rJournal Ind. Med. Heritage Vol.XXXIX - 2009. Pp.81 to 102

TRACKS OF SIDDHA MEDICINEIN ANDHRA PRADESH

Ala Narayana*, T. Saketh Ram**& R. Rajasekaran***

ABSTRACTThere are various theories and postulates regarding the originating place of

Siddha medical tradition. Invariably owing to its current spread and wide practice inTamil Nadu, it is very natural to attribute the origins to Tamil land. In one way thisconcurrence has helped it to survive in its original form as it guaranteed credibility,state support even today. On the contrary it also has limited its scope to only TamilNadu which in reality reduces its status to only a regional variant of medical formwhich is not desirable. A review in the history of Dravida land down south of VindhyaMountains, Eastern ghats covering Andhra Pradesh (across Orissa borders), Karnataka,Tamil Nadu and Kerala together paint a different picture. If this region is consideredas a unit, to track the history, geography, cultural and religious links, the picture ofSiddha sampradiiya is different & much wider geographical territory than the Tamilnadu.This study makes a humble attempt to trace such links of Siddha sampradiiya (tradition)from Andhra Pradesh. In the process it attempts to narrate the relationship of placeslike Mahendragiri (of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh) with sage Agastya (OI~eof the very important Siddhars of Siddha medicine) and possible origins of very oldcommon religion (.5aiva Siddhiinfa) propagated by Dakshinamurti, through his fourdisciples from this place. An attempt is made to look into possible links from Jainaliterature and relevant resources to substantiate the points. In Andhra Pradesh we findmany Archeological sites which show the evidences to the presence of Shiva andSiddhanta worship. A small survey of names of villages of Andhra Pradesh, districtwise has been attempted at the end of the article to demonstrate how closely manyplaces are distributed through out the state bearing names like Siddha, Sangam,Nandi which are still used in the same sense as they were used from time immemorial.Like in the case of Bhakti movement, cultural traditions Andhra Pradesh and TamilNadu share a common legacy to share with each other. The tracks of Siddha medicine,Siddha sampradiiya are very clear everywhere in Andhra Pradesh. This paper welcomesscholars working on the topics related to Siddha, to take up further studies in thisdirection and enrich the Siddha literature.

*Director, **Senior Research Fellow / Ph.D. Scholar (Ay.) & ***Research Officer(Siddha), National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage, Osmania Medical CollegeBuilding, Putlibowli, Hyderabad-500095, India.

82 Joumallnd.Med. Heritage Vol.XXXIX - 2009

Unity in diversity is the inherent character of Indian civilization. Medicalpluralism, co existence of different types of medical practices is a common feature inthis country from by gone ages. One can find & experience this unity of spirit with allits regional diversities from aseluhimacala i.e. Adam's Bridge (RamaseluWalasetu) toHimalayas. As a culturally vibrant society, India excelled in all aspects of human excellence,out of which Medicine is one of the main branches and it is integral part of human racefor the survival, health and longevity.

Siddha system of medicine as is known today has its deep roots in the ancientbelief systems, religion and philosophy. In principle and practice it has its uniqueness interms of independent lineage, philosophy and practice. There are various theories andpostulates regarding the originating place of this medical tradition. Invariably owing toits current spread and wide practice in Tamilnadu, it is very natural to attribute theorigins to Tamil land. In one way this concurrence has helped it to survive in itsoriginal form as it guaranteed credibility, state support even today. On the contrary italso has limited its scope to only Tamilnadu which in reality reduces its status to only aregional variant of medical form which is not desirable.

In the process it attempts to narrate the relationship of places like Mahendragiri(of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh) with sage Agastya (one of the very importantSiddhars of Siddha medicine) and possible origins of very old common religion (&zivaSiddhanla) propagated by Dakshinamurti, through his four disciples from this place.The article also tries to look into possible links from Jaina literature and relevant resourcesto substantiate the points. In Andhra Pradesh we find many Archeological sites whichshow the evidences to the presence of Siva and Siddhanla worship. A small survey ofnames of villages of Andhra Pradesh, district wise has been attempted at the end of thearticle to demonstrate how closely many places are distributed through out the statebearing names like Siddha, Sangam, Nandi which are still used in the same sense asthey were used from time immemorial.

Andhra Pradesh - Native Medical Traditions an over view.

The traditional medicine in Andhra Pradesh is known as Ayurveda (the knowledgeof life). Major religions in Andhra Pradesh have claimed the origin of medicine from

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 83

their Gods. vaishnavaites believe that Dhanvantari, the incarnation of Vishnu as thelord of Ayurveda. Shiava physicians believe that Shiva is the lord of medicine,Vaidyendra, and believe that all the Rasa Sastra (Chemistry) was revealed by Siva orhis wife PiirvatJ: Riivana, famous devotee of lord Siva, learned the science fromParvati and wrote Arkaprakiisa. Jains followed a different school of medicine calledSamantabhadra School. According to Jaina tradition all knowledge was revealed toJaina sages by the 'the protector,' and this revealed knowledge was divided into 12divisions. Medicine is one ofthese twelve divisions and is known as Prfinavaya. Anothertradition is the Siddha School of Medicine or Agastya sampradaya, which was foundedby sage Agastya in Tamilnadu and spread to Andhra.'

