Frontier GeoSciences Inc. [email protected] [email protected] ‘ Bob Brunette...

Frontier GeoSciences Inc. [email protected]

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Bob Brunette Hg and Air Quality–Sources, Effects, Control

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Measuring Total And Speciated Mercury Measuring Total And Speciated Mercury In Process Gas EmissionsIn Process Gas Emissions

Solid Sorbent Based Methods: US EPA 324 and FAMSSolid Sorbent Based Methods: US EPA 324 and FAMS

Hg Monitoring And MonitoringHg Monitoring And Monitoring

WESTAR Fall MeetingWESTAR Fall MeetingMercury and Air Quality – Sources, Effects, and ControlsMercury and Air Quality – Sources, Effects, and Controls

San Diego, CaliforniaSan Diego, CaliforniaSeptember 22, 2005September 22, 2005

Bob BrunetteBob Brunette

Frontier Geosciences IncFrontier Geosciences Inc414 Pontius Avenue North 414 Pontius Avenue North Seattle, Washington 98109Seattle, Washington 98109

[email protected]@frontiergeosciences.com206 957 1461206 957 1461


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Frontier Flue Gas Adsorbent Mercury Speciation Frontier Flue Gas Adsorbent Mercury Speciation - Topics Covered -- Topics Covered -

• Frontier Geosciences IncFrontier Geosciences Inc

• Hg Control Systems – Do They Work?Hg Control Systems – Do They Work?

• Existing Hg Sampling MethodsExisting Hg Sampling Methods

• History Of Solid Sorbent Methods: US EPA 324 and FAMSHistory Of Solid Sorbent Methods: US EPA 324 and FAMS

• Measuring Total and Speciated Hg In Process GasMeasuring Total and Speciated Hg In Process Gas– US EPA 324 and FAMS Methods US EPA 324 and FAMS Methods

– US EPA 1631 & Applications To Coal-Fired UtilityUS EPA 1631 & Applications To Coal-Fired Utility

• Hg Control Systems EvaluatedHg Control Systems Evaluated

• ConclusionsConclusions


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History and BackgroundHistory and Background- Frontier Geosciences Inc -- Frontier Geosciences Inc -

• Bob BrunetteBob Brunette– Hg Emissions Group LeaderHg Emissions Group Leader

– Hg Analytical Lab DirectorHg Analytical Lab Director

– 10 Years Research Focus On Hg In Process Gas Emissions10 Years Research Focus On Hg In Process Gas Emissions

• Frontier Geosciences IncFrontier Geosciences Inc– Originally an EPRI Contract Research LaboratoryOriginally an EPRI Contract Research Laboratory

– Specialized Inorganic Research And ConsultingSpecialized Inorganic Research And Consulting

– Co-authored US EPA 1631 = Total HgCo-authored US EPA 1631 = Total Hg

– Co-Authored US EPA 324 and Authored FAMS MethodsCo-Authored US EPA 324 and Authored FAMS Methods

– Authored/Co-Authored US EPA 1600 Series Metals MethodsAuthored/Co-Authored US EPA 1600 Series Metals Methods


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Frontier Geosciences Frontier Geosciences Authored/Co-Authored MethodsAuthored/Co-Authored Methods

• US EPA Method 1630:US EPA Method 1630: Determination of Methyl Mercury in Water and Tissues by Distillation, Determination of Methyl Mercury in Water and Tissues by Distillation, Extraction, Aqueous Phase Ethylation, Purge and Trap, Isothermal GC Separation, Cold Vapor Extraction, Aqueous Phase Ethylation, Purge and Trap, Isothermal GC Separation, Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry.Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry.

• US EPA Method 1631:US EPA Method 1631: Determination of Mercury in Water by Oxidation, Purge and Trap and Determination of Mercury in Water by Oxidation, Purge and Trap and Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry.Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry.

• US EPA Method 1637:US EPA Method 1637: Determination of Trace Elements in Ambient Waters by Off-Line Determination of Trace Elements in Ambient Waters by Off-Line Chelation, Preconcentration and stabilized Temperature Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption.Chelation, Preconcentration and stabilized Temperature Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption.

• US EPA Method 1638:US EPA Method 1638: Determination of Trace Elements in Ambient Waters by Inductively Determination of Trace Elements in Ambient Waters by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry.Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry.

