FTTX Concepts and Applications - Bücher versandkostenfrei · FTTX Concepts and Applications Gerd...
Transcript of FTTX Concepts and Applications - Bücher versandkostenfrei · FTTX Concepts and Applications Gerd...
-
FTTX Concepts and Applications
Gerd KeiserPhotonicsComm Solutions, Inc.
ffirs.qxd 4/7/06 12:46 PM Page iii
Innodata0471769096.jpg
-
ffirs.qxd 4/7/06 12:46 PM Page ii
-
FTTX Concepts and Applications
ffirs.qxd 4/7/06 12:46 PM Page i
-
ffirs.qxd 4/7/06 12:46 PM Page ii
-
FTTX Concepts and Applications
Gerd KeiserPhotonicsComm Solutions, Inc.
ffirs.qxd 4/7/06 12:46 PM Page iii
-
Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permittedunder Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior writtenpermission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to theCopyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978)
addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030,(201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts inpreparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy orcompleteness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties ofmerchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by salesrepresentatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitablefor your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher norauthor shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited tospecial, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact ourCustomer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317)572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not beavailable in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site atwww.wiley.com.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Keiser, Gerd.FTTX concepts and applications / by Gerd Keiser.
p. cm. — (Wiley series in telecommunications and signal processing)“A Wiley-Interscience publication.”Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN-13: 978-0-471-70420-1 (alk. paper)ISBN-10: 0-471-70420-2 (alk. paper)ISBN-10: 0-471-76909-6 (e-book)1. Optical communications. I. Title. II. Series.
TK5103.59.K398 2006621.382'7—dc22 2005050351
Printed in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ffirs.qxd 4/7/06 12:46 PM Page iv
750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be
http://www.copyright.comhttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissionhttp://www.wiley.com
-
To Ching-yun and Nishla
ffirs.qxd 4/7/06 12:46 PM Page v
-
ffirs.qxd 4/7/06 12:46 PM Page vi
-
vii
Contents
Preface xv
Chapter 1 Access Technologies 11.1 General Network Concepts 2
1.1.1 Network Architecture Concepts 21.1.2 Types of Networks 31.1.3 Network Terminology 41.1.4 First-Mile Concept 61.1.5 Network Market Opportunities 71.1.6 Terminology for Premises 8
1.2 Comparison of Access Technologies 9
1.2.1 Hybrid Fiber–Coax 91.2.2 Digital Subscriber Line 101.2.3 WiMAX 12
1.3 Passive Optical Networks 13
1.3.1 Basic PON Architectures 131.3.2 What Is FTTx? 14
1.4 Point-to-Point Links 16
1.5 Summary 17
Further Reading 17
Chapter 2 Optical Communications Essentials 192.1 Definitions of Units and Terms 19
2.1.1 Metric Prefixes 192.1.2 Electromagnetic Spectral Bands 202.1.3 Optical Spectral Band 212.1.4 Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy 222.1.5 Decibel Units 232.1.6 Refractive Index 26
2.2 Elements of an Optical Link 26
ftoc.qxd 4/7/06 12:36 PM Page vii
-
2.3 Optical Fibers 282.3.1 Fiber Structures 282.3.2 Rays and Modes 31
2.4 Optical Fiber Attenuation 33
2.5 Fiber Information Capacity 35
