Form 5 Lesson Notes Part 1

8/22/2019 Form 5 Lesson Notes Part 1

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1 Form 5 Lesson Notes Part 1 Program & Programming

LESSON ONE : PROGRAMMING

1. A computer program is a series of organised instructions that directs a

computer to perform tasks. Without programs, computers are useless.

2. A program is like a recipe. It contains a list of variables (called

ingredients) and a list of statements (called directions) that tell the

computer what to do with the variables.

3. Like a recipe, a program can be written in different programming

languages which may express the steps differently according to the

programming languages syntax, but deliver the same end result.

4. Programming is a creation of a set of commands or instructions which

directs a computer in carrying out a task.

5. Later these commands or instructions will be compiled and / or interpreted

and then transformed to executable instructions that a computer or

electronic device can execute or run.

6. Programming language is a set of words, symbols, and code that enableshuman to communicate with computers.

7. It is a language used for writing computer programs that direct a computer

perform computation and to organize the flow of control between

mechanical devices.

8. Hundreds of programming languages exist today. Each language has its

own standard or rules for writing the commands and / or instructions.

9. Examples of programming languages are :

o Basic (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

o Pascal

o C

o Smalltalk


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LESSON TWO : GENERATIONSOF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

1. Levels of programming languages :

a) Low-level language b) High-level language

2. A low-level programming language is a programming language thatprovides little or no abstraction from a computers microprocessor.

3. A high-level programming language is a programming language that is

more abstract, easier to use, and more portable across platform.

4. Generations of programming languages :

a) First Generation Language machine language

b) Second Generation Language assembly language

c) Third Generation Language COBOL, BASIC, C, Ada,

Compilers, Interpreterd) Fourth Generation Language Report Generators, Query

Language Application generatorse) Fifth Generation Language natural language

5. First and Second Generation Programming Language are Low-level

Programming Languages.

6. Third, Fourth and Fifth Generation Programming Language are High-

Level Programming Language.

FIRST GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

1. The first generation of programming language, or 1GL, is machine

language.

2. Machine language is a set of instructions and data that a computers

central processing unit can execute directly.

3. Machine language statements are written in binary code, and each

statement corresponds to one machine action.

SECOND GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

1. The second generation programming language, 2GL, is assembly

language.

2. Assembly language is the human-readable notation for the machine

language used to control specific computer operations.

3. An assembly language programmer writes instructions using symbolic

instruction codes that are meaningful abbreviations or mnemonics.4. An assembler is a program that translates assembly language into machine

language.


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5. Since assembly language consist of human readable abbreviations, the

assembler must first convert assembly language into machine-readable

language before the computer can readily understand its instructions.

THIRD GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

1. The third generation of programming language, 3GL, orprocedural

language uses a series of English-like words that are closer to human

language to write instructions.

2. High-level programming languages make complex programming simpler

and easier to read, write and maintain.

3. Programs written in a high-level programming language must be translated

into machine language by a compiler or interpreter.

4. PASCAL, FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, C and C++ are examples of thirdgeneration programming languages.

FOURTH GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

1. The fourth generation programming language ornon-procedural

language, often abbreviated as 4GL, enables users to access data in a

database.

2. Example : SQL can be used to query data.

3. A very high-level programming language is usually limited to a veryspecific application that might use syntax which is never used in other

programming languages.

4. SQL, NOMAD and FOCUS are examples of fourth generation

programming languages.

FIFTH GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

1. The fifth generation programming language orvisual programming

language is also known as natural language.

2. It provides a visual or graphical interface, called visual programming

environment for creating source codes.

3. Fifth generation programming allows people to interact with computers

without needing any specialized knowledge.

4. People can talk to computers and the voice recognition systems cam

convert spoken sounds into written words, but these systems do not

understand what they are writing; they simply take dictation.5. Prolog and Mercury are the best known fifth generation languages.


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LESSON THREE : PROGRAMMING APPROACHES

There are different approaches in programming :

a) Structured Programming

b) Object-Oriented Programming

STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING

1. Structured programming often uses a top-down design model where

developers map out the overall program structure into separate subsections

from top to bottom.