Interestingly the observation with respect to sage Agastya reveal that he hasmoved from north to south i.e. from Andhra Pradesh to Tamilnadu, hinting that there isa possibility of prevalence of Siddha tradition in Andhra Pradesh well before Ayurvedatook roots here. With the time it was completely driven out but still continued to showits presence in the form of Rasassstra.

The Agastya (Siddha) samprsdays its salient features'

This (Siddha) system of medicine is prevalent in the regions south of VindhyaMountains. It said that this system was proposed (sampradaya pravartaka) by 44Siddhars, 22 Siddhars and according to some 18 members. The last version is widelyaccepted today.

The descent of this system is as follows: Isvara (Siva) taught to Parvati,Piirtvatitaught to Nandisvara and he taught A svini; from them Dhanvantari -Agastya-Pulastya- Terayyar-Uhamuni etc.

Two types of Siddhats are identified amongst whom a. Sanskrit knowing -Agastya, Terayyar Bhogar, Pulippani etc., b. Dravida - Tamil known Siddhars as "ten".In both these systems we find predominant use is of Rasa (mercurial) preparations,which are different from the ones described in Rasasdstra texts viz., Nagarjunarasatantra etc., for example Gurubhasma- a basma prepared from Mailatuttha, Sauvirawhich is mixed along with any other metal intended to be converted to Bhasma which

84 Journal Ind.Med. Heritage Vol.XXXIX - 2009

is quite unique to this semprsaiiys: According to Pandita Divigopalacarya, this ismore effective method than that is recommended in Rasasiistra texts.

Siddha semprediiye describe many drugs-herbs which are indigenous to SouthIndia (South of Vindya Mountains). The description of the properties of the drugsdoes not follow the regular conventions like Rasa, GU(1a, VTrya, Vipaka as described inclassic Ayurveda text books. Instead it restricts itself to Prabhava (specific activity),Rupa(description) and GU(1a(properties). Some drugs like Shivanarvembu, Kuppaimeni,Puvarasham etc., are not at all described in Ayurvedic classics like Carakasamhita andothers 4.

Dravidavagmaya: it is beyond dispute to acknowledge that surround areas ofriver Tamrapami and cities of Madurai there were many Dravida sangha which werebrimming with cultural developments which contributed to a lot of literature in classicTamil. The books belong to specializations viz., In JyiJti~a (Astrology), Vedanta(Philosophy), Vaidya (medicine), Sangita (Arts) etc., among those around 150 vaidyabooks are identified. Some of them are Agastyar perumtirattu, Agastyar

Ayurvedabhashyam, Agastya bhasmamurai',

Another distinguishing contribution is A~!asthana parik~a - first described bythese physicians which can be considered as original contribution of Agastya sampradaya

to Ayurveda. This is not mentioned as is in Carakasamhita, Susrutasamhita andA~!angah!daycl' .

Siddha sampradaya-Review 7

Who is the first yogi or Siddhar?, the corpus of Tamil declares him as yogaDakshinamurti". He is known as prarama Siva, premesvere, siddhesvara, yogesvara,

mahadeva, metiesvere, mahendra, maunamutrti, ga(1a milrti. Tirukku/ambha~a Jaina

Tamil work equates the first Tirthankara Ruhan with Siva8• The concept of this hasbeen consolidated by a section of Hindus as Saiva Siddhanta, and by Jains as Siddhanta

during 3 B.c. which aged by svetambara Jainas.

Historian Nilakantha Sastri states that Saiva Siddhantam has similarities withSankhya philosophy, and applications of yoga training as its components. Haribhadra

a Jain scholar states that Ka(1ada (Vaise~ika darsana), Gautama (Nyaya darsana) are

••••••

I

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 85

Slvas9• This discussion facilitates to state that Sar7khya and other philosophies haveemerged from the teachings of yogi Dakshinamurti.

Siddhanta has included additional Padarthas. Sar7khyahas 24 Padarthas, yogaadds Adideva to the same list, where as Siddhantam identifies 36 Padarthas.lO.

Served as mother for the religions hinduism, buddism and jainism.Dakshinamurti the first Siddhar/yogi is considered as the propounder of this thought,who is also known as Siva. According to Sir John Marshel Saivamatam is the eldestand living religion, four disciples of yoga Dakshinamurti such as I. Sanagar (sanaka),2. Sanamdar (Sanamdana), 3. Sana tar (SanatsujA) and 4. Sanatkumarar (Sanatkumara]were taught by him on the hills of Mahendragiri on the borders of Andhra Pradesh andOrissa (other possible places) II).

Mahendragiri- Agastya and relevance of remote relation ship of Siddhasampradaya with Andhra Pradesh",

There are three places with Mahendragiri in Indian history. The first one isconsidered to have been drowned during the first Jalapralayam along with Limariya.Second one is in Srikakulam District on the Andhra-Orissa border, the third Mahendragirinear Nagarkoil.

