePTCaEx μr VI.esckþIsnñidæan (Conclusion)

tamkarsikSaRsavRCav )anbBa¢ak;RbCaCatiExμreGayemIleXIjkan;Etc,as; GMBIedImehtu b£sKl;énbBaða Edl)annwgkMBugekItmanenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. eRkamkardwknaMRtYtRtarbs;BYkCnpþac;kar h‘un Esn kMBugnaMRbeTsExμrQaneTArkeRKaHfñak;mhnþrayminxaneLIy. ebIeyIgminnaMKñaedaHRsay bBaðaenHeGaycb; esckþITukçevTnarbs;BlrdæEx μr minRtwmEtFøak;mkelIeyIgnaeBlbc©úb,nñb:ueNÑaHeT TukçevTnaTaMgGs;enH nigFøak;dl;kUnecAEx μrCMnan;eRkayeTotnaeBlGnaKt. karbgðajlatRtdag BIkarBit dUc)anerobrab;xagelIenH eFIVeGayeyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaEx μr Qb;vegVgCamYykarbMP½nþepSg² rbs;BYkyYnkum μ úynisþ nigEx μrkumμúynisþmYycMnYn EdlkMBugEtEkRkéLRbvtþisaRsþ eRbIR)as;menaKmn_ e)akR)as; edIm,IGMNac muxmat; buNüs½ká suxcitþeGank,albMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayBYkyYnkum μúynisþ. ehtudUecñHehIy eyIgeXIjfab£sKl; 7 mkra KW kum μ úynisþyYn.yYn ¬shB½n§\NÐÚcin¦enHehIy CaGñkerobcMEpnkarmkelbTwkdIEx μr kan;kab;TwkdIExμr cam Lav Ex μreRkamrhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ.

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ๔๘ rkSasiT§i

Éksaeyag (Reference)

1-km