2. A program may have a module or several modules.

3. Structured programming is beneficial for organizing and coding computer

programs which employ a hierarchy of modules.

4. This means that control is passed downwards only through the hierarchy.

5. Examples of structured programming languages include Ada, Pascal and

Fortran.


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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

1. The object-oriented approach refers to a special type of programming

approach that combines data with functions to create objects.

2. In object-oriented program, the objects have relationships with one

another.

3. For example, if bicycle is an object, then mountain bike, road bike and

tandem bike would be other objects that have some common features of a

bicycle, but yet have a few differences.

4. Among these differences are : a mountain bike has multiple gears, a roadbike has an engine, and a tandem bike has two sets of seats and pedals for

two riders.

5. One of the earliest OOP languages is Smalltalk.

6. Java, Visual Basic and C++ are examples of popular OOP languages.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STRUCTURED AND OBJECT-

ORIENTED PROGRAMMING1. Structured programming often uses a top-down design model

2. The object-oriented programming approach uses objects.


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LESSON FOUR: TRANSLATORS

1. All software packages or programs are written in high-level languages, for

example, C++, Visual Basic and Java.

2. In order for the computer to be able to carry out the instructions, the high-level languages must be translated into machine language before the

computer can understand and execute the instructions in the program.

3. The translation of high level languages to machine language is performed

by a translator.

4. There are three translation methods of programming : assembler,

interpreter and compiler.

5. A programmer will write a source code which consists of the instructionsneeded to run a program.

6. Then the compiler or interpreter with assembler will translates the source

code into machine language which is made of a sequence of bits (eg.

01100011)

7. The computer will load the machine code ad run the program.

ASSEMBLER1. An assembler is a computer program for translating assembly language

essentially, a mnemonic representation of machine language into

machine language that can be executed by the computer.

2. For example, in Intel 80836, the assembly language for the no operation

command is NOP and its machine code representation is 10010000.

3. Example of assemblers are MACRO-80 Assembler and Microsoft MASM.

INTERPRETER

1. Interpreter is a program designed to interpret and execute program directly

from its source codes without compiling it first.

2. The source code of an interpreted language is interpreted and executed in

real time when the user executes it.

3. The interpreter will read each code converts it to machine code and

executes it line by line until the end of the program.

4. Examples of interpreter-based language are BASIC, Logo and Smalltalk.


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COMPILER

1. Compiler is a computer program that translates source code text which is

written in a high level programming language into a lower level language

(e.g. assembly language or machine language) and will create an executed

file.2. The source code (in text format) will be converted into machine code

which is a file consisting of binary machine code that can be executed on a

computer.

3. If the compiler encounters any errors, it records them in the programming-

listing file.

4. When a user wants to run the program, the object program is loaded into

the memory of the computer and the program instructions begin executing.5. A compiled code generally runs faster than programs based on interpreted

language.

6. Several programming languages like C++, Pascal and COBOL use

compilers as their translators.


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LESSON FIVE : INSTALLATIONOF MICROSOFT VISUAL BASIC 6.0

1. Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 was designed to be easy to learn and use.

2. The language not only allows programmers to easily create simple GUI

applications, but also has the flexibility to develop fairly complexapplications as well.

3. Programming in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 is a combination of visually

arranging components or controls on a form.

4. Hence a simple program can be created without the programmer having to

write many lines of code.

VISUAL BASIC 6.0 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTSo Microsoft Windows 95 or later

o 486DX / 66 MHz or higher processor

o 16 MB of RAM for Windows 95 / 98 or 32 MB of RAM for

Windows XP

o A minimum of 290 MB of free had disk space

To install Visual Basic 6.0, you must key in the product number and user ID.

VISUAL BASIC 6.0 FEATURES

1. Microsoft Visual Basic is fast and easy with intuitive tools that enable you

to rapidly build your own Windows applications.

2. You can use Microsoft Visual Basic to develop programs such as games,

calculator, phonebook database and lots more.