The points which substantiate the possibility of yoga Dakshinamurti propagatinghis thoughts from Mahendragiri of Andhra- Orissa border are as follows:

1. According to religious importance the Mahendragiri of Srikakulam has moreimportance than Mahendragiri of Nagarkoil.

2. There is a very old temple (Bhimuni gudi) on the hill top facing Bay of Bengal.The pattern of construction of this temple with very big stone blocks (20-30tons each) to a height of 30 feet, with out any doors (indicating early style ofconstruction) substantiate this point. At a rough estimate this temple can be asold as 10,OOOyears.

3. People specially the Tribal visit this temple every Sivaratri, traveling two tothree days by walk every year even today

86 Journallnd.Med. Heritage Vol.XXXIX - 2009

4. There are evidences of different kings erecting temples in the honor of this oldtemple en route to this place 10

5. There is a story of Agastya migrating from north to Mahendragiri of Nagarkoil;and it is possible that he might have named his new abode in the remembranceof the place from where he has come.

6. The author of Tirumantram (>3000 verses), Tirumular, in one of the versesdescribes him as lucky person to get an opportunity to compose verses inTamil; the papers with "madurai adinam" it is written that the first Tirumularwas knowing a language with 16 vowels and 35 consonants which is possiblewith only Telugu language. Apart from this for the literature to describe Tantric,yoga practices need 51 letters which are readily available in Telugu script.

7. There is also a version of thought available which states that the originalTirumamtram is written by Tirumular three thousand years back, which istranslated into Tamil by Tirumular 2 during 6th or T" c. A.D

8. Nandi of nanda, the direct disciple of Dakshinamurti finds a due recognitionthrough out Andhra region. There are many prominent places which are namedafter him e.g. Mahanandi, Nandyal, Nandigama, Nandamuri etc.,

9. Andhra Pradesh was known as Trilingadesha and most of the kings who ruledthis region are famous Saivas viz., kharavela,Shivasvati, Shivamaka, Shivalakur,Shivasri, Shivaskanda, Shivaskandanaga,skamdastambi etc.,

10. Many Tamil writers state that' Siddhantci'semprediiye is derived from north (kailasasemprediiye). The eight prakhyatas who areimportant to this tradition are four praktanasand Agastya, Tirumalar, Vyagracataru,Patanjali.

!!III_or. •••••NIp_ ••I.k.--..-..." ..••.•..on.. ••

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 87

II. There is a place with the name Kailasakota, in the hills of Mahendragiri. in theKoratpur district of Orissa

12. There is another rage of hillocks with the name Kailasa parvata near bhimunipatnam, in Yishakhapatnam district of A.P.

13. As stated in Agastya gadha and Sangam literature the history of vellalars,ardent followers of this traditions were migrated from north (possibly fromAndhra).

14. There are archeological evidences in Kumool district, Andhra Pradesh - ManyCaves with the name of Siddhars across the old Tungabhadra terrain.Ketavaram., Gargheya puram, Kanvamatkal village; Cinna Siddalu, PeddaSiddhalu display very old cave paintings/

15. Even today the survey of village, town names in Andhra Pradesh, provides usa very big list of names having the names Siddha, Sangam, Nandi either assuffix, prefix or some part of the name. This indicates the wide spread ofSiddhanta / Siddha tradition in this part of the India, possibly a long time back.A list of such names is provided here:

Names of Villages and Towns having I starting with the word "Siddha""Sangam" "Nandi" as suffix or prefix 2.

Village Name Vii. MandaI MandaI District DistCode Code Name Code

1 CHINNASIDDAPUR 22 BEJJUR 47 ADILABAD 192 PEDDASIDDAPUR 21 BEJJUR 47 ADILABAD 193 SIDDUR 6 BHAINSA 16 ADILABAD 194 SIDDANKUNTA 30 DILAWARPUR 20 ADILABAD 195 SIDDANKUNTA 33 NIRMAL 21 ADILABAD 196 SIDDAPUR 26 NIRMAL 21 ADILABAD 197 SIDDARAMPURAM 2 BOMMANAHAL 2 ANANTAPUR 128 SIDDARAMPURAM 6 BUKKAPATNAM 50 ANANTAPUR 12

88 Journal Ind. Med. Heritage Vol. XXXIX - 2009

9 SIDDAMPETA 8 BUKKARAYA 26 ANANTAPUR 12SAMUDRAM

10 SIDDARAMPURAM 14 BUKKARAYA 26 ANANTAPUR 12SAMUDRAM

11 H.SIDDAPURAM 2 D.HIRCHAL I ANANTAPUR 1212 SIDDARASCHERLA 8 NARPALA 27 ANANTAPUR 12\3 SIDDAMPALLE 26 CHITTOOR 54 CHITTOOR 1014 SIDDAVARAM 7 PEDDAMANDYAM 1 CHITTOOR 10IS SIDDALINGAMAPALLE 7 PUTHALAPATTU 51 CHITTOOR 1016 SIDDIGUNTA 4 THOTTAMBEDU 15 CHITTOOR 1017 SIDDAMURTHYPALLE 22 KALASAPADU 9 CUDDAPAH II

