Furin-Mediated lntracellularSelf-Assembly of ...
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We then studied the anti-tumor treatment effect. When the tumor volumes reached 50-100 mm 3 , mice were randomly divided into three groups (n=4 each). 0.1 mmol/kg bw 139 mg/kg of Olsa-RVRR, 0.1 mmol/kg bw (35 mg/kg) Olsa, and PBS were individually injected i.v. into each group. (Q3D×8). The Olsa-RVRR substrate showed a more effective inhibition of tumor growth compared to Olsa for both the HCT116 and LoVo tumor, resulting from the enhanced intracellular tumor retention of olsalazine, in agreement with the above CEST MRI results (Figs. k-m). Compared to the PBS control group set at 100%, at day 33 the average volume of the HCT116 and LoVo tumor reduced to ~38% and 61%, respectively, for the Olsa-RVRR- treated group, and to ~88% and 86% for the Olsa-treated group. All mice did not show any significant differences in body weight, in support of a tumor-specific toxicity (Fig. n). NU/J nude mice were subcutaneously (s.c.) injected with 1×10 6 HCT116 cells in the left and 1×10 6 LoVo cells in the right flank. When the tumor reached a volume of 100-200 mm 3 , 0.2 mmol/kg bw (278 mg/kg) Olsa-RVRR or 0.2 mmol/kg bw (69 mg/kg) Olsa was injected intravenously (i.v.). Serial CEST MRI was obtained over 24 h to determine the time course of substrate uptake within the tumors (Figs. h-j). The OlsaCEST contrast was higher for HCT116 compared to LoVo for all time points. For HCT116, a maximum OlsaCEST signal increase of 4.3% was observed at 2 h post-injection (p.i.) of Olsa-RVRR, which was two-fold higher than that for the LoVo tumor (2.0%) at this time point, suggesting the accumulation of olsalazine the formation of Olsa-NPs in HCT116 tumors. In contrast to LoVo, the OlsaCEST signal could still be detected in the HCT116 tumor at 24 h p.i. For the Olsa group, no significant signal differences were detected between the tumors at any time point. Even with the two-fold higher number of exchangeable protons on Olsa compared to Olsa-RVRR, the maximum intensity observed at 0.5 h p.i. was only ~1.8%, followed by a gradual decrease at 8 h p.i., after which the signal returned to background level. Olsa-RVRR or Olsa alone in the presence of furin was then tested for their CEST MRI contrast properties. A CEST contrast at 9.8 ppm was detected as a result from the presence of hydroxyl groups on olsalazine, similar to the chemical environment of other salicylic acids. We compared the efficacy of generating CEST signal between Olsa-RVRR and Olsa-NPs (Figs. c,d). The OlsaCEST signal for 5 mM Olsa-RVRR was similar to 2.5 mM Olsa alone, attributable to the 50% decrease of the number of exchangeable -OH protons for Olsa-RVRR compared to Olsa. After furin-induced condensation and self- assembly of Olsa-NPs, as demonstrated by dynamic light scattering measurements, the spectra broadened slightly, yet the intensity of OlsaCEST signal did not change significantly, indicating that most exchangeable protons remained unchanged in their interaction with water protons. Hence, modification of olsalazine and its self-assembly process does not affect the OlsaCEST signal. Based on a biocompatible condensation reaction recently developed by Liang and Rao et al., 3 we designed our olsalazine derivative Olsa-RVRR with the following components: a 2-cyanobenzothiazole (CBT) motif, an olsalazine motif conjugated to the side chain of a lysine (Lys) motif, a disulfide-functionalized cysteine (Cys) motif, and a RVRR substrate for furin cleavage and improved cellular uptake of the compound. After Olsa-RVRR enters into furin- overexpressing cells (i.e. HCT 116 cells), it undergoes reduction with glutathione (GSH) and a condensation reaction controlled by furin cleavage to yield hydrophobic oligomers (mostly dimers), as demonstrated previously. 4 The oligomers then self-assemble into olsalazine nanoparticles (Olsa-NPs) at (or near) the locations of activated furin (i.e. Golgi bodies). As a consequence of their large size and hydrophobicity, which enables them to attach tightly to the membrane organelles (e.g. Golgi bodies). Hence cellular drug efflux (pump out) of Olsa- NPs is limited, prolonging their residence time inside cells. However, in furin low-expressing LoVo cells, with minimal cleavage of Olsa-RVRR, most of the Olsa-RVRR will remain as a monomer. The specific accumulation of Olsa-RVRR in furin high-expressing cancer cells leads to a significant amplification of CEST signal and therapeutic effects, as compared to Olsa alone (without RVRR). CEST MRI holds great promise