2.5.1 Modal Dispersion 352.5.2 Chromatic Dispersion 362.5.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion 37
2.6 Nonlinear Effects in Fibers 38
2.6.1 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 382.6.2 Stimulated Raman Scattering 39
2.7 Optical Fiber Standards 40
2.8 Summary 41
Problems 42
Further Reading 44
Chapter 3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 453.1 Operational Principles of WDM 46
3.1.1 WDM Operating Regions 473.1.2 Generic WDM Link 48
3.2 Standard WDM Spectral Grids 49
3.2.1 Dense WDM 503.2.2 Coarse WDM 503.2.3 PON Spectral Regions 51
3.3 Optical Couplers 52
3.3.1 Basic 2 � 2 Coupler 523.3.2 Coupler Performance 533.3.3 Tap Coupler 54
3.4 Bidirectional WDM Links 55
3.5 Summary 56
Problems 57
Further Reading 59
Chapter 4 PON Transceivers 614.1 Optical Sources for PONs 62
4.1.1 Source Characteristics 624.1.2 DFB and FP Lasers 634.1.3 Modulation Speed 644.1.4 Optical Transmitter Packages 65
4.2 Optical Receivers 65
4.2.1 Photodetector Types 664.2.2 Quantum Efficiency 67
viii CONTENTS
ftoc.qxd 4/7/06 12:36 PM Page viii
-
4.2.3 Responsivity 674.2.4 Speed of Detector Response 684.2.5 Receiver Bandwidth 694.2.6 Photodetector Noise 69
4.3 Receiver BER and OSNR 70
4.4 Burst-Mode Receiver Concept 71
4.5 Burst-Mode ONT Transmission 73
4.6 PON Transceiver Packages 74
4.7 Summary 75
Problems 76
Further Reading 77
Chapter 5 Passive Optical Components 795.1 WDM Couplers for PONs 80
5.1.1 Thin-Film Filters 815.1.2 Transmission Diffraction Gratings 86
5.2 Optical Power Splitter 87
5.2.1 Splitting Loss 885.2.2 Optical Splitter Structure 88
5.3 Optical Cables for PONs 90
5.3.1 Cable Structures 905.3.2 Fiber and Jacket Color Coding 92
5.4 Fiber Interconnections 93
5.4.1 Optical Connectors 935.4.2 Connector Losses 955.4.3 Optical Splices 97
5.5 Summary 98
Problems 99
Further Reading 100
Chapter 6 Passive Optical Networks 1016.1 Fundamental PON Architecture 102
6.2 Active PON Modules 104
6.2.1 Optical Line Terminal 1046.2.2 Optical Network Terminal 1056.2.3 Optical Network Unit 105
6.3 Traffic Flows 106
6.4 Passive Component Applications 108
6.4.1 Optical Cables for PONs 1086.4.2 Optical Power Splitters 108
CONTENTS ix
ftoc.qxd 4/7/06 12:36 PM Page ix
-
6.4.3 Splitter Enclosures 1106.4.4 Wavelength Couplers 110
6.5 PON Alternatives 111
6.5.1 BPON Basics 1126.5.2 EPON and EFM 1126.5.3 GPON Basics 113
6.6 Optics Path Attenuation Ranges 113
6.7 Standards Development 114
6.7.1 ITU-T 1146.7.2 FSAN 1146.7.3 IEEE 115
6.8 Summary 115
Problems 116
Further Reading 117
Chapter 7 BPON Characteristics 1197.1 BPON Architecture 119
7.1.1 Traffic Flow Schemes 1207.1.2 OLT Capabilities 121
7.2 ATM Basics 122
7.2.1 Use of ATM Cells 1227.2.2 ATM Service Categories 1237.2.3 Service Level Agreements 126
7.3 BPON Operational Characteristics 126
7.3.1 Voice and Data Traffic Flows 1277.3.2 Protection of Grants 1287.3.3 Video Traffic 129
7.4 Traffic Control 129
7.4.1 Fixed Bandwidth Allocation 1307.4.2 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 130
7.5 Standards Details 132
7.5.1 Recommendation G.983.1 1327.5.2 Recommendation G.983.2 1327.5.3 Recommendation G.983.3 1337.5.4 Recommendation G.983.4 1337.5.5 Recommendation G.983.5 1337.5.6 Recommendation G.983.6 1337.5.7 Recommendation G.983.7 1347.5.8 Recommendation G.983.8 134
7.6 Summary 134
Problems 135
Further Reading 137
x CONTENTS
ftoc.qxd 4/7/06 12:36 PM Page x
-
Chapter 8 Ethernet in the First Mile 139
8.1 EFM Options 140
8.2 EPON Architecture 141
8.2.1 OLT and ONT/ONU Functions 1428.2.2 EPON Traffic Flows 1428.2.3 Power Levels Received 145
8.3 MPCP Functions 145