18 SIDDAVARAM 9 PENAGALURU 41 CUDDAPAH II

19 SIDDAVARAM 21 PORUMAMILLA 10 CUDDAPAH II

20 SITHOUT @ 11 SIDHOUT 30 CUDDAPAH II

SIDDAVATTAM21 SIDDIVARIPALEM 13 SANKHAVARAM 9 EAST GODAVARI 422 SIDDINENIGUDEM II MADHIRA 45 KHAMMAM 2223 SIDDARAM 15 SATHUPALLE 29 KHAMMAM 2224 SIDDARAM 7 VELAIRPAD 13 KHAMMAM 2225 SIDDAPURAM 6 ATMAKUR II KURNOOL 1326 SIDDEPALLE 8 ATMAKUR II KURNOOL \3

27 SIDDAPURAM 2 HALAHARVI 54 KURNOOL 1328 SIDDHESWARAM 2 KOTHAPALLE 10 KURNOOL 1329 SIDDAPUR 19 ACHAMPETA 44 MAHABUBNAGAR 1430 SIDDAPUR 16 KOTHUR 13 MAHABUBNAGAR 1431 SIDDOTAM 24 NAWABPET 9 MAHABUBNAGAR 1432 SIDDAPUR I JHARASANGAM 29 MEDAK 1733 SIDDAPUR PAITIKOHIR 23 KOHIR 31 MEDAK 1734 SIDDAPUR[R] 19 SADASIVPET 34 MEDAK 17

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 89

35 SIDDIPET 16 MEDAK 1736 SIDDA SAMUDRAM 8 THIRUMALAGIRI 7 NALGONDA 2337 SIDDAVARAPU II BOGOLE 6 NELLORE 9

VENKATESUPA38 ATTALASIDDAVARAM 31 DAKKILI 34 NELLORE 939 SIDDANA KONDURU 15 KALIGIRI 7 NELLORE 940 SIDDAVARAM 7 KOTA 39 NELLORE 941 SIDDAVARAM 36 RAPUR 23 NELLORE 942 SIDDAVARAM 23 VENKATAGIRI 35 NELLORE 943 SIDDAPUR 5 BODHAN 14 NIZAMABAD 1844 SIDDAPUR 27 JUKKAL 17 NIZAMABAD 1845 SIDDAPUR 26 NANDIPET 3 NIZAMABAD 1846 SIDDAPUR 11 PITLAM 28 NIZAMABAD 1847 SIDDAPUR 24 TADWAI 33 NIZAMABAD 1848 SIDDAPUR 27 VARNI 20 NIZAMABAD 1849 SIDDAVARAM 21 KONAKANAMITLA 11 PRAKASAM 850 SIDDAVARAM 25 PAMUR 52 PRAKASAM 851 SIDDIGAM 30 MANDASA 33 SRIKAKULAM 152 SAVARASIDDHAMANUGU 1 PATHAPATNAM 25 SRIKAKULAM 153 SIDDANTHAM 45 SARUBUJJILI 17 SRIKAKULAM 154 SARVASIDDI 11 S RAYAVARAM 40 VISAKHAPATNAM 355 SIDDHAPUR 16 HASANPARTHY 10 WARANGAL 2156 SIDDENKI 12 JANGAON 5 WARANGAL 2157 SIDDAPURAM 7 AKIVEEDU 34 GODAVARI WEST58 SIDDAPURAM 22 NIDAMARRU 25 WEST GODAVARI 5

1 SANGAMPET 10 LAXMANCHANDA 22 ADILABAD 192 SANGAMESWARAPALLE 12 PARIGI 58 ANANTAPUR 123 SANGAMJAGARLAMUDI 6 TENALI 32 GUNTUR 7

90 Journal Ind. Med. Heritage Vol. XXXIX - 2009

4 SANGAM (HANMAJIPALLE) 6 BEJJANKI 46 KARIM NAGAR 205 SANGAM 10 DUMMUGUDEM 8 KHAMMAM 226 SANGAM 18 PALAWANCHA 16 KHAMMAM 227 SANGAMESWARAM 3 KOTHAPALLE 10 KURNOOL 138 SANGAM 2 KESHAMPETA 14 MAHABUBNAGAR 149 SANGAMBANDA 14 MAKTHAL 32 MAHABUBNAGAR 1410 JHARASANGAM 29 MEDAK 17II SANGAM [KHURDj 9 JHARASANGAM 29 MEDAK 1712 SANGAM 33 KANGTI 2 MEDAK 1713 SANGAM 14 VALIGONDA IS NALGONDA 2314 N.SANGAMESWARA 8 GUDUR 32 NELLORE 9

