fy caphpay 1 fy caphpay mq;fpnahd;wpd; fl;likg;G hPjpapyhdJk; njhopy; hPjpahdJkhd mbg;gil myF fyk;...
Transcript of fy caphpay 1 fy caphpay mq;fpnahd;wpd; fl;likg;G hPjpapyhdJk; njhopy; hPjpahdJkhd mbg;gil myF fyk;...
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fy caphpay ;
mq;fpnahd;wpd; fl;likg;G hPjpapyhdJk; njhopy; hPjpahdJkhd mbg;gil
myF fyk; vdg;gLk;. rfy caphpfSk; xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
vz;zpf;ifapyhd fyq;fshyhdit. caph; xOq;fikg;G kl;lq;fSs; fyNk
Kjd;Kjypw; rfy caph;g;gz;GfisAk; gpujpgypf;Fk; epiyahFk;. fyk; njhlh;ghd
tuyhw;W hPjpahd Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; mtw;Wld; fyk; njhlh;Ggl;l caphpayhsh;fsJ
ngah;fSld; tUkhW.
01. Anton Van Leeuwn Hoke – 1650 - ePh;tho; jdpf;fy caphpfis EZf;Ff;
fhl;bapd; fPo; mtjhdpj;J gjpT nra;jhh;. ,e;j tifapy; Kjd; Kjypy;
mtuhy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ Euglena MFk;. ,jd; nghUl;L X 200
cUg;ngUf;Fk; Mw;wYila $l;L EZf;Ff; fhl;biag; ghtpj;Js;shh;fs;.
02. Robert Hooke – 1663 jf;if jz;zPhpy; kpjf;Fk; Njhw;wg;ghL njhlh;ghd
mtjhdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mJ jpz;kkhd NghJ jz;zPhpy; kpjg;gjw;fhd
fhuzj;ij MuhAKfkhf mjD}lhf nky;ypa ntl;LKfq;fis vLj;J $l;L
EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; fPo;g;ghpNrhjpj;jhh;. mjpw; njd;gl;l ntwpjhd myFfs;
xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; room- ,lk; vd;w nghUs;gl Cell – fyk; vdg; ngahpl;lhh;.
ntspjhff; fhzg;gl;l kj;jpa gFjpfisr; #o mtw;iw vy;iyg;gLj;jpf;
fhzg;gl;l fyr;Rth;g;ghfk; capUld; cs;sNghJ caph;f; $whff; fhzg;gl;l
NghJk; kj;jpapYs;s ntw;wplk; fhuzkhfNt jf;if ePhpy; kpje;jJ vdTk;
Fwpg;gplhh;.
03. Mathias Schleden- 1831- jhtutpayhsuhd ,th; jdJ ,ioaq;fs; gw;wpa
gbg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhz;L rfy jhtuq;fSk; fyq;fshyhdit vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.
04. Theodore Schwan- 1832- tpyq;Ffs; midj;Jk; fyq;fshyhdit vDk;
fUj;ij Kd;itj;jhh;.
05. Rudolf Virchow – 1850 – rfy fyq;fSk; Vw;fdNt fhzg;gLfpd;w
fyq;fspypUe;J fyg;gphptpd; %yk; cz;lhfpd;wd vDk; cz;ikia
ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;.
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Nkw;gb Ie;J tpQ;QhdpfspdJ Ma;TfSk; fUj;Jf;fSk; fyf;nfhs;if
cUthtjw;F fhuzkhapd. fyf;nfhs;is gbg;gbahf cUthfpa xd;whFk;.
rfy mq;fpfSk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l fyq;fshyhdit. mq;fpfsJ fl;likg;G
hPjpapyhdJk; njhopw;ghl;L hPjpahdJkhd mbg;gilayF fykhFk;. rfy fyq;fSk;
KjypYs;s fyq;fspypUe;J cz;lhfpd. Nkw;gb %d;W tplaq;fSk;
fyf;nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilfshd NghjpYk; ,uz;lhtJld; njhlh;ghf gpd;tUk;
tplaKk; ,lk;ngWtJz;L. mjhtJ mq;fpapy; fyq;fSs;Sk;> fyq;fSf;fpilapYk;
eilngWk; njhopw;ghLfs; mt; mq;fpapd; xl;L nkhj;jkhd njhopw;ghLfSf;Ff;
fhuzkhdit.
nghJikg;ghnla;jpa fyk;
nghJikg;ghnla;jpa fyk; vd;gJ rfy mq;fpfspdJk; fytiffspw; gbf;ff;
$bajhf kpfTk; nghJthd jfty;fs; xd;whff; fUjp xOq;FgLj;jpa xd;whFk;. xU
tifapy; ,J fw;gidahd xd;whFk;. vdpDk; ,jidg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;l gpd;dh;
Vida fyq;fs; mjdpd;W fhz;gpf;Fk; NtWghLfis mwptjd; %yk; mit gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
fyq;fspd; gUkd;
mq;fpfsJ fyq;fspd; gUkdhdJ ntw;Wf; fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;glhj kpf
Ez;zpa EZf;Ff;fhl;;bf;Fhpa gUkdpypUe;J ntw;Wf; fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;gLk;
nghpaittiu NtWgLk;. gf;hPhpahf; fyq;fNs kpfTk; Ez;zpaitahFk;. ,it
ruhrhpahf 0.2 𝜇m ePsk; nfhz;lit. kdpjf; Flypy; thOk; Escherichia gf;hPhpah 2
𝜇m ePsk; nfhz;lJ. tpyq;Ff; fyq;fs; ruhrhpahf 20 𝜇m ePsKk;> jhtuf;fyq;fs; 35
𝜇m ePsKk; nfhz;lit.
,it jtpu rpy mq;fpfSila fyq;fsJ ghpzhkq;fs; tUkhW.
rpy my;fh fyq;fspd; tpl;lk; 25 mm
fyd; jhtuq;fspw; fhzg;gLk; rpy ehh;f;fyq;fspd;ePsk; 6 - 8 mm
kdpjr; nrq;Fopaj;jpd; tpl;lk; 7 𝜇m
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Nfhopapd; #ypd; tpl;lk; 3cm
jPf;Nfhopapd; #ypd; tpl;lk; 18 cm
xl;lfr; rptpq;fpapd; rpy euk;Gf; fyq;fspd; ePsk; 3 - 5 m
fyq;fspd; tbtq;fs;
fyq;fs; rpy jkJ tbtj;ij khw;wp mikf;ff; $bait. gy fyq;fs;
jpl;ltl;lkhd tbtq; nfhz;lit. gy;NtW tpjkhd tbtq;fs; nfhz;lit. fd
tbtk;> fk;g tbtk;> Nfhs tbtk;> ePs;tbtk;> nrt;tfj; jpz;k tbtk;> fjpUUthd
tbtk;> jl;ilahd tbtk;> kj;jpapy; Fope;j tbtk;> xOq;fw;w tbtpyhdit
vdg;gythFk;. ,t;tbt NtWghLfs; E}w;Wf; fzf;fhdit.
fy xOq;Ffs; caphpfspy; fhzg;gLk; fy xOq;Ffs; GNuhfhpNahw;wh
,AfhpNahw;wh vd ,uz;lhFk;. Karious vd;gJ fUitf; Fwpf;Fk; gjkhFk;.