3. The word Visual refers to the technique used to build the Graphical User

Interface (GUI).4. Visual Basic features an easy drag and drop method to produce an

interactive Graphical User Interface (GUI) for your program.

5. The Basic part refers to the BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic

Instruction Code) language, a high level programming language develop

by Microsoft.

6. Among the main features of Visual Basic are drag and drop user interface,

data access features, ActiveX technologies and Internet capabilities.


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7. Drag and drop user interface allows you to instantly create an interactive

user interface for your software without dozens of codes.

8. Data access features allow your application to access information from a

database such as a telephone book program.

9. ActiveX technologies allow you to make use of the functionality providedby other applications.

10. Internet capabilities allow your program to interactively utilize the

Internet.

INSTALLING VISULA BASIC 6.0

1. Insert the Visual Basic 6.0 CD. Windows should start the Setup program

automatically.2. Follow the instructions given by the setup wizard.

3. When finished successfully, you should be able to locate Visual Basic 6.0

within your Program Files.

EXPLORE THE VISUAL BASIC ENVIROMENT

o Toolbar

o Toolbox

o Properties window

o Project window

o Form layout window

o Form window editing area

o Active form


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LESSON SIX : BASIC ELEMENTS IN PROGRAMMING

There are five basic elements in programming :

1. Constant

2. Variables

3. Data types4. Operators

5. Control Structures

CONSTANT

1. Constant is a data container that stores information.

2. The value will never change (remain constant) at any time during the

course of a program.3. Declare is the official term used in programming to announce to the

program the condition of statement in programming.

Const number = 12.5

VARIABLES

1. Variable is a data container that stores information.

2. The value inside may change at any time during the course of a program.

3. Declaring variables :

Dim marks As Integer

Marks = 25

DATA TYPES

OPERATORS


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Operator is a symbol that tells what action to perform.

CONTROL STRUCTURES

Control structures allow the programmer to control the flow of a program.


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LESSON SEVEN : CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES

1. The renter has to pay the rental of RM26 each month. This is the fixed

value. So we call it a constant value.

2. The values that may change are total calls and service tax. They are called

variables.

CONSTANTS & VARIABLES

Constant is a virtual data container that stores information. The value will

never change (remains constant) at any time during the course of a program.

Declaring constant : Const PI = 3.142

Const g = 9.8

Variable is a virtual data container that stores information. The value inside

may change at any time during the course of a program.

Declaring variable : Dim Total As Integer

Dim NAME As String

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES

Constants Variables

Characteristi

c

Value is not changeable

during the course of the

program.

Value can be changed

anytime during the course

of the program.

Usage

Use constant when you

want to declare somethingthat wont be changed

midway in your program

execution.

Use variable to store data

that may or will changeduring the running of the

program.


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LESSON EIGHT : DATA TYPES

1. Data type determines the type of data a variable can store, for example a

number or a character.

2. Examples of data type are integer, double, string and boolean.

Data Types ExamplesInteger 18, 79, 21

Double 41.5, 31.47

String Kok Keong, Ali

Boolean TRUE, FALSE

INTEGER

1. Integer data type contains any whole number value that does not have any

fractional part.

2. This is how we declare an integer type constant in Visual Basic statement:Const Year_Birth = 1990

3. This is how we declare an integer type variable in Visual Basic statement:Dim Age As Integer

Age = 17

DOUBLE

1. Double is any number value that may and could contain a fractional part

2. This is how we declare a double type constant in Visual Basic statement:

Const PI = 3.1423. This is how we declare a double type variable in Visual Basic statement:

Dim Marks As Double

Marks = 60.5

STRING

1. String is any value that contains a sequence of characters.

2. This is how we declare string type constant in Visual Basic statement:Const Name = AHMAD

3. This is how we declare string type variable in Visual Basic statement:Dim Address As StringAddress = Kuala Lumpur

BOOLEAN

6. Boolean type consists either a True or False value. Programmers usually

use it to store status.

