Chapter 8 Memory - mrsichakpchs.weebly.com · chapter 8 memory figure 8.1 0elqldo ... k $fp@rpp qeb...

Chapter 8

Memory

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EVERYDAY CONNECTION

LINK TO LEARNING



http://openstaxcollege.org/l/automem1



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LINK TO LEARNING



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http://openstaxcollege.org/l/mousebeam

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LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/HMbrain

http://openstaxcollege.org/l/HMbrain

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8.3 Problems with Memory

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LINK TO LEARNING



http://openstaxcollege.org/l/bolzan

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Table 8.1 Schacter’s Seven Sins of Memory

Sin Type Description Example

4O>KPFBK@B &LODBQQFKD !@@BPPF?FIFQV�LC�JBJLOVAB@OB>PBP�LSBO�QFJB

&LODBQ�BSBKQP�QE>Q�L@@ROOBAILKD�>DL

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LINK TO LEARNING



http://openstaxcollege.org/l/memgame

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Figure 8.20 -BJLOV�QB@EKFNRBP�@>K�?B�RPBCRI�TEBK�PQRAVFKD�CLO�@I>PP��@OBAFQ��">OOV�0LRPJ>K

k Use elaborative rehearsal� )K > C>JLRP >OQF@IB #O>FH >KA ,L@HE>OQ �� AFP@RPPBA QEBFO ?BIFBC QE>QFKCLOJ>QFLK TB MOL@BPP JLOB ABBMIV DLBP FKQL ILKD�QBOJ JBJLOV� 4EBFO QEBLOV FP @>IIBA levels ofprocessing� )C TB T>KQ QL OBJBJ?BO > MFB@B LC FKCLOJ>QFLK TB PELRIA QEFKH >?LRQ FQ JLOB ABBMIV>KA IFKH FQ QL LQEBO FKCLOJ>QFLK >KA JBJLOFBP QL J>HB FQ JLOB JB>KFKDCRI� &LO BU>JMIB FC TB >OBQOVFKD QL OBJBJ?BO QE>Q QEB EFMML@>JMRP FP FKSLISBA TFQE JBJLOV MOL@BPPFKD TB JFDEQ BKSFPFLK>�EFMMLMLQ>JRP�TFQE�BU@BIIBKQ�JBJLOV�>KA�QEBK�TB�@LRIA�?BQQBO�OBJBJ?BO�QEB�EFMML@>JMRP�

LINK TO LEARNING


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/foer

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k Don’t forget the forgetting curve� !P VLR HKLT QEB FKCLOJ>QFLK VLR IB>OK AOLMP LCC O>MFAIV TFQEQFJB� %SBK FC VLR QEFKH VLR HKLT QEB J>QBOF>I PQRAV FQ >D>FK OFDEQ ?BCLOB QBPQ QFJB QL FK@OB>PBQEB IFHBIFELLA QEB FKCLOJ>QFLK TFII OBJ>FK FK VLRO JBJLOV� /SBOIB>OKFKD @>K EBIM MOBSBKQ PQLO>DBAB@>V�

k Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse� 2BSFBT QEB J>QBOF>I LSBO QFJB FK PM>@BA >KA LOD>KFWBA PQRAVPBPPFLKP� /OD>KFWB >KA PQRAV VLRO KLQBP >KA Q>HB MO>@QF@B NRFWWBP�BU>JP� ,FKH QEB KBTFKCLOJ>QFLK�QL�LQEBO�FKCLOJ>QFLK�VLR�>IOB>AV�HKLT�TBII�

k Be aware of interference� 4L OBAR@B QEB IFHBIFELLA LC FKQBOCBOBK@B PQRAV AROFKD > NRFBQ QFJBTFQELRQ�FKQBOORMQFLKP�LO�AFPQO>@QFLKP�IFHB�QBIBSFPFLK�LO�JRPF@�

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k Get enough sleep� 7EFIB VLR >OB PIBBMFKD VLRO ?O>FK FP PQFII >Q TLOH� $ROFKD PIBBM QEB ?O>FKLOD>KFWBP�>KA�@LKPLIFA>QBP�FKCLOJ>QFLK�QL�?B�PQLOBA�FK�ILKD�QBOJ�JBJLOV�!?BI��"^RJI ��

k Make use of mnemonic devices� !P VLR IB>OKBA B>OIFBO FK QEFP @E>MQBO JKBJLKF@ ABSF@BP LCQBKEBIM RP QL OBJBJ?BO >KA OB@>II FKCLOJ>QFLK� 4EBOB >OB AFCCBOBKQ QVMBP LC JKBJLKF@ ABSF@BP PR@E>P QEB >@OLKVJ� !K >@OLKVJ FP > TLOA CLOJBA ?V QEB CFOPQ IBQQBO LC B>@E LC QEB TLOAP VLR T>KQ QLOBJBJ?BO� &LO BU>JMIB BSBK FC VLR IFSB KB>O LKB VLR JFDEQ E>SB AFCCF@RIQV OB@>IIFKD QEB K>JBPLC >II CFSB 'OB>Q ,>HBP� 7E>Q FC ) QLIA VLR QL QEFKH LC QEB TLOA (LJBP� (/-%3 FP >K >@OLKVJQE>Q OBMOBPBKQP (ROLK /KQ>OFL -F@EFD>K %OFB >KA 3RMBOFLO� QEB CFSB 'OB>Q ,>HBP� !KLQEBO QVMB LCJKBJLKF@ ABSF@B FP >K >@OLPQF@� VLR J>HB > MEO>PB LC >II QEB CFOPQ IBQQBOP LC QEB TLOAP� &LO BU>JMIB FC VLR >OB Q>HFKD > J>QE QBPQ >KA VLR >OB E>SFKD AFCCF@RIQV OBJBJ?BOFKD the order of operations OB@>IIFKD QEB CLIILTFKD PBKQBK@B TFII EBIM VLR� p0IB>PB %U@RPB -V $B>O !RKQ 3>IIV q ?B@>RPB QEBLOABO LC J>QEBJ>QF@>I LMBO>QFLKP FP 0>OBKQEBPBP %UMLKBKQP -RIQFMIF@>QFLK $FSFPFLK !AAFQFLK 3R?QO>@QFLK� 4EBOB >IPL >OB GFKDIBP TEF@E >OB OEVJFKD QRKBP QE>Q @LKQ>FK HBV TLOAP OBI>QBA QL QEB@LK@BMQ �PR@E�>P i before e, except after c�



absentmindedness

acoustic encoding

amnesia

anterograde amnesia

arousal theory

Atkinson-Shiffrin model (A-S)

automatic processing

bias

blocking

chunking

construction

declarative memory

effortful processing

elaborative rehearsal

encoding

engram

episodic memory

equipotentiality hypothesis

explicit memory

false memory syndrome

flashbulb memory

forgetting

implicit memory

levels of processing

Key Terms

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FKMRQ�LC�PLRKAP �TLOAP �>KA�JRPF@

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JBJLOV�JLABI�QE>Q�PQ>QBP�TB�MOL@BPP�FKCLOJ>QFLK�QEOLRDE�QEOBBPVPQBJP��PBKPLOV�JBJLOV �PELOQ�QBOJ�JBJLOV �>KA�ILKD�QBOJ�JBJLOV

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JBJLOV�BOOLO�FK�TEF@E�VLR�@>KKLQ�>@@BPP�PQLOBA�FKCLOJ>QFLK

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CLOJRI>QFLK�LC�KBT�JBJLOFBP

QVMB�LC�ILKD�QBOJ�JBJLOV�LC�C>@QP�>KA�BSBKQP�TB�MBOPLK>IIV�BUMBOFBK@B

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FKMRQ�LC�FKCLOJ>QFLK�FKQL�QEB�JBJLOV�PVPQBJ

MEVPF@>I�QO>@B�LC�JBJLOV

QVMB�LC�AB@I>O>QFSB�JBJLOV�QE>Q�@LKQ>FKP�FKCLOJ>QFLK�>?LRQ�BSBKQP�TB�E>SB�MBOPLK>IIVBUMBOFBK@BA �>IPL�HKLTK�>P�>RQL?FLDO>MEF@>I�JBJLOV

PLJB�M>OQP�LC�QEB�?O>FK�@>K�Q>HB�LSBO�CLO�A>J>DBA�M>OQP�FK�CLOJFKD�>KAPQLOFKD�JBJLOFBP

JBJLOFBP�TB�@LKP@FLRPIV�QOV�QL�OBJBJ?BO�>KA�OB@>II

OB@>II�LC�C>IPB�>RQL?FLDO>MEF@>I�JBJLOFBP

BU@BMQFLK>IIV�@IB>O�OB@LIIB@QFLK�LC�>K�FJMLOQ>KQ�BSBKQ

ILPP�LC�FKCLOJ>QFLK�COLJ�ILKD�QBOJ�JBJLOV

JBJLOFBP�QE>Q�>OB�KLQ�M>OQ�LC�LRO�@LKP@FLRPKBPP

FKCLOJ>QFLK�QE>Q�FP�QELRDEQ�LC�JLOB�ABBMIV�?B@LJBP�JLOB�JB>KFKDCRI�>KA�QERP?BQQBO�@LJJFQQBA�QL�JBJLOV


long-term memory (LTM)