• US EPA Method 1639:US EPA Method 1639: Determination of Trace Elements in Ambient Waters by Stabilized Determination of Trace Elements in Ambient Waters by Stabilized Temperature Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption.Temperature Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption.

• US EPA Method 1640:US EPA Method 1640: Determination of Trace Elements in Ambient Waters by On-Line Determination of Trace Elements in Ambient Waters by On-Line Chelation Preconcentration and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry.Chelation Preconcentration and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry.

• US EPA Method 1669:US EPA Method 1669: Sampling Ambient Water for Trace Metals at EPA Water Quality Criteria Sampling Ambient Water for Trace Metals at EPA Water Quality Criteria Levels.Levels.


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Why Measure Hg At The Sub PPB Range?Why Measure Hg At The Sub PPB Range?Historical Perspective – Hg In Waste Water EffluentsHistorical Perspective – Hg In Waste Water Effluents


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How Accurate Is US Utility Hg Emission InventoryHow Accurate Is US Utility Hg Emission InventoryBased On Coal Hg Measurements?Based On Coal Hg Measurements?

• 25 Year Record Of Coal Hg Based On ASTM 368425 Year Record Of Coal Hg Based On ASTM 3684

• 1999 ICR Prescribed The Use Of ASTM 3684 Method1999 ICR Prescribed The Use Of ASTM 3684 Method

• ASTM Method Has Shown High LOD/LOQ Relative ASTM Method Has Shown High LOD/LOQ Relative To The Range Of Mercury Concentrations Found In To The Range Of Mercury Concentrations Found In Coal.Coal.

• ASTM Method LOQ = ~ 0.06ppmASTM Method LOQ = ~ 0.06ppm

• Range Of Coal Hg Concentrations: 0.02 – 0.18ppmRange Of Coal Hg Concentrations: 0.02 – 0.18ppm


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Coal Mercury Measurements Coal Mercury Measurements Variation Between Laboratories and MethodsVariation Between Laboratories and Methods


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Benefit Of Low-Level Sensitive Analytical MethodsBenefit Of Low-Level Sensitive Analytical Methods

““EPA is now aware of several studies in which the techniques EPA is now aware of several studies in which the techniques employed in the above guidance (EPA-1631 CVAFS and employed in the above guidance (EPA-1631 CVAFS and other 1600 series methods) have been applied and have other 1600 series methods) have been applied and have been of great benefit in determining that either an been of great benefit in determining that either an environment problem does not exist or that the magnitude environment problem does not exist or that the magnitude of the problem is considerably less than initially of the problem is considerably less than initially envisioned. Therefore, the added costs associated with the envisioned. Therefore, the added costs associated with the sample handling and quality control protocols contained in sample handling and quality control protocols contained in the draft guidance are often trivial when compared to the the draft guidance are often trivial when compared to the cost saved by avoiding unnecessary pollution controls that cost saved by avoiding unnecessary pollution controls that might otherwise have been required.”might otherwise have been required.”

• Source - U.S. EPA Fact Sheet – March 1996Source - U.S. EPA Fact Sheet – March 1996


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Hg Control Systems – Do They Work?Hg Control Systems – Do They Work?

• Evaluate Existing and Proposed Hg ControlsEvaluate Existing and Proposed Hg Controls

– Measure Hg Concentrations Throughout Existing APCDMeasure Hg Concentrations Throughout Existing APCD

– Direct Measurements For Each Application To FacilityDirect Measurements For Each Application To Facility

– Each System (Existing or Installed) Should BeEach System (Existing or Installed) Should Be

Tested To Understand Optimal/Routine EfficienciesTested To Understand Optimal/Routine Efficiencies

– Measure Total Hg and Hg SpeciationMeasure Total Hg and Hg Speciation• How Does Mercury Behave In This System?How Does Mercury Behave In This System?

• Engineering Controls – Do The Results Make Sense?Engineering Controls – Do The Results Make Sense?

– Manufacture Specifications – Are They Achieved?Manufacture Specifications – Are They Achieved?