7. This is how we declare a Boolean type constant in Visual Basic statement:Const Input_Status = true

3. This is how we declare a Boolean type variable in Visual Basic statement:Dim Input_Status As Boolean

Input_Status = true


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LESSON NINE : OPERATORS

1. Operator is a symbol or notation that tells

a computer to perform certain actions or

operations.

2. An example : the plus (+) notation will tellthe computer to perform the add

operation.

3. There are three types of operator:

o Mathematical operator

o Relational operator

o Logical operator

MATHEMATICAL OPERATOR

1. Plus : + 2. Minus :

3. Multiply : * 4. Divide : /

RELATIONAL OPERATOR

1. Equal to : = 2. Greater than : > 3. Less than : = 5. Less than or equal to :


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FUNCTION OF RELATIONAL OPERATORS

Relational operators perform comparison between two elements.

They return an element of logical 1

(True) where the relation is true,

and element of logical 0 (False)where the relation is false.

The table shows some common

relational operators and their

expression.

Example :

In this program, A>=B is used to

test if the value of left expression

(A) is greater than or equal to that

of the right expression (B).

If the conditions are met, then the

program will return a logical 1 and

proceed to print A is greater than

or equal to B else it will return a

logical 0 and proceed to print A

is less than B.

FUNCTION OF LOGICAL OPERATORS

Logical operators are notations that tell the computer to perform logical

operations.

Example of logical operators are : AND, OR and NOT.

Logical operator compares two conditions and return a TRUE or FALSE

value.


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AND operator

The diagram shows a truth table of AND

operator.

Notice that truth value of X AND Y is True (1)

if only both X and Y are True (1), Else it isfalse (0)

OR operator

The diagram shows a truth table of OR

operator.

Notice that truth value of X OR Y is True (1) if

either X or Y are True (1) or both X and Y are

true (1). Else it is false (0).

NOT operator

The diagram shows the truth table of

NOT operator.

NOT X is the negation of X. It is

essentially the 1s complement

operation.Notice that truth value of NOT X is

True (1) when X is False (0) and vice versa.

Logical operators perform logical operations such as checking the condition of

two Boolean values.


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DIFFERENCE IN MATHEMATICAL, RELATIONAL AND LOGICAL

OPERATOR

1. Function

Mathematical operators

perform mathematical

operations such as plus

or substract.

Relational operators

perform element-by-

element comparison

between two arrays.

Logical operators

perform logical

operations such as

checking the conditionof two Boolean values.

2. Symbols

These operators have their own symbols based on the programming

language.


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LESSON TEN : PSEUDO CODE

1. Pseudo code is text only sentences that describe the logic and program

flow of a computer program.

2. Pseudo code resembles plain English.3. It usually does not have any specific programming language syntax and

grammar.

4. Pseudo code is directly linked to the computer codes because each pseudo

code statement can often be converted into the programming language

virtually line by line.

5. There are no set rules for writing pseudo code.

6. A programmer can have his or her personalized pseudo code.

7. He or she must use consistent language and syntax in the pseudo code, so

that he or she can understand it at a later stage.

8. Below is a complete pseudo code from BEGIN to END that illustrates the

following program.


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AN EXAMPLE PROGRAM BASED ON A PSEUDO CODE

This program will basically calculate the volume of a sphere based on the

given value r.


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LESSON ELEVEN : FLOW CHART

There are five main elements in a flow

chart :

1. Terminator shows the beginning orend of a program

2. Flowline and arrowhead use to

connect symbols and indicate the

sequences of operation.

3. Input or output shows either an

input operation (e.g. an INPUT from

the user) or an output operation (e.g.PRINT some messages).

4. Process shows a process to be carried out (e.g. calculation).

5. Decision shows a decision (or choice) to be made. The program should

continue along one of two routes (e.g. if ..else).

A flow chart is a diagram using symbols to show the step-by-step sequence of

procedures in a program.

A flow chart describes the logic and program flow of a computer systemgraphically.

EXAMPLE OF A FLOW CHART


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A student requests his mark from

the program.

