Garden insect pest management using chemical tactics: advanced training for

Master Gardeners

Celeste Welty Ohio State University

2007

Chemical Control • History • Classification of insecticides

available for garden food crops – By origin

• Natural • Synthetics

– By mode of action • The OMRI list •  Data on efficacy against common pests

History of insecticides •  Sulfur, Homer 1000 BC •  Arsenic, China AD 900 • Mineral oil for camel mange, 1300 •  Tobacco decoction on pears, 1690 •  Pyrethrum for fleas <1800 •  Paris Green (copper aceto-arsenite), 1867 •  Kerosene + soap, 1874 •  Lead arsenate, 1892 •  DDT, 1939

Insecticides, by Origin • Minerals & elementals • Oils & soaps •  Botanicals (plants) •  Diatomaceous earth • Microbials •  Compounds derived from microbes • Mimics of natural insect hormones •  Petroleum-based synthetic chemicals

Insecticides, by Mode of Action

• Nerve poisons • Respiration disruptors • Gut disruptors •  Insect growth regulators • Suffocation agents • Cuticle disruptors

Minerals & Elementals

• sulfur •  lime-sulfur • kaolin (‘Surround At Home’) •  iron phosphate (slug baits) • boric acid (for indoor pests only)

sulfur & lime-sulfur

• sulfur – Mostly for disease control – Kills some mites & thrips

•  lime-sulfur – Mostly for disease control on tree fruit – Kills some scale insects

$498

DustingSulfurUse as a Dust or Spray!

• Controls Black Spot, Powdery Mildew, LeafSpot, Rust and Brown Canker on Roses.

• Controls Listed Diseases & Insects on Shrubs,Flowers, Vegetables and Fruits.

• Controls Thrips, Rust Mites, Red Spider Mitesand Two Spotted Mites on Citrus.

• Controls Chiggers.

ACTIVE INGREDIENT:Sulfur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90%INERT INGREDIENTS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10%TOTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100%

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDRENCAUTION

See Back Panel For Additional Precautionary StatementsNET WEIGHT 2 LBS.

Voluntary Purchasing Groups, Inc.Bonham, Texas 75418

EPA Reg. No. 7401-188EPA Est. No. 7401-TX-1

DIRECTIONS FOR USEIt is a violation of Federal Law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.1. WHAT IS THIS PACKAGE FOR?This product provides effective and economical control of listed plant diseases and insects. May be used as adust or spray.2. HOW DO YOU USE IT?When used as a dust, punch out perforated tab on top of shaker can and rotate lid to dust setting. Apply to allplant surfaces to thoroughly cover. When used as a spray, mix 4 tablespoons per each 1 gallon of water used.Spray to cover thoroughly all plant surfaces. NOTE: DO NOT RE-ENTER TREATED AREAS FOR AT LEAST 24HOURS AFTER APPLICATION IS MADE.ROSES, SHRUBS, FLOWERS: (as a Fungicide and Insecticide)For Black Spot, Brown Canker, Leaf Spot, Powdery Mildew, Thrips and Mites on Roses. Begin spraying when newgrowth starts in the Spring. Repeat at 7 day intervals and reapply after rainfall. For diseases and insect controlon Shrubs, Flowers and Ornamentals, begin application when diseases appear and repeat at 5-10 day intervalsand after rains. For control of Powdery Mildew, Thrips and Mites on Azalea, Alder, Buttonbush, Catalpa,Cosmos, Crape Myrtle, Dahlia, Daisy, Delphinium, Aster, Calendula, Dogwood, Euonymus, Gladiolus, GoldenFleece, Hibiscus, Holly, Hydrangeas, Lady’s Mantel, Ligustrum, Lilac, Petunia, Poplars, Silver Vine, Spirea,Sunflower, Sweet Pea, Verbena, Violets, Willows, Carnations, Cedar, Cherry Laurel, Chrysanthemums, Hollyhock,Juniper, Simlax and Spruce. For control of Leaf Spot, Thrips and Mites on Calendula, Cedar, Cherry Laurel,Chrysanthemum, Clematis, Columbine, Foxglove, Hollyhock, English Ivy, Juniper, Laurel, Sage, Simlax,Snapdragons and Spruce. For control of Rust, Thrips and Mites on Asters, Carnations, Chrysanthemums,Hollyhock and Snapdragon.VEGETABLES: (as a Fungicide)For control of Powdery Mildew on Beans, Peas, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, and Cauliflower. For con-trol of Rust on Beans and Peas. Begin application at first sign of disease. Repeat applications at 7–10 day inter-vals. NOTE: Sulfur may injure certain varieties of beans. For control of Powdery and Downy Mildew and BotrytisBlight on Onions. Begin application before diseases are expected to appear. Repeat as necessary. Do not use onCucurbits (Cucumbers, Cataloupes, Melons, Squash) or Tung.FRUITS: (as a Fungicide and Insecticide)APPLE, PEAR: For Powdery Mildew and Scab. Reduce dosage 1 tablespoon per gallon of water if hot weatherthreatens. For disease control on Apples, apply from pre-pink through cover periods. For Pears apply at pre-bloom, bloom, petal fall, and cover periods.PEACH: For Brown Rot, Scab. Apply in pink, bloom, shuck, cover and pre-harvest sprays.CHERRY: For Brown Rot, Leaf Spot. Apply in pink, bloom, petal fall, shuck, cover and post-harvest sprays.PLUM, PRUNE: For Brown Rot, Leaf Spot. Apply in pink, bloom, shuck, cover and pre-harvest sprays.CITRUS: For Brown Rot. Apply according to State recommendations. For Rust Mite, Thrips, Red Spider Mites,Two-Spotted Spider Mites. Begin applications at first signs of damage and repeat as necessary. Rust Mitesshould be controlled at all times of the year in order to prevent russeting of fruit and greasy spots on leaves.COMMON CHIGGER CONTROL: For control of chiggers in the yard, dust over the entire lawn, flower garden,shrubs and any place the chiggers may be hiding. This should be done a day or two before protection is desiredand should be repeated at weekly intervals. The contents of this package will cover from 1,500 to 2,000 squarefeet.IMPORTANT: Do not use within 2 weeks of an oil spray treatment, on Citrus within 3 to 6 weeks. Use onlyaccording to State recommendations. Sulfur may burn foliage when temperature is high (90-95°F).3. HERE ARE THE RESULTS YOU MAY EXPECT!When used as directed, this product will provide effective and economical control of listed diseases and insectsand thus promote healthy, lush growth.