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Barrier To Evaluate Hg Control Systems -Barrier To Evaluate Hg Control Systems -Diagnostic Tools Needed To Evaluate Control SystemsDiagnostic Tools Needed To Evaluate Control Systems

• Existing Impinger Methods: (Ontario Hydro/101A/M29)Existing Impinger Methods: (Ontario Hydro/101A/M29)– Difficult To Implement In FieldDifficult To Implement In Field– ExpensiveExpensive– Poor Field QA/QCPoor Field QA/QC– Few Data Points Generated For Effort/Cost Few Data Points Generated For Effort/Cost

($10K/Sample for ~ 3-4 Runs)($10K/Sample for ~ 3-4 Runs)– Field and Analytical Methods Are Antiquated (CVAA)Field and Analytical Methods Are Antiquated (CVAA)– High Detection LimitHigh Detection Limit– EPRI/DOE Hg Measurement Workshop – retire OH?EPRI/DOE Hg Measurement Workshop – retire OH?– Not Capable Of Continuous Emission MonitoringNot Capable Of Continuous Emission Monitoring

• Hg Continuous Mercury Monitors (CMM):Hg Continuous Mercury Monitors (CMM):– Alpha/Beta Development StageAlpha/Beta Development Stage– Having Difficulty Applied To Coal Fired Flue GasHaving Difficulty Applied To Coal Fired Flue Gas– Expensive (Cost, O&M, Dedicated CEM Staff)Expensive (Cost, O&M, Dedicated CEM Staff)– Smelter/Roaster Process Gas Too Complex – High Level HgSmelter/Roaster Process Gas Too Complex – High Level Hg


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US EPA Method 324 and FAMSUS EPA Method 324 and FAMSFully Validated MethodsFully Validated Methods

1.1. US EPA PBMS Validation Study – 2000US EPA PBMS Validation Study – 2000– Validation Against Gold Standard – ASTM Ontario Hydro MethodValidation Against Gold Standard – ASTM Ontario Hydro Method

2.2. US Dept Of Energy Validation Study – 2001US Dept Of Energy Validation Study – 2001– Validation Against Gold Standard – ASTM Ontario Hydro MethodValidation Against Gold Standard – ASTM Ontario Hydro Method

3.3. US EPA 301h Validation Study - 2004US EPA 301h Validation Study - 2004– Validation Against Gold Standard – ASTM Ontario Hydro MethodValidation Against Gold Standard – ASTM Ontario Hydro Method

4.4. US Dept Of Energy Validation Study – 2004US Dept Of Energy Validation Study – 2004

5.5. US EPA 301h Validation – 2004 (FAMS Pending)US EPA 301h Validation – 2004 (FAMS Pending)

6.6. 40 CFR Part 75, Appendix K – March 200540 CFR Part 75, Appendix K – March 2005


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US EPA Method 324US EPA Method 324- Trap View -- Trap View -

Hg(0) + Hg(II)Quality Control

PHg


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US EPA 324 – Short Term SamplingUS EPA 324 – Short Term Sampling


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US EPA 324 – Spiked TrapUS EPA 324 – Spiked Trap


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US EPA Method 324US EPA Method 324- Principles Of Operation -- Principles Of Operation -

• High Purity Solid SorbentHigh Purity Solid Sorbent

• Captures All Species Of Gas Phase MercuryCaptures All Species Of Gas Phase MercuryFSTM = PHg (Semi-Iso) + Hg(0) + Hg(II)FSTM = PHg (Semi-Iso) + Hg(0) + Hg(II)

• Variable Flow Rate (0.10 – 4.0 slpm)Variable Flow Rate (0.10 – 4.0 slpm)

• Fast (5-15L in 15-30 min) Total Mercury DeterminationFast (5-15L in 15-30 min) Total Mercury Determination

• No Temperature Constraints (> dew point to 1000F)No Temperature Constraints (> dew point to 1000F)

• Highly Standardized Blank (0.25ng Hg +/- 0.25ng)Highly Standardized Blank (0.25ng Hg +/- 0.25ng)

• Trap Hg Capacity - 5% (of the mass of the trap)Trap Hg Capacity - 5% (of the mass of the trap) Hg(0) = 7mg/trap Hg(II) = 1mg/trapHg(0) = 7mg/trap Hg(II) = 1mg/trap (Or a 1 Hour Test @ 233,000 ug Hg/m^3)(Or a 1 Hour Test @ 233,000 ug Hg/m^3)


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US EPA 324 Sampling Diagram US EPA 324 Sampling Diagram