The program will then check

whether his mark is more /equal to50 or not.

If the mark is over or equal to 50,

the program will print a

congratulatory message together

with the mark.

If the mark is lower than 50, then

the program will print amotivational message together with

the result.


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LESSON TWELVE : CONTROL STRUCTURES

1. Control structure is a

structure of

statements inprogramming that

allows the

programmer to

control the flow of a

program.

2. Control structure can

be divided into :

(i) sequence control structures(ii) selection control structures

(iii) repetition control structures

3. We will concentrate on the sequence control structure and selection

control structure.

SEQUENCE CONTROL

In sequence control, the statements

are executed one by one in

consecutive order.

Example :

This program on the left

diagram will request the users


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date of birth and then request todays date, calculate the age and finally will

print the users age.

For example, todays date is 1-

Jan-2006, then the results will be

shown as follows:

Another example of pseudo

code and result that has

sequence control structure :

Diagram below shows the flow

chart for a general sequence

control structure.

The flow chart on the left represents a program thatwill request the users date of birth and then request

todays date, calculate the age and finally the users

age.


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SELECTION CONTROL

There are times when you want your

program to make a decision based on

the situation given.

A program that stores students marksmay respond differently to different

marks.

For example, a simple mathematical

program will display its result as odd or

even based on the result.

Selection control enables the programmer to assign different events for

different situations.

An example of selection control is If..Then.Else statement.

The basic pseudo code for If..ThenElse statement is as follows:

BEGIN

Request condition

If condition is true Then

give positive response

Else

give negative response

End IfEnd

Lets see a pseudo code example for the IfThen..Else statement for

a program that will print You are too heavy to ride the toy car if the

students weight is more than or equal to 50. Otherwise it will print you can

ride the toy car.

BEGINRequest students weight

If students weight is more than of equal to 50 kg Then


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Print You are too heavy to ride the toy car.

Else

Print You can ride the toy car.

End If

End

Let see a program that will respond

differently for different service hours

in a school library.A student requests her service hours

in a library from the program. The

program will then check whether her

service hours are more than / equal to

30 or not.

If the service hours are over or equal

to 30, the program will print a

message Thank you for yourservice.

If the service hours are lower than 30,

then the program will print a message Please continue to serve in the library.

This program will declare a

constant pi equal to 3.142. Then

the program declares two

variables to be used in theprogram (r and volume)

The program will then assign

some value to the r variable.

The program will then calculate

the volume using the formula

volume = (4/3) r3 and display the

volume calculated with a message

box.


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Write a program that will retrieve

the current date from the system.

If todays date is more than 15

then the program will display a

message box with the messageWe are towards the end of the

month.

Else the program will print We

are at the beginning of the

month.

Answer as shown on the right.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SELECTION CONTROL AND

SEQUENCE CONTROL

1. Execution flow

Sequence control executes statement one by one in linear or consecutive

order.

Selection control will execute different statements for different conditions.2. Usage

Programmers use sequence control if they want to execute the code line by

line regardless of the condition. It does not use the decision symbol.

Programmers use selection control if they want to implement decision

making process in the program as it can execute different codes for

different circumstances. It uses the decision symbol.

3. Flow Chart


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LESSON THIRTEEN : PRGRAM DEVELOPMENT PHASES

In program development, there are five main

phases as shown in the diagram on the left..

These phases are a series of steps that

programmers undertake to build computer

programs.

PROBLEM ANALYSIS PHASE

o The programmer will

interview the client to find out what the

clients needs are.

o For example, the client might

be a school that wishes to set up school registration program. So, the

school administrator might tell the programmer they need to record

students data such as name, date of birth, gender, class, parents names,

addresses and contact numbers.

PROGRAM DESIGN PHASE

o Based on that, the programmer will design a flow chart that represents the

needs of the client, which in this case is the school registration program.

CODING

o Once the flow chart is confirmed, the programmer will perform coding.

TESTING AND DEBUGGING PHASE

o The school registration program will be tested by the users at the clients

site. In this case, it will be the school office administrators. IF there are

any errors, the programmer will do a debugging of the program.