STORAGE AND DISPOSALDo not reuse container. Wrap container and put in trash collection.

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTSHAZARDS TO HUMANS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS

CAUTIONMay be harmful if swallowed, inhaled or in eyes. Avoid contact with skin, eyes or clothing. Wash thoroughly afterhandling and before eating or smoking. Keep children and pets off treated areas for at least 24 hours and untilthis material has washed into the soil.

FIRST AIDHave the product container or label with you when calling a Poison Control Center or doctor, or going for treatment.

If inhaled • Move person to fresh air.• If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then give artificial respiration,

preferably by mouth-to-mouth, if possible.• Call a Poison Control Center or doctor for further treatment advice.

If on skin • Take of contaminated clothing.or clothing • Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for 15–20 minutes.

• Call a Poison Control Center or doctor for treatment advice.If in eyes • Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15–20 minutes.

• Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsingeye.

• Call a Poison Control Center or doctor for treatment advice.If swallowed • Call a Poison Control Center or doctor immediately for treatment advice.

• Have a person sip a glass of water if able to swallow.• Do not induce vomiting unless told to do so by the Poison Control Center or doctor.• Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDSThis product is extremely toxic to fish. Do not apply directly to water.

NOTE: Buyer assumes all risks of use, storage or handling of this product not in strict accordance with directionsgiven herewith. Voluntary Purchasing Groups, Inc. warrants this product to conform to the chemical description onthe label and for the purposes stated on the label. The limit of any liability incurred shall be the purchase price paidby the user or buyer.

15M-27-91T

*32221-BADBAi

iron phosphate:slug bait

‘Surround’ on pumpkin

‘Surround’ on apple

Smothering agents

• Petroleum oil • Soap

(potassium salts of fatty acids)

Diatomaceous earth • Silicon dioxide • For indoor pests: sold alone • For food crops: sold only in mix with pyrethrins + PBO

ON HARVESTED TOMATOES AND FRUIT (including grapes): To control Fruit Flies and Vinegar Flies. Apply with a hand or power sprayer or other suitable means on tomatoes and fruit in baskets, on trucks or on plants, and row stock stacked in the yard. Apply liberally at the rate of 8 oz. per 100 sq. ft. of area.

VEGETABLE CROPS: For the control of insects such as Aphids, 12-Spotted Cucumber Beetle, Armyworms, Beet Webworms, Blister Beetle, Cabbage Looper, Cabbage Worms, Caterpillars, Celery Leaftiers, Colorado Potato Beetle, Corn Earworm, Cucumber Beetles, Diamondback Moth Larva, European Corn Borer, Flea Beetles, Garden Fleahoppers, Harlequin Bugs, Imported Cabbage Worms, Japanese Beetles, Leafhoppers, Leaf Miners, Leaftiers, Loopers, Lygus Bugs, Mexican Bean Beetle, Mites, Oblique-Banded Leafrollers, Plant Bugs, Stink Bugs, Squash Vine Borers, Thrips, Vegetable Weevils, Webworms and White Flies.

