Forest farming

Agroforestry in Pennsylvania and Opportunities & Challenges from Native Medicinal Forest Plant Husbandry

Eric BurkhartMike JacobsonPenn State

Forest farmingAgroforestry

Location of Forested Land in Pennsylvania

High GradingDeer!Invasives

ContextShift from efficient production to sustainable productionEconomic decline in rural communitiesSoil erosionPollutionWater qualityMonoculturesTop five in nation for land use change due to development

Interest in Agroforestry (PA) *Significantly different between PASA and WOA at .05 level** Significantly different between PASA,WOA, male and female at .05 level

Mean (1-5)Mean (1-5)PASAWOATotalMaleFemaleWindbreak**2.92.32.62.53.0Alley Cropping*2.91.92.32.22.5Silvopasture*2.82.02.32.32.4Riparian Buffers*2.92.52.72.62.9NTFP3.32.93.13.03.4CTM*3.03.63.43.43.4Patio Gardens**3.02.12.32.23.41 Response categories were from 1) Not Interested to 5) Very Interested

Livestock-Related PracticesSpecialty Crop Production Non-AdoptersTimber-Related Practices

Cluster 3: Progressive Land ManagerInterest in Agroforestry NTFP, Patio Gardens CTM Windbreaks, Riparian Buffers

Benefits Environmental Conservation

Obstacles Access to Information Biophysical Compatibility

Cluster 4: Recreational Land ManagerInterest in Agroforestry No Interest in Agroforestry Crop Tree Management NTFP / Patio Gardens

Benefits Wildlife Habitat Economic Obstacles Feasibility Compatibility

Outreach*Significantly different at .05 levelOn-farm demos*WorkshopsSeminarsMagazine articlesToursNewslettersGrower GroupsExtension Agents*Univ. Specialists*InternetNeighborsFamily membersRadio Programs

Chart1

1.921.8

2.212

2.752.19

2.792.6

2.773.18

2.93.6

3.253.26

3.263.41

3.293.46

3.373.48

3.523.41

3.563.39

3.723.18

PASA

WOA

Mean (1-5)

Percent Age

6.896551724102.6905829596

16.0919540232.94117647068.0717488789

34.482758620717.647058823524.2152466368

26.436781609226.470588235326.4573991031

10.344827586221.323529411817.0403587444

5.747126436820.588235294114.798206278

07.35294117654.4843049327

PASA (%)

WOA (%)

Total (%)

Age Cohort

Percent (%)

Percent Age Distribution of PASA and WOA members

Sheet1

PASA (%)WOA (%)Male %Female %Total (%)

0 - 306.90.01.85.62.7

31 - 4016.12.96.613.08.1

41 - 5034.517.622.831.524.2

51 - 6026.426.528.122.226.5

61 - 7010.321.318.613.017.0

71 - 805.720.617.49.314.8OccupationPASA (%)WOA (%)Male (%)Female (%)Total (%)

81 +0.07.45.41.94.5Farmer36.810.321.616.720.6

Retired8.045.633.522.230.9

Blue Collar34.522.125.729.626.9

White Collar5.78.17.85.67.2

MaleFemaleOther14.911.08.425.912.6

Male %Female %Total (%)%

Male %Female %Total (%)

0 - 301.85.62.75.6

31 - 406.613.08.113.0

41 - 5022.831.524.231.5

51 - 6028.122.226.522.2

61 - 7018.613.017.013.0

71 - 8017.49.314.89.3

81 +5.41.94.51.9

PASA (%)WOA (%)Male(%)Female (%)Total (%)

< $10,0003.41.52.41.92.2

$10,001 - $29,99916.110.312.614.812.6

$30,000 - $49,99923.020.618.629.621.5

$50,000 - $74,99923.024.327.513.023.8

$74,000 - $100,00014.914.714.414.814.8

> $100,00012.613.213.211.113.0

PASA (%)WOA (%)Male (%)Female (%)Total (%)

Some H. S.1.10.71.20.00.9

Completed H. S.2.314.710.29.37.6

Tech. Cert.4.64.46.00.04.5

Some College14.912.514.49.310.8

College Graduate32.232.431.138.923.3

Graduate Degree42.533.134.142.625.6

Sheet1

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Male %

Female %

Total (%)

Age Cohort

(%)

Percent Age Distribution of Male and Female Respondents

Sheet2

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

PASA (%)

WOA (%)

Male (%)

Female (%)

Total (%)

Respondent Percent Occupation

Sheet3

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

PASA (%)

WOA (%)

Male %

Female %

Total (%)

Age Cohort

%

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

PASA (%)

WOA (%)

Male(%)

Female (%)

Total (%)

Income Level

%

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

PASA (%)

WOA (%)

Male (%)

Female (%)

Total (%)

Highest Level Education Attained

(%)