SWAMY KHAIS SANGAM 19 NELLORE 916 SANGAM 12 SANGAM 19 NELLORE 917 SANGAM 13 BALKONDA 5 NIZAMABAD 1818 SANGAM IS BIRKOOR 19 NIZAMABAD 1819 SANGAM 36 BODHAN 14 NIZAMABAD 1820 SANGAMESHWAR 7 DOMAKONDA 36 NIZAMABAD 1821 MATHSANGAM 35 GANDHARI 26 NIZAMABAD 1822 PETASANGAM 34 GANDHARI 26 NIZAMABAD 1823 SANGAM KALAN 2 TANDUR 23 RANGA REDDY IS24 SANGAM 20 VANGARA 2 SRIKAKULAM I25 SANGAMVALASA 80 DUMBRIGUDA 4 VISAKHAPATNAM 326 SANGAM 109 GANGARAJU 11 VISAKHAPATNAM 3

MADUGULA27 SANGAMBANDA 207 GANGARAJU 11 VISAKHAPATNAM 3

MADUGULA28 SANGAMBANDA 261 GANGARAJU 11 VISAKHAPATNAM 3

MADUGULA

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 91

29 SANGAMVALASA 69 MUNCHINGIPUTTU VISAKHAPATNAM 3

1 NANDIGAON 45 ADILABAD 19 BEJJUR 472 BEERNANDI 16 ADILABAD 19 KHAN PUR 243 NANDIGAON 27 ADILABAD 19 TALAMADUGU 14 NANDIMANGALAM 12 CHITTOOR 10 PUTTUR 445 MAHANANDIPALLE 17 CUDDAPAH 11 KALASAPADU 96 NANDIMANDALAM 24 CUDDAPAH 11 PENDLIMARRI 337 NANDIVAMPU 10 EAST GODAVARI 4 TUN I 68 GUNTUR 7 PEDANANDIPADU 469 NANDIGAMA 14 GUNTUR 7 SATTENAPALLE 1510 NANDIVELUGU 3 GUNTUR 7 TENAL! 32II NANDIPADU 3 KHAMMAM 22 ASWARAOPETA 2712 NANDIGAMA 68 KHAMMAM 22 BHADRACHALAM 913 NANDIGAMA 14 KRISHNA 6 G KONDURU 914 NANDIGAMALANKA 9 KRISHNA 6 MANDAVALLI 4715 KRISHNA 6 NANDIGAMA 416 NANDIGAMA(U)(P) 5 KRISHNA 6 NANDIGAMA 417 KRISHNA 6 NANDIVADA 4118 NANDIGAMA 17 KRISHNA 6 PEDANA 4419 NANDIVARGAM 9 KURNOOL 13 BANAGANAPALLE 4420 NANDIPADU 6 KURNOOL 13 KOLlMIGUNDLA 4621 NANDIKUNTA 10 KURNOOL 13 KOTHAPALLE 1022 KURNOOL 13 MAHANANDI 3523 NANDIPALLE 5 KURNOOL 13 MAHANANDI 3524 ALLUR 7 KURNOOL 13 NANDI KOTKUR 825 NANDIPETA 1 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 ADDAKAL 2626 NANDIMALLA I MAHABUBNAGAR 14 ATMAKUR 3527 CHINNA NANDIGAM 12 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 KODANGAL I

92 Journal Ind. Med. Heritage Vol. XXXIX - 2009

28 PEDDANANDIGAM 10 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 KODANGAL 129 NANDIGAMA 10 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 KOTHUR 1330 NANDIGAM 22 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 MADDUR 631 NANDIPAHAD 2 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 MADDUR 632 MITTANANDIMALLA 28 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 NARVA 3333 NANDIGAON 17 MEDAK 17 PATANCHERU 3734 NANDIGAON 13 MEDAK 17 RAMAYAMPET 1335 NANDIKANDI 18 MEDAK 17 SADASIVPET 3436 NANDI PAHAD 5 NALGONDA 23 MIRYALAGUDA 4237 NANDIKONDA 20 NALGONDA 23 PEDDAVURA 5238 NANDIPADU 15 NELLORE 9 DUTTALUR 939 NANDIMALA 25 NELLORE 9 PELLAKUR 4340 NANDIVAYA 16 NELLORE 9 PODLAKUR 2441 NANDIGUNTA 7 NELLORE 9 VINJAMUR 842 NIZAMABAD 18 NANDIPET 343 NANDIGAON 3 NIZAMABAD 18 NAVIPET 244 NYAVANANDI 5 NIZAMABAD 18 SIRKONDA 2345 NANDIWADA 16 NIZAMABAD 18 TADWAI 3346 NANDI PADU 15 PRAKASAM 8 MADDIPADU 2847 NANDI PALEM 18 PRAKASAM 8 PODILI 1248 NANDIPALLE 3 RANG A REDDY 15 MAHESWARAM 3349 NANDIWANAPARTHY 7 RANGA REDDY 15 YACHARAM 3650 NANDIGAM 20 SRIKAKULAM I ETCHERLA 851 SRIKAKULAM I NANDIGAM 3052 NANDIGAM 78 SRIKAKULAM I NANDIGAM 3053 NANDIGAM 32 SRIKAKULAM I POLAKI 2154 NANDIVADA 34 SRIKAKULAM I PONDURU 955 NANDIKOTA 66 SRIKAKULAM I SARUBUJJJLI 1756 PANASANANDIVADA 39 SRIKAKULAM 1 VEERAGHATTAM I