GROWING CROPS (outdoors and greenhouses): Root and Tuber Vegetables, including but not limited to, Arracacha, Arrowroot, Purple Arrowroot, Japanese Artichoke, Jerusalem Artichoke, Beets, Sugar Beets, Edible Burdock, Carrots, Cassava (Bitter & Sweet), Cerarlac (Celery Root), Chervil (Turnip Root), Chicory, Chotia, Dasheen, Ginger, Ginseng, Horseradish, Laren, Parsley (turnip rooted), Parsnip, Potato, Radish, Japanese Radish, Rutabaga, Salsify, Black Salsify, Sweet Potato, Tanier, Tarrow Root, Turmeric, Turnip, Yam, Yam Bean. Leaves of Root and Tuber Vegetables, including but not limited to, Beet, Sugar Beet, Edible Burdock, Carrot, Cassava (Bitter & Sweet), Celery, Chervil, Chicory, Dasheen, Parsnip, Radish, Japanese Radish, Rutabaga, Black Salsify, Sweet Potato, Tanier, Turnip, and Yam (True). Bulb Vegetables, including but not limited to, Garlic, Leek, Onion (Bulb & Green) and Shallot. Leafy Vegetables, including but not limited to, Amaranth, Leafy Amaranth, Chinese Spinach, Tompala, Arugula, Celery, Celluce, Chervil, Cilantro, Corn Salad, Chrysanthemum (edible leaves), Chrysanthemum garland, Cress (garden), Upland Cress (yellow rocket, winter cress), Dandelion, Dock, Endive, Fennel, Lettuce (Head & Leafy), Orach, Parsley, Purslane (garden & winter), Rhubarb, Spinach, Fine Spinach (Metabar, Ceylon), Spinach (New Zealand), Swiss Chard. Brassica (Cole) Leafy Vegetables, including but not limited to, Broccoli, Chinese Broccoli, Broccoli Raab, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Chinese Cabbage (Bok Choy & Napa), Chinese Mustard Cabbage (Gai Choy), Cauliflower, Collards, Kale, Kohlrabi, Mustard Greens and Rape Greens. Legume Vegetables (succulent or dried), including but not limited to, Adzuki Beans, Field Beans, French Beans, Kidney Beans, Lima Beans, Moth Beans, Mung Beans, Navy Beans, Pinto Beans, Runner Beans, Snap Beans, Tepary Beans, Urd Beans, Wax Beans, Asparagus Beans, Black-eyed Peas, Catjang, Chinese Longbeans, Cowpeas, Chowder Peas, Southern Peas, Yard-Longbeans, Broad Beans (Fava Beans), Chick Peas (Garbanzo Beans), Guar, Jack Beans (Sword Beans), Lablab Beans (Hycacinth Beans), Lentils, Peas (garden, field, sugar), Pigeon Peas and Soybeans. Foliage of Legume Vegetables, including but not limited to, plant parts of any legume vegetable included in the Legume Vegetables group that will be used as animal feed including any variety of Beans, Field Peas and Soybeans. Fruiting Vegetables, including but not limited to, Eggplant, Ground Cherry, Okra, Pepinos, Peppers (Bell, Chili, Cooking and Sweet Peppers and Pimentos), Tomatillo, and Tomatoes. Cucurbit Vegetables, including but not limited to, Balsam Pear (Bitter Melon), Chinese Waxgourd, Citron Melon, Cucumber, Gherkin, Edible Gourds, Melons (including hybrids, Cantaloupe, Casaba, Crenshaw, Honeydew, Honey Balls, Mango, Muskmelon and Persian Melons), Pumpkin, Squash (summer & winter) and Watermelon (including hybrids).

ORNAMENTALS: For the control of insects such as Aphids, Armyworms, Caterpillars, Chinch Bugs, Flea Beetles, Fleahoppers, Flies, Fruit Flies, Japanese Beetles, Leafhoppers, Leafminers, Leafrollers, Loopers, Lygus Bugs, Mealy Bugs, Mites, Plant Bugs, Thrips and White Flies. Ornamentals such as African Violets, Aster, Azalea, Begonia, Calceolaria, Calendula, Calia, Camelia, Carnation, Cineraria, Chrysanthemum, Cypress, Daffodil, Dahlia, Dogwood, Elm, Eucalyptus, Fern, Ficus, Geranium, Gladiolus, Gypsophila, Holly, Juniper, Lily, Marigold, Oak, Palm, Peony, Petunia, Philodendron, Pine, Roses, Snapdragons, Sweetpeas, Tulips, Viburnum, Wandering Jew, Yew and Zinnia.

HERBS, SPICES AND SPECIALTY CROPS: For the control of such insects as Aphids, Loopers, Mites, Plant Bugs, Thrips and White Flies. Herbs and Spices, including but not limited to, Anise, Balm, Basil, Burnel, Borage, Chamomile, Caraway, Catnip, Chives, Clary, Coriander, Costmary, Cumin, Curry Leaf, Dill, Fennel (Italian & Sweet), Fenugreek, Horehound, Hyssop, Marigold, Marjoram (Sweet & Wild), Mint, Nasturtium, Oregano, Pennyroyal, Rosemary, Rue, Sage, Savory (Winter & Summer), Sweet Bay (Bay Leaf), Tansy, Tarragon, Thyme, Wintergreen, Woodruff, Wormwood. Specialty Crops, such as Artichoke, Chayote, Asparagus, Coffee, Cotton, Hops, Jojoba, Ornamental Turf Grass, Sesame, Sunflower (leaves & seed) and Tea.

FIELD GRAIN CROPS: For the control of insects such as Aphids, Armyworms, Chinch Bugs, Boll Weevil, Bollworm, Budworm, Caterpillars, Corn Earworms, Fleabeetles, Fleahoppers, Flies, Horn Worms, Loopers, Lygus Bugs, Midges, Mites, Pear Cucurlia, Pink Bollworms, Thrips and White Flies. Cereal Grains, including but not limited to, Barley, Buckwheat, Corn, Millet (Proso & Pearl), Oats, Popcorn, Rice, Rye, Sorghum (Milo), Teosinte, Triticale, Wheat and Wild Rice. Grass Forage, Fodder and Hay, including but not limited to, Bermuda Grass, Blue Grass, Bromegrass, Fescue and any type grass, Gramineae Family (green or cured), Barley, Buckwheat, Corn, Millet (Proso & Pearl), Oats, Popcorn, Rice, Rye, Sorghum (Milo), Teosinte, Triticale, Wheat and Wild Rice, that will be fed to or grazed by livestock, all pasture and range grasses and grasses grown for hay or silage. Non-Grass Animal Feeds, including but not limited to, Alfalfa, Velvet Bean, Clover, Kudzu, Lespedeza, Lupine, Saintoin, Trefoil, Vetch, Crown Vetch and Milk Vetch.