Land TypePASAWOA

Homestead2.84.6

Field Crops15.521.0

Forest18.3155.2

Orchards0.61.0

Pasture17.313.7

Fallow2.012.0

Wetlands1.72.1

Ponds/Lakes0.50.7

Right-of-ways0.61.0

Lease from another owner12.09.6

Lease to another owner7.551.2

Have in security easements6.112.1

Land TypeWOA

Homestead4.6

Field Crops21.0

Forest155.2

Orchards1.0

Pasture13.7

Fallow12.0

Wetlands2.1

Ponds/Lakes0.7

Right-of-ways1.0

Lease from another owner9.6

Lease to another owner51.2

Have in security easements12.1

MethodPASAWOA

Radio Programs1.91.8

Family members2.22.0

Neighbors2.82.2

Internet2.82.6

University Specialists*2.83.2

Extension Agents*2.93.6

Farmer/landowner Groups3.33.3

Newsletters3.33.4

Tours3.33.5

Magazine Articles3.43.5

Seminars3.53.4

Workshops3.63.4

On-farm demonstrations*3.73.2

MethodPASAWOA

Extension Agents*2.93.6

On-farm demonstrations3.73.2

Workshops3.63.4

Seminars3.53.4

Magazine Articles3.43.5

Tours3.33.5

Newsletters3.33.4

Farmer/landowner Groups3.33.3

00

00

00

00

00

00

PASA

WOA

Outreach Method

Mean (1-5)

Least Useful Outreach Methods

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

PASA

WOA

Mean (1-5)

Usefulness of Outreach Methods

ExtensionThree Scenarios for Adoption PotentialTimber-Related PracticesLivestock-Related PracticesSpecialty Crop, Small-Scale Intensive Practices

Each one reaches a different audience and requires different collaboratorsDemonstration sites

Non-timber Forest Products (NTFP)Also referred to as:Nontraditional, secondary, minor, non-wood, specialtyUSDA Forest service term = special forest productsCan be classified into four major product categories:Culinary Wood-basedFloral and decorativeMedicinal and dietary supplements

Non-timber Forest Products (NTFP)One of the most basic and critical distinctions is whether harvesting is destructive or non-destructiveDestructive = roots, rhizomes, bark, woodNon-destructive = berries, nuts, leaf material, fungal fruiting bodies

Value-added

Forest farmingAn alternative income opportunityDomestication/cultivation of forest botanicalsTake pressure of wild resourcesKeep land forested

Wild collection (w/ no seeding)Propagation (field, intensive)The husbandry continuumWild collection (w/ seeding)Wild collection (w/ extra seeding)Propagation (forest, intensive)Propagation (forest, non-intensive)

Why botanicals?HealthAre beautiful plantsConcern over habitat lossIncome?There are markets?

On-going forest botanical (NTFP) market studyProduction viability analysis is based upon a 5 year price average from wholesale buyers (1999-2004)Also looking at price/market trends over time (30+ years)Many production assumptions that are still being fine tunedAssume same price for woods cult & wild sim (exception = ginseng).Time to production (3 = woods cult, 5 = wild sim)Seed and propagation material costsYield estimates (roots per pound, yield per area)

SpeciesBlack cohoshBloodrootGoldensealMayappleGinsengBurdock

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)

Uses:Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)Marketable products: root (6 + years); seedSeason: fallPrice paid: $220-$1,500/kg (root)Demand: very strongUses: tonic, stress, mental efficiency, physical performance, fatigue, anti-cancer

Roots per pound data_DCNR

Number of roots per dry pound (PA DCNR data)

n=19961997199920022003

1179236177

2150240220

3191240220

427790152

5240188420

6255212196

73559100

83279100

918065133.3

103287266.7

1124452166

1224892172

1318485144

14188188235

15251360143

16260164154

17185218112

18213220200

19180367285

20230488181

2118619492.3

22187304

2392264

24250252

25170220

26175138

27265160

28153174

29155148

3021390.9

31120100

32120188

33177312

34147123.1

35178480

36150160

37153208

38180196

3916285

40205112

41215282

42132192

43194192

44170192

45140212

46225252

47255164

48127228

49325256

50170181

5155114

52163286

53288

54109

55152

5658

57208

58127

59192

60292

61167

62174

63225

64250

65204

66176

67180

68172

MEAN185.8186.1191.1228.0213.0

SD60.9115.680.1

US harvest data_1821-1979

Pounds (dry weight) of American ginseng exported from the US: 1821-1979 (Carlson, 1986)

AmountPrice

1821-293,871,7650.37

1830-393,192,3750.35

1840-493,915,1290.42

1850-591,999,9990.49

1860-694,149,4450.94

1870-794,041,7271.12

1880-896,771,8300.51

1890-992,163,3023.53

1900-091,513,5586.33

1910-192,073,4427.77

1920-291,765,72212.61

1930-392,020,5585.44

1940-49902,2349.83

1950-591,075,62016.88

1960-691,443,07424.47

1970-792,710,10653.85

US-lbs_1821-1979

3871765

3192375

3915129

1999999

4149445

4041727

6771830

2163302

1513558

2073442

1765722

2020558

902234

1075620

1443074

2710106

Year

Pounds (dry weight) harvested

Figure 1a. Pounds (Dry weight) of American Ginseng Exportedfrom the United States (1821-1979)Source: Carlson, 1986

US-lbs_1821-1979 (v2)

3871765

3192375

3915129

1999999

4149445

4041727

6771830

2163302

1513558

2073442

1765722

2020558

902234

1075620

1443074

2710106

Year

Pounds (dry weight) harvested

Figure 1a. Pounds (dry weight) of American Ginseng Exportedfrom the United States (1821-1979)Source: Carlson, 1986

US-price_1821-1979

0.37

0.35

0.42

0.49

0.94

1.12

0.51

3.53

6.33

7.77

12.61

5.44

9.83

16.88

24.47

53.85

Years

Price per Pound (US dollars)

Figure 1a. Price per Pound (Dry weight) of American Ginsengin the United States (1821-1979)Source: Carlson, 1986