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US EPA 324 Probe DesignUS EPA 324 Probe Design


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US EPA Method 324 US EPA Method 324 - Total Hg Sampling Options -- Total Hg Sampling Options -

• Short Term Sampling: Short Term Sampling: – 6 mm - EPA 324 Trap6 mm - EPA 324 Trap

– 15 minute to 24 hour Sampling15 minute to 24 hour Sampling

• Continuous Emission Monitoring:Continuous Emission Monitoring:– 10 mm – EPA 324 Trap10 mm – EPA 324 Trap

– Continuous Integrated SamplingContinuous Integrated Sampling

– 1 Day to 12 Day Sampling1 Day to 12 Day Sampling


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Flue Gas Adsorbent Mercury Speciation (FAMS) Flue Gas Adsorbent Mercury Speciation (FAMS) Sample Trap ViewSample Trap View


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US EPA 324 and FAMS Special FeaturesUS EPA 324 and FAMS Special Features

• Fixed Probe – No traversing stackFixed Probe – No traversing stack- Gas Phase Constituents Do not Behave Like ParticlesGas Phase Constituents Do not Behave Like Particles

- Gas Phase Constituents Are Not Influenced By Gas VelocityGas Phase Constituents Are Not Influenced By Gas Velocity

- Traverse and Iso-Kinetics Designed For Capturing ParticulateTraverse and Iso-Kinetics Designed For Capturing Particulate

- Greater Than 95% Of Hg In Flue Gas Is Gas PhaseGreater Than 95% Of Hg In Flue Gas Is Gas Phase

• Total Hg – Keep Trap Above Dew PointTotal Hg – Keep Trap Above Dew Point

• Speciated Hg – Keep Trap @ 95C +/- 5CSpeciated Hg – Keep Trap @ 95C +/- 5C

• Maintain 0.25-0.50 Flow RateMaintain 0.25-0.50 Flow Rate


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US EPA 324 and FAMS US EPA 324 and FAMS Applications To SourcesApplications To Sources

• Coal-Fired UtilitiesCoal-Fired Utilities• Coal-Fired BoilersCoal-Fired Boilers• Municipal Solid Waste IncineratorsMunicipal Solid Waste Incinerators• Cement KilnsCement Kilns• Steel MillsSteel Mills• Smelter/RoastersSmelter/Roasters• Landfill GasLandfill Gas• Oil/Gas Refineries Oil/Gas Refineries • Mercury RetortMercury Retort


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Hg Emission ControlsHg Emission Controls

1.1. Existing Hg Controls: Smelter/MSW IncineratorExisting Hg Controls: Smelter/MSW Incinerator

2.2. Key To Hg Emission Control: Chemistry/MeasurementsKey To Hg Emission Control: Chemistry/Measurements

3.3. Coal-Fired Power Hg Emissions ControlCoal-Fired Power Hg Emissions Control Coal: Cleaning/Switching/Blending/Additives/CombustionCoal: Cleaning/Switching/Blending/Additives/Combustion Co-Benefit APCD Mercury RemovalCo-Benefit APCD Mercury Removal Enhancing Existing APCD Co-Benefit Hg RemovalEnhancing Existing APCD Co-Benefit Hg Removal Mercury-Specific Emission ControlsMercury-Specific Emission Controls

Activated Carbon InjectionActivated Carbon Injection


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Existing Hg Controls: Zn Smelter Hg ControlExisting Hg Controls: Zn Smelter Hg Control

• Calomel Process: Hg Removal TowerCalomel Process: Hg Removal Tower

HgCl2 + Hg(0) - > Hg2Cl2HgCl2 + Hg(0) - > Hg2Cl2

• Inexpensive to operateInexpensive to operate

• 40 foot Calomel Tower Lifetime = 10 yrs40 foot Calomel Tower Lifetime = 10 yrs

• 99% efficient at removing Hg99% efficient at removing Hg


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Hg Tower / Polishing SystemHg Tower / Polishing SystemFrontier Sampling Locations

Pilot Scrubber

Pilot Hg Filter

H2OBleed

Inlet Hg Tower

BOutlet Hg Tower - 99% Reduction

CInlet Pilot Plant

D Inlet Pilot Filter

E Outlet Pilot Filter

Full Scale

Hg Tower

Slip Stream To Pilot

Pilot Plant

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Hg Removal Efficiency – Hg Removal Efficiency – Hg Tower and Polishing SystemHg Tower and Polishing System