FRUIT, NUT, VINE CROPS AND ORIENTAL VEGETABLES: For the control of such insects as Aphids, Armyworms, Blueberry Maggots, Cabbage Loopers, Caterpillars, Cherry Fruit Flies, Cutworms, Fireworms, Fruit Flies, Fuller Rose Beetle, Gooseberry Fruit Worms, Imported Currant Worms, Japanese Beetles, Leafhoppers, Mites, Peach Borers, Pecan Weevil, Red-Necked Borers, Raspberry Fruit Worms, Rose Chafers, Stink bugs, Strawberry Leaf Rollers, Thrips, Weevils and White Flies. Citrus Fruits, including but not limited to, Calamondin, Citrus Citron, Citrus Hybrids, Grapefruit, Kumquats, Lemons, Limes, Mandarin (Tangerine), Orange (sweet & sour), Pummelo, and Satsuma Mandarin. Pome Fruits, including but not limited to, Apple, Crabapple, Loquat, Pear, Oriental Pear and Quince. Stone Fruits, including but not limited to, Apricot, Cherry (sweet & sour), Nectarines, Peaches, Plums, Prunes, Chickasaw Plum, Damson Plum, and Japanese Plum. Small Fruits and Berries, including but not limited to, Blackberry, Blueberry, Boysenberry, Cranberry, Currants, Dewberry, Elderberry, Gooseberry, Grape, Huckleberry, Loganberry, Ollie Berry, Raspberry (Black & Red), Strawberry, and Youngberry. Subtropical Fruits, including but not limited to, Avocado, Banana, Carob, Barbados Cherry, Cherimoya, Dates, Feijoa, Figs (Adriatic, Calimyrna, Kadota, Black Mission, California Brown Turkey and Brunswick), Guava, Kiwifruit, Lychee, Mango, Papaya, Passion Fruit, Persimmon, Pineapple and Pomegranate. Tree Nuts, including but not limited to, Almond, Beech Nut, Brazil Nut, Butter Nut, Cashews, Chestnut, Chinquapin, Filbert (Hazelnut), Hickory Nut, Japanese Horsechestnut, Macadamia Nut (Bushnut), Pecan, Pistachio and Walnut (Black & English). Oriental Vegetables, including but not limited, to Japanese Artichoke, Chinese Broccoli (Gai Lon), Chinese Cabbage (Bok Choy & Napa), Chinese Mustard Cabbage (Gai Choy), Cilantro, Dasheen, Ginger, Ginseng, Chinese Longbeans, Mung Beans, Citron Melon, Balsam Bear (Bitter Melon), Japanese Radish (Daikon), Chinese Spinach and Chinese Waxgourd.

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS

HAZARDS TO HUMANS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS

CAUTION: Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Use in adequate ventilation and avoid breathing dust.

USER SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS - Users should: Wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet. Remove clothing immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing. Remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothes.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: Applicators and other handlers must wear coveralls or long-sleeved shirt and pants, waterproof gloves, shoes and socks, and a dust/mist filtering respirator (MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-21C) or a NIOSH approved respirator with any NRP or HE filter. Follow manufacturer's instructions for cleaning and maintaining Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). If no instructions for washable are given, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry.

Statement of Practical Treatment (First Aid)If Swallowed: Call a poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice. If Inhaled: Move person to fresh air. If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then give artificial respiration, preferably mouth-to- mouth if possible. If in Eyes: Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15-20 minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing. Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice. Have the product container or label with you when calling a poison control center or doctor or going for treatment.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS: This product is toxic to fish. Do not apply directly to any body of water. Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift from the treatment area. Do not contaminate water by disposal of equipment wash rinses. This product is toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops or weeds. Do not apply this product if bees are visiting the treatment area. Apply this product only as specified on this label.

STORAGE AND DISPOSAL: Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or disposal. Storage: Store in original container in a cool, dry place out of sunlight. Protect from moisture. Pesticide Disposal: Wastes resulting from the use of this product may be disposed of on site or at an approved waste disposal facility. Container Disposal: Completely empty bag into application equipment, then dispose of empty bag in a sanitary landfill or by incineration, or, if allowed by State and local authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

DIRECTIONS FOR USEIt is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlers may be in the area during application. For any requirements specific to your State or Tribe, consult the agency responsible for pesticide regulation.

AGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTS: Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR Part 170. This standard contains requirements for protection of agricultural workers on farms, forests, nurseries, greenhouses and handlers of agricultural pesticides. It contains requirements for training, decontamination, notification, and emergency assistance. It also contains specific instructions and exceptions pertaining to the statements on this label about personal protective equipment (PPE) and restricted-entry intervals. The requirements only apply to uses of this product that are covered by the Worker Protection Standard. Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted-entry interval (REI) of 12 hours. PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard, and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water is: coveralls, water-proof gloves and shoes plus socks.

GENERAL INFORMATION: Carefully follow the directions for each type of use. This material may be used on edible crops growing outdoors or in greenhouses, up to and including the day of harvest. PPE required for early entry to treated areas prior to the time the sprays have dried, that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil or water is: long-sleeved shirt and long pants, waterproof gloves, shoes and socks.