Kjd;Kjypy; gbf;fg;gl;l fyq;fspy; nkd;rt;thy; #og;gl;l jpl;ltl;lkhd fU
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa fUitf; nfhz;l fyq;fs; Mjpahd fUitAila
fyq;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;gpd; gpd;dh; ,AfhpNahw;wh fyq;fs; vd Eu vd;gJ
cz;ikahd vDk; nghUs;gl ngahplg;gl;ld. nkd;rt;thy; #og;glhj fyq;fs;
GNuhfhpah fyq;fs; vdg;gl;ld.
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GNuhfhpNahw;wh fyq;fs; xg;gPl;L hPjpapy; ,AfhpNahw;wh fyq;fspYk; gUkdpy;
rpwpaitahFk;. 0.5 – 5 tiuapyhd gUkDilaitahFk;. fyj;jpd; kj;jpapy;
rpjWz;l fUg;nghUisf; nfhz;bUg;git. ,f; fUg;gpuNjrj;ijf; fUg;Nghyp
vd;gJz;L. ,tw;wpd; fU xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;ljhFk;. DNA tisa tbtkhdJ. DNA
apd; kPJ Gujk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. epw%h;j;jk; jdpj;jJ. Gd;fU fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
nkd;rt;thy; #og;gl;l Gd;dq;fis nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. mfKjYUr; rpWtiy
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nfhy;fpAly; ,iokzp ,iyNrhk; Nghd;wd fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ika%h;j;jk;
Fopatd;$Lk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
njhlh;e;J tifkhjphpahd ,AfhpNahw;wh fynkhd;wpd; mikg;G
tpghpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,JTk; mt;tg;NghJ jhtuf;fyk; tpyq;Ff;fyk; vd ,uz;L
mbg;gilapy; NtWgLj;jg;glf; $baJ.
fyr;Rth; (Cell wall) jhtuf; fyq;fspy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLtJ. kpfTk;
ntspg;Gwkhf fyj;ij vy;iyg;gLj;jp mike;jpUg;gJ. fyr;Rthpd; mikg;G> jbg;G
vd;gd jhtuf;fytif> mjd; taJ vd;gtw;wpy; jq;fpapUg;gitahFk;. nghJthff;
fyr;Rth;fs; eLnkd;jl;L> Kjw;Rth;> Jizr;Rth; vd %d;W jpl;lkhd gFjpfisf;
nfhz;lit. fyr;Rth; jhtuq;fsJ tbtj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhtJld; fyj;ijj;
jhq;FtJld; tpiwg;Gj;jd;ikf;Fk; nghWg;ghdjhFk;.
eLnkd;jl;L (middle lamella) gy;fyj; jhtuq;fspd; maw;fyq;fisg; gphpj;J
mtw;Wf;fpilapy; kpfTk; kj;jpapw; fhzg;gLtJ. ,uz;L maypYs;s fyq;fl;F
nghJthdJ. ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l fyq;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;ghff; fhzg;gLk;
,lq;fspw; rpyNtisfspy; ,J gpstile;J fyj;jpilntspia cUthf;fpapUf;fyhk;.
eLnkd;jl;il mikf;Fk; gjhh;j;jk; fy;rpak;> kf;dPrpak; ngf;Nuw;W MFk;.
Kjw;Rth; (Primary Cell wall) eLnkd; jl;ilaLj;J ,uz;L Gwq;fspYk;
fhzg;gLtJ. rfy jhtuf;fyq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk;. ngUk;ghyhd jhtuf;fyq;fs;
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,iyeLtpioaf; fyq;fs; Nghd;wit ,j;jifad. Kjw;Rth; mikf;Fk; gpujhd
$Wfs; nrypNyhRk;> ngf;hpDkhFk;.
Jizr;Rth; (Secondary Cell wall) fyq;fs; tsh;e;j gpd;dh; mtw;wpd;
KjYUtj;jpdhy; Kjw;Rthpd; kPjhf Jizr;Rth; gbtpf;fg;gLk;. Jizr;RthpdJ
gpujhd $Wk; nrYNyhNrahFk;. miur; nrYNyhRk; fhzg;glyhk;. Jizr;Rth;
Kjw;RthpYk; jbg;Gf; $bajhFk;. fho; #ow;Nghypfs; fho;fyq;fs;
ty;YUf;fytpioa fyq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; nrYNyhRf;F Nkyjpf ,ypf;dpDk;
gbe;jpUf;Fk;. rpy fyq;fs; Jizr; Rthpy; fpa+l;bd;> Rghpd; Nghd;w nkOFg;
gjhh;j;jq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ngUk;ghYk; fyq;fspy; Jizr;Rth; Njhd;Wtijj;
njhlh;e;J mtw;wpd; KjYUtk; ,wf;Fk;.
Fopfs; nghJthf jhtuf; fyq;fspy; Jizr;Rth; xU rPh;g;gpukhzkhfg;
gbe;jpUf;fkhl;lhJ. rpy ,lq;fspy; Jizr;Rth; jbg;gile;jpUf;Fk;. rpy ,lq;fspy;
Jizr;Rth; nky;ypa gilahff; fhzg;gLk;. ,j;jhdq;fs; Fopfs; vdg;gLk;.
maw;fyq;fspilNa njhlh;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
vt;thwhapDk; eLnkd;jl;L njhlh;r;rpahdJ. rpy Ntisfspy; Kjw;RtUk; vg;NghJk;
Jizr;RtUk; Fopia mikf;fpd;wd.