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 93

57 NANDIGUMMI 285 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 ANANTHAGIRI 658 NANDIKOTA 49 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 ANANTHAGIRI 659 NANDIGUDA 80 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 ARAKU VALLEY 560 CHINANANDIPALLE 22 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 DEVARAPALLE 761 PEDA NANDIPALLE 26 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 DEVARAPALLE 762 NANDIGUDA 73 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 DUMBRIGUDA 463 NANDIPUTTU 157 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 HUKUMPETA 364 NANDIMETTA 231 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 MUNCHINGIPUTTU 165 NANDIGARUVU 195 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 PADERU 1066 NANDIMETTA 269 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 PEDABAYALU 267 NANDIGAM 4 VISAKHAPATNAM 2 BHOGHAPURAM 2668 GOTNANDI 5 VIZIANAGARAM 2 GARIVIDI 2269 MASANANDI 32 VIZIANAGARAM 2 KOMARADA I70 PUSANANDI 24 VIZIANAGARAM 2 KOMAR ADA I71 NANDIGAMA 32 VIZIANAGARAM 2 NELLIMARLA 24

ALTIPALEM72 NANDIGAM 4 VIZIANAGARAM 2 THERLAM 1573 NANDIGAMA 16 WARANGAL 21 BHUPALPALLE 4374 NANDIWADA 13 WARANGAL 21 MAHABUBABAD 2475 NANDIGAMA I WARANGAL 21 NALLABELLY 3476 NANDIGAMPADU 5 WEST GODAVARI 5 CHAGALLU 1577 NANDIGUDEM 9 WEST GODAVARI 5 GOPALAPURAM 578 NANDIKESWARAPURAM 15 WEST GODAVARI 5 PEDAPADU 2279 NANDIGAON 45 ADILABAD 19 BEJJUR 4780 BEERNANDI 16 ADILABAD 19 KHANPUR 24

List of Worship places related to Siddha (Shiva) Sampradaya

Name of the monument / site Location DistrictMallikarjuna (Siva) temple Kambaduru Anantapur

94

Virabhadra templeBasavannah templeChintalarayaswami templeRameswaraswami templeSitatirtham steeped well with entrancein the from of a bull-nandiPalliswara Mudaiya Madeya templeParasuramesvara templeBhimeshwara swamy temple

Indranadheshwara swamy temple

Kamalasambnashwara swamy temple

Raghaveswara swamy temple

Sivakesavaswamy temple

Trikoteswara swamy temple

Vaidhyanadha swamy temple

Vigneswara swamy templeVisvanatha swamy templeSaumyanatha templeAgatheswar Swami TempleInscribed rock to the west ofDharanikotaAncient siva temple with inscription

Journal Ind. Med. Heritage Vol. XXXIX - 2009

Lepakshi AnantapurLepakshi AnantapurTadpatri AnantapurTadpatri AnantapurPenukonda Anantapur

KaIakada ChittoorGudimallam ChittoorPushpagiri, Cuddapah(hamlet of kotluru)Pushpagiri, Cuddapah(hamlet of kotluru)Pushpagiri, Cuddapah(hamlet of kotluru)Pushpagiri, Cuddapah(hamlet of kotluru)Pushpagiri, Cuddapah(hamlet of kotluru)Pushpagiri, (hamlet Cuddapahof kotluru)Pushpagiri, (hamlet Cuddapahof kotluru)Chilamakuru CuddapahSivaIpallu CuddapahNandalur CuddapahChilamkur CuddapahAmaravati Guntur

Ayyangaripalam Guntur

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 95

Kapoteswara temple with the Chejeda Gunturinscriptional monuments within thetemple site(slabs in the temple site)Fort-storeyed rock-cut Hindu temple Undavalli GunturThe Sculptures, carvings, images or Buddam Gunturother like objects discovered withinthe revenue limitHill of Nagarjunakonda with the Pullareddigudem Gunturancient remains (Agarharam)Bhimeswara temple Samalkot, East Godavari

BhimavaramBhimeswara temple Draksharamam East GodavariGollingeswara group of temples Biccavolu East GodavariMonolithic Ganesh Image -do- East Godavari

Four pillars in the ruined mandapam Vijayawada Krishnain JamrnidoddiTwo rock-cut cave temples on the Vijayawada KrishnaIndrakila hill known as Akkannacaves Kiratarjuna pillar and slab theIndrakila hil Inscribed pillar and slabin Malleswaraswami templeRock-cut cave temples on the Hill Mogalrajapuram KrishnaSculptures, carvings, images other Gudur Krishnalike objects found in the vicinity ofthe old MosqueInscribed Pillar and slab in Vijayawada KrishnaMallesvarasvami templeKiratharjuna Pillar on the Vijayawada KrishnaIndrakilla Hill

