From 1066 on... History and Literature! pp. 50,51,52,53,54.
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Transcript of From 1066 on... History and Literature! pp. 50,51,52,53,54.
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From 1066 on...
History and Literature!
pp. 50,51,52,53,54
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The French conquest!
In 1066 at the Battle of Hastings, the Normans (Norse people who had settled in the north of France) defeated the English and started a centuries-long conquest of England
These Normans were leaded by William the Conqueror
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The Bayeux tapestry
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Main effects of the Norman conquest Introduction of the Feudal system
French becomes official language of politics and power and exerts enormous influence on Old English
England begins unifying under a French political system. The king of France was also the King of England.
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Feudal Society
Barons (owners of the lands, loyal to the king)
Knights
Peasants (bound to the land and the lord of the land)
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The Domesday Book
To acquire knowledge of his new possessions, William encouraged a survey: properties, lands, animals and people = CENSUS (censimento)! Unique for that time!
why? For fiscal, economical reasons!!!
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The Plantagenets: Henry II (1154-1189)
He ruled over England and a large portion of France+
He married Eleanor of Aquitaine (more french territories!)
Interested in improving the system of justice
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Henry II
Constitutions of Clarendon: clergy judged also by the king’s court.
Assassination of Thomas Becket.
Common Law.
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Richard I & John Lackland
Richard I - The Lionheart- (1189-1199)interested in personal glory and military expeditions (Third Crusade). He died in France defending the English lands.
John Lackland (1199-1216), his brother. He oppressed the people with excessive taxes.He was forced by the barons to sign the Magna Charta.
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1215 Magna Charta
Very important document. Proposed by the noble barons:
The King could not impose new taxes without the barons’ permission.
First step towards a less absolute monarchy!
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From Anglo-Norman to Middle English
Literature evolution
pp. 68, 70
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Changes...
Changes in Language > Changes in Literature.
French: language of the upper-classes for diplomacy, politics and literature (latin too).
Old English > language for laboureres and servants (illiterate).
DUALISTIC LINGUISTICAL SITUATION
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Changes in Poetry
Metrical system based on alliteration to metrical system based onregular lines with a precise number of syllablesrhymes New literary taste based on the French
fashion: Romances, Chansons de Geste,
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Middle English
After a period where literary works were composed in French or Latin, a new national production arose.
It was written in Middle English, the evolution of Old English + French influences + Latin.
Middle English is more similar to contemporary English than Old English
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Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
pp. 80,81,82,84,85,86
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Life:
Born in London. Son of a wine merchant. He worked as a diplomat at court. He travelled a lot (France, Italy),
both during the Hundred Years’ war and after it.
He’s buried in Westminster Abbey.
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Literary Production
Chaucer’s Literary production is generally divided into 3 different period.
1 French period. 2 Italian period. 3 ENGLISH period
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The Canterbury Tales
One of the first work in Middle English: original English production, no influences from other literatures!!!
It could be undestood and listened by a large portion of people.
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What is it?
A collection of stories, contained by a frame (crf. Decameron).
Pilgrimage London - Canterbury 29 Pilgrims Each pilgrim tells a story in order
to make the pilgrimage less boring.
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The Pilgrims
Feudal world: (knight, esquire etc) Religious world: (nun, priests, friar,
prioress) third group = various (merchants of
all kinds, plowman etc)
Chaucer (the poet) is one of them => Chaucer autor/character
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The Pilgrims 2
The Canterbury Tales are important because they give a vivid portrait of the 14th century MIDDLE CLASS or BORGEOISIE.
A new social status which was gaining importance in that period.
Each character is carefully described .
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Literary Elements
The Canterbury Tales are written in poetry
Meter: iambic pentameter (unstressed/stressed)
Structure: couplets Stories: fabliaux, novellas, courtly
love,