US-price_1821-1979 (v2)

0.37

0.35

0.42

0.49

0.94

1.12

0.51

3.53

6.33

7.77

12.61

5.44

9.83

16.88

24.47

53.85

Years

Price per pound (US)

Figure 1a. Price per Pound (dry weight) of American Ginseng in the United States (1821-1979)Source: Carlson, 1986

state harvest data_1989-2001

Pounds (dry weight) of wild ginseng harvested in the mid-Atlantic US: 1989-2003 (US Fish and Wildlife data + PA DCNR)

PAOHWVNYMD

19892,2268,75913,4491,278101

19904,23611,35115,2501,678210

19912,0367,59818,4741,983165

19923,12212,76321,9521,793119

19933,3618,05720,1011,694198

19943,4639,33018,0422,061116

19952,7449,49516,5701,889150

19962,86012,14418,5071,543490

19972,8299,15712,1681,294386

19981,7224,6167,671767247

19992,4813,8006,6312,00547

20002,0283,6328,6291,164226

20011,6043,7575,409753904

20021,711

20031,361

Chart1

22268759134491278101

423611351152501678210

20367598184741983165

312212763219521793119

33618057201011694198

34639330180422061116

27449495165701889150

286012144185071543490

28299157121681294386

172246167671767247

248138006631200547

2028363286291164226

160437575409753904

PA

OH

WV

NY

MD

Year

Pounds harvested (dry wt.)

Figure 1a. Pounds of Wild American Ginseng Harvested in the Mid-Atlantic US (1989-2001)Source: USFW

Chart2

2226

4236

2036

3122

3361

3463

2744

2860

2829

1722

2481

2028

1604

1711

Year


Figure 3. Pounds of Wild American Ginseng Harvested in Pennsylvania (1989-2002)Source: PA DCNR

chart 3_dry pounds harvested

2226

4236

2036

3122

3361

3463

2744

2860

2829

1722

2481

2028

1604

1711

1360.9

Year


Pounds of Wild American Ginseng Harvested in Pennsylvania (1989-2003)Source: PA DCNR

chart 4_dry pounds harvested

2226

4236

2036

3122

3361

3463

2744

2860

2829

1722

2481

2028

1604

1711

1360.9

Year

Pounds (dry wt.)

Pounds of Wild American Ginseng Plants from Pennsylvania (1989-2003)Source: PA DCNR

state harvest plants_1989-2002

Estimated number of wild ginseng plants harvested in PA: 1989-2003 (PA DCNR data)

plants harvestedroots/lb

1989451,878203

1990859,908203

1991396,865203

1992690,809203

1993711,109203

1994766,528203

1995557,032203

1996497,616168

1997540,030235

1998424,096232

1999452,861191

2000267,148203

2001437,000190

2002342,200200

2003289,872213

TOTAL7,684,952

Calculated using the mean of five sample values (1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001)








Calculated by multiplying the number of pounds harvested by the mean number of roots per pound

n = 42 samples

chart_plants harvested

1989451878

1990859908

1991396865

1992690809

1993711109

1994766528

1995557032

1996497616

1997540030

1998424096

1999452861

2000267148

2001437000

2002342200

2003289872

Year

Plants harvested (dry wt. x no. roots/lb.)

Estimated Number of Wild American Ginseng Plants Harvested in Pennsylvania (1989-2003)Source: PA DCNR

chart_plants harvested (2)

1989451878

1990859908

1991396865

1992690809

1993711109

1994766528

1995557032

1996497616

1997540030

1998424096

1999452861

2000267148

2001437000

2002342200

2003289872

Year

Plants harvested (dry wt./yr x avg. roots/lb.)

Figure 5. Estimated Number of Wild American Ginseng Plants Harvested in Pennsylvania (1989-2003)Source: PA DCNR

chart_plants harvested (3)

1989451878

1990859908

1991396865

1992690809

1993711109

1994766528

1995557032

1996497616

1997540030

1998424096

1999452861

2000267148

2001437000

2002342200

2003289872

Year

Plants harvested (dry wt. x no. roots/lb.)

Estimated Number of Wild American Ginseng Plants Harvested in Pennsylvania (1989-2003)Source: PA DCNR

county harvest data_1991-2003

Pounds (dry weight) of wild ginseng harvested in PA by County: 1991-2003 (PA DCNR data)

TOTALMEANSD

1991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003

Adams2.1100.116.40.45.93.81.99.71.92.34.919.20.0168.613.026.9

Alleghany2.46.77.33.120.99.510.23.832.521.69.85.35.0138.110.69.0

Armstrong72.1123.3130.8155.1107.2145.561.564.1126.661.445.862.528.91,184.891.141.6

Beaver0.023.913.645.627.735.855.53.949.551.529.872.212.8421.832.421.7

Bedford141.1183.7245.5228.5144.3160.8197.799.4166.1120.3107.2171.165.52,031.2156.251.3

