Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the...
-
Upload
truongngoc -
Category
Documents
-
view
238 -
download
6
Transcript of Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the...
![Page 1: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Galileo’s Dilemma:Galileo’s Dilemma:Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the
Transformation of the HeavensTransformation of the Heavens
Dr. Frank SummersDr. Frank SummersSpace Telescope Science InstituteSpace Telescope Science Institute
January 9, 2007January 9, 2007
![Page 2: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Galileo Galileo –– Triumph and TrialsTriumph and Trials
15641564--16421642Wide range of Wide range of discoveries in physics discoveries in physics and astronomyand astronomyFirst telescopic First telescopic astronomerastronomerTrial by the InquisitionTrial by the Inquisition
![Page 3: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1615 – Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina
“The bible was written to show us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go.”
Cardinal Baronius (1598)
![Page 4: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1632 – Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
![Page 5: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Galileo’s DilemmaGalileo’s Dilemma
1615 1615 –– Holy Office examines CopernicusHoly Office examines CopernicusCorrections: “theory” should be “hypothesis”Corrections: “theory” should be “hypothesis”Galileo ordered not to teach Galileo ordered not to teach heliocentrismheliocentrismIf irrefutable proof, matter could be reopenedIf irrefutable proof, matter could be reopened
Implied challengeImplied challengeGiven the science of the early 1600s, could Given the science of the early 1600s, could Galileo provide irrefutable proof of the Galileo provide irrefutable proof of the heliocentric hypothesis?heliocentric hypothesis?
![Page 7: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Motions of the HeavensMotions of the Heavens
SunSunMoonMoonStarsStarsWanderersWanderers
![Page 8: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Scientific HeritageScientific Heritage
Pythagoras (569Pythagoras (569--475 BC)475 BC)Plato (428Plato (428--348 BC)348 BC)TheaetusTheaetus of Athens (417of Athens (417--369 BC)369 BC)EudoxusEudoxus of of CnidusCnidus (400(400--347 BC)347 BC)Aristotle (384Aristotle (384--322 BC)322 BC)CallippusCallippus of of CyzicusCyzicus (370(370--300 BC)300 BC)Euclid (325Euclid (325--265 BC)265 BC)
![Page 16: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Scientific HeritageScientific Heritage
AristarchusAristarchus of of SamosSamos (310(310--230 BC)230 BC)Archimedes (287Archimedes (287--212 BC)212 BC)ErasthonesErasthones of Alexandria (276of Alexandria (276--195 BC)195 BC)AppolloniusAppollonius of of PergePerge (240(240--190 BC)190 BC)HipparchusHipparchus of of NicaeaNicaea (190(190--120 BC)120 BC)
![Page 17: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Claudius PtolemyClaudius Ptolemy
About 100About 100--175 AD175 ADAlexandria, EgyptAlexandria, EgyptMathematical Mathematical Systematic TreatiseSystematic Treatise, , circa 150circa 150Many other books on Many other books on Astronomy, PhysicsAstronomy, PhysicsNot an Egyptian kingNot an Egyptian king
![Page 18: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Geocentric ModelGeocentric Model
Earth at center, Earth at center, stationarystationaryMoon, Mercury, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, starsJupiter, Saturn, starsPredict significant Predict significant eventsevents
![Page 19: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sun and SeasonsSun and Seasons
SpringSpring Vernal EquinoxVernal EquinoxMarch 21March 21
00:0700:07
SummerSummer Summer SolsticeSummer SolsticeJune 21June 2118:0618:06
FallFall Autumnal EquinoxAutumnal EquinoxSept 23Sept 2309:5109:51
WinterWinter Winter SolsticeWinter SolsticeDec 22Dec 2206:0806:08
![Page 20: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Winter Solstice
Summer Solstice
Autumnal Equinox
Vernal Equinox
![Page 21: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Winter Solstice
Summer Solstice
Autumnal Equinox
Vernal Equinox
![Page 22: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Winter Solstice
Summer Solstice
Autumnal Equinox
Vernal Equinox
91.3 days
91.3 days91.3 days
91.3 days
![Page 23: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Sun and SeasonsSun and Seasons
SpringSpring Vernal Vernal EquinoxEquinox
March 21March 2100:0700:07
92.8 days92.8 days
SummerSummer Summer Summer SolsticeSolstice
June 21June 2118:0618:06
93.7 days93.7 days
FallFall Autumnal Autumnal EquinoxEquinox
Sept 23Sept 2309:5109:51
89.8 days89.8 days
WinterWinter Winter Winter SolsticeSolstice