RthpDila jbj;j jd;ikapdhNy Fop njspthfj; njd;gLk;. rPuhd gUkd;
nfhz;l Fopfs; vspa Fopfs;> Rth;g;gjhh;j;jq;fs; NkYah;j;jg;gl;L jbg;giltjdhy;
Njhd;Wgit tpspk;G nfhz;l Fopfs;. FopfspD}lhf maw;fyq;fSf;fpilNa
capUs;sfyq;fspy; KjYUj; njhlh;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
KjYUnkd;rt;T tpyq;Ff; fyq;fspy; kpfTk; ntspg;GwkhdJ.
jhtuf;fyq;fspw; fyr;Rtiu mLj;J cl;Gwkhf mike;jpUg;gJ. KjYU nkd;rt;T
0.1 𝜇m tiuapyhd jbg;GilaJ. ,jDila fl;likg;Gj; njhlh;ghd Vuhskhd
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jfty;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s NghJk; ngUk;ghyhd fUj;Jf;fs; nfhs;if
mstpdjhFk;. NkYk; rhd;Wfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bAs;sd. KjYU nkd;rt;tpd;
mikg;Gj; njhlh;ghf 1972 y; Singer Nicholson MfpNahuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l jputr;
rhpj;jpu khjphpAUNt (Fluid mosaic model) Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L eilKiwapYs;sJ.
,J ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs;> Gujq;fs;> fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs; vd;gtw;whyhdJ.
fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs; kpff; Fiwe;jstpd. ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fspy; ngh];Ngh ,ypg;gpl;L
kpfTk; nghJthdJ. ,J ,U gilfshf xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,k;
%yf;$Wfspy; Kidthf;fg;gl;l ePh;ehl;lKs;s gFjpfs; ntspg;Gwkhdit.
Kidthf;fkw;w ePh;kl;lkw;w gFjpfs; cl;Gwkhdit. %yf;$WfSf;fpilapy;
cz;lhFk; ,ilj;jhf;fq;fs; fhuzkhf Nkw;gb xOq;F Ngzg;gLk;. ,tw;Wf;fpilNa
nraw;gLk; ,il%yf;$w;Wf; fth;r;rp tpirfs; xd;W rhh;ghf kw;iwaJ
,aq;Ftjw;Wf; fhuzkhFk;. vdNt ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; KjYUnkd;rt;Tf;Fj;
jputj;jd;ikia toq;Ffpd;wd.
,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; fPohd KjYU nkd;rt;tpdJ glq;fspy;
kj;jpapy; xU njspthd ,Us; Fiwe;j tyaj;ijAk;> mjd; ,U Gwq;fspYk;>
njsptw;w ,Ushd tyaq;fs; ,uz;ilAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. njspthd ,Us;
Fiwe;jtyak; ngh];Ngh ,ypg;gpl;L %yf;$WfspdJ ePh; ehl;lkw;w gFjpfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,Ushd gpuNjrq;fs; ePh; ehl;lKs;s gFjpfisf; nfhzlJ. tpyq;Ff;
fynkd;rt;Tfspy; ,ypg;gpl;Lg; gilapy; nfhy];NuhYk; rpwpjsT fhzg;gLk;. ,J
ngh];Ngh ,ypg;gpl;Lg; gilapd; jputj; jd;ikiag; NgZk; mNj Ntis nkd;rt;tpd;
cWjpj;jd;ikf;Ff; fhuzkhdJ.
nkd;rt;tpdhy; fhzg;gLk; Gujq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Nfhsg;Gujq;fshFk;. ,it
njhlh;r;rpaw;w tifapy; fhzg;gLgit. rpy %yf;$Wfs; ,ypg;gpl;Lg;gilapd;
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Nkw;Gwkhff; fhzg;gLgit. rpy cl;Gw Nkw;gug;Gf;Fhpait. rpy ,ypg;gpl;Lg; gilia
gFjpgl CLUtpf; fhzg;gLk;. rpy KOtJkhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,tw;wpy;
Ez;Lisfs; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,e; Ez;Lisfs; ePh;ehl;lKs;s gFjpfshy; Mdit.
Guj %yf;$WfSk; ,aq;FjpwDilait. ,aq;FjpwdsT ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fspdJld;
xg;gpLifapy; FiwthdJ. KjYU nkd;rt;T ,af;ff; fl;likg;igg; ngWtjw;F
,ypg;gpl;Lf;fSk; Gujq;fSk; fhuzkhditahFk;. mjhtJ KjYU nkd;rt;tpd;
fl;likg;G khWk; jd;ikAilaJ.
tpyq;Ff; fynkd;rt;tpy; fhzg;gLk; fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
nghyprf;fiul;Lf;fshFk;. ,tw;Ws; ngUkstpd Gujq;fSld; ,ize;J fpisf;Nfh
Gujq;fisahf;Fk;. Fiwe;jstpd ngh];Ngh ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fSld; ,ize;J fhzg;gLk;.
ntspg;Gwkhd ,g;gilia jhtuq;fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fyr;RtUf;F xg;gpLtJz;L.
KjYU nkd;rt;tpDila ,U ghpkhzj; Njhw;wk;
,g;gil fyj;Jf;Fg; nghwpKiw hPjpapyhdJk;> ,urhaz hPjpapyhdJkhd
ghJfhg;ig toq;Ffpd;wJ. fyq;fs; jk;Ks; xd;iwnahd;W milahsg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpd; xOq;fikg;G fyitiffl;F jdpj;JtkhdJ.
md;dpaf; fyq;fs; ,k; %yf;$Wfs; %yk; gpwnghUshf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
xNuapioaj;ijr; rhh;e;j fyq;fs; jk;kpilNa fytpilg; gpizg;Gf;fis cUthf;fpj;
jk;ik jpirNfhl;Nrh;f;ifAwr; nra;tjw;F ,k; %yf; $Wfs; fhuzkhfpd. fhaq;fs;
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MWifapy; Ntz;ba fyq;fis kl;Lk; njhpT nra;tjpYk; mDkjpg;gjpYk; ,it
cjTfpd;wd.
KjYU nkd;rt;T fyj;jpd; Gw vy;iyahfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. ePh; mad;fs;
Nrjd %yf;$Wfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; cl;GFjiyAk; fopTg; nghUl;fspd;
ntspNaWjiyAk; xOq;fhf;Ffpd;wJ. fyj;Js; gpurhuzr; rkepiyiag; ngWfpd;wJ.
fyq;fSf;fpilNa njhopw;ghLfis xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf jfty;fisg; ngw;W
rkpQ;iQfisg; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghyhd Gd;dq;fs; nkd;rt;Tfshy;
#og;gl;lit. ,jdhy; mDNrgj; jhf;fq;fs; xd;iw xd;W ghjpahjthW eilngwf;
$bAs;sd.
FopaTU (Cytoplasm) KjYU nkd;rt;Tf;F cl;Gwkhf fyg;Gd;dq;fs; cg
fyf;fl;likg;Gf;fisj; jhq;fpf; fhzg;gLfpd;w mikg;G FopaTUthFk;. fUTf;Fk;
KjYU nkd;rt;Tf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s Clfk; (Cytosol) ,JthFk;. Nkw;gb
Clfj;ijAk; Gd;dq;fisAk; xUq;Nf FopaTU vd;gJz;L.