DOCUMENTATION PHASE

o After this, the programmer will complete the documentation for the

program; this includes the user manual, a clear layout of the input and

output records and a program listing.


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LESSON FOURTEEN : PROBLEM ANALYSIS PHASE

In this phase, a programmer must

o review and define the problems,

o

identify the data input, process and output for the program.

1. In this study, the programmer reviews and defines the problems faced by

the school administrators : The school enrolment has increased so much

that it has become very difficult for them to perform student registrationwithout the help of a computer program or system.

2. The programmer must indicate the purpose of the program before

continuing to the next task : In this case, the purpose of the school

registration program is to computerize the registration of new students.

3. In this situation, the programmer identifies the data input, process and

output for the program :

o First step : The programmer identifiers the data input, for examplestudents name, students NRIC, gender, telephone number, date of

birth, parents name and address.

o Second step : The programmer identifies the process for the program.

Any new student who enrolls in the school should have all his or her

data keyed into the schools registration program.

o Third step : The programmer identifies the output for the program. For

example, the student who has been registered will be notified of his orher class in the coming academic year or term.

LESSON FIFTEEN : PROGRAM DESIGN PHASE


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In program design, these are three popular tools used, namely

o the top-down design model,

o pseudo code,

o flow chart.

In this case study, the programmer generates a top-down design model.This

top-

down

model consists of three modules, namely input module, process module and

output module.

Then the programmer writes the pseudo code

for the program based on the top-down design

model.

Next, the programmer draws the flow chart that shows the data flow of the

program.


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Besides flow chart, a programmer also produces input and output user

interfaces base on the existing form.


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LESSON SIXTEEN : CODING PHASE

1. It is the software that we run on computers which instruct computers what

to do.

2. These software contain instructions in the form of special symbolic code,

which have been written by computer programmers.

3. The process of writing instructions or code for computers is known as

coding.

4. Hence without coding, there would be no software to help us perform

useful tasks on computers.

5. In coding phase, a programmer uses a program development tool which

generates or provides some or all codes.

6. Coding is the process of writing the solution using the computer

programming language. After finishing the coding process, the

programmer will type the programming language code into the computer.

7. There are many different programming languages in the market. Examples

of the popular programming language used in Malaysian secondary school

are Visual Basic and C language.8. Each of these programming languages has its own particulars syntax.

9. A programming languages syntax is a set of rules specifying a style of

writing instructions for a solution.


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TO WRITE CODE USING MICROSOFT VISUAL BASIC 6.0

Here is an example which generates Visual Basic code.

1. Select File

2. Select New Project

3. Click Open


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CODING USING GUI OF VISUAL BASIC 6.0

Case Study : Student Registration Program

1. Select File

2. Select New Project

3. Single click OK (to choose Standard exe)


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LESSON SEVENTEEN : TESTING & DEBUGGING PHASE

o If errors are uncovered during testing, the programmer will proceed to

debugging.

o Debugging involves tracing the source of errors in the program andmaking the necessary corrections.

o After correcting the errors, it is normal for programmers to test run the

program again just to make sure that the errors have been properly fixed.

TESTING & DEBUGGING

o Once the programmer has finished the coding, the next step is to test it.

o The Purpose of program testing is to ensure the program runs correctly andis error-free.

o There are three types of errors uncovered during this phase: syntax errors,

logic errors and run-time errors.

o When the code violates the syntax of the programming language, a syntax

error occurs.

SYNTAX ERROR

o A syntax error is caused by wrong spelling in command and declaration.

Other syntax errors include case sensitive, punctuation and wrong word

command.


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o They either show up as you type the program code, or if you have turned

off the automatic syntax error check, the syntax errors show up when you

try to run or compile the program.

o o When syntax error is located, a message is displayed on the screen.

o The programmer must review and correct all syntax errors.