Berks31.844.144.2148.147.425.483.054.16.17.60.05.70.0497.538.341.5

Blair34.839.463.1129.9124.559.829.311.722.863.421.485.724.0709.854.638.6

Bradford18.419.536.840.845.434.315.430.152.919.768.622.99.5414.331.916.9

Bucks2.80.05.36.323.96.830.14.66.111.23.42.30.0102.87.99.1

Butler116.658.141.045.3118.336.587.6326.948.829.947.4167.126.51,150.088.583.2

Cambria54.852.563.8111.257.838.349.016.771.440.717.084.133.5690.853.126.2

Cameron0.07.20.03.10.021.61.20.015.20.00.00.00.048.33.77.0

Carbon0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.012.00.012.00.93.3

Centre11.24.86.612.611.914.01.16.52.60.00.80.012.985.06.55.4

Chester0.00.30.30.00.00.20.00.00.02.30.00.00.33.40.30.6

Clarion3.414.56.354.520.024.117.112.517.510.07.13.60.0190.614.714.0

Clearfield99.392.0125.865.862.055.3136.825.075.250.525.384.026.6923.671.036.2

Clinton8.68.36.66.711.00.015.20.02.05.00.00.40.063.84.95.0

Columbia6.75.20.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.02.215.01.22.2

Crawford5.824.860.613.17.415.528.13.19.60.47.52.08.8186.714.416.2

Cumberland0.00.20.00.02.30.02.83.70.00.00.01.90.010.90.81.3

Dauphin0.035.811.912.031.115.215.10.215.80.06.30.00.0143.411.011.9

Delaware2.40.00.31.00.01.00.00.00.00.00.00.01.15.80.40.7

Elk0.910.110.215.020.534.625.50.96.51.22.88.11.7138.010.610.6

Erie3.813.15.610.319.97.612.40.81.10.18.51.61.886.66.76.0

Fayette266.2386.0345.8339.0284.9300.9264.082.0183.7134.5138.9145.969.72,941.5226.3105.7

Forest2.10.00.70.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.01.60.04.40.30.7

Franklin5.023.125.928.736.425.539.36.320.818.35.21.05.0240.518.512.9

Fulton0.01.023.79.35.220.819.23.513.29.30.01.13.8110.18.58.3

Greene36.7104.3104.8160.986.1108.294.250.9106.062.182.272.07.91,076.382.838.4

Huntingdon73.457.358.345.048.235.530.64.428.730.22.99.24.0427.732.923.1

Indiana72.2198.5173.2228.9185.0192.9129.8103.5176.7139.356.193.256.71,806.0138.958.3

Jefferson82.566.2141.864.535.040.674.323.038.222.15.817.048.3659.350.736.0

Juniata5.032.528.830.45.623.911.026.00.03.40.04.36.6177.513.712.5

Lackawanna7.90.52.20.94.90.90.00.42.70.00.30.03.624.31.92.4

Lancaster16.455.029.6103.02.727.517.311.50.99.77.16.30.0287.022.128.6

Lawrence6.174.842.434.721.992.827.64.625.313.316.20.510.7370.928.527.6

Lebanon2.35.80.00.07.17.812.60.00.03.113.31.94.057.94.54.6

Lehigh0.010.114.08.26.20.45.097.831.6117.685.086.30.0462.235.643.8

Luzerne0.03.08.39.16.11.33.10.01.70.80.60.01.035.02.73.2

Lycoming2.410.723.514.424.820.00.34.80.016.626.33.96.9154.611.99.6

McKean145.6224.1244.3175.1178.4148.2262.3152.1309.8346.8225.368.6141.12,621.7201.776.6

Mercer42.120.016.417.413.112.87.00.63.01.412.12.63.9152.411.711.3

Mifflin42.00.30.00.40.50.84.10.03.718.60.40.40.071.25.512.1

Monroe0.30.00.20.00.03.510.90.00.00.00.00.00.014.91.13.1

Montgomery0.02.60.53.41.05.111.22.00.00.01.50.01.929.22.23.1

Montour0.00.12.40.02.40.01.90.00.00.00.00.00.06.80.51.0

Northhampton4.00.00.011.914.516.82.016.50.50.01.60.01.469.25.36.8

Northumberland3.519.97.58.03.56.30.82.55.10.01.20.00.058.34.55.4

Perry5.414.815.415.715.63.115.71.51.22.31.91.311.3105.28.16.6

Philadelphia0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0

Pike0.00.00.00.40.00.01.70.00.00.00.00.00.02.10.20.5

Potter117.0185.6211.5139.1153.6178.7182.787.0189.1131.344.372.726.71,719.3132.359.3

Schuylkill0.00.00.00.01.50.80.20.00.00.00.00.00.02.50.20.5

Snyder0.10.07.32.40.60.013.62.60.02.40.72.31.433.42.63.9

Somerset159.5215.6335.1212.0213.6265.9266.2124.0184.093.7143.2123.777.42,413.9185.775.2

Sullivan14.34.12.417.39.610.314.22.313.72.90.95.712.7110.48.55.7

Susquehanna45.6127.296.187.581.956.649.023.356.442.858.315.927.0767.659.031.7

Tioga60.222.574.1128.9117.3111.3144.488.098.296.964.147.624.11,077.682.938.3

Union0.02.60.03.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.05.60.41.1

Venango0.011.67.03.123.09.68.40.01.41.30.02.30.067.75.26.7

Warren48.581.470.266.126.150.242.616.527.87.428.924.519.3509.539.222.8

Washington12.818.826.654.533.344.811.812.029.838.437.510.717.3348.326.814.3

Wayne8.55.111.010.012.618.92.90.46.00.11.00.00.076.55.96.0

Westmoreland91.4164.7229.6259.5159.3234.3163.090.5171.6159.4126.575.457.91,983.1152.563.2