FopaTUthdJ jpz;k jput mtj;ij khw;wq;fSf;F cl;glf; $baJ. jput
Sol- epiyapy; gpujhd Clfkhf ePUk;> Vida $Wfs; ePhpYs;s njhq;fy;fshfTk;
fhzg;gLk;. GUjr; rq;fpypfs; kbe;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; FopaTU
miraf; $baJ. jpz;k Jel - epiyapy; gpujhd Clfkhf Gujr; rq;fpypfSk;>
njhq;fy;fshf ePUk;> Vida $WfSk; fhzg;gLk;. FopaTU ghFj;jd;ikahdjhff;
fhzg;gLk;.
mfKjYUr;rpWtiy (Endoplasmic Reticulum) fUnkd;rt;tpDila
ntspKfkbjyhf my;yJ fynkd;rt;tpDila cs; Kfkbjyhf cUthfyhk;.
nkd;rt;thd jl;ilahd igfs;> Glq;fs;> #oYUf;fs; vd;gtw;whyhdJ. nkd;rt;T
jdpj;jJ. cs;splj;jpDs; jhak; fhzg;gLk;. ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; fPo;
cs;splk; ntw;wplkhfj; Njhd;Wk;. nkd;rt;Tf; $l;lq;fs; tiyAUj; njhFjpahfj;
Njhd;Wk;. mfKjYUr; rpWtiy fl;likg;G hPjpapy; ,U tifahdJ. xd;W rpWkzp
nfhz;l mfKjYUr;rpWtiy. jd;kPJ ,iunghNrhk;fisf; nfhz;lJ. mLj;jJ
mOj;jkhd mfKjYUr; rpWtiy. ,iunghNrhk;fisf; nfhz;buhjJ.
mfKjYUr;rpWtiy gjhh;j;jq;fis Xhplj;jpypUe;J ,d;Ndhh; ,lj;jpw;Ff;
flj;Jfpd;wJ. ftytff; flj;jy; njhFjpahfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. fyj;ijj;
jhq;Ffpd;wJ. FopaTUit ntt;NtW gFjpfshfg; gphpj;J> ntt;NtW tifahd
jhf;fq;fs; eilngWtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. mOj;jkw;w
mfKjYUr;rpWtiy (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) ,iuNghNrhk;fs; Mjhukhf
miktjd; %yk; Gujj; njhFg;gpYk;> nehjpaj; njhFg;gpYk; cjTtJld;
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10
njhFf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fis Gifg;glq;fs;> nkd;rt;Tg; igfs; Nghd;wtw;wpDl;
nrwpthf;fpj; Njitg;gLk; ,lq;fSf;Ff; flj;Jfpd;wJ.
mOj;jkhd mfKjYUr; rpWtiyahdJ (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs;> ];hPNuhy;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw Mf;Ffpd;wJ. fy;rpak; mad;fisr;
nrwpthf;Ffpd;wJ. er;rfw;wypw; gq;F nfhs;Sfpd;wJ. ,iyNrhk;fis
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
nfhy;fpAly; (Golgi body) nkd;rt;Tfspdhyhd Glfq;fshyhdJ.
jl;ilahdJk;> tl;lkhdJkhd Glfq;fs; xd;wd; kPnjhd;W mLf;fg;gl;l epiyapw;
fhzg;gLk;. jdpnkd;rt;thw; #og;gl;lit. cs;splj;Jl; jhak; fhzg;gLk;. tl;lg;
Glfq;fSl; nghpait jl;lg; Glfq;fSf;F mz;ikapYk;> rpwpait Nra;ikapYk;
fhzg;gLk;. jl;ilg; Glfq;fs; kj;jpapy; xLq;fpait. Xuq;fs; Gilj;jit.
vspa gjhh;j;jq;fisr; Nrfhpj;jy;> fpisf;Nfh Gujk;> fpisf;Nfh ,ypg;gpl;L>
ngh];Ngh ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; Nghd;w rpf;fyhd $Wfisj; njhFj;jy;> mtw;iwr;
nrwpthf;fy;> mtw;iwg; nghjpgz;zy;> Njitahd gFjpfSf;Ff; fyj;Js;Sk;
ntspapYkhff; flj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wJ.
,iynrhNrhk; (Lysosome) jdpnkd;rt;thw; #og;gl;l Nfhs tbtkhd Glq;fs;.
ePh;g; gFg;G nehjpaq;fs; nfhz;lit. nehjpaq;fs; gpujhdkhf ,ypg;NghRf;fs;>
GNuhjpNahRf;fs;> fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs;> epa+f;fpspNaRf;fs; Nghd;witahFk;.
,iyNrhk;fspd; nehjpaq;fs; fyj;jfr; rkpghl;bYk;> fyg;Gwr; rkpghl;bYk; gq;F
nfhs;git.
fyj;jfr; rkpghl;bd; NghJ jpd;Fopar; nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; fyq;fSs;
vLf;fg;gLk; gjhh;j;jq;fisf; nfhz;l Glfq;fSs; ,iyNrhk;fspd; nehjpaq;fs;
tpLtpf;fg;gLk;. eLepiy ehbfs; xw;iwf; Fopaq;fs;> $g;ghpd; fyq;fs;> mkPgh
Nghd;w jdpf;fy mq;fpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,J eilngWfpd;wJ.
fyg;Gwr; rkpghl;bd;NghJ ,iyNrhk;fspw; fhzg;gLk; nehjpaq;fs;
fyj;Jf;fg;Gwkhd Clfj;jpNyNa nehjpaq;fs; nraw;gLk;. vd;ghf;fj;jpd; NghJ
njhopw;gLk; vd;Gilf;Fk; fyq;fs;> thw;Ngapy; thypYs;s fyq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLjy;> kQ;rl;rlyk; rpijf;fg;gLjy;> fUf;fl;ly; vd;gdtw;wpd; NghJ ,J
eilngWfpd;wJ. Njhopypoe;j Gd;dq;fis rpijg;gjpy; gq;F nfhs;Sk;. fyj;jpDs;
gjhh;j;jq;fspd; Row;rpapy; gq;F nfhs;Sk;. fyk; KOtJkhf mopf;fg;gLtjpy; gq;F
nfhs;Sk;.