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5%

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95%

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105%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Run #

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cen

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val

Hg Tower Pilot Plant


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* Source – US EPA Web Site * Source – US EPA Web Site (www.epa.gov)(www.epa.gov)

Existing Mercury Controls Existing Mercury Controls Activated Carbon Injection – MW/MSW Hg ControlActivated Carbon Injection – MW/MSW Hg Control


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Hg Control In Coal-Fired Flue GasHg Control In Coal-Fired Flue Gas

Hg Emission Controls Governed By:Hg Emission Controls Governed By:

• Coal Plant DesignCoal Plant Design

• Existing Air Pollution Control DeviceExisting Air Pollution Control Device

• Source Type: Type Of Coal CombustedSource Type: Type Of Coal Combusted


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Hg Control: A Function Of Hg ChemistryHg Control: A Function Of Hg Chemistry

• Particulate Bound Hg = PHgParticulate Bound Hg = PHg– < 5% Of Total Hg In Coal-Fired Flue Gas< 5% Of Total Hg In Coal-Fired Flue Gas

• Gaseous Oxidized Hg = Hg(II)Gaseous Oxidized Hg = Hg(II)– Water SolubleWater Soluble

– Easily Removed By Existing FGD/SDAEasily Removed By Existing FGD/SDA

• Gaseous Elemental Hg = Hg(0)Gaseous Elemental Hg = Hg(0)– Not Water SolubleNot Water Soluble

– Requires Hg Removal System To RemoveRequires Hg Removal System To Remove


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Coal Type: Hg Speciation and ConcentrationCoal Type: Hg Speciation and Concentration

• East: BituminousEast: Bituminous~ 60% Gaseous Hg(II) [Water Soluble]~ 60% Gaseous Hg(II) [Water Soluble]

~ 30% Gaseous Hg(0)~ 30% Gaseous Hg(0)

~ 30% Higher Mercury Than Western Sub Bit/Lignite~ 30% Higher Mercury Than Western Sub Bit/Lignite

• West: Subbituminous or LigniteWest: Subbituminous or Lignite~ 20-30% Gaseous Hg(II) [Water Soluble]~ 20-30% Gaseous Hg(II) [Water Soluble]

~ 70-80% Gaseous Hg(0)~ 70-80% Gaseous Hg(0)


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““Co-Benefit” Hg RemovalCo-Benefit” Hg Removal

• Existing APCD Not Designed For Hg ControlExisting APCD Not Designed For Hg Control

– Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) = NOx ControlSelective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) = NOx Control

< Shown To Convert Hg(0) to Hg(II) >< Shown To Convert Hg(0) to Hg(II) >

– Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) = SOx ControlFlue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) = SOx Control

< Removes Water Soluble Hg(II) >< Removes Water Soluble Hg(II) >

– ESP/Baghouse = Particulate ControlESP/Baghouse = Particulate Control

< Removes Hg Bound To Fly Ash >< Removes Hg Bound To Fly Ash >


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Hg Removal From Existing Hg Removal From Existing Air Pollution Control Devices (APCD) ~ Ave = 35%Air Pollution Control Devices (APCD) ~ Ave = 35%

DOE NETL - Feeley, et al


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Examining “Co-Benefit” Of Existing APCD – Examining “Co-Benefit” Of Existing APCD – Via US EPA 324 and FAMS MethodsVia US EPA 324 and FAMS Methods

StackFGDESPAir

Pre-heaterSCRBoilerPulverizer

Flue Gas Sample

Location #1

Flue Gas Sample

Location #2

Flue Gas Sample

Location #3

Flue Gas Sample

Location #4

Flue Gas Sample

Location #5

Coal SBS Fly Ash

B. Ash

Limestone

Gypsum

Supply H20

Scrubber H20

Scrubber Slurry


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““Co-Benefit” Examination: FAMS And US EPA 324 Co-Benefit” Examination: FAMS And US EPA 324

Total Hg Across SCR/ESP/FGDTotal Hg Across SCR/ESP/FGD

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2 FAMS & 1 US EPA 324 Total Hg

