Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control
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Transcript of Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control
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Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control
Terminal and Enroute Radar By Crystal
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History
Robert Alexander Watson-Watt (1892-1973), a descendant of James Watt, received a degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of St. Andrews, Scotland and in 1915 began a career in the British civil service, He patented his first radio location device, a device for locating atmospheric discharges, in 1919. In 1935, he received his eleventh radio-location patent, a device for detecting and locating an approaching aircraft. In the following years he was the leader of the intensive development of aircraft radio-location, the secret weapon of the Battle of Britain. In 1937, before the war began, Watson-Watt and his wife undertook the dangerous task of traveling disguised as ordinary tourists through Germany, searching for signs of German radar stations.
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Theory and Fundamentals of Radar Operation
• Radar (radio detection and ranging)
• In 1888, Heinrich hertz demonstrated that radio waves were reflected by objects in the same manners light waves
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Fundamentals of Radar
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Components of Radar Systems
• Transmitter
• Antenna
• Receiver
• Indicator
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Components of Radar Systems
• Transmitter– Creates high-powered radio pulses – Operates in UHF band or higher
– Radar pulse last about one microsecond
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Components of Radar Systems
• Antenna– Antenna functions as both a transmitting and
receiving device– Pulses emitted by the transmitter are routed to
the antenna using a waveguide--a hollow metal channel that conducts the microwave energy to the antenna
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Components of Radar Systems
• Receiver– Switched on as transmitter switches off– Upon receiving a reflection, the radar system
measures the time difference between the transmission and reception and uses this calculation to determine the objects distance from the antenna
– 12.36 microseconds is known as a radar-mile
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Components of Radar Systems
• Indicator– Air traffic control uses a cathode ray tube
known as a plan position indicator (PPI) radar scope
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Components of Radar Systems
• Indicator– Center of PPI known as the MAIN BANG
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Components of Radar System
• Moving target indicator (MTI)– One way of eliminates ground clutter– Other way is to raise antenna a few degrees
– Check pages 309 - 314 of textbook
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Types of ATC Radar
• Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
• Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR)
• Air Route Surveillance Radar (ARSR)
• Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE)
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Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
• Used primarily by the Department of Defense as a precision landing aid.
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• Developed in the 1940’s• Before ILS
Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
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• PAR consisted of a mobile facility thus making it most effective for the military
• Many PAR’s at airports were placed in the middle so that they could be turned
Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
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Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
• PAR proved its effectiveness during the Berlin Airlift, landing aircraft every 90 seconds
• Some PAR’s still remain even though ILS is the landing air of choice
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PAR Equipment (Inside)
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PAR Antenna System MPN 13 Mobile System
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New Stuff
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Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR)
• Primary short range radar used by FAA
• Most major civilian airports use ASR
• Used in Approach and Departure Control Facility
• Range of about 100 Miles
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Airport Surveillance Radar Antennas’
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Air Route Surveillance Radar (ARSR)
• Long Range radar for Center use
• Have range of about 250 Miles
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Old Center Radar
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Center Radar Display
CO 123350CB757 310
Slide courtesy of Prof. J. Hansman
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New Center Radar
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En Route Full Data Block
AAL278330C068 500
Position Symbol
Beacon Target
AircraftIdentification
Ground Speed
Mode ‘C’ AltitudeX100
Leader Line
Computer Identification Number
Vector Line
Histories
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Airport Surface Detection Equipment
• Short range radar system to help controller locate the locations of moving, ground based aircraft and vehicles
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ASDE