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Ez;Zly; (Micro body) jdpnkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l Nfhs tbtkhd
Ez;zpa Glfq;fs;> tpyq;Ff; fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Ez;Zly;fs;
nghnuhl;rpNrhk;fs;. jhtuf; fyq;fspw; fhzg;gLgit fpisNahl;rp Nrhk;fs;.
nghnuhl;rp Nrhk;fspy; fw;wNyRf;fs; fhzg;gLk;. ,it mDNrgj;jpd; NghJ Ijurd;
gunthl;irl;il ePuhfTk;> xl;rprdhfTk; khw;Wgit. ,jdhy; Ijurd;
gunthl;irl;bdhy; cUthFk; er;Rj; jd;ik mfw;wg;gLk;. <uypYk;> rpWePufq;fspYk;
cs;s fyq;fspy; nghnuhl;rpNkhd;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
fpisnahl;rpNkhd;fs; %d;W tifahdit ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; nfhz;l
tpj;Jf;fspy;> ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; Rf;FNuhrhf khw;wg;gLk; NghJ ,ilepiy tpisthf
cUthFk; fpisnahf;irl;bdJ mDNrgj;jpw; gq;F nfhs;git. ,f; fyq;fspw;
fhzg;gLk; fpisnahl;Nrhk;fs; (Leaf Peroxisomes) ,iokzpAlDk;
gr;irAUkzpAlDk; Nrh;e;J xspr; Rthrj;jpw; gw;F nfhs;git. Vida jhtuq;fspw;
rpwg;G tpaj;jkilahj fpisnahl;rpNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,iokzpfs; (Mitochondria) ePs; tl;l tbthdJ my;yJ cUis
cUthdit. ,uz;L nkd;rt;Tfspdhw; #og;gl;lit. ntspnkd;rt;T mOj;jkhdJ.
cs; nkd;rt;T mOj;jkw;wJ. KfLfisAk; jhopiofisAk; Mf;FtJ cs;
nkd;rt;tpd; kPJ nehjpa %r;Rf;fs; fhzg;gLk;. nkd;rt;Tf;fpilapyhd
,ilntspfspYk;> cs;nkd;rt;Tfspdhy; #og;gl;l cs;splj;jpYk; jhak; fhzg;gLk;.
jhak; guy; kakhdJ. jhaj;jpy; DNA, 70s tiff;Fhpa ,iuNrhk;fs; nehjpaq;fs;
vd;gd fhzg;gLk;.
fyr;Rthrk; gpujhdkhf fpisf; Nfhg;G rpj;jphpf;fkpy tl;lk; ,yj;jpud;
,lkhw;wg; nghwpKiw vd %d;W gbKiwfspy; eilngWfpd;wJ. fpisf; Nfhg;G
FopaTUtpDs; eilngWtJ. ,jpy; ,iokzp gq;nfLf;fhJ. fpnug;]pd; tl;lk;
,iokzp
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jhaj;jpy; eilngWtJ. ,yj;jpud; ,lkhw;w nghwpKiw ,iokzpapd; cs;
nkd;rt;tpy; eilngWtJ. Nkw;gb ,uz;L gbKiwfSk; fhw;Wr; Rthrj;jpy; kl;Lk;
eilngWgitahFk;. Rthrj;jpd; NghJ ntsptplg;gLk; rf;jpia ATP %yf;
$Wfshfr; Nrkpj;J itj;jpUe;J Ntz;lg;gLk; NghJ tpLtpf;fpd;wd. vdNt
,iokzpfisr; rf;jp Njitg;gLkplq;fspy; rf;jpia tpLtpg;gjw;fhf ,it
mirfpd;wd. vdNt ,it ,aq;F jpwDilait. fyq;fSl; fhzg;gLk; kpfTk;
$ba jpwDila Gd;dq;fs; ,itahFk;.
ika%h;j;jk; - Gd;ikaj;jp ( Centro some – Centriole)
fyj;jpd; kj;jpapw; fUitaLj;Jf; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,jid ika %h;j;jk;
vdg;ngahpl;ldh;. ika%h;j;jk; MdJ xd;Wf; nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,U
cUisAUtkhd mikg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,it xt;nthd;Wk; Gd;ikaj;jpfs;
vdg;gLk;. xt;nthU Gd;ikaj;jpAk; xU Xuk; %bajhfTk; kW me;jk;
jpwe;jepiyapYk; fhzg;gLk;. Gd;ikaj;jpfs; xt;nthd;Wk; Ez;Gd; FoYUj;
njhFjpfshyhdit. ,j; njhFjpfs; kj;jpapYs;s xU ntspiar; #o
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jdhy; ,tw;iwr; Rw;waYf;Fhpa Ez;Gd; FoYUf;fs;
vdTk; Fwpg;gpLtJz;L. xt;nthU #oYUj; njhFjpAk; ePz;l Ez;Gd;
FoYUf;fshdit. FoYUf;fs; Ez;Gd; FoYUj; njhFjp xOq;if 9 + 0 vdf;
Fwpg;gpLtJz;L. ,J Rw;waYf;Fhpa ,iofs; kl;Lk; fhzg;gl kj;jpf;Fhpa ,iofs;
mw;wpUg;gijf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. Ez;Gd; FoYUf;fspd; Mf;fj;jpy; Gd;ikaj;jpy; gq;F
nfhs;fpd;wd. fyg;gphptpd; NghJ Gd;ikaj;jpfs; ,ul;bf;Fk;. ,tw;Wf;fpilNa Ez;Gd;
FoYUf;fshd fjph;ehh;fs; Mf;fg;gLk;. fjph;ehh;fspd; top epw%h;j;jq;fs; miu
epwTUf;fs; mirAk;. vdNt ,it fyg;gphpitj; njhlf;fp itg;gitahfTk;
fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,ioabkzpfs;> mbr; rpWkzpfs;> mbr;rpWkzpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd;
Mf;fj;jpw; gq;Fnfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
Ez;Gd; FoUf;fs; Micro Tubules
FopaTUtpDs; guk;gpa epiyapy; hpgpAypd; tiff;Fhpa Nfhsg;Gujq;fshyhd
mikg;Gf;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nkd;rt;thy; #og;glhjit. FopaTUthdit.
cs;splk; NfhiwahdJ. cUisAUthdit. Ez;zpait. Nehpait. fpisaw;wit.
NtWgLk; ePsk; nfhz;lit. ,t;thW wPsk; khWtjd; %yk; fyj;jpd; mikg;Gk;>
Gd;dq;fspd; miktplKk; NtWgLj;jg;glyhk;.
Ez;Gd;FoYUf;fs; gpujhd fyj;jf td;$l;Lf; $whfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.