Simultaneous Field Triplicate

2 FAMS & 1 US EPA 324 Total Hg

Simultaneous Field Triplicate

SCR/ESP U2 FGD


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Co-Benefit Examination: FAMS Method Co-Benefit Examination: FAMS Method Hg Speciation Across SCR/ESP/FGDHg Speciation Across SCR/ESP/FGD

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FGD Inlet

FAMS Field Duplicate

StackStack

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FDG Inlet Duplicate

FAMS Field Duplicate

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““Co-Benefit” ExaminationCo-Benefit” ExaminationHg Removal Efficiency AssessmentHg Removal Efficiency Assessment

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Inlet

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Inlet

FGD

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FGD

Inlet

FGD

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FGD

Inlet

FGD

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FGD

Inlet

FGD

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FGD

Inlet

FGD

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Particulate Hg

Gaseous Oxidized Hg

Gaseous Elemental Hg

Run #1 Run #6Run #5Run #4Run #3Run #2

FAMS Mercury Speciation Results FGD - Inlet/Outlet Measurements


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Coal and Coal Combustion ModificationsCoal and Coal Combustion Modifications

• Coal Cleaning ~ 33% Removal Before Combustion (EPRI)Coal Cleaning ~ 33% Removal Before Combustion (EPRI)

• Coal Switching (Low Hg Coals) ~ 66% Reductions (EPRI)Coal Switching (Low Hg Coals) ~ 66% Reductions (EPRI)

• Coal Blending ~ 80% Reductions (EPRI)Coal Blending ~ 80% Reductions (EPRI)– Produce Higher Water Soluble Hg(II) – Removal By FGD/SDAProduce Higher Water Soluble Hg(II) – Removal By FGD/SDA

– Bit. and Subbit. Mix – High Unburned Carbon = ESP/BH/FGDBit. and Subbit. Mix – High Unburned Carbon = ESP/BH/FGD

• Combustion Operation Parameters ~ 50-80% (EPRI)Combustion Operation Parameters ~ 50-80% (EPRI)– Burn Coal Less Efficient – Unburned CarbonBurn Coal Less Efficient – Unburned Carbon

Economic Viability Of These Solutions Difficult To QuantifyEconomic Viability Of These Solutions Difficult To Quantify

Plant-By-Plant EvaluationPlant-By-Plant Evaluation


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Enhancing Existing APCD Enhancing Existing APCD Co-Benefit Hg ReductionsCo-Benefit Hg Reductions

25% Of Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants Have an FGD/SDA25% Of Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants Have an FGD/SDA

• Liquid Polymer AdditiveLiquid Polymer Additive

• Used Affectively For Hg Wastewater RemovalUsed Affectively For Hg Wastewater Removal

• Oxidizes Elemental Hg And Retains – 1 stepOxidizes Elemental Hg And Retains – 1 step

• Proof Of Concept: 15-25% Hg(0) Hg RemovalProof Of Concept: 15-25% Hg(0) Hg Removal

• Application To Existing Wet Scrubber/FGD/ESPApplication To Existing Wet Scrubber/FGD/ESP– No Additional Capital EquipmentNo Additional Capital Equipment– Add Polymer To Reservoir/Add WaterAdd Polymer To Reservoir/Add Water

• Additionally Removes Suite Of Metals From Wastewater Down Additionally Removes Suite Of Metals From Wastewater Down To 95% Reductions (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn)To 95% Reductions (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn)


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Coal-Fired - Hg Specific ControlsCoal-Fired - Hg Specific ControlsActivated Carbon InjectionActivated Carbon Injection

• The Most Studied And Promising TechnologyThe Most Studied And Promising Technology• EPRI/DOE Funding and Research 2000-2007EPRI/DOE Funding and Research 2000-2007• Phase I and II (Full Scale Evaluations 2003-2007)Phase I and II (Full Scale Evaluations 2003-2007)

– Activated Carbons - Activated Carbons -

– Chemically Impregnated CarbonsChemically Impregnated Carbons

– Brominated CarbonBrominated Carbon

– Regenerable Sorbents (Nobel Metals)Regenerable Sorbents (Nobel Metals)

– Silica Based Chemically Based SorbentsSilica Based Chemically Based Sorbents


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Challenges Of Carbon Injection Challenges Of Carbon Injection In Coal-Fired Flue GasIn Coal-Fired Flue Gas