Wyoming17.663.212.610.03.86.75.01.10.53.31.01.01.3127.19.816.9

York20.141.664.951.59.630.22.62.319.40.00.00.06.0248.219.121.8

TOTAL2,035.73,122.23,361.03,462.62,744.32,859.52,829.01,721.62,480.92,028.41,603.91,710.6920.030,879.72,375.41,395.7

MEAN30.446.650.251.741.042.742.225.737.030.323.925.513.73460.935.520.8

SD49.971.980.475.360.967.067.251.763.256.742.943.124.37689.453.023.1

Adjusted as follows:123.4 +(.7 x 4.5) = 126.6to include green wt. [.7 = 70% wt loss/moisture]











county harvest plants_1991-2002

Estimated number of wild ginseng plants harvested in PA by County (extrapolated from PA DCNR data)

TOTALMEANSD

1991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003

Adams426.320,320.33,329.281.21,197.7771.4385.71,969.1385.7466.9994.74,377.60.034,705.82,669.75,462.8

Alleghany487.21,360.11,481.9629.34,242.71,928.52,070.6771.46,597.54,384.81,989.41,208.41,065.028,216.82,170.51,810.7

Armstrong14,636.325,029.926,552.431,485.321,761.629,536.512,484.513,012.325,699.812,464.29,297.414,250.06,155.7242,365.918,643.58,331.2

Beaver0.04,851.72,760.89,256.85,623.17,267.411,266.5791.710,048.510,454.56,049.416,461.62,726.487,558.46,735.34,693.9

Bedford28,643.337,291.149,836.546,385.529,292.932,642.440,133.120,178.233,718.324,420.921,761.639,010.813,951.5417,266.132,097.410,480.1

Berks6,455.48,952.38,972.630,064.39,622.25,156.216,849.010,982.31,238.31,542.80.01,299.60.0101,135.07,779.68,409.7

Blair7,064.47,998.212,809.326,369.725,273.512,139.45,947.92,375.14,628.412,870.24,344.219,539.65,112.0146,471.911,267.17,979.2

Bradford3,735.23,958.57,470.48,282.49,216.26,962.93,126.26,110.310,738.73,999.113,925.85,221.22,023.584,770.46,520.83,395.8

Bucks568.40.01,075.91,278.94,851.71,380.46,110.3933.81,238.32,273.6690.2524.40.020,925.91,609.71,838.0

Butler23,669.811,794.38,323.09,195.924,014.97,409.517,782.866,360.79,906.46,069.79,622.238,098.85,644.5237,892.518,299.417,229.9

Cambria11,124.410,657.512,951.422,573.611,733.47,774.99,947.03,390.114,494.28,262.13,451.019,174.87,135.5142,669.910,974.65,524.9

Cameron0.01,461.60.0629.30.04,384.8243.60.03,085.60.00.00.00.09,804.9754.21,412.6

Carbon0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.02,736.00.02,736.0NANA

Centre2,273.6974.41,339.82,557.82,415.72,842.0223.31,319.5527.80.0162.40.02,747.717,384.01,337.21,109.4

Chester0.060.960.90.00.040.60.00.00.0466.90.00.063.9693.253.3127.2

Clarion690.22,943.51,278.911,063.54,060.04,892.33,471.32,537.53,552.52,030.01,441.3820.80.038,781.82,983.22,826.7

Clearfield20,157.918,676.025,537.413,357.412,586.011,225.927,770.45,075.015,265.610,251.55,135.919,152.05,665.8189,856.814,604.47,403.6

Clinton1,745.81,684.91,339.81,360.12,233.00.03,085.60.0406.01,015.00.091.20.012,961.4997.01,013.2

Columbia1,360.11,055.6182.70.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0468.63,067.0235.9455.8

Crawford1,177.45,034.412,301.82,659.31,502.23,146.55,704.3629.31,948.881.21,522.5456.01,874.438,038.12,926.03,275.8

Cumberland0.040.60.00.0466.90.0568.4751.10.00.00.0433.20.02,260.2173.9274.1

Dauphin0.07,267.42,415.72,436.06,313.33,085.63,065.340.63,207.40.01,278.90.00.029,110.22,239.22,416.9

Delaware487.20.060.9203.00.0203.00.00.00.00.00.00.0234.31,188.491.4149.9

Elk182.72,050.32,070.63,045.04,161.57,023.85,176.5182.71,319.5243.6568.41,846.8362.128,233.52,171.82,153.0

Erie771.42,659.31,136.82,090.94,039.71,542.82,517.2162.4223.320.31,725.5364.8383.417,637.81,356.81,216.9

Fayette54,038.678,357.070,197.468,817.057,834.761,082.753,592.016,646.037,291.127,303.528,196.733,265.214,846.1601,468.046,266.821,171.4

Forest426.30.0142.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0364.80.0933.271.8149.4

Franklin1,015.04,689.35,257.75,826.17,389.25,176.57,977.91,278.94,222.43,714.91,055.6228.01,065.048,896.53,761.32,602.9

Fulton0.0203.04,811.11,887.91,055.64,222.43,897.6710.52,679.61,887.90.0250.8809.422,415.81,724.31,688.2

Greene7,450.121,172.921,274.432,662.717,478.321,964.619,122.610,332.721,518.012,606.316,686.616,416.01,682.7220,367.916,951.47,750.2

Huntingdon14,900.211,631.911,834.99,135.09,784.67,206.56,211.8893.25,826.16,130.6588.72,097.6852.087,093.16,699.54,667.3