for biomedical applications and molecular diagnostics. There is, however, a lack of enzyme- activatable probes for cancer-specific imaging. Furin is a pro- protein convertase that activates many cancer development- related substances such as growth factors, growth factor- receptors, adhesion molecules, and matrix degrading enzymes, and is overexpressed in malignant tumor cells 1 . We report here on a new molecular probe Olsa-RVRR, in which the exchangeable hydroxyl protons in olsalazine provide CEST contrast with the cell-penetrating peptide RVRR acting as a specific substrate for furin. After the Olsa-RVRR enters furin expressing cells, the RRVR peptide is cleaved by furin, initiating a condensation reaction between the GSH-induced 1,2-aminothiol group and the cyano group of the 2- cyanobenzothiazole motif, resulting in the formation of olsalazine nanoparticles (Olsa-NPs) with exchangable groups on the surface. As it has been reported that cancer cells can be killed by the DNA methylation inhibitor olsalazine 2 , we investigated whether intracellular assembly of Olsa-NPs could represent new theranostic approach. Introduction In Vitro Furin Cleavage a b Schematic Outline After the synthesis and characterization of Olsa-RVRR, the furin-controlled condensation of Olsa-RVRR and subsequent self-assembly of Olsa-NPs was validated. After treatment of 25 μM Olsa-RVRR with 250 μM GSH for 2 h at 37 ℃ in furin buffer, the disulfide bond of Olsa-RVRR was reduced, producing the reduction product Olsa-Red (Fig. a, 14.7 min at green line). After co-incubation of Olsa-RVRR with GSH and the protein convertase furin for 12 h at 37 ℃, Olsa-Red was gradually cleaved by furin to yield an active intermediate (Fig. b), which instantly condenses with each other to yield the hydrophobic dimer Olsa-Dimer (Fig. a, 19.7 min at blue line). Ultimately, the Olsa-NPs (having a diameter of 22.89 ± 3.83 nm) are self-assembled as the result of the π-π stacking interaction between Olsa-dimers, the formation of Olsa-NPs, which was confirmed by by transmission electron microscopy. e In Vivo CEST MRI Olsa-RVRR In Vitro CEST MRI To test our hypothesis that the higher cell content of olsalazine using Olsa-RVRR is accompanied by a higher drug toxicity, we measured cell viability at 48 h post-incubation (Fig. f). A marked drug toxicity was observed for Olsa-RVRR at 125 μM, while for Olsa no reduced cell viability could be observed up to 500 μM; the dose needed to be increased 20-fold (2.5 mM) to obtain a comparable toxic effect. In addition, the toxicity of Olsa-RVRR towards different cells was also compared (Fig. g). For 250 μM Olsa-RVRR, the cell viability of HCT116 cells (46%) was significantly lower than those of LoVo cells (75%) and FI- pretreated HCT116 cells (78%) (Fig. g). Furin-Mediated lntracellular Self-Assembly of Olsalazine Nanoparticles for Enhanced MR Imaging and Tumor Therapy Yue Yuan 1 , Jia Zhang 2 , Xiaoliang Qi 1 , Guanshu Liu 2 , Xiaolei Song 1 , Michael T. McMahon 2 , and Jeff W.M. Bulte 1,2 1 The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States. 2 F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States. This project was supported by the Pearl and Yueh-Heng Yang foundation. Acknowledgements References 1 Bassi, D. E. et al., Mol. Carcinogen. 2001, 31, 224. 2 Brown, W. A. et al., Digest. Dis. Sci. 2000, 45, 1578. 3 Liang, G. et al., Nat. Chem. 2010, 2, 54. 4 Yuan, Y. et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 9700. After incubation with 500 µM Olsa-RVRR for 3 h, cells were washed and collected for CEST MRI measurements. As a result of higher furin expression, HCT116 cells exhibited a 1.8-fold larger OlsaCEST signal compared to LoVo cells, resulting from the higher accumulation of olsalazine (Fig. e). When HCT116 cells were co-incubated with Olsa-RVRR and the furin inhibitor II hexa-D-arginine amide (FI), a 45% reduction in OlsaCEST signal was observed, providing evidence that the CEST signal is enhanced by furin-catalyzed intracellular assembly of Olsa- RVRR. To further prove that cellular penetration and intracellular nanoaggregation is essential for generating CEST contrast, HCT116 cells were incubated with 500 µM free olsazaline (without RVRR) for 3 h. The OlsaCEST signal was much lower compared to Olsa-RVRR, with no significant difference between free Olsa-incubated cells and non-incubated cells (p>0.05). In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy In Vitro CEST Analysis of Olsa-NPs In Vitro Therapeutic Efficacy a e c d f g h i j l k n m
Transcript of Furin-Mediated lntracellularSelf-Assembly of ...