Use Rates for the Fruits, Nuts, Vegetables, Field Crops, Ornamentals and Miscellaneous Crops: Use 1 to 6 pounds of product per acre depending upon the insect population. As a Dust: The best results are obtained when the plants are wet or dew still remains on the leaf surface. It is suggested that the plants be misted prior to application to obtain the maximum benefits and use the least amount of product for control. Reapply only as necessary. As a Wettable Powder: Apply in sufficient water to obtain maximum coverage. Dilution of the material should be at the rate of one half pound in one half gallon of water or at a maximum of one pound to 25 gallons of water. It is best to keep the material agitated during application. Apply the material uniformly to both the upper and lower leaf surfaces. Reapply only as necessary.

GRASSES, LAWNS, & TURF (including golf courses): To control Ants, Armyworms, Caterpillars, Chinch Bugs, Cutworms. Use Rate: Use 16 oz. (1 lb.) per 1000 square feet of area. Apply either as a dust or as a wettable powder. Hose-End Sprayer: Use 16 oz. (1 lb.) per 1000 square feet of area. Use a hose-end sprayer for lawns. Add a small amount of water to the jar and add the amount needed for the pre-measured area, stir to make a slurry, then add the remaining water to the top of the jar. Empty entire contents of the jar on the pre-measured area. As a Dust: Best results are obtained when applied with a hand or power duster or other suitable means of application to the infested area. Apply lightly and uniformly to the treatment area. Hand Sprayer: Use .6 oz. (4 tablespoons) to one gallon of water. It is best to keep the material agitated during application. Apply the contents to pre-measured area.

WARRANTY STATEMENTSeller warrants that this product conforms to the ingredient statement on the label. Since conditions of use, such as weather, compatibility with other chemicals, and conditions of application equipment will vary, seller makes no claims other than those stated on this label.

DV0602.v1

(See side of bottle)

See side panel for additional precautions

®

40253

Containing Diatomaceous Earth

NET WEIGHT 5 LBS. (2.27 kg)

C R A W L I N G

• Effective Long Lasting When Kept Dry.• Kills Cockroaches, Ants, Earwigs, Millipedes,

Centipedes, Crickets, Silverfish, Fleas, Carpet Beetles, Bedbugs, Grasshoppers,Slugs and Other Crawling Insects.

• For Outdoor and Indoor Household Use.

I NSECT

ACTIVE INGREDIENTS:Silicon dioxide, fromdiatomaceous earth ..................................85.0%Other elemental oxides .............................10.0%

INERT INGREDIENTS: .................................. 5.0%TOTAL INGREDIENTS:..............................100.00%

KEEP OUT OF REACHOF CHILDREN

CAUTIONSee Back Panel for Additional

Precautionary Statements.

CRAWLINGINSECT CONTROL

7 32221 40253 9

7 32221 40253 9 7 32221 40253 9

CRAWLING

INSECT

CRAW

LING

INSE

CT

6930 17x22.25" Front&Sides.5/15 5/15/02 3:48 PM Page 1

Insecticides from plants (botanicals)

• pyrethrum, from chrysanthemum

• azadirachtin, from neem tree

•  rotenone, from cubé root

• capsaicin, from hot pepper

• garlic extract

Insecticides from plants (botanicals)

•  limonene – from citrus peels – for indoor pests

•  nicotine – from tobacco

•  sabadilla – from seeds of tropical lily – cancelled

•  ryania – from stems of So. American shrub – cancelled

neem:

azadirachtin

& neem seed oil

(7 brands)

Rotenone

• Dust, or mix with water to spray

• More effective as dust • Very low toxicity to

bees

Repellents from plants:

capsaicin & garlic

Oils from plants

example: ‘Mite-X’ is

cottonseed oil + clove oil + garlic oil

• Pyrethrins

• = Pyrethrum?

• = Pyrethroids?

•  Pyrethrum: the raw natural product from dried flowers – Dalmatian Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum

cinerariaefolium) – Persian Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum

coccineum) •  Pyrethrins: the extracted active

ingredients from pyrethrum – pyrethrin I – pyrethrin II – cinerin I – cinerin II – jasmolin I – jasmolin II

•  Pyrethroids: synthetic mimics of pyrethrins

Pyrethrins + PBO*

*PBO= piperonyl butoxide,

a synergist

What’s PBO?

•  PBO = piperonyl butoxide •  A synergist • When mixed with some insecticides,

makes them more active – Most common with pyrethrins – Also used with pyrethroids, rotenone, &

carbamates •  Prevents enzymes from detoxifying

the a.i. before it acts on target site

Status of Pyrethrin Products • Pyrethrins + PBO (piperonyl butoxide)

– Many brands through 2005 – Far fewer brands starting in 2006

• Pyrethrins + oil – Common in shops in 2006

• Pyrethrins + soap – Common in shops in 2006

• Pyrethrins (alone) – Sold in larger packages – For larger farms

Examples of pyrethrin products available

•  Pyrethrins + PBO – FoxFarm ‘Don’t Bug Me’ – Spectracide ‘Bug Stop For Gardens’

•  Pyrethrins + oil – Garden Safe ‘Fruit & Vegetable Insect Spray’ – Garden Safe ‘Houseplant & Garden Insect Spray’

•  Pyrethrins + soap – Safer ‘Tomato & Vegetable Insect Killer’ – Safer ‘Yard & Garden Insect Killer’ • Pyrethrins (alone) •  MGK’s ‘PyGanic 1.4 EC’

Microbial Insecticides • Micro-organisms that cause

disease in insects – B.t. (bacterium) – Beauveria (fungus) – Nosema (protozoan) – Viruses – Nematodes

• Derived from micro-organisms – spinosad (from actinomycete)

What is B.t.? • A natural soil-borne bacterium • Species: Bacillus thur in gi en sis • produces crystal-like proteins that

kill certain insects • Produced by fermentation methods • Discovered 1915; used since 1957

How does B.t. work?