,jd; %yk; fyq;fspd; tbtk; Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ. gprph;fs; rTf;F Kisfs;>
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Gd;ikaj;jpd; Mf;f myFfshfg; gad;gLk;. fyj;jpDs; gjhh;j;jq;fisf; nfhz;L
nry;yypw; gad;gLk;. nfhy;fpAly;> ,iyNrhk;> ,iokzp Nghd;wtw;wpd; mirtpw;
gq;F nfhs;Sk;.
Ez; ,iofs; Micro Filaments
gpujhdkhf mf;hpd; tiff;Fhpa Gujj;jhyhdit. xt;nthU Guj ,ioAk;
,Ujlq;fshyhdJ. ,it xd;wd; kPnjhd;W KWf;fg;gl;lit. jpz;k ,iofs;.
Ez;zpa gUkd; nfhz;lit. ePsj;jpy; NtWgLgit. FWfpait. jbj;jit.
nkd;rt;thy; #og;glhjit.
xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlh;Ggl;L tiyg;gpd;dy; xOq;fhff; fhzg;gLgit.
FopaTUTs; vOkhwhd guk;gpait. nghJthff; fynkd;rt;Tf;Ff; fPohf
mike;jpUg;git. KOf;fhyKk;> my;yJ fyj;Js; epfOk; mirTfSld;
njhlh;ghdJ. FopaTU Xl;lk;> mff; Fopakhjy;> Gwf;Fopakhjy; vd;gtw;Wld;
njhlh;ghdit.
,ilepiy - ,ilj;ju ,iofs; Intermediate Filament
,itAk; Gujj;jhy; Mdit. Gujk; ntt;NtW tifahdJ. Ez;Gd;
FoYUf;fspYk; ghh;f;f FWfpait. Ez;,iofspYk; ghh;f;f ePsk; $bait.
,ilj;jukhd ePsk; nfhz;lit. vdNt ,ilepiy ,iofs; vdg;gLk;.
ehh;f;fl;likg;Gilait.
Ez;Gd;FoYUf;fs;> Ez; ,iofs;> ,ilepiy ,iofs; vd %d;W tifahd
Gd;dq;fSk; fyj;jf td;$lhfj; njhopw;gLgit. ,Nj xOq;fpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
kpf;fit. rfy ,a+f;fhpNahw;whf;fyq;fspYk; fhzg;gLgit. Fwpg;ghf tpyq;Ff;
fyq;fspy;> Fopaf; Fbj;jy;> jpd;Fopar; nraw;ghL> fyq;fspd; RUf;fj;jsh;T
eilngWjy; Nghd;w re;jh;g;gq;fspy; fyq;fspd; tbtq;fs; khWglhyk;. fy mikg;G
khw vj;jdpf;Fk; ,j;jifa re;jh;g;gq;fspy; jk;ik kPs xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjd;
%yk; fyj;jpDila tbtk;> cWjpg;ghL> epue;juj;jd;ik> jhq;Fjpwd; vdg;
Ngzg;gLk;. Ez;Gd; FoyUthf;fq;fSf;Fk;> Gd;ikaj;jpfSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlh;G
fhuzkhfg; Gd;ikaj;jpfs; fyj;jf td;$l;bDila xOq;fikg;Gld;
rk;ge;jg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,iugNrhk; (Ribosome) Ez;%h;j;jq;fs; vdg;gLgit. capUs;s fyq;fspy;
fU> ,iokzp> gr;irAUtkzp Nghd;wtw;Ws;Sk; FopaTUTs; RahjPdkhfTk;
fhzg;gLgit. m- RNA jlj;Jld; njhlh;ghfTk; fhzg;glyhk;. ,it `p];Nuhd;
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tiff;Fhpa Gujj;ijak;> r- RNA Ak; nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fs;. nkd;rt;thw;
#og;glhjit. Nfhs tbthdit. nghpaJk; rpwpaJkhd ,uz;L cg myFfshdit.
,it gUkdpd; mbg;gilapy; 70s, 80s vd ,U tifahdit. 70s
tiff;Fhpait. ,iokzpfs; gr;irAUkzpfs;> GNuhf;fhpNahw;whf; fyq;fspy; 70s
tifAk;> Vida ,a+f;fhpNahw;whf;fyq;fspy; 80s tifapdJkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
,iuNrhk;fs; fyj;Jf;F Ntz;lg;gLk; Gujq;fisj; njhFg;gJld;; fyj;Jf;F ntspNa
mDg;gg;gLk; Gujq;fisAk; njhFg;git.
gprph;fSk; rTf;F KisfSk; (Cilia and flagella) fy Nkw;gug;Gf;fspypUe;J
ntspePl;lg;gl;lit. mbg;gilf; fl;likg;gpy; xd;Nwahd NghjpYk;> ePsj;jpy;
NtWgLgit. gprph;fs; ePsj;jpy; Fiwe;jit. rTf;F Kisfs; ePsj;jpy;; $bait.
gprph;fspdbapy; mbr;rpWkzpfSk; rTf;F Kisfspdbapy; ,iokzp kbfSk;
fhzg;gLk;. ,tw;Wld; njhlh;ghf Ez;Gd; FoYUf;fs; 9 + 2 vDk; xOq;fikg;gpw;
fhzg;gLk;. ,tw;iwr; #o nkd;rt;T Nghh;j;Jf; fhzg;gLk;.
fyq;fspy; gprph;fs; fyNkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fis mfw;Wgit. cah;
tpyq;Ffspw; gprph;fs; Clfq;fis mirf;fTk;> gjhh;j;jq;fis tbfl;lTk; gad;gLk;.
Euglena chlamydomonas Trypanasoma Kjyhdit rTf;FKis nfhz;l mq;fpfshFk;.
,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; rTf;F Kisfs; mit mirtjpy; cjTfpd;wd.
fU (Nucleus) ngUk;ghyhd capUs;s fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLtJ. njspthd
fl;likg;G. fyq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; jdpf;fU nfhz;lit. rpyfyq;fspy; njspthd
nkd;rt;Tfspdhw; Nghhj;jg;gl;lJ. fUnkd;rt;tpdhw; Nghh;j;jg;gl;lJ. fUnkd;rt;tpy;
Ez;Jiofs; fhzg;gLk;. ,tw;wpD}lhf gjhh;j;jg; ghpkhw;wq;fs; eilngWk;. fUf;fs;
gy;NtW tbtq;fspw; fhzg;glyhk;. ngUk;ghYk; Nfhs tbthdJ. rpy Nrhjid
nfhz;lit. fUtpd; cs;splj;jpy; epa+f;fpspNahGujk;> DNA, RNA Gd;fU Nghd;wit
fhzg;glyhk;. Gd;fU rpy fyq;fspy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;.
