FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

ARTICLES 12 - 35

Article 12

• State :- Govt. & Parliament of IndiaGovt. & State legislatureLocal Authorities &Other Authorities under the

control of India

Article 13

• Judicial Review:-

All inconsistent laws will be void

Article 14

• Right to Equality:-

Equality before law&

Equal protection of the laws

Article 15

• Prohibition of discrimination

• Protective Discrimination

for women & children

Article 16

• Equality in public employment

• Protective discrimination

for Backward Classes

Articles 17 &18

• Abolition of Untouchability

• Abolition of Titles

Article 19 – Six Freedoms• Freedom of Speech & Expression• Assemble peaceably without arms• To form associations or unions

• To move freely through out the territory of India

• To reside & settle in any part of India

• To practice any profession or to carry out any occupation, trade or business

Article 19 - Clause 2 to 6• Security of the State

• Friendly Relationship with foreign states

• Public Order

• Decency

• Contempt of Court

• Defamation

• Incitement to an offence

Article 20 – Protection to Accused• No Ex Post Facto Laws

• Rule against Double Jeopardy

• Prohibition against Self Incrimination

Article 21 Protection of Life & Personal Liberty

• No one should be deprived of his life &

personal liberty except according to the

procedure established by law

Article 22 Protection against Arbitrary Arrest &

Detention

• Information of grounds of arrest

• Not to be detained for indefinite

period

• Opportunity for defence

Articles 23 & 24 Rights Against Exploitation

# Prohibition of Traffic in human beings & forced labor

# Prohibition of employment of children below 14 years of age in factories & other hazardous employment

Articles 25 to 28 Freedom of Religion

• Freedom of Conscience & Free Profession Practice & Propagation of Religion

Freedom to manage religious affairs

Freedom from payment of taxes

Religious instructions in educational institutions

Article 29 & 30 Cultural & Educational rights

• Protection of interests of minorities

• Establishment & Administration of Educational Institutions

Article 31

Saving of Certain Laws

Article 32 – Constitutional Remedies

• Writ Jurisdiction of Supreme Court

i) Habeas Corpus – you may produce the body

ii) Mandamus – we command

iii) Certiorari – call for the records

iv) Prohibition – you should not do

v) Quo Warranto – by what authority

Articles 33 to 35• Article 33

Right of parliament to modify rights

• Article 34Restriction of fundamental rights while martial law is in force

• Article 35Power to make further laws in favour of parliament

Indian Contract Act 1872

• Contract : - latin word contractum meaning drawn togetherSec 2(h)agreement enforceable at law

offer + acceptance = agreementagreement + enforceability at law

= contract

Essential Elements

Agreement Consensus ad idem

Capacity of parties

Free consent Consideration

Lawful object

Not declared to be void

Certainty & possibility of performance

Intention to create legal relationship