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LOGIC ERROR

o If the expected output and actual output do not match for any set of data,

the program has a logic error.

o A logic error is an error in the design that causes inaccurate outputs.

o We can use desk check technique to test logic errors. There are 3 steps to

perform desk checking.

a. First, create a set of test data that includes input and output data.

b. Second, use the test data to test the coding and record the result.

c. Lastly, compare the manual results with the computer generatedresults.


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RUN-TIME ERROR

o Run-time error is an error that occurs while the program is running or

executing.

o A run-time error may cause the program to stop running.

DEBUGING

o The process of locating and correcting of syntax and logic errors in a

program is known as debugging the program.

o The program errors themselves are called bugs. Thus removing the errors

is called debugging.


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LESSON EIGHTEEN : DOCUMENTATION PHASE

o Documentation refers to the written description and pseudo code of

computer programs.


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o Although documentation is stated as the last phase in program

development, it is actually performed throughout all the five main

phases of program development.

o Documentation consists of materials generated during each phase.

o Thus the documentation package is made up of the detailed problem

definition, the program plan (flow chart or pseudo code), comments

within the source program and testing procedures.


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o Other items in the documentation package also include a detailed

description of the program, clear layouts of input and output records,

and a program listing.


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o The programmer should ensure that all documentation is complete

and accurate.

o Documentation becomes especially valuable when the program

requires changes in the future.

o Proper documentation greatly reduces the amount of time a new

programmer spends in learning about the existing programs.

o Internal documentation consists of comments within the program.

o These two types of comments are global comments and internal

comments.

o Global comments, usually stated at the top of the program, explain

the programs purpose and identify the programs name, its author

and the date the program was written.


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o Internal comments, which appear throughout the body of the

program, explain the purpose of the code statements within the

program.

o Internal comments are mostly addressed to other programmers who

may have to make corrections or other modifications in

programming language.


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LESSON NINETEEN : DEVELOP A PROGRAM

o A project is a set of activities with a fixed start date and end date.

o Some examples of projects are the construction of your school building

and the setting up of your school library.

o Program development is also a project.

o A successful program development project will result in one or more

programs that are error-free, affordable, relevant to the needs of users and

delivered on time.

o All the software that you find so helpful, educational and enjoyable today

is the outcome of successful program development projects.o For a program development project to succeed, the people involved must

possess the appropriate set of communication, management and technical

skills.

APPLY PROGRAM DEVELOPMEN PHASES TO SOLVE PROBLEMS

In library where the number of books is increasing, librarians face problems in

registering or cataloguing their books without the help of a computer program.

Therefore programmers can help librarians to analyse their requirements andset up the relevant system.


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Type miss match


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AN EXAMPLE USING VISUAL BASIC 6.0


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Click Check


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LESSON TWENTY : THE LATEST PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGES

o Fifth generation programming language (5GL) is an advance programming

language which concentrates on

solving problems using

constraints given to the program.

o In fifth generation language, the

programmer just need to define

the problem to be solved and theprogram will automatically code

the program based on the problem

definition.

o Fifth generation languages are

designed to make the computer solve the problem for you.

o Fifth generation languages are mostly used in artificial intelligence

research.

o Examples of fifth generation languages include Prolog and Mercury.

NATURAL LANGUAGE

o Natural Language programming aims to use natural language such as

English to write a program.

o Instead of using a specific programming language syntax, natural language

programming will use normal English as the input to program software.


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o Such a technique would

mean less technical

programming knowledge is

required to write a

program.

o The programmer needs to

define the program using

normal language.

o An example of a tool for

natural language is Metafor

created by researchers from

the Massachusetts Institute

of Technology.

OPENGL (GRAPHIC LIBRARY)

o OpenGL is a standard specification to describe the standard Application

Programming Interface (API) for 3D/2D computer graphic applications.

o OpenGL specification declares a set of functions and the exact behaviours

that the 3D/2D application must perform.

o OpenGL was developed by Silicon Graphics.

o OpenGL is widely used in virtual reality, scientific visualization, flight

simulation and video game development.

3D / 2D


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Form 5 Lesson Notes Part 1

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Transcript of Form 5 Lesson Notes Part 1