From the Rocks of Mars to the Slums of Cambodia: The ...msakr/15129-f10/Docs/K... · From the Rocks...

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From the Rocks of Mars to the Slums of Cambodia: The Unexpected Evolution of Research Khaled A. Harras, Ph.D. Assistant Teaching Professor Founder and Director of the Networking Systems Lab (NSL) School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University

Transcript of From the Rocks of Mars to the Slums of Cambodia: The ...msakr/15129-f10/Docs/K... · From the Rocks...

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From the Rocks of Mars to the Slums of Cambodia: The Unexpected Evolution of Research

Khaled A. Harras, Ph.D.

Assistant Teaching Professor Founder and Director of the Networking Systems Lab (NSL)

School of Computer ScienceCarnegie Mellon University

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Outline

• Story 1: – Evolution: From 4 nodes to 1.1Billion

• Story 2: – Operation: How does all this roughly work?

• Story 3: – Mobility: Common problems and solutions

• Story 4:– DTNs: The unexpected evolution of research

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The Internet in 1969…

Source:http://www.sharpnet.co.uk

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The Internet in 1971…

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The Internet in 1977…

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The Internet in 1999…

Source:http://www.caida.org

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The Internet: Some Stats…

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…More Stats…

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…More Stats…

Source:http://broadbandanalyst.co.uk/

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Asia has “started” using the Internet!

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Story Punch-line…From To

• Research is the core for enabling this…

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Research Results…

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Outline

• Story 1: – Evolution: From 4 nodes to 1.1Billion

• Story 2: – Operation: How does all this roughly work?

• Story 3: – Mobility: Common problem and solutions

• Story 4:– DTNs: The unexpected evolution of research

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Class Experiment…

• Small game to send messages…• What are the problems we can have?

– OPEN DISCUSSION…

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Protocol Layers

Source: http://www.fidis.net/resources/deliverables/hightechid/int-d37003/doc/6/ and http://www.satmagazine.com/cgi-bin/display_article.cgi?number=1342678280

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Networking Problems

• What are the problems we can have?– Connection establishment– Reliability– Flow control– Error control– Multiple applications– Many protocols– Routing– Congestion Control– …….!

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Example: Routing

Source: http://www.h3c.com/portal/ and http://www.trainsignaltraining.com/

• Build Routing Tables

• Lookup address• Forward packets

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Outline

• Story 1: – Evolution: From 4 nodes to 1.1Billion

• Story 2: – Operation: How does all this roughly work?

• Story 3: – Mobility: Common problems and solutions

• Story 4:– DTNs: The unexpected evolution of research

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Today’s Internet: Simple View

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Can we handle mobility… ?

• Increased wireless network deployment, and available Mobile devices

• High mobility and user expectation: “I must have network access…

NO MATTER WHAT..!!!”

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Mobility: Just the beginning…

Source: Chetan Sharma Consulting

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Solutions: Single-hop wireless

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Solutions: Ad hoc Networks

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Solutions: Mesh Networks

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So… Can we handle Mobility..?

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Outline

• Story 1: – Evolution: From 4 nodes to 1.1Billion

• Story 2: – Operation: How does all this roughly work?

• Story 3: – Mobility: Common problems and solutions

• Story 4:– DTNs: The unexpected evolution of research

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Today’s Internet: Unstated Assumptions

• A path exists between endpoints– Routing protocols find the best path,

or even “a path”• Small end-to-end RTT

– Millisecond range• End to end reliability works well

– Especially for low data loss rates– Loss = Congestion

• Packet switching is the “right” abstraction– IP does best effort delivery for each packet

separately

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The Rocks of Mars…

• In 1998 the CCSDS (Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems) founders teamed with Vint Cerf to develop the IPNSIG formed in September 1999.

• Objective: Define the architecture and protocols for an InterPlanetary InterNet: IPN

• Vision: A network of Internets

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Inter-Planetary Internet A 30 year vision

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Fine, those guys are just crazy… Why do “we” care..?