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We then studied the anti-tumor treatment effect. When thetumor volumes reached 50-100 mm3, mice were randomlydivided into three groups (n=4 each). 0.1 mmol/kg bw 139mg/kg of Olsa-RVRR, 0.1 mmol/kg bw (35 mg/kg) Olsa, andPBS were individually injected i.v. into each group. (Q3D×8).The Olsa-RVRR substrate showed a more effective inhibition oftumor growth compared to Olsa for both the HCT116 and LoVotumor, resulting from the enhanced intracellular tumor retentionof olsalazine, in agreement with the above CEST MRI results(Figs. k-m). Compared to the PBS control group set at 100%,at day 33 the average volume of the HCT116 and LoVo tumorreduced to ~38% and 61%, respectively, for the Olsa-RVRR-treated group, and to ~88% and 86% for the Olsa-treatedgroup. All mice did not show any significant differences in bodyweight, in support of a tumor-specific toxicity (Fig. n).
NU/J nude mice were subcutaneously (s.c.) injected with 1×106
HCT116 cells in the left and 1×106 LoVo cells in the right flank.When the tumor reached a volume of 100-200 mm3, 0.2mmol/kg bw (278 mg/kg) Olsa-RVRR or 0.2 mmol/kg bw (69mg/kg) Olsa was injected intravenously (i.v.). Serial CEST MRIwas obtained over 24 h to determine the time course ofsubstrate uptake within the tumors (Figs. h-j). The OlsaCESTcontrast was higher for HCT116 compared to LoVo for all timepoints. For HCT116, a maximum OlsaCEST signal increase of4.3% was observed at 2 h post-injection (p.i.) of Olsa-RVRR,which was two-fold higher than that for the LoVo tumor (2.0%)at this time point, suggesting the accumulation of olsalazinethe formation of Olsa-NPs in HCT116 tumors. In contrast toLoVo, the OlsaCEST signal could still be detected in theHCT116 tumor at 24 h p.i. For the Olsa group, no significantsignal differences were detected between the tumors at anytime point. Even with the two-fold higher number ofexchangeable protons on Olsa compared to Olsa-RVRR, themaximum intensity observed at 0.5 h p.i. was only ~1.8%,followed by a gradual decrease at 8 h p.i., after which thesignal returned to background level.
Olsa-RVRR or Olsa alone in the presence of furin was thentested for their CEST MRI contrast properties. A CEST contrastat 9.8 ppm was detected as a result from the presence ofhydroxyl groups on olsalazine, similar to the chemicalenvironment of other salicylic acids. We compared the efficacyof generating CEST signal between Olsa-RVRR and Olsa-NPs(Figs. c,d). The OlsaCEST signal for 5 mM Olsa-RVRR wassimilar to 2.5 mM Olsa alone, attributable to the 50% decreaseof the number of exchangeable -OH protons for Olsa-RVRRcompared to Olsa. After furin-induced condensation and self-assembly of Olsa-NPs, as demonstrated by dynamic lightscattering measurements, the spectra broadened slightly, yetthe intensity of OlsaCEST signal did not change significantly,indicating that most exchangeable protons remainedunchanged in their interaction with water protons. Hence,modification of olsalazine and its self-assembly process doesnot affect the OlsaCEST signal.
Based on a biocompatible condensation reaction recentlydeveloped by Liang and Rao et al.,3 we designed ourolsalazine derivative Olsa-RVRR with the followingcomponents: a 2-cyanobenzothiazole (CBT) motif, anolsalazine motif conjugated to the side chain of a lysine (Lys)motif, a disulfide-functionalized cysteine (Cys) motif, and aRVRR substrate for furin cleavage and improved cellularuptake of the compound. After Olsa-RVRR enters into furin-overexpressing cells (i.e. HCT 116 cells), it undergoesreduction with glutathione (GSH) and a condensation reactioncontrolled by furin cleavage to yield hydrophobic oligomers(mostly dimers), as demonstrated previously.4 The oligomersthen self-assemble into olsalazine nanoparticles (Olsa-NPs) at(or near) the locations of activated furin (i.e. Golgi bodies). As aconsequence of their large size and hydrophobicity, whichenables them to attach tightly to the membrane organelles (e.g.Golgi bodies). Hence cellular drug efflux (pump out) of Olsa-NPs is limited, prolonging their residence time inside cells.However, in furin low-expressing LoVo cells, with minimalcleavage of Olsa-RVRR, most of the Olsa-RVRR will remainas a monomer. The specific accumulation of Olsa-RVRR infurin high-expressing cancer cells leads to a significantamplification of CEST signal and therapeutic effects, ascompared to Olsa alone (without RVRR).