Indiana14,656.640,295.535,159.646,466.737,555.039,158.726,349.421,010.535,870.128,277.911,388.321,249.612,077.1369,515.028,424.211,632.0

Jefferson16,747.513,438.628,785.413,093.57,105.08,241.815,082.94,669.07,754.64,486.31,177.43,876.010,287.9134,745.910,365.17,272.5

Juniata1,015.06,597.55,846.46,171.21,136.84,851.72,233.05,278.00.0690.20.0980.41,405.836,206.02,785.12,534.3

Lackawanna1,603.7101.5446.6182.7994.7182.70.081.2548.10.060.90.0766.84,968.9382.2486.2

Lancaster3,329.211,165.06,008.820,909.0548.15,582.53,511.92,334.5182.71,969.11,441.31,436.40.058,418.54,493.75,801.0

Lawrence1,238.315,184.48,607.27,044.14,445.718,838.45,602.8933.85,135.92,699.93,288.6114.02,279.175,412.25,800.95,589.7

Lebanon466.91,177.40.00.01,441.31,583.42,557.80.00.0629.32,699.9433.2852.011,841.2910.9937.4

Lehigh0.02,050.32,842.01,664.61,258.681.21,015.019,853.46,414.823,872.817,255.019,676.40.095,984.17,383.49,124.6

Luzerne0.0609.01,684.91,847.31,238.3263.9629.30.0345.1162.4121.80.0213.07,115.0547.3641.2

Lycoming487.22,172.14,770.52,923.25,034.44,060.060.9974.40.03,369.85,338.9889.21,469.731,550.32,426.91,942.5

McKean29,556.845,492.349,592.935,545.336,215.230,084.653,246.930,876.362,889.470,400.445,735.915,640.830,054.3535,331.141,179.315,214.2

Mercer8,546.34,060.03,329.23,532.22,659.32,598.41,421.0121.8609.0284.22,456.3592.8830.731,041.22,387.82,279.4

Mifflin8,526.060.90.081.2101.5162.4832.30.0751.13,775.881.291.20.014,463.61,112.62,452.5

Monroe60.90.040.60.00.0710.52,212.70.00.00.00.00.00.03,024.7232.7626.0

Montgomery0.0527.8101.5690.2203.01,035.32,273.6406.00.00.0304.50.0404.75,946.6457.4629.1

Montour0.020.3487.20.0487.20.0385.70.00.00.00.00.00.01,380.4106.2199.4

Northhampton812.00.00.02,415.72,943.53,410.4406.03,349.5101.50.0324.80.0298.214,061.61,081.71,389.5

Northumberland710.54,039.71,522.51,624.0710.51,278.9162.4507.51,035.30.0243.60.00.011,834.9910.41,101.5

Perry1,096.23,004.43,126.23,187.13,166.8629.33,187.1304.5243.6466.9385.7296.42,406.921,501.11,653.91,341.0

Philadelphia0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0

Pike0.00.00.081.20.00.0345.10.00.00.00.00.00.0426.332.896.5

Potter23,751.037,676.842,934.528,237.331,180.836,276.137,088.117,661.038,387.326,653.98,992.916,575.65,687.1351,102.427,007.911,865.4

Schuylkill0.00.00.00.0304.5162.440.60.00.00.00.00.00.0507.539.091.7

Snyder20.30.01,481.9487.2121.80.02,760.8527.80.0487.2142.1524.4298.26,851.7527.1783.1

Somerset32,378.543,766.868,025.343,036.043,360.853,977.754,038.625,172.037,352.019,021.129,069.628,203.616,486.2493,888.237,991.414,990.9

Sullivan2,902.9832.3487.23,511.91,948.82,090.92,882.6466.92,781.1588.7182.71,299.62,705.122,680.71,744.71,152.5

Susquehanna9,256.825,821.619,508.317,762.516,625.711,489.89,947.04,729.911,449.28,688.411,834.93,625.25,751.0156,490.312,037.76,372.7

Tioga12,220.64,567.515,042.326,166.723,811.922,593.929,313.217,864.019,934.619,670.713,012.310,852.85,133.3220,183.816,937.27,667.7

Union0.0527.80.0609.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.01,136.887.4214.1

Venango0.02,354.81,421.0629.34,669.01,948.81,705.20.0284.2263.90.0524.40.013,800.61,061.61,361.4

Warren9,845.516,524.214,250.613,418.35,298.310,190.68,647.83,349.55,643.41,502.25,866.75,586.04,110.9104,234.08,018.04,581.8

Washington2,598.43,816.45,399.811,063.56,759.99,094.42,395.42,436.06,049.47,795.27,612.52,439.63,684.971,145.45,472.72,864.1

Wayne1,725.51,035.32,233.02,030.02,557.83,836.7588.781.21,218.020.3203.00.00.015,529.51,194.61,216.1

Westmoreland18,554.233,434.146,608.852,678.532,337.947,562.933,089.018,371.534,834.832,358.225,679.517,191.212,332.7405,033.331,156.412,576.7

Wyoming3,572.812,829.62,557.82,030.0771.41,360.11,015.0223.3101.5669.9203.0228.0276.925,839.31,987.63,425.7

York4,080.38,444.813,174.710,454.51,948.86,130.6527.8466.93,938.20.00.00.01,278.050,444.63,880.44,416.9

TOTAL413,247.1633,805.6682,283.0702,907.8557,092.9580,478.5574,287.0349,484.8503,622.7411,765.2325,591.7390,016.8195,960.06,320,543.1485,985.2281,892.2