• B.t. must be eaten by target insect • B.t. contains toxins that are

activated by insect’s gut enzymes •  toxins paralyze insect’s digestive

tract •  feeding stops within 2 hours • death takes 1 - 5 days

Bacteria for Insect Control

• B.T. = Bacillus thuringiensis • B.t. kurstaki (caterpillars)

• B.t. aizawai (caterpillars)

• B.t. tenebrionis (certain beetle larvae)

• B.t. israelensis (mosquito larvae)

• Bacillus popillae (Milky Spore)

B.t. products •  Sprayable or dusts

– For caterpillars: • DiPel, Thuricide

– For Colorado potato beetle: • Potato Beetle Beater

•  Transgenic crops – ‘Attribute’ sweet corn (5

acre minimum)

Sprayable B.t.: performance • Sometimes erratic due to:

– Breakdown in U.V. light – Reduced toxicity to older larvae – Incomplete spray coverage – Too long a spray interval

• Best if: – Target young larvae – Apply at 3-4 day intervals – Get thorough coverage (lot of water)

•  Dow: Entrust •  Fertilome: Borer,

Bagworm, Leafminer & Tent Caterpillar spray

• GreenLight: Lawn & Garden Spray Spinosad Concentrate

• Monterey: Garden Insect Spray

• Gardens Alive: Bulls-Eye Bioinsecticide

Spinosad: more brands

Insecticides, by Mode of Action

• Suffocation agents (oils, soaps) • Cuticle disruptors (diatomaceous earth)

• Respiration disruptors (rotenone) • Gut disruptors (B.t.) •  Insect growth regulators (neem) • Nerve poisons

Insect growth regulators

• Mimics of insect growth hormones

–  juvenile hormone (neem)

–  molting hormone

–  chitin biosynthesis • For control of caterpillars & other

immature insects

Conventional petroleum-based synthetic insecticides: Nerve poisons

•  3 old classes: shrinking – Organo-chlorines (2 a.i.s) – Carbamates (1 a.i.) – Organo-phosphates (3 a.i.s)

•  1 class: growing – Pyrethroids (5 a.i.s)

• Other new classes: – Neonicotinoids: 1 a.i. OK for commercial

food crops & home ornamentals, but not yet for garden food crops

Organo-chlorines

endosulfan (Thiodan)

dicofol(Kelthane):

concen-trates

Carbamate

carbaryl (Sevin)

concentrate RTU

Organo-phosphates

• malathion –  For use on many crops

• disulfoton (Di-Syston) –  For only a few veg crops

• dimethoate (Cygon) •  For only a few veg crops

• diazinon – Not sold since 2001

VOLUNTARY PURCHASING GROUPS, INC.Bonham, Texas 75418

EPA Reg. No. 7401-26 EPA Est. 7401-TX-1

15M-24-91U

DIRECTIONS FOR USEIT IS A VIOLATION OF FEDERAL LAW TO USE THIS PRODUCT IN A MANNER INCONSISTENT WITH ITS LABELING.

1. WHAT IS THIS PACKAGE FOR?This package of ferti-lome® Systemic INSECTICIDE GRANULES protects plants such as Roses, Chrysanthemums, Azaleas, Pyracantha,Spirea and Birch from damage by Aphids, Spider Mites, Thrips, Leaf Miners, Whiteflies, Lace Bugs and Leafhoppers. ferti-lome® SystemicINSECTICIDE GRANULES enter a plant through its roots (systemic action) and is then moved to all parts of the plant through natural growthand sap flow. Working from inside of the plant, it controls the listed sucking type insects that feed on this plant.2. HOW DO YOU USE IT?Apply the ready-to-use granules uniformly (see Recommended Applications) to the soil around the base of the plant. Mix the granules intothe top soil, then water. The chemical, released from the granules, will reach into the root zone and be absorbed into the plant. The granulescan also be scattered over planting beds and mixed into the top soil before sowing seed or setting bulbs or transplants. Additional applica-tions of ferti-lome® Systemic INSECTICIDE GRANULES can be made as needed to maintain insect control after the plants start to grow.

RECOMMENDED APPLICATIONS: Amount to UseFor Flowers To Control Before Planting:Ageratum Aphids (Plant Lice) Apply 16 ounces evenly over 200 square feet (10 x 20 ft.) of bed area and work into the topCalendula Lace Bugs 2 to 3 inches of soil. Sow seed or set plants and water thoroughly.Carnation Leafhoppers Growing Plants:Chrysanthemum Spider mites For Individual Plants: Apply one rounded teaspoonful around base of plant, work into theDelphinium Thrips` soil and water thoroughly.Petunia Whiteflies For Flowers in a Row: Apply one rounded teaspoonful per foot of row in a narrow band near

And Other base of plants, work into top soil and water thoroughly.Flowers Repeat application at 4 to 6 weeks intervals if insects reappear.

Potted Plants: Apply one rounded teaspoonful per 6 inch pot. Mix thoroughly into top soil and drench with water.