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The Rise of New Applications

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New “Common” Assumptions• Very large delays

– RTT could range from milliseconds to days– Ex: propagation between Earth and Mars

• Intermittent/disconnected links and paths– End to end connectivity might “never” exist– Routers may need significant persistent storage

• High link error rates– RF interference, light or acoustic interference– Loss is due to corruptions, not congestion

• Heterogeneous underlying networks and protocols– Some specialized networks may not run IP, and run

customized protocols that better suit them

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IPN “Upgraded” to DTN Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networks

• DTNRG was formed in 2002 to generalize concepts introduced by the IPNRG

• Goal: achieve interoperability among heterogeneous networks in “extreme environments”

• Outcome: DTN Architecture and many protocols

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How about other “simpler” applications…?

The Slums of Cambodia…

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Are you kidding..! Who will pay for this…?

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4 Billion PeopleEarning less than $2,000/year

< $2,000 4,000

‘The Bottom of the Pyramid’

Middle Classin developing

countries$2,000—$20,000 2,000

WealthyNations

Annual Purchasing Power in $US

> $20,000

PopulationIn Millions

100

Source: Prahalad & Hammond, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 80, Issue 9 (Sep. 2002), pp48-58

emerging‘mass’ markets

adjacent markets

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The Bottom of the Pyramid• 3-4 billion people with per-capita equivalent

purchasing power less that US$2,000 per year• Could grow to 6-8 billion over the next 25 years• Most live in rural villages or urban slums and shanty

towns• Motivated towards urbanization and education• Dharavi, one of the poorest villages in India:

– 85% have a TV, 50% have a pressure cooker, 21% have a telephone… but can’t afford a house!

• Even the poorest of the poor in Bangladesh:– Devote 7 percent of income to communications

services (GrameenPhone)

http://www.wri.org/meb/wrisummit/pdfs/hart.pdf

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The future of DTNs

• Mobile devices are starting to converge and have access to multiple networks

• Shouldn’t we take advantage of these multiple networks? Specially in challenged environments?

• Numerous Problems...

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Outline

• Story 1: – Evolution: From 4 nodes to 1.1Billion

• Story 2: – Operation: How does all this roughly work?

• Story 3: – Mobility: Common problem and solutions

• Story 4:– DTNs: The unexpected evolution of research

• What to take from this talk…?

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Research is a MUST!

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Thank You..!

Questions…?

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Contribution I: Delay Tolerant Mobile Networks (DTMNs)

• DTMN Architecture– Controlled flooding schemes– Evaluation via simulation

• Summary and Conclusions– We can significantly reduce the cost of

flooding– Few high-end nodes make a big

difference– The challenge is to “tweak the knobs”

D

S• MANETs rely on end-to-end routes• What do we do in sparse mobile

networks?– At that point in time: Flooding

delivers… too expensive– Can we “simply” reduce the cost?

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Contribution II: Clustered DTMNs and Messenger Scheduling

• Summary and Conclusions– No “best scheme”; tradeoffs depend

on the network/traffic patterns– Picking the “best” scheme is a

challenge and depends on which metric has more importance; we provide such knowledge

– Adaptive strategies are very useful in such scenarios D

S

• What happens if “clusters” are formed?• Clustered DTMNs

– Use dedicated “messengers” between “regions”

– Point to point vs Path travel– Messenger management: Ownership

and Scheduling Algorithms– Evaluation via analysis and simulation

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Contribution IV: Intermittent Connectivity

• Summary and Conclusions– Improvement due to bundling, single

connections, and smaller RTT– Mini-bundles is a major parameter– Solution requires no network change for

deployment

D

S• Shift focus to a single device experiencing “Disruption” rather than “Delay”

• Intermittent Connectivity & DBS-IC– View data while offline– An SA “bundles” data, delivers to MA

whenever possible– Evaluation via implementation

AP

AP

AP

• How do we make use of available opportunistic connections?

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DBS-IC

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ParaNets