MEAN6,167.99,459.810,183.310,491.28,314.88,663.98,571.45,216.27,516.86,145.74,859.65,821.12,924.894,336.57,363.44,271.1

SD10,123.514,600.116,325.015,276.012,353.413,598.413,633.410,488.212,830.211,510.08,713.29,828.05,190.4141,064.610,898.84,677.7












n = 228 roots per pound

Sample:213 roots per pound

county harvest data_91-01 sort

Amounts of wild ginseng harvested in PA by County: 1991-2001 (PA DCNR data)

Pounds (Dry weight)Number of plants (203 roots/lb)

RANKCOUNTYTOTALMEAN/YRSDTOTALMEAN/YRSD

1Fayette2,725.9247.899.1553,356.750,305.220,107.3

2McKean2,412.0219.367.5489,636.044,512.413,709.4

3Somerset2,212.8201.270.5449,198.440,836.214,315.9

4Westmoreland1,849.8168.255.1375,509.434,137.211,184.7

5Bedford1,794.6163.147.5364,303.833,118.59,640.8

6Indiana1,656.1150.655.2336,188.330,562.611,201.0

7Potter1,619.9147.350.1328,839.729,894.510,170.5

8Armstrong1,093.499.439.2221,960.220,178.27,948.2

9Tioga1,005.991.434.8204,197.718,563.47,071.7

10Greene996.490.633.6202,269.218,388.16,816.6

11Butler956.486.985.4194,149.217,649.917,336.8

12Clearfield813.073.936.7165,039.015,003.57,452.7

13Susquehanna724.765.929.4147,114.113,374.05,978.3

14Blair600.154.639.9121,820.311,074.68,107.3

15Jefferson594.054.037.8120,582.010,962.07,672.3

16Cambria573.252.126.2116,359.610,578.15,315.9

17Berks491.844.742.099,835.49,075.98,530.4

18Warren465.742.323.594,537.18,594.34,765.3

19Huntingdon414.537.721.884,143.57,649.44,428.5

20Bradford381.934.716.677,525.77,047.83,367.7

21Lehigh375.934.243.876,307.76,937.18,895.4

22Lawrence359.732.728.073,019.16,638.15,678.8

23Beaver336.830.619.168,370.46,215.53,882.7

24Washington320.329.114.365,020.95,911.02,897.0

25Lancaster280.725.529.956,982.15,180.26,075.3

26York242.222.022.549,166.64,469.74,565.8

27Franklin234.521.311.947,603.54,327.62,408.7

28Clarion187.017.013.937,961.03,451.02,826.6

29Crawford175.916.017.135,707.73,246.23,470.4

30Juniata166.615.113.133,819.83,074.52,664.4

31Adams149.413.629.130,328.22,757.15,899.0

32Mercer145.913.311.629,617.72,692.52,359.6

33Lycoming143.813.110.029,191.42,653.82,035.5

34Dauphin143.413.011.929,110.22,646.42,413.5

35Elk128.211.711.226,024.62,365.92,276.6

36Alleghany127.811.69.525,943.42,358.51,918.5

37Wyoming124.811.318.025,334.42,303.13,656.6

38Fulton105.29.68.621,355.61,941.41,751.4

39Bucks100.59.19.420,401.51,854.71,900.2

40Perry92.68.46.818,797.81,708.91,383.3

41Sullivan92.08.46.018,676.01,697.81,216.3

42Erie83.27.66.116,889.61,535.41,244.5

43Wayne76.57.05.915,529.51,411.81,198.9

44Centre72.16.65.214,636.31,330.61,048.3

45Mifflin70.86.413.014,372.41,306.62,635.9

46Northhampton67.86.27.213,763.41,251.21,451.5

47Venango65.45.97.113,276.21,206.91,435.0

48Clinton63.45.85.012,870.21,170.01,008.7

49Northumberland58.35.35.511,834.91,075.91,122.6

50Lebanon52.04.75.010,556.0959.61,014.2

51Cameron48.34.47.49,804.9891.41,503.3

52Luzerne34.03.13.36,902.0627.5667.2

53Snyder29.72.74.26,029.1548.1854.5

54Montgomery27.32.53.35,541.9503.8671.8

55Lackawanna20.71.92.54,202.1382.0504.3

56Monroe14.91.43.33,024.7275.0676.4

57Columbia12.81.22.42,598.4236.2488.2

58Cumberland9.00.81.41,827.0166.1283.4

59Montour6.80.61.01,380.4125.5212.3

60Union5.60.51.11,136.8103.3230.6

61Delaware4.70.40.8954.186.7155.2

62Chester3.10.30.7629.357.2138.2

63Forest2.80.30.6568.451.7131.4

64Schuylkill2.50.20.5507.546.198.7

65Pike2.10.20.5426.338.8104.5

66Carbon0.00.00.00.00.00.0

67Philadelphia0.00.00.00.00.00.0

county harvest data 91-02 sort

Amounts of wild ginseng harvested in PA by County: 1991-2002 (PA DCNR data)