Shrubs Aphids (Plant Lice) Apply 2 to 4 rounded tablespoons per foot of shrub height. Use the lower rate for shrubsAzaleas, Birch, Holly & Birch leaf up to 3 ft. and the higher rate for shrubs from 3 to 6 ft. in height. Distribute the requiredCamellia, miner, Lace bug, amount evenly from the base of shrub to the drip line on all sides of the plant. Work intoEuonymus, Leafhoppers the top 1 to 2 inches of soil and water thoroughly. Repeat application at 4 to 6 weekPine Mimosa Webworm intervals if required.Rhododendron, Pine Tip MothRoses, Yew Spider Mites

And Other Thrips, WhitefliesShrubs

Tomatoes Aphids In The Seed Furrow: Apply one rounded teaspoonful per foot of row. Place the granules Flea beetles either below or to one side of the seed. Do not allow seed to come into direct contact with Leafhoppers the granules.Leaf miners In The Transplant Hole: Apply one rounded teaspoonful per plant in the Transplant hole.Mites Mix granules with soil in hole prior to setting plant.

3. HERE ARE THE RESULTS YOU MAY EXPECT!ferti-lome® Systemic INSECTICIDE GRANULES controls the listed sucking type insects, thereby allowing flowers, shrubs, roses and orna-mentals to grow vigorously to provide beautiful blooms, flowers and shrubs.

STORAGE AND DISPOSALSTORAGE: Store in original container and place in a locked storage area.DISPOSAL: Do not reuse container. Rinse thoroughly and securely wrap in several layers of newspaper and discard in trash.

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTSHAZARDS TO HUMANS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS

WARNING: May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. Do not breathe dust. Rapidly absorbed through the skin. Do not get on skin, in eyes or onclothing. Wash hands thoroughly after handling. Do not apply broadcast applications to lawns.

STATEMENT OF PRACTICAL TREATMENTIF SWALLOWED: Call a Physician or Poison Control Center immediately. Drink one or two glasses of water and induce vomiting. Do notinduce vomiting or give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.IF ON SKIN: Remove contaminated clothing and wash affected area with soap and water. Get medical attention. Wash clothing beforereuse.IF IN EYES: Flush eyes with plenty of water. Get medical attention if irritation persists.IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air. Apply artificial respiration if indicated. Get medical attention immediately.NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: Disulfoton is an organophosphate insecticide. If symptoms of cholinesterase inhibition are present, atropinesulfate by injection is antidotal. 2-PAM is also antidotal and may be administered, but only in conjunction with atropine.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDSThis product is toxic to fish, birds, and other wildlife. Keep out of lakes, streams, or ponds. Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equip-ment, or disposal of wastes. Apply this product only as specified on this label. Food utensils such as a teaspoon or measuring cup shouldnot be used for food purposes after use with insecticides.Buyer assumes all risks of use, storage or handling of this material not in strict accordance with directions given herewith.

*32221-BADCFcSystemic

InsecticideGranulesFOR ROSES, SHRUBS,

FLOWERS AND TOMATOES

ACTIVE INGREDIENTS:0-0-Diethyl S-2-(ethylthio) ethylphosphorodithioate* . . . . . . . . . 2.00%INERT INGREDIENTS . . . . . . . . . 98.00%TOTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100.00%•U.S. Patent No. 2,759,010

KEEP OUT OF REACHOF CHILDRENWARNING

See back panel for additional warnings

$6 98

NET WEIGHT 1 LB.

cyfluthrin

Pyrethroids: 5 for food crops

esfenvalerate lambda- cyhalothrin cyfluthrin

permethrin bifenthrin

Beware of similar names

esfenvalerate bifenthrin

Comparison of 2 Bug-B-Gon Max Crop esfenvalerate bifenthrin

Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower Yes, 3 d PHI Yes, 7 d PHI Cuke, squash, pumpkin Yes, 3 d PHI Yes, 3 d PHI Pepper, eggplant Yes, 7 d PHI Yes, 7 d PHI Tomato Yes, 1 d PHI Yes, 1 d PHI Sweet corn Yes, 1 d PHI Yes, 1 d PHI Snap beans, green peas Yes, 3 d PHI Yes, 3 d PHI Dry beans, dry peas Yes, 21 d PHI No Potato Yes, 7 d PHI No Radish, Carrot Yes, 7 d PHI No Collards Yes, 7 d PHI No Head lettuce No Yes, 7 d PHI Lima beans No Yes, 3 d PHI

‘Biorational’insect control products

• Microbials that are host-specific

• Pheromones (for mating disruption)

•  Insect growth regulators

OMRI: The Organic Materials Review Institute

• Used by certified organic growers • List of products applied to crops

– Fertilizers – Pesticides

• Two categories: – ‘Allowed’ – ‘Restricted’

Insect control products on the OMRI List •  Behavioral control

– pheromone mating disruption •  Microbial control

– viruses – B.t. (DiPel)

•  Smothering agents – soaps – oils

•  Nerve poisons – spinosad (Entrust) – pyrethrins (PyGanic)

•  Repellents – kaolin (Surround) – neem – garlic

Bioassays •  Basic set-up

– 8 oz deli dish – Leaf sprayed both sides – 24 & 48-hr mortality

evaluation – Damage quantified for

chewing pests •  Residual tests

– Pests added after residue dry

•  Direct tests – Pests added before spray

Bioassays to test efficacy of garden insecticides

• % Mortality, for all pests • Damage, for chewing pests •  Importance:

– #1: Prevention of damage – #2: Death of pest

Bioassays • 2005

– 10 pests – 16 chemicals

• 2006 – 6 pests (4 repeats, 2 new) – 2 more chemicals – 3 more pyrethrins +/- PBO