Activity Carbon Injection (ACI)Activity Carbon Injection (ACI)• Large Mass Of Carbon Required To Adsorb HgLarge Mass Of Carbon Required To Adsorb Hg• Limited Hg Capacity (3%)Limited Hg Capacity (3%)• Low Mercury Capture Efficiency (contact time)Low Mercury Capture Efficiency (contact time)• Limited Temperature Operation Range (> 75C)Limited Temperature Operation Range (> 75C)• Only Operates Well In Dry GassesOnly Operates Well In Dry Gasses• Mixed Carbon/Fly Ash Can Not Be Used For CementMixed Carbon/Fly Ash Can Not Be Used For Cement

Generally Not Commercially Viable Generally Not Commercially Viable In Application To Most Coal-Fired Power PlantsIn Application To Most Coal-Fired Power Plants


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High Capital Equipment ExpenseHigh Capital Equipment Expense


Additional Capital Equipment - Retrofit


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Activated Carbon Injection – Lower Capital Activated Carbon Injection – Lower Capital Equipment – Preserves Valuable Fly Ash MarketEquipment – Preserves Valuable Fly Ash Market



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ConclusionsConclusions

• US EPA 324 and FAMS – Accurate, Inexpensive, US EPA 324 and FAMS – Accurate, Inexpensive, Precision, High Data Generation MethodPrecision, High Data Generation Method

• Family Of Activated Carbons:Family Of Activated Carbons:– Most Promising Technique To Date (Coal-Fired)Most Promising Technique To Date (Coal-Fired)

– Phase II – Long Term Tests To Aid In Longevity of SorbentsPhase II – Long Term Tests To Aid In Longevity of Sorbents

– Most Promising Sorbent (Halogenated/Silica Based Sorbents)Most Promising Sorbent (Halogenated/Silica Based Sorbents)

• Low Cost/Low Impact Injection System Preserves Fly AshLow Cost/Low Impact Injection System Preserves Fly Ash

• Baseline Cost: $50K-$70K/lb Hg RemovalBaseline Cost: $50K-$70K/lb Hg Removal

• Goal To Reduce Cost By 25-50% Through 2010Goal To Reduce Cost By 25-50% Through 2010


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Conclusions (Cont’d)Conclusions (Cont’d)

• Most Emissions Sources Don’t Know Their Source Hg Most Emissions Sources Don’t Know Their Source Hg Concentrations or Emissions With ConfidenceConcentrations or Emissions With Confidence

• Recommend Hg Baseline Study Prior Hg Control DecisionsRecommend Hg Baseline Study Prior Hg Control Decisions

• ““Co-Benefit” Hg Removal From Existing APCDCo-Benefit” Hg Removal From Existing APCD– Average Hg Removal Is 30% Across IndustryAverage Hg Removal Is 30% Across Industry

– Recent Tests: SCR/ESP/FGD Removes 85%Recent Tests: SCR/ESP/FGD Removes 85%

– Other Industry Specific Show 99% Hg RemovalOther Industry Specific Show 99% Hg Removal

• Hg Specific Controls Are In Phase II AssessmentHg Specific Controls Are In Phase II Assessment– ““Long Term Effectiveness Of Controls UncertainLong Term Effectiveness Of Controls Uncertain

– Economy Of Hg Specific Controls UncertainEconomy Of Hg Specific Controls Uncertain

– Phase III Testing DOE/EPRI/EPA 2005-2010Phase III Testing DOE/EPRI/EPA 2005-2010


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Hg Monitoring And MonitoringHg Monitoring And Monitoring

WESTAR Fall MeetingWESTAR Fall MeetingMercury and Air Quality – Sources, Effects, and ControlsMercury and Air Quality – Sources, Effects, and Controls

San Diego, CaliforniaSan Diego, CaliforniaSeptember 22, 2005September 22, 2005

Bob BrunetteBob Brunette

Frontier Geosciences IncFrontier Geosciences Inc414 Pontius Avenue North 414 Pontius Avenue North Seattle, Washington 98109Seattle, Washington 98109

[email protected]@frontiergeosciences.com206 957 1461206 957 1461

Frontier GeoSciences Inc. [email protected] [email protected] ‘ Bob Brunette...

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Transcript of Frontier GeoSciences Inc. [email protected] [email protected] ‘ Bob Brunette...