96

Inscribed stone lying to the eastof siva templeNandavaram Temple including thesculpture of SubrahamanyaOld Cave TempleUma-Mahesvaraswami TempleAncient MoundsA group of eight rock-cut templesin Bhairavakonda hillChola TempleAncient MoundPitikeswara group of templesincluding Approach roadAncient SiteRemalingesvara group of templesSri Somesvara templeBhimesvara temple,Mukhalingesvara temple(Durga Bhairavakonda) having anancient monument called DurgaThe old, Dibbesvarasvamipur templeThousand Pillared templeRamappa templeWarangal Fort, Defences andgatewaysMounds locally known asBhimalingadibbaThe caves and structural stupaof Archaeological interest on

Joumallnd.Med. Heritage Vol.XXXIX - 2009

Rayachoti Kurnool

Nandavaram Kurnool

Yaganti KurnoolYaganti KurnoolKanuparti PrakasamKottapalli Prakasam

Motupalle PrakasamPedaganjam PrakasamPittikayagulla Prakasam

Pusalapadu PrakasamSatiavel PrakasamMukhalingam SrikakulamMukhalingesvara Srikakulam

Nilavati Vizianagaram

Sarapalli (Sarapalle) VizianagaramHanarnkonda WarangalPalampet WarangalWarangal Warangal

Denduluru West Godavari

Jilakarragudem(Hamlet of

West Godavari

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 97

Dharmalingesvarasvami hill Guntupalle)

Source http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphaJiscandhra.asp; Alphabetical List ofMonuments - Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad Circle (Andhra Pradesh)

The Bhakti Movement - Relation ship between Siddha tradition, Jainism,Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu II

The Bhakti movement was one of the finest products of Siddha Tradition andit was born in Andhra Pradesh. Kunda Kundacharya, otherwise known as Padmanandiwas a contemporary of Thiruvalluvar born in Konakandla village, about five kilometersfrom Guntakal in Andhra Pradesh. His work- "Dasabhakti Mulacaram" is thefountainhead of the Bhakti movement. Even to-day, it is customary in Andhra Pradeshto initiate a child into formal education by making him to trace the letters "Om NamahS;vaya, Siddham namah" (Salutations to Shiva and salutations to Siddha.).Kundakundacharya's philosophy of "Anektanta Vada' was his lasting contribution toJainism. It was in his native village that the map of Jambudivu or Navalandivu, theoriginal land of the Siddha Tradition has been carved out on a rock and may be seeneven to-day.

Kundakundacharya's contribution to Jain thought was as rich as Nagarjuna'scontribution to Buddhism at a later date. As there was a Buddhist University atNagarjunakomda, there was also a Jain University near Kalyandurg in Anantapur District.In fact, according to Jain tradition, Bodhan in Nizamabad (A.P) district was the capitalfrom where Mahabali ruled the entire south, including Kerala. According to the Jaintradition, Bodahan was then known as Bodanapur and there was a monolithic statue ofMahabali and it was worshipped as Kukkateshwara, which was demolished duringSatavahana period. But the folklore believes that it was eaten away by snakes. Thepresent statue of Gomateshwara in Kamataka was erected in honor of the Mahabalitradition.

The most noteworthy among the Jain scholar-teachers was Kundakunda acarya(Ist Century B.C.) who wrote, among other texts Dasa bhakti Mulacaram consideredan authoritative one. He trained a number of scholar-propagators like Balaka Pincha,Kunda Kriti, and Samata Bhadra. Jainism which continued its sway until the Kakatiya

98 Journal Ind. Med. Heritage Vol. XXXIX - 2009

period functioned through a number of Sanghams spread over the land. Arhabali (lstcentury AD) was said to be the most influential acharyas of such sanghams. Out of the24 Tirthankars revered in Jainism, See tala Nadha is said to be an Andhra. The Jainscholars were well- versed not only in their religious lore but also in such subjects likeastrology and medicine 12

The Bhakti movement in Tamil Nadu started with Thirumular s Thirumanthiramconsisting of 3047 verses D. Since Thirumular was reportedly found in Sathanur villagefor the first time and later moved to Thiruvavaduthurai in the south and since hehimself declares that God ordained him to be born to make his work in Tamil, it is opento doubt whether he hailed from Andhra, as Ponna and Pampa hailing from Andhrabecame famous Kannada poets. He liberally uses Telugu terms like "Tarkai" meaningstar (verse 860) or -vAru meaning they (verse 905) etc. Another interpretation is thatThirumular belong to the Mulasangha established by Kundakundacharya and eithertranslated or elaborated on the work ..Bhakti Millacaram" written by Kundakundacharya.It is pertinent to note here that the Sangha established by Kundakundacharya wasMulasangha. "He was the founder of the Mulasangha which became famous throughoutSouth!'.