Gd;fUf;fspy; ,iugNrhk;fs; cUthf;fg;gLk;. fU jiyKiwAhpik ,ay;GfsJ
jfty; fsQ;rpakhf njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. ,ay;Gfs; jiyKiwAhpikailtjw;F
fhuzkhfpd;wJ. fyj;njhopw;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
fUtpepwg; nghUl; rpWtiy
rhjhuzkhf fUg;gjhh;j;jq;fs; fUtp epwg;nghUl; rpWtiy (Chromatin)
vdg;gLk; mikg;ghff; fhzg;gLk;. ,J DNA `p];Nuhd; tifg; Gujk;> RNA
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vd;gtw;whyhdJ. gphptilAk; fynkhd;wpDs; mf;fyj;jpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba
epw%h;j;jq;fs; NtWgLk;.
rhjhuz clw;fynkhd;wpy; cah;jhtu tpyq;Ffspy; epw%h;j;j q;fs; ,U kba
vz;zpf;ifapy; fhzg;gLk;. kbak; vd;gJ tiff;Fhpa epw %h;j;jj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
,U kba epiyapy; fyj;jpDs; tiff;Fhpa epw%h;j;jq;fs; ,uz;buz;lhff;
fhzg;gLk;. mikg;nghj;j epw%h;j;jq;fs; (Homologus chromosome) Njhw;wj;jpy;
xd;iwnahd;W xj;jit. xNu ePsq;nfhz;lit. xj;j jhdq;fspy; ikag;ghj;Jf;fis
(Centromere) nfhz;lit. fyg;gphpTf;F Kd;djhf epw%h;j;jq;fs; jw;fhypfkhf
,ul;bf;fg;gl;l epiyapw; fhzg;gLk;. ,j;jifa epiyapy; xt;nthU ,ioAk;
miuepwTU (Chromatid) vd;gh;.
,it ikag;ghj;jpy; xd;Wld; xd;W ,ize;jpUf;Fk;. epw %h;j;jnkhd;W
my;yJ miu epwTU tpsf;fj;J}hpiff; (lamp brush) fl;likg;igf; nfhz;lJ. ,j;
jlk; ,ul;ilr; Rop DNA apyhdJ. ,jpy; Mq;fhq;Nf rhakpLk; NghJ $basT
epwj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; epwg;ghj;Jf;fs; (Chromere) vdg;gLk; jhdq;fs;
fhzg;gLk;. ,e; epwg;ghj;Jf;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; jlj;jpDila jpul;rpapdhy;
cUthdit. epwg;ghj;Jf;fspdpd;Wk; mr;Rf;Fhpa jlk; nfhOf;fpfshf
,Of;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Nkw;gb jlk; epwg;ghj;Jf;fs; nfhOf;fpfs; vd;gdtw;wpd; kPJ
`p];Nuhd; tifg; GujKk;> RNA Ak; nky;ypa jhakhfg;gbe;J fhzg;gLk;.
,f;fl;likg;G xOq;F fhuzkhf epw%h;j;jj;jpDila fUQ;rhw;Wldhd njhh;G
Nkw;gug;gsT mjpfhpf;fg;gLk;.
DNA apw; fhzg;gLfpd;w nghypngl;iul;L Mf;fj;Jf;F Ntz;ba jftiyf;
nfhz;Ls;s xd;whfj; njhopw;gLfpd;w epa+f;fpspNahiul;Lf;fspd; njhliug;
guk;giuayF (Gene) vd;gh;. guk;giuayFk; %d;W gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLk;.
mitahtd Acton guk;giuayfpDila ,ay;gpidg; gpujpgypg;gjw;Fg; nghWg;ghd
cz;ikahd gFjp. Muton guk;giuayF tpfhuj;Jf;Fs;shFk; NghJ
ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk; gFjp. Recton guk;giuayfpYs;s guk;giuayif Nghrpf;Fk; mjd;
ed;epyikiag; NgZk; gFjp.
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cUkzpfs; (plastids) jhtuf; fyq;fspy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk; Gd;dq;fs;.
,ul;bf;Fk; Mw;wYilait. gr;iraTUkzpfs;> nts;SU kzpfs;> epWTUkzpfs;
vd %d;W tifahdit. ,tw;Ws; xd;W kw;nwhd;whf khwf;$baJ.
gr;irAUkzpfs; (Chloroplast) cah; jhtuf; fyq;fspy; tl;lj;jl;LUthdit.
,U nkd;rt;Tfshw; #og;gl;lit. ntspnkd;rt;T mOj;jkhdJ> cs;nkd;rt;T
rpf;fyhd xOq;fikg;GilaJ. gr;iraTUt kzpfs; xt;nthd;Wk; kzpAU (Grana)>
gQ;riz (Stroma) vd;w njspthd tpaj;jkile;j gFjpfisf; nfhz;lit.
gQ;rizj; jhaj;ijf; nfhz;lJ. jhaj;jpy; ,iugNrhk;fs;> nehjpaq;fs;> DNA> RNA
kw;Wk; khg;nghUs; kzpfs; vz;nza;r; rpWNfhs;fs; vd;gd fhzg;gLk;.
kzpAUf;fs; nkd;rt;thyhd ehzaq;fis xj;j ijynfhapl;Lf;fs; vdg;gLk;
mikg;Gf;fs; xd;wd; kPnjhd;whf mLf;fg;gl;lthwhf xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;L cUthdit.
ijnfhapl;Lf;fspy; nghjpe;J xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLk;. kzpAUf;fis
Mq;fhq;Nf gphpj;J kzpAUtpil nkd;jl;Lf;fs; (Intergranal lamella) fhzg;gLk;.
,itaidj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa jhak; mike;jpUf;Fk;. jhak; FiwjputkakhdJ.
gr;irAUkzpfs; xspj;njhFg;G eilngWk; ,lq;fshFk;. kzpAUtpy;
xspj;jhf;fq;fSk; gQ;rizapy; ,Us; epiyj;jhf;fq;fSk; eilngWfpd;wd.
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epwTUkzpfs; (Chromoplast) ful;Bd; Nghypfs; re;Njhgpy; Nghd;w
epwg;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;lit. nghJthf kQ;rs;> nrk;kQ;rs;> rptg;G epwq;fspw;
fhzg;gLgit. ,it fha;fwpfs;> fdpfs;> tpj;Jf;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; guk;gy;> kfue;jr;
Nrh;f;if Nghd;wtw;wpy; cjTgit.
nts;SUkzpfs; (Amyloplast) epwg;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;buhjit.
khg;nghUisr; nrwpthf;fp> khkzpfshf khw;Wgit. Nrkpg;gq;fq;fspy; fhzg;gLgit.
khkzpfs; (Starch grains) njhlf;fg; Gs;spnahd;iwr; #o xU
ikatl;lq;;fspyhd khg;nghUs; gbTfisf; nfhz;lit. kpfTk; ntspg;Gwkhf
mikNyhngf;hpdhyhd kliyAilait. ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLgit. Nfhs
tbtk; ePs; tl;l tbtk; vd;gd kpfTk; nghJthd Gujj;ijf; nfhz;lit.