memory

memory consolidation

memory-enhancing strategy

misattribution

misinformation effect paradigm

mnemonic device

persistence

proactive interference

procedural memory

recall

recognition

reconstruction

rehearsal

relearning

retrieval

retroactive interference

retrograde amnesia

self-reference effect

semantic encoding

semantic memory

sensory memory

short-term memory (STM)

storage

suggestibility

@LKQFKRLRP�PQLO>DB�LC�FKCLOJ>QFLK

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QB@EKFNRB�QL�EBIM�J>HB�PROB�FKCLOJ>QFLK�DLBP�COLJ�PELOQ�QBOJ�JBJLOV�QLILKD�QBOJ�JBJLOV

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>@@BPPFKD�FKCLOJ>QFLK�TFQELRQ�@RBP

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transience

visual encoding

JBJLOV�BOOLO�FK�TEF@E�RKRPBA�JBJLOFBP�C>AB�TFQE�QEB�M>PP>DB�LC�QFJB

FKMRQ�LC�FJ>DBP

Summary

8.1 How Memory Functions-BJLOV�FP�>�PVPQBJ�LO�MOL@BPP�QE>Q�PQLOBP�TE>Q�TB�IB>OK�CLO�CRQROB�RPB�

/RO JBJLOV E>P QEOBB ?>PF@ CRK@QFLKP� BK@LAFKD PQLOFKD >KA OBQOFBSFKD FKCLOJ>QFLK� %K@LAFKD FP QEB>@Q LC DBQQFKD FKCLOJ>QFLK FKQL LRO JBJLOV PVPQBJ QEOLRDE >RQLJ>QF@ LO BCCLOQCRI MOL@BPPFKD� 3QLO>DB FPOBQBKQFLK LC QEB FKCLOJ>QFLK >KA OBQOFBS>I FP QEB >@Q LC DBQQFKD FKCLOJ>QFLK LRQ LC PQLO>DB >KA FKQL @LKP@FLRP>T>OBKBPP QEOLRDE OB@>II OB@LDKFQFLK >KA OBIB>OKFKD� 4EB FAB> QE>Q FKCLOJ>QFLK FP MOL@BPPBA QEOLRDEQEOBB JBJLOV PVPQBJP FP @>IIBA QEB !QHFKPLK�3EFCCOFK !�3 JLABI LC JBJLOV� &FOPQ BKSFOLKJBKQ>I PQFJRIFBKQBO LRO PBKPLOV JBJLOV CLO > MBOFLA LC IBPP QE>K > PB@LKA QL > CBT PB@LKAP� 4ELPB PQFJRIF QE>Q TB KLQF@B>KA M>V >QQBKQFLK QL QEBK JLSB FKQL PELOQ�QBOJ JBJLOV >IPL @>IIBA TLOHFKD JBJLOV� !@@LOAFKD QL QEB!�3 JLABI FC TB OBEB>OPB QEFP FKCLOJ>QFLK QEBK FQ JLSBP FKQL ILKD�QBOJ JBJLOV CLO MBOJ>KBKQ PQLO>DB�/QEBO JLABIP IFHB QE>Q LC ">AABIBV >KA (FQ@E PRDDBPQ QEBOB FP JLOB LC > CBBA?>@H ILLM ?BQTBBK PELOQ�QBOJ JBJLOV >KA ILKD�QBOJ JBJLOV� ,LKD�QBOJ JBJLOV E>P > MO>@QF@>IIV IFJFQIBPP PQLO>DB @>M>@FQV >KAFP AFSFABA FKQL FJMIF@FQ >KA BUMIF@FQ JBJLOV� &FK>IIV OBQOFBS>I FP QEB >@Q LC DBQQFKD JBJLOFBP LRQ LC PQLO>DB>KA�?>@H�FKQL�@LKP@FLRP�>T>OBKBPP��4EFP�FP�ALKB�QEOLRDE�OB@>II �OB@LDKFQFLK �>KA�OBIB>OKFKD�

8.2 Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory"BDFKKFKD TFQE +>OI ,>PEIBV OBPB>O@EBOP >KA MPV@ELILDFPQP E>SB ?BBK PB>O@EFKD CLO QEB BKDO>J TEF@EFP QEB MEVPF@>I QO>@B LC JBJLOV� ,>PEIBV AFA KLQ CFKA QEB BKDO>J ?RQ EB AFA PRDDBPQ QE>Q JBJLOFBP>OB AFPQOF?RQBA QEOLRDELRQ QEB BKQFOB ?O>FK O>QEBO QE>K PQLOBA FK LKB PMB@FCF@ >OB>� .LT TB HKLT QE>QQEOBB ?O>FK >OB>P AL MI>V PFDKFCF@>KQ OLIBP FK QEB MOL@BPPFKD >KA PQLO>DB LC AFCCBOBKQ QVMBP LC JBJLOFBP�@BOB?BIIRJ EFMML@>JMRP >KA >JVDA>I>� 4EB @BOB?BIIRJsP GL? FP QL MOL@BPP MOL@BARO>I JBJLOFBP� QEBEFMML@>JMRP FP TEBOB KBT JBJLOFBP >OB BK@LABA� QEB >JVDA>I> EBIMP ABQBOJFKB TE>Q JBJLOFBP QLPQLOB >KA FQ MI>VP > M>OQ FK ABQBOJFKFKD TEBOB QEB JBJLOFBP >OB PQLOBA ?>PBA LK TEBQEBO TB E>SB >PQOLKD LO TB>H BJLQFLK>I OBPMLKPB QL QEB BSBKQ� 3QOLKD BJLQFLK>I BUMBOFBK@BP @>K QOFDDBO QEB OBIB>PBLC KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP >P TBII >P ELOJLKBP TEF@E PQOBKDQEBK JBJLOV PL QE>Q JBJLOV CLO >K BJLQFLK>IBSBKQ FP RPR>IIV PQOLKDBO QE>K JBJLOV CLO > KLK�BJLQFLK>I BSBKQ� 4EFP FP PELTK ?V TE>Q FP HKLTK >P QEBCI>PE?RI? JBJLOV MEBKLJBKLK� LRO >?FIFQV QL OBJBJ?BO PFDKFCF@>KQ IFCB BSBKQP� (LTBSBO LRO JBJLOV CLOIFCB�BSBKQP�>RQL?FLDO>MEF@>I�JBJLOV�FP�KLQ�>IT>VP�>@@RO>QB�

8.3 Problems with Memory!II LC RP >Q QFJBP E>SB CBIQ AFPJ>VBA CORPQO>QBA >KA BSBK BJ?>OO>PPBA TEBK LRO JBJLOFBP E>SB C>FIBA RP�/RO JBJLOV FP CIBUF?IB >KA MOLKB QL J>KV BOOLOP TEF@E FP TEV BVBTFQKBPP QBPQFJLKV E>P ?BBK CLRKA QL?B I>ODBIV RKOBIF>?IB� 4EBOB >OB PBSBO>I OB>PLKP TEV CLODBQQFKD L@@ROP� )K @>PBP LC ?O>FK QO>RJ> LO AFPB>PB CLODBQQFKD J>V ?B ARB QL >JKBPF>� !KLQEBO OB>PLK TB CLODBQ FP ARB QL BK@LAFKD C>FIROB� 7B @>KsQ OBJBJ?BOPLJBQEFKD FC TB KBSBO PQLOBA FQ FK LRO JBJLOV FK QEB CFOPQ MI>@B� 3@E>@QBO MOBPBKQP PBSBK JBJLOV BOOLOPQE>Q >IPL @LKQOF?RQB QL CLODBQQFKD� 3LJBQFJBP FKCLOJ>QFLK FP >@QR>IIV PQLOBA FK LRO JBJLOV ?RQ TB @>KKLQ>@@BPP FQ ARB QL FKQBOCBOBK@B� 0OL>@QFSB FKQBOCBOBK@B E>MMBKP TEBK LIA FKCLOJ>QFLK EFKABOP QEB OB@>II LCKBTIV IB>OKBA FKCLOJ>QFLK� 2BQOL>@QFSB FKQBOCBOBK@B E>MMBKP TEBK FKCLOJ>QFLK IB>OKBA JLOB OB@BKQIVEFKABOP�QEB�OB@>II�LC�LIABO�FKCLOJ>QFLK�

8.4 Ways to Enhance Memory4EBOB >OB J>KV T>VP QL @LJ?>Q QEB FKBSFQ>?IB C>FIROBP LC LRO JBJLOV PVPQBJ� 3LJB @LJJLK PQO>QBDFBPQE>Q @>K ?B RPBA FK BSBOVA>V PFQR>QFLKP FK@IRAB JKBJLKF@ ABSF@BP OBEB>OP>I PBIC�OBCBOBK@FKD >KA>ABNR>QB�PIBBM��4EBPB�P>JB�PQO>QBDFBP�>IPL�@>K�EBIM�VLR�QL�PQRAV�JLOB�BCCB@QFSBIV�


Review Questions

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Critical Thinking Questions

13. #LJM>OB�>KA�@LKQO>PQ�FJMIF@FQ�>KA�BUMIF@FQ�JBJLOV�

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Personal Application Questions

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