8.3.1 Discovery Process 1458.3.2 Bandwidth Assignment 1468.3.3 Transmission Timing 147
8.4 Point-to-Point Ethernet 148
8.4.1 P2P Ethernet Over Fiber 1488.4.2 P2P Ethernet Over Copper 149
8.5 Main EPON and P2P EFM Standards 149
8.6 Summary 150
Problems 150
Further Reading 153
Chapter 9 GPON Characteristics 1559.1 GPON Architecture 155
9.1.1 GSR Specification 1569.1.2 GPON Protection Switching 1579.1.3 Information Security in a GPON 158
9.2 GPON Recommendation G.984.2 159
9.2.1 Optical Performances 1599.2.2 Timing and Optical Power Control 1609.2.3 Forward Error Correction 161
9.3 GPON Transmission Convergence Layer 162
9.3.1 Downstream GPON Frame Format 1629.3.2 Upstream GPON Frame Format 1649.3.3 GEM Segment 165
9.4 ONT Management and Control 166
9.5 Summary 166
Problems 167
Further Reading 169
Chapter 10 FTTP Concepts and Applications 17110.1 Implementation Scenarios 171
10.1.1 Application Alternatives 17110.1.2 Installation Types 173
CONTENTS xi
ftoc.qxd 4/7/06 12:36 PM Page xi
-
10.2 Network Architectures 175
10.2.1 Optical Splitter Locations 17510.2.2 Network Design Variations 177
10.3 Local Powering Options 179
10.3.1 Indoor Power Supply 17910.3.2 Outdoor Power Supply 18010.3.3 Network Powering 181
10.4 Service Applications 181
10.4.1 Bandwidth Requirements 18210.4.2 Video Service Issues 182
10.5 Expanded WDM PON 184
10.6 Summary 185
Problems 186
Further Reading 187
Chapter 11 FTTP Network Design 18911.1 Design Criteria 189
11.1.1 System Requirements 19011.1.2 System Margin 19111.1.3 Power Penalties 191
11.2 Link Power Budget 193
11.2.1 Power-Budgeting Process 19411.2.2 FTTP 1310-nm Power Budget 19611.2.3 FTTP 1490-nm Power Budget 198
11.3 Photonic Design Automation Tools 199
11.3.1 Modeling Tool Characteristics 19911.3.2 FTTP Network Modeling Tool 200
11.4 Link Capacity Estimates 200
11.4.1 Basic Formulation 20011.4.2 Basic Rise Times 20111.4.3 FTTP Link Rise Time 202
11.5 Network Protection Schemes 203
11.6 Summary 204
Problems 205
Further Reading 207
Chapter 12 FTTP Network Implementations 20912.1 Central Office Configuration 209
12.1.1 Service Inputs to the FTTP Network 21012.1.2 Cable Layout and Interfaces 211
xii CONTENTS
ftoc.qxd 4/7/06 12:36 PM Page xii
-
12.1.3 WDM Coupler Placement 21212.1.4 Patch Cords and Intrafacility Cables 214
12.2 Feeder Cables 215
12.2.1 Feeder Cable Structures 21512.2.2 OSP Distribution Cabinet 216
12.3 Distribution Section 217
12.4 Installation of PON Cables 219
12.4.1 Direct-Burial Installations 22012.4.2 Horizontal Drilling 22312.4.3 Pulling Cable into Ducts 22412.4.4 Cable Jetting Installation 22512.4.5 Aerial Installation 22812.4.6 Cable Warning and Identification Markers 228
12.5 Summary 230
Problems 231
Further Reading 232
Chapter 13 Network Installation Testing 23313.1 International Measurement Standards 235
13.2 Basic Test Instruments 236
13.3 Optical Power Measurements 237
13.3.1 Definition of Optical Power 23713.3.2 Optical Power Meter 23813.3.3 Power Meter Applications 239
13.4 Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer 240
13.4.1 OTDR Trace 24013.4.2 OTDR Dead Zone 24213.4.3 Fiber Fault Location 243
13.5 Optical Return Loss 243
13.6 Visual Fault Locator 244
13.7 Optical-Loss Test Set 245
13.8 Multifunction Test Instrument 245
13.9 Device Conformance Testing 246
13.10 FTTP Network Testing 247
13.10.1 Checking Individual Link Losses 24813.10.2 Optical-Loss Budget Check 24913.10.3 End-to-End Link Characterization 24913.10.4 ORL Measurements 25113.10.5 OLT and Video Output Checks 25113.10.6 ONT Output Check 252
CONTENTS xiii
ftoc.qxd 4/7/06 12:36 PM Page xiii