• 2007 – 4 pests (2 repeats, 2 new) – 1 more chemical

Conventional Products Tested Ingredient Brand

bifenthrin Ortho Bug-B-Gon Max Lawn & Garden carbaryl Garden Tech Sevin Bug Killer cyfluthrin Bayer Advanced Garden Power Force dicofol Hi-Yield Kelthane Spray endosulfan Hi-Yield Thiodan esfenvalerate Ortho Bug-B-Gon Max Garden & Landscape lambda- cyhalothrin

Spectracide Triazicide

malathion Bonide Malathion Insect Control methoxyfenozide Dow Intrepid permethrin Bonide Eight Garden & Home

Natural Products Tested Ingredient Brand

azadirachtin Safer BioNeem B.T. Bonide Thuricide BT; GreenLight Dipel Dust capsaicin Bonide Hot Pepper Wax garlic extract Garlic Barrier neem seed oil Garden Safe Fungicide-3 oil (cottonseed + clove + garlic) Bonide Mite-X pyrethrins + PBO Schultz F&V Spray; Spectracide BugStop pyrethrins+ oil GardenSafe Fruit & Veg. Insect Spray pyrethrins+ soap Safer Tomato & Vegetable Insect Killer rotenone Bonide Rotenone Insect Control soap Garden Safe Insecticidal Soap spinosad Fertilome Borer, Bagworm, …. Spray

Chewing pests

Sample of results Most effective products at top of graph

Least effective products at bottom of graph

Common for the most effective products to have both LOW damage & HIGH mortality

Striped cucumber beetletested on pumpkin leaves, 7/5/05;

4 replicates/treatment, 5 beetles/replicate

Striped Cucumber Beetletested on pumpkin leaves, 6/30/2006

5 replicates/treatment, 5 beetles/replicate Evergreen

PyGanic

PyGanic

Garden Safe Veg Spray

Safer Veg Killer

Schultz Veg Spray

Striped Cucumber Beetletested on pumpkin leaves, 9/25/2006

3 replicates/treatment, 3 beetles/replicate

Spotted cucumber beetletested on pumpkin cotyledon & leaf, 8/22/05;

5 replicates/treatment, 5 beetles/replicate

Spotted cucumber beetle2nd test with extra pyrethroids,

tested on pumpkin leaves, 9/22/05; 5 replicates/treatment, 5 beetles/replicate

Spotted Cucumber Beetletested on pumpkin leaves, 9/21/2006

3 replicates/treatment, 3 beetles/replicate

Blister Beetletested on swiss chard leaves, 9/6/05

5 replicates/treatment; 2 beetles/replicate

Sucking pests

Two-spotted spider mite tested on snap bean leaves, 10/26/05;

3 replicates/treatment, 30 mites/replicate

Melon Aphidtested on pumpkin leaves, 10/5/05;

3 replicates/treatment, 10 aphids/replicate

Potato Aphidtested on tomato leaves, 10/3/2006

3 replicates/treatment, 10 aphids/replicate

Potato Leafhopper, nymphs tested on bean leaflet, 7/28/05;

3 replicates/treatment, 5 bugs/replicate

Squash bug, young nymphstested on zucchini leaf & petiole, 8/27/05; 5 replicates/treatment, 5 bugs/replicate

Squash bug, adults tested on zucchini leaf & petiole, 9/19/05; 5 replicates/treatment, 3 bugs/replicate

*

* Not registered for use on cucurbit crops

*

Squash bug

adult

nymph

Harlequin Bug (on kale)

nymph

adult

3 replicates/treatment 3 bugs/replicate

Natural Enemies

Lady Beetle tested on broccoli leaves, 11/1/05;

3 replicates/treatment, 4 beetles/replicate

Efficacy of Pyrethrins •  Pyrethrins + PBO

– Very effective in field & lab tests •  Pyrethrins + oil

– Somewhat effective in lab tests •  Pyrethrins + soap

– Not effective in lab tests •  Field data needed!!

Field trial on snap bean •  Late planting (seed late August) •  Heavy beetle pressure •  Start sprays as soon as seedlings emerge •  Spray 10 times on 1- to 5-day schedule

– Azadirachtin – Capsaicin – Garlic – Neem seed oil – Pyrethrins – Rotenone

•  Spray 5 times on 5- to 8-day schedule – Spinosad

•  Spray 4 times on 7- to 10-day schedule – Carbaryl – Permethrin – Endosulfan

Field trial on snap beans(bean leaf beetle + spotted cucumber beetle)

Trends in efficacy spectrum Exc./Good Good/Fair Fair/Poor broad pyrethrins + PBO

carbaryl esfenvalerate lambda-cyhalothrin cyfluthrin bifenthrin

permethrin malathion pyrethrins+oil

neem seed oil azadirachtin capsaicin garlic pyrethrins +soap

less broad

spinosad endosulfan rotenone

narrow dicofol soap oil

B.T.

in red if on OMRI list

Conclusions: insecticide choices User’s general preference Best bets

Natural products only (OMRI)* 1) spinosad 2) soap

Natural products only (non-OMRI)

1) pyrethrins+PBO 2) rotenone

Conventional products only esfenvalerate (Bug-B-Gon Max)

Anything goes pyrethrins+PBO

* Note lack of effective beetle control product

Info on vegetable pest management on web site

http://bugs.osu.edu/welty/