Dec 22Dec 2206:0806:08
89.0 days89.0 days
![Page 24: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Winter Solstice
Summer Solstice
Autumnal Equinox
Vernal Equinox
90.1 days
94.5 days92.5 days
88.1 days
![Page 25: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Winter Solstice
Summer Solstice
Autumnal Equinox
Vernal Equinox
90.1 days
94.5 days92.5 days
88.1 days
![Page 26: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Geometric Orbit ModelsGeometric Orbit Models
Eccentric circleEccentric circleCircular motion observed from offCircular motion observed from off--centercenter
Deferent circle and epicycleDeferent circle and epicycleCircular motion about circular motionCircular motion about circular motion
EquantEquant motionmotionCircular motion Circular motion wrtwrt to offto off--center pointcenter point
Combinations of the aboveCombinations of the above
![Page 28: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Circular Motion
t7
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t8
![Page 29: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Equant Motion
t7
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t8
![Page 30: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Complex and PowerfulComplex and Powerful
CompendiumCompendiumGathered and extended Greek knowledgeGathered and extended Greek knowledgeOrganized and justified with geometry and data (?)Organized and justified with geometry and data (?)Ptolemy’s Ptolemy’s AlmagestAlmagest vsvs Euclid’s Euclid’s ElementsElements
PredictionPredictionPositions on skyPositions on skyMathematical modelMathematical model
No distances in AlmagestNo distances in AlmagestNo accounting for change in sizeNo accounting for change in size
1500 years1500 years
![Page 35: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Middle AgesMiddle Ages
99thth century Arabic translations of “alcentury Arabic translations of “al--mjstymjsty””Variations/extensions to Ptolemaic modelsVariations/extensions to Ptolemaic models1175 Latin translation of Arabic translation1175 Latin translation of Arabic translation1515 First printing of 1515 First printing of AlmagestAlmagest
![Page 36: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Nicholas CopernicusNicholas Copernicus
14731473--15431543CracowCracow University, University, Bologna, Padua, Bologna, Padua, FerraraFerraraCanon of the Canon of the cathedral at cathedral at FrauenburgFrauenburg, Poland, Poland
![Page 39: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
1514 – Commentariolus (little commentary)
““little commentary on little commentary on hypotheses of hypotheses of motions of heavenly motions of heavenly spheres”spheres”Not published, Not published, selectively distributedselectively distributed
![Page 40: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
1543 – On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
![Page 41: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Myth #1Myth #1
Copernicus delayed publishing his work Copernicus delayed publishing his work for fear of reprisal from the churchfor fear of reprisal from the church
![Page 42: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Myth #1Myth #1
Copernicus delayed publishing his work Copernicus delayed publishing his work for fear of reprisal from the churchfor fear of reprisal from the church
Reality checkReality checkCardinal Cardinal SchSchöönbergnberg and Bishop Giese urged and Bishop Giese urged Copernicus to publishCopernicus to publishBook was dedicated to Pope Paul IIIBook was dedicated to Pope Paul III
![Page 43: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Myth #2Myth #2
Copernicus viewed his system as only a Copernicus viewed his system as only a mathematical device, not realitymathematical device, not reality
![Page 44: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Myth #2Myth #2
Copernicus viewed his system as only a Copernicus viewed his system as only a mathematical device, not realitymathematical device, not reality
Reality checkReality checkAndreas Andreas OsianderOsiander inserted introductory letterinserted introductory letterBishop Giese attempted to get letter removedBishop Giese attempted to get letter removed
![Page 45: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Myth #3Myth #3
Copernicus’ SunCopernicus’ Sun--centered model was centered model was much simpler than Ptolemy’s Earthmuch simpler than Ptolemy’s Earth--centered modelcentered model
![Page 46: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Myth #3Myth #3
Copernicus’ SunCopernicus’ Sun--centered model was centered model was much simpler than Ptolemy’s Earthmuch simpler than Ptolemy’s Earth--centered modelcentered model