CEST MRI holds great promise for biomedical applications andmolecular diagnostics. There is, however, a lack of enzyme-activatable probes for cancer-specific imaging. Furin is a pro-protein convertase that activates many cancer development-related substances such as growth factors, growth factor-receptors, adhesion molecules, and matrix degrading enzymes,and is overexpressed in malignant tumor cells1. We report hereon a new molecular probe Olsa-RVRR, in which theexchangeable hydroxyl protons in olsalazine provide CESTcontrast with the cell-penetrating peptide RVRR acting as aspecific substrate for furin. After the Olsa-RVRR enters furinexpressing cells, the RRVR peptide is cleaved by furin,initiating a condensation reaction between the GSH-induced1,2-aminothiol group and the cyano group of the 2-cyanobenzothiazole motif, resulting in the formation ofolsalazine nanoparticles (Olsa-NPs) with exchangable groupson the surface. As it has been reported that cancer cells can bekilled by the DNA methylation inhibitor olsalazine2, weinvestigated whether intracellular assembly of Olsa-NPs couldrepresent new theranostic approach.
Introduction
In Vitro Furin Cleavage
a b
Schematic Outline
After the synthesis and characterization of Olsa-RVRR, thefurin-controlled condensation of Olsa-RVRR and subsequentself-assembly of Olsa-NPs was validated. After treatment of 25μM Olsa-RVRR with 250 μM GSH for 2 h at 37 ℃ in furinbuffer, the disulfide bond of Olsa-RVRR was reduced,producing the reduction product Olsa-Red (Fig. a, 14.7 min atgreen line). After co-incubation of Olsa-RVRR with GSH andthe protein convertase furin for 12 h at 37 ℃, Olsa-Red wasgradually cleaved by furin to yield an active intermediate (Fig.b), which instantly condenses with each other to yield thehydrophobic dimer Olsa-Dimer (Fig. a, 19.7 min at blue line).Ultimately, the Olsa-NPs (having a diameter of 22.89 ± 3.83nm) are self-assembled as the result of the π-π stackinginteraction between Olsa-dimers, the formation of Olsa-NPs,which was confirmed by by transmission electron microscopy.
e
In Vivo CEST MRI
Olsa-RVRR
In Vitro CEST MRI
To test our hypothesis that the higher cell content of olsalazineusing Olsa-RVRR is accompanied by a higher drug toxicity, wemeasured cell viability at 48 h post-incubation (Fig. f). Amarked drug toxicity was observed for Olsa-RVRR at 125 μM,while for Olsa no reduced cell viability could be observed up to500 μM; the dose needed to be increased 20-fold (2.5 mM) toobtain a comparable toxic effect. In addition, the toxicity ofOlsa-RVRR towards different cells was also compared (Fig. g).For 250 μM Olsa-RVRR, the cell viability of HCT116 cells (46%)was significantly lower than those of LoVo cells (75%) and FI-pretreated HCT116 cells (78%) (Fig. g).
Furin-Mediated lntracellular Self-Assembly of Olsalazine Nanoparticlesfor Enhanced MR Imaging and Tumor Therapy
Yue Yuan1, Jia Zhang2, Xiaoliang Qi1, Guanshu Liu2, Xiaolei Song1, Michael T. McMahon2, and Jeff W.M. Bulte1,2
1The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program,Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
2F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States.
This project was supported by the Pearl and Yueh-Heng Yangfoundation.
Acknowledgements
References1Bassi, D. E. et al., Mol. Carcinogen. 2001, 31, 224. 2Brown, W. A. et al., Digest. Dis. Sci. 2000, 45, 1578.3Liang, G. et al., Nat. Chem. 2010, 2, 54.4Yuan, Y. et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 9700.
After incubation with 500 µM Olsa-RVRR for 3 h, cells werewashed and collected for CEST MRI measurements. As a resultof higher furin expression, HCT116 cells exhibited a 1.8-foldlarger OlsaCEST signal compared to LoVo cells, resulting fromthe higher accumulation of olsalazine (Fig. e). When HCT116cells were co-incubated with Olsa-RVRR and the furin inhibitorII hexa-D-arginine amide (FI), a 45% reduction in OlsaCESTsignal was observed, providing evidence that the CEST signalis enhanced by furin-catalyzed intracellular assembly of Olsa-RVRR. To further prove that cellular penetration andintracellular nanoaggregation is essential for generating CESTcontrast, HCT116 cells were incubated with 500 µM freeolsazaline (without RVRR) for 3 h. The OlsaCEST signal wasmuch lower compared to Olsa-RVRR, with no significantdifference between free Olsa-incubated cells and non-incubatedcells (p>0.05).
In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy
In Vitro CEST Analysis of Olsa-NPs
In Vitro Therapeutic Efficacya
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