Gd;ntw;wplk; (Vacuole) capUs;s Kjph;e;j jhtuf; fyq;fspy;> fyj;jpy;
%d;wpypuz;L gFjpia mlf;fpajhfg; Gd;ntw;wplk; fhzg;gLk;. Gd; ntw;wplj;ijf;
fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Gd;dq;fSs; xd;whff; nfhs;tJz;L. ,jidr; #o
,Otpirapurid (tonoplast) vdg;gLk; jdp nkd;rt;T mike;jpUf;Fk;. Gd;ntw;wpl
nkd;rt;T gFjpgl mkpyq;fs;> gpNstd;fs;> me;Njhradpd;fs; Nghd;w epwg;nghUl;fs;
mDNrgf; fopTg; nghUl;fs; Nghd;w gjhh;j;jq;fs; nfhz;l fiury; fhzg;gLk;.
Gd;ntw;wplq;fs; jhtuf;fy ePh;j;njhlh;Gfs; Ngzg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhdit.
,tw;Wl; fiue;j epiyapw; fhzg;gLk; epwg;nghUl;fs; g+f;fs;> fha;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
epwq;fs; cUthtjw;Ff; fhuzkhdit. me;Njhradpd; eLepiya+lfj;jpy; Cjh
epwkhdJ. mkpy Clfj;Jf;Fr; nre;epwkhdJ. fhu Clfj;jpy; ePy epwkhdJ.
g+f;fspy; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if eilngWtjw;F rhw;W epwg;nghUs;fSk; fhuzkhdit.
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tpyq;Ff;fyq;fspy; Gd;ntw;wplk; Nghd;witahff; fhzg;gLk;. ,tw;iw Glfq;fs;
vd;gJz;L.
fyq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;Gfs; (Cell Junctiions )
gy;fy mq;fpfs; fhzg;gLk; ,ioaq;fisahf;Fk; fyq;fs; ngUk; ghYk;
jhak; xd;Ws; mkpo;e;jpUg;gJ kl;Lkd;wp xd;Wld; xd;W fytpilj; njhlh;Gfs; %yk;
njhLf;fg;gl;litahFk;. ,tw;Ws; KjYU ,izg;Gf;fs; (Plasmodesmata)
jhtuf;fyq;fSf;fpilNaAk; fhzg;gLgit. KjYU nkd;rt;thy; glyplg;gl;l
fhy;tha;fs;> jtpu tpyq;FfSf;fpilNa nl];NkhNrhk;fs;> xOq;FgLj;Jk; re;jjpfs;>
njhlh;GgLj;Jk; re;jjpfs; vDk; fytpilj; njhlh;GfSk; fhzg;gLk;.
nlhk;nkhNrhk;fs; (Desmosomes) xl;Lk; re;jjpfs; (Adhesion junction) my;yJ
jhq;Fk; re;jjpfs; (Anchroing junction) vd;gJKz;L. ,it fynkhd;wpd;
Fopatd;$l;il ,d;ndhU fyj;jpd; Fopa td;$l;Lld; my;yJ fytpilj;
jhaj;Jld; njhlh;GgLj;Jgit. ,jd; %yk; fyq;fis xd;Wld; xd;W
njhlh;GgLj;jp gpizj;J itj;jpUg;git. vjph; vjph; fyq;fspy; nkd;rt;Tfis
xd;Wld; xd;W xl;bg; gpizj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; nghj;jhd; Nghd;w fl;likg;Gf;fs;.
fyq;fis neUf;fkhf;fp itj;jpUg;git fytpilj;njhlh;igr; #o
nkd;rt;Tf;Fl;Gwkhf itj;jpUg;git. fytpilj;njhlh;igr; #o nkd;rt;Tf;Fl;Gwkhf
Tono filament vdg;gLk; Ez;zpiofs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. nghwpKiwj;
jifg;Gf;Fs;shFk; ,lq;fspy; nghJthdit. NjhypYs;s Nkw;Nwhy; fyq;fspilNa
jirf;fyq;fspilNaAk; fhzg;gLgit.
xOq;FgLj;Jk; re;jpfs; - ,tw;iw neUf;fkhd re;jpfs; (Tightijunctions)
vd;gJKz;L. xU ,ioag; gl;baypYs;s mLj;Js;s fyq;fsJ KjYU
nkd;rt;Tfis xd;Wld; xd;W njhLg;git. ,J Gujg;gl;biffshy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. fyj;jpilntspfs; ,y;yhkyhfp mLj;Js;s nkd;rt;Tfs;
mUfUfhf itj;jpUf;fg;gLk;. fy Nkw;gug;Gf;fisg; gphpf;Fk; jilahff; fhzg;gLk;.
rpWePh;g; igapYs;s fyq;fspilNa Fly; Nkyzpf; fyq;fspilNa nghJthdit.
njhlh;GgLj;Jk; re;jpfs; (Communicating junctions) ,tw;iw ,ilntspr;
re;jpfs; (Gap junction) vd;gJKz;L. ,q;F ,uz;;L fynkd;rt;TfspYs;s Jisfs;
my;yJ jpwe;j fhy;tha;fspD}lhf xU fyk; kw;iwa fyj;Jld;
fyj;jpilntspapD}lhfj; njhlh;GgLk;. FopaTUf;fs; njhlh;GgLk;. fyj;jpil ntsp
nghpJk; xJf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. rpwpa %yf;$Wfis xU fyj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU
fyj;jpw;F flj;Jgit. fyq;fspilNa kpd;dpurhazj; njhlh;Gfis cUthf;Fgit.
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euk;Gf;fyq;fspilNa ,jaj;jirf; fyq;fspilNa nghJthdit. KjYU
,izg;Gf;fs; njhlh;GgLj;Jk; re;jpfshFk;.
fytpilj; njhlh;Gfs; fyq;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W ,ize;J ,ioaq;fshfj;
njhopw;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhdit. ntt;NtW fytiffSk; jk;kpilNa xd;Wld;
xd;W njhlh;Ggl;L njhopw;ghLfis xd;wpizg;gjw;Ff; fhuzkhdit. fyq;fspilNa
gjhh;j;jq;fs; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhdit. fyq;fspdpd;Wk; ghapfs;
ntspg;gLtijj; jLg;git.
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