Pounds (Dry weight)200220012000

RANKTOTALMEAN/YRSDRANKTOTALRANKTOTALRANKTOTAL

1Fayette2,871.8239.398.91Bedford171.11McKean225.31McKean346.8

2McKean2,480.6206.777.72Butler167.12Somerset143.22Westmoreland159.4

3Somerset2,336.5194.770.93Fayette145.93Fayette138.93Indiana139.3

4Bedford1,965.7163.845.34Somerset123.74Westmoreland126.54Fayette134.5

5Westmoreland1,925.2160.459.05Indiana93.25Bedford107.25Potter131.3

6Indiana1,749.3145.855.26Lehigh86.36Lehigh85.06Bedford120.3

7Potter1,692.6141.152.47Blair85.77Greene82.27Lehigh117.6

8Armstrong1,155.996.338.88Cambria84.18Bradford68.68Tioga96.9

9Butler1,123.593.684.79Clearfield84.09Tioga64.19Somerset93.7

10Greene1,068.489.032.510Westmoreland75.410Susquehanna58.310Blair63.4

11Tioga1,053.587.835.511Potter72.711Indiana56.111Greene62.1

12Clearfield897.074.835.112Beaver72.212Butler47.412Armstrong61.4

13Susquehanna740.661.731.613Greene72.013Armstrong45.813Beaver51.5

14Blair685.857.239.114McKean68.614Potter44.314Clearfield50.5

15Cambria657.354.826.615Armstrong62.515Washington37.515Susquehanna42.8

16Jefferson611.050.937.616Tioga47.616Beaver29.816Cambria40.7

17Berks497.541.541.617Warren24.517Warren28.917Washington38.4

18Warren490.240.923.018Bradford22.918Lycoming26.318Huntingdon30.2

19Lehigh462.238.544.419Adams19.219Clearfield25.319Butler29.9

20Huntingdon423.735.322.420Jefferson17.020Blair21.420Jefferson22.1

21Beaver409.034.121.821Susquehanna15.921Cambria17.021Alleghany21.6

22Bradford404.833.716.222Carbon12.022Lawrence16.222Bradford19.7

23Lawrence360.230.028.223Washington10.723Lebanon13.323Mifflin18.6

24Washington331.027.614.624Huntingdon9.224Mercer12.124Franklin18.3

25Lancaster287.023.929.125Elk8.125Alleghany9.825Lycoming16.6

26York242.220.222.426Lancaster6.326Erie8.526Lawrence13.3

27Franklin235.519.612.727Berks5.727Crawford7.527Bucks11.2

28Clarion190.615.913.828Sullivan5.728Clarion7.128Clarion10.0

29Crawford177.914.816.829Alleghany5.329Lancaster7.129Lancaster9.7

30Juniata170.914.212.930Juniata4.330Dauphin6.330Fulton9.3

31Adams168.614.127.831Lycoming3.931Jefferson5.831Berks7.6

32Mercer148.512.411.532Clarion3.632Franklin5.232Warren7.4

33Lycoming147.712.39.933Mercer2.633Adams4.933Clinton5.0

34Dauphin143.412.011.934Bucks2.334Bucks3.434Juniata3.4

35Elk136.311.410.735Snyder2.335Huntingdon2.935Wyoming3.3

36Alleghany133.111.19.236Venango2.336Elk2.836Lebanon3.1

37Wyoming125.810.517.437Crawford2.037Perry1.937Sullivan2.9

38Fulton106.38.98.638Cumberland1.938Northhampton1.638Snyder2.4

39Bucks102.88.69.139Lebanon1.939Montgomery1.539Adams2.3

40Sullivan97.78.15.840Erie1.640Northumberland1.240Chester2.3

41Perry93.97.86.841Forest1.641Wayne1.041Perry2.3

42Erie84.87.16.142Perry1.342Wyoming1.042Mercer1.4

43Wayne76.56.46.043Fulton1.143Sullivan0.943Venango1.3

44Centre72.16.05.344Franklin1.044Centre0.844Elk1.2

45Mifflin71.25.912.545Wyoming1.045Snyder0.745Luzerne0.8

46Northhampton67.85.77.046Lawrence0.546Luzerne0.646Crawford0.4

47Venango67.75.66.847Clinton0.447Mifflin0.447Erie0.1

48Clinton63.85.35.048Mifflin0.448Lackawanna0.348Wayne0.1

49Northumberland58.34.95.549Cameron0.049Berks0.049Cameron0.0

50Lebanon53.94.54.850Centre0.050Cameron0.050Carbon0.0

51Cameron48.34.07.251Chester0.051Carbon0.051Centre0.0

52Luzerne34.02.83.352Columbia0.052Chester0.052Columbia0.0

53Snyder32.02.74.053Dauphin0.053Clinton0.053Cumberland0.0

54Montgomery27.32.33.254Delaware0.054Columbia0.054Dauphin0.0

55Lackawanna20.71.72.455Lackawanna0.055Cumberland0.055Delaware0.0

56Monroe14.91.23.256Luzerne0.056Delaware0.056Forest0.0

57Columbia12.81.12.357Monroe0.057Forest0.057Lackawanna0.0

58Carbon12.0NANA58Montgomery0.058Fulton0.058Monroe0.0

59Cumberland10.90.91.459Montour0.059Juniata0.059Montgomery0.0

60Montour6.80.61.060Northhampton0.060Monroe0.060Montour0.0

61Union5.60.51.161Northumberland0.061Montour0.061Northhampton0.0

62Delaware4.70.40.762Philadelphia0.062Philadelphia0.062Northumberland0.0

63Forest4.40.40.763Pike0.063Pike0.063Philadelphia0.0

64Chester3.10.30.764Schuylkill0.064Schuylkill0.064Pike0.