Functional Neuroanatomy and Applications IGERT Bootcamp September 2006.
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Transcript of Functional Neuroanatomy and Applications IGERT Bootcamp September 2006.
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Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (circa 3000 BC)
First writings of the brain.
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Neuron DoctrineQuickTime™ and a
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Ramon y Cajal
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A majority of the cortex is devoted to vision.
Adapted from Felleman & Van Essen (1991)
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webvision.med.utah.edu
Cortex is divided into 6 layers.
2 - 6 mmthick
“gray matter”
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
The early visual pathway “flips” sides.
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Kolb (2003)
The retina is the beginning of the visual processing.
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Kolb (2003)
A cross-section of the canonical retinal circuit.
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
Spectral sensitivity of each photoreceptor type.
Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
The basis of a receptive field.
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light stimulus
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Kolb (2003)
But, it’s more complicated …
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
Optic nerve primarily projects to the thalamus.
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
Primary visual cortex is the target of the thalamus.
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webvision.med.utah.edu
Eye-specific layers project to segregated regions.
ocular dominance columns
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Tootell et al (1982)
Retinotopic map in primary visual cortex
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Cortical magnification distorts representation.
webvision.med.utah.edu
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Adapted from Hubel & Wiesel (19xx)
Neurons in primary visual cortex are tuned to orientation.
orientation of bar
tuning curve
stimulusstimulus
ONstimulus
OFFstimulus
OFF
response
Firing rate (Hz)
Ohki et al (2006)
The orientation preference of neurons form a topology on visual cortex.
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• color represents orientation of tuning curve peak
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
Radial columns are the basic sub-units of the cortex.
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Adapted from Felleman & Van Essen (1991)
Visual circuitry beyond the primary visual cortex.
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Two streams of visual information
1. “motion/space” processing
2. “form/shape” processing
Albright (1984)
Neurons in the medial temporal (MT) are tuned to motion.
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medial temporal (MT) cortex
Albright et al (1984)
Motion direction is topologically organized in MT cortex.
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Two streams of visual information
1. “motion/space” processing
2. “form/shape” processing
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The basic circuitry of the hippocampus. QuickTime™ and a
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Ramon y Cajal
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
The basic circuitry of the hippocampus.
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
Synaptic plasticity exists in the hippocampus.
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Synaptic plasticity exists in the hippocampus.
Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
Robert Mullerhttp://www.bris.ac.uk/depts/Synaptic/research/projects/memory/spatialmem.htm
Neurons in the hippocampus have non-visual receptive fields.
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www.cyberkinetics.com
Can we “read the mind” of a human?
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www.brainconnection.com
Motor and decision areas in cortex.
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The Brain from Top to Bottomhttp://www.thebrain.mcgill.ca
The primary motor cortex contains a homunculus of body parts.
A monkey feeds itself with a robot controlled with neural signals.
A. SchwartzUniversity of Pittsburgh
Primary motor cortex (M1)Posterior parietal cortex
Premotor cortex(PMA)
Supplementarymotor cortex(SMA)
Where do motor areas end and decision-making begin?
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Richard Andersenhttp://vis.caltech.edu
Designing a neural prosthetic for humans.
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www.cyberkinetics.com
Actually, neural prosthetics already exist.
Review
1. Historical perspective• Imhotep
2. Visual processing• Organization of visual cortex
3. Memory and plasticity• Hippocampus and Place Cells
4. Motor systems• Neural Prosthestics
1. A few good classes.
Neuroscience 200A - Cellular NeuroscienceNeuroscience 200B - Systems NeuroscienceNeuroscience 200C - Cognitive Neuroscience
2. A few good books.
Kandel, Schwartz and Jessel (2000) Principles of Neural Science.
Squire et al (2003) Fundamental Neuroscience
3. A few good websites.
“Webvision” http://webvision.med.utah.edu“Neuroscience for Kids”
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html
Resources