It is a fact that there was close interaction between Andhra and Tamil lands inthose especially amongst the Siddhas. Konkana Siddha who was a friend of Tiruvalluvarof Mylapore, Madras belonged to Thirumala and it was near his Samadhi in Thirumalathat the present Venkateshvara temple is located. Most of the famous temples in Southincluding Chidambaram were constructed near the Samadhis of Siddhas. Bhoga Siddharwho was a Chinese origin wrote works in Tamil but his Samadhi is in Bogeshwaramnear Nandyal in Kurnool district and the Chota Kings have constructed a temple there.Rajamundry city was developed by Rajamahendra chola and named after him asRajamahendravaram. Tikkanna was a Telugu poet, minister of the Chola KingManumasiddhi of Nellore and the Tamil poet Manickavasagar was a minister of PandyaKing of Madurai. Manickavasagar himself in his Thiruvasagam acknowledges thatYoga Dakshinamurty or SIva gave him teachings to his four disciples in Mahendragiri"

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 99

It is after Thirumular's Tirumantiram that the eighteen Siddhars, sixty threeNayanmars and several Alwars composed the monumental Bhakti literature in Tamilover a period of several centuries".

Rasasamprad§ya in Andhrapradesh, traces of Siddha practices in folkloremedicine.

Unlike Kerala's classical A~.ta vaidya samprad§ya, and Northern Ayurvedictraditions, Andhra Pradesh we find a distinct way of Ayurvedic practice whichpredominantly uses Herbo mineral medicines for treating illness. This is probably dueto the influence of Siddha tradition.

In Andhra Pradesh we find special practice known as " vente Mandu/u", whichis prepared using mercury (rasa), and gandhakam. There used to be families who usedto go from village to village prepare these medicines and distribute among the localvaidyas. Rasakarp[Jram, Rasasindh[Jram etc., are the common preparations whichwere prepared regularly. Another interesting point to be noted is unlike Classical Ayurveda,in folklore we find use of mostly local herbs, minerals and animal products for treatingmany conditions". There are many drugs which do not find mention in classicalAyurvedic texts. Such collections are compiled later date in the form of"Vastugu(1adipika' which describe their properties and usage. We find many commonherbs, minerals and metals which are regularly used in Siddha medicine.

Conclusion

Like in the case of Bhakti movement, cultural traditions Andhra Pradesh andTamilnadu share a common legacy to share with each other. The author of this paperopines that limiting Siddha lineage only Tamilnadu is very unjust. The wide spread ofthis philosophy, and its influence on the lives of people from all over south India andother parts has to be studied rigorously. This will ensure to probably help reconstructthe actual territory in which Siddha medicine was in practice from bygone ages. Theadvantage of doing so will be to fill in the missing links in establishing the interactionsbetween Siddha and Other streams viz., Ayurveda, folk traditions from time to time.The division (linguistic, geographical) are made for convenience, and never to be viewedin the context of interpreting them as is when it comes to understand bigger topics

....,II

100 Joumallnd.Med. Heritage Vol.XXXIX - 2009

such as the History of Medicine. Such applied sciences are beyond borders hence asystematic study; holistic interpretation will be healthy model to review the context.The tracks of Siddha medicine, Siddha samprad§ya are very clear everywhere in AndhraPradesh. This paper welcomes scholars working on the Topics related to Siddha, totake up further studies in this direction and enrich the Siddha literature.

REFERENCFS

Anonymous 2000 Andhra Medicine, http://www.vepachedu.org/andhramedicine.htm 8/5/2000

2 Anonymous 2000 http://apland.ap.nic.inlcclaweb/APVillageLisc Type l.pdf 8/512000

3 Divi Gopalacharya 1918 Dakshinabharatamu-Ayurvedapracaramu,Ayurvedashramam, Chennapuri,Chennai, India. Pp. 8

4 Ibid 1918 Pp. 9

5 Ibid 1918 Pp.1O

6 Ibid 1918 Pp. 11

7 Pandian, S.K. & 1989 Marugunapadda Varasatvam,Venkateshwar Reddy, Original Book - The S.K. Pandian ,A. (Translator) Hidden Heritage, Sterling

Publishers Pvt. Ltd, TeluguAcademy, Hyderabad, India. Pp. 5

8 Ibid 1989 Pp.154

9 Ibid 1989 pp.44

10 Ibid 1989 Pp. 234-135

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al.

11 Pandian, P.S.K. 1997 India that is Sidd, Allied PublishersLimited, Kachiguda, Hyderabad-500027, Andhra Pradesh, India. Pp.30,31

12 Ibid 1997 Pp. 30, 31...ref.17

13 Ibid 1997 pp. 30, 31.. .ref 19

14 Ibid 1997 pp. 30, 31 ...ref 20

15 Ibid 1997 Pp. 30, 31

]6 Ibid 1997 Pp. 33, 34

I7 Patel Anantaiah 1990 Telugunata Janapada vaidyam,Monograph on Folklore MedicalPractices in Telugu, Patel AnantaiahPublication, Hyderabad, India.

101

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102 Journal Ind. Med. Heritage Vol. XXXIX - 2009

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