Reality checkReality checkSimplicity claim in Simplicity claim in CommentariolusCommentariolusCopernicus used eccentrics and epicyclesCopernicus used eccentrics and epicyclesNo new mathematical techniquesNo new mathematical techniques
![Page 47: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Myth #4Myth #4
Copernicus’ SunCopernicus’ Sun--centered model was centered model was much more accurate than Ptolemy’s Earthmuch more accurate than Ptolemy’s Earth--centered modelcentered model
![Page 48: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Myth #4Myth #4
Copernicus’ SunCopernicus’ Sun--centered model was centered model was much more accurate than Ptolemy’s Earthmuch more accurate than Ptolemy’s Earth--centered modelcentered model
Reality checkReality checkNo greater accuracy in predictionsNo greater accuracy in predictionsNo significant advances in observations usedNo significant advances in observations used
![Page 49: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Myth #5Myth #5
Astronomers embraced Copernicus’ SunAstronomers embraced Copernicus’ Sun--centered modelcentered model
![Page 50: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Myth #5Myth #5
Astronomers embraced Copernicus’ SunAstronomers embraced Copernicus’ Sun--centered modelcentered model
Reality checkReality check“Copernicans” were few, even a century later“Copernicans” were few, even a century laterGiordano Bruno burned at the stake in 1600Giordano Bruno burned at the stake in 1600
![Page 51: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Ptolemy Ptolemy vsvs CopernicusCopernicus
Scientific basisScientific basisAlmagestAlmagest –– compendiumcompendiumRevolutionsRevolutions –– new ideasnew ideas
HeritageHeritageThousand years of refinement by manyThousand years of refinement by manyLone partLone part--time astronomertime astronomer
Common senseCommon senseAbsurdity of Earth motionAbsurdity of Earth motionAbsurdity of star motionAbsurdity of star motion
![Page 52: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
GalileoGalileo
15641564--16421642Professor of Math at Professor of Math at Pisa and PaduaPisa and PaduaMathematician and Mathematician and philosopher to Grand philosopher to Grand Duke at FlorenceDuke at Florence
![Page 53: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
1610 – Starry Messenger
Mountains on the MoonMountains on the MoonPhases of VenusPhases of Venus“Galilean” moons of “Galilean” moons of JupiterJupiterInnumerable stars in the Innumerable stars in the Milky WayMilky Way
RamificationsRamificationsAristotle wrongAristotle wrongPhilosophical support for Philosophical support for CopernicusCopernicus
![Page 54: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
TychonianTychonian ModelModel
![Page 55: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Galileo’s ProofGalileo’s Proof
On the TidesOn the TidesManuscript written in 1616Manuscript written in 1616Final argument of the Final argument of the DialogueDialogueProposed title “On the flux and reflux of the tides”Proposed title “On the flux and reflux of the tides”
ArgumentArgumentEarth’s motion produces advance and recession of Earth’s motion produces advance and recession of the tidesthe tides‘the ocean, because of its fluid nature, is the only ‘the ocean, because of its fluid nature, is the only thing that can indicate motion of the Earth’thing that can indicate motion of the Earth’‘if Earth were stationary, the tides could not occur’‘if Earth were stationary, the tides could not occur’
![Page 56: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Galileo’s ProofGalileo’s Proof
Argument (continued)Argument (continued)Small acceleration and retardation of Earth’s Small acceleration and retardation of Earth’s motion would create tides (sloshing)motion would create tides (sloshing)Daily and annual motion of Earth produce Daily and annual motion of Earth produce faster speed at faster speed at antisolarantisolar point and slower point and slower speed at speed at subsolarsubsolar pointpoint
![Page 57: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Galilean TransformationGalilean Transformation
2 kph
![Page 58: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Galilean TransformationGalilean Transformation
2 kph
30 kph
Total 32 kph
![Page 59: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Orbital motion
Rotational motion
Subsolar point
Antisolar point
Slower motion
Faster motion
![Page 60: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Galileo’s ProofGalileo’s Proof
Counter ArgumentCounter ArgumentFaster and slower motion is with respect to Faster and slower motion is with respect to the Sun, not Earththe Sun, not EarthHigh/low tides cycle in about 12 hoursHigh/low tides cycle in about 12 hoursTides occur relative to Tides occur relative to sublunarsublunar and and antilunarantilunarpointspoints
![Page 61: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Galileo’s ProofGalileo’s Proof
Counter ArgumentCounter ArgumentSimplicioSimplicio –– “the moon, wandering through the “the moon, wandering through the sky, attracts and draws up toward itself a sky, attracts and draws up toward itself a heap of water which goes along following it, heap of water which goes along following it, so that the high sea is always in that part so that the high sea is always in that part which lies under the moon”which lies under the moon”SalviatiSalviati –– “the moon travels over the whole “the moon travels over the whole Mediterranean every day, but the waters are Mediterranean every day, but the waters are raised only at its eastern extremity and for us raised only at its eastern extremity and for us here at Venice”here at Venice”SagredoSagredo –– “those ridiculous older (opinions)"“those ridiculous older (opinions)"
![Page 62: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Transformation of the HeavensTransformation of the Heavens
Galilean transformation Galilean transformation -- motion is relative motion is relative to frame of referenceto frame of referenceGeocentric Geocentric vsvs heliocentric is a change of heliocentric is a change of reference framesreference framesTychonianTychonian system is rotational system is rotational transformation of Copernican systemtransformation of Copernican system
![Page 63: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
“Take note, theologians, that in your desire to make matters of faith out of propositions relating to the fixity of sun and earth you run the risk of eventually having to condemn as heretics those who would declare the earth to stand still and the sun to change position – eventually, I say, at such a time as it might be physically or logically proved that the earth moves and the sun stands still.”
Note by Galileo in his own copy of Dialogue
![Page 65: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
New DataNew Data
TychoTycho BraheBrahe 15461546--16011601Astronomer to King Astronomer to King Frederick II of DenmarkFrederick II of DenmarkImperial Mathematician Imperial Mathematician to Emperor Rudolph II in to Emperor Rudolph II in Prague Prague Improvement in Improvement in astronomy relies on astronomy relies on accurate observationsaccurate observations
![Page 66: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
New IdeasNew Ideas
Johannes Johannes KeplerKepler 15711571--163016301600 Hired by 1600 Hired by BraheBrahe1601 Succeeded 1601 Succeeded BraheBrahe16091609 AstronomiaAstronomia NovaNova
Orbits as ellipsesOrbits as ellipsesEqual area in equal timeEqual area in equal time
1627 1627 RudolphineRudolphine tablestables
![Page 67: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
New MathematicsNew Mathematics
Isaac Newton 1643Isaac Newton 1643--17271727LucasianLucasian Professor of Professor of Mathematics, Trinity Mathematics, Trinity College, CambridgeCollege, Cambridge1687 1687 PrincipiaPrincipia
Mathematical theory of Mathematical theory of gravitygravityDerives Derives Kepler’sKepler’s lawslaws
![Page 68: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
ReconciliationReconciliation
1979 1979 –– Pope John Paul II creates Pope John Paul II creates commission to study Galileo’s casecommission to study Galileo’s case
Commission concludes that Galileo should Commission concludes that Galileo should not have been condemnednot have been condemned
1992 1992 –– Pope John Paul II publicly Pope John Paul II publicly endorsed the commission’s findingsendorsed the commission’s findings
The case had become “the symbol of the The case had become “the symbol of the church's supposed rejection of scientific church's supposed rejection of scientific progress, or of 'dogmatic' obscurantism progress, or of 'dogmatic' obscurantism opposed to the free search for truth."opposed to the free search for truth."
![Page 69: Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the ...hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/presentations/...Galileo’s Dilemma: Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Transformation of the Heavens](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052516/5ad9aa607f8b9a52528bd36d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
ReferencesReferences
Ptolemy’s AlmagestPtolemy’s Almagest, GJ , GJ ToomerToomer (trans)(trans)AlmagestAlmagest Flash animations:Flash animations:
http://www.csit.fsu.edu/~dduke/modelshttp://www.csit.fsu.edu/~dduke/modelsTheories of the World from Antiquity to the Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican RevolutionCopernican Revolution, Michael J. Crowe, Michael J. CroweDialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World SystemsSystems, , StillmanStillman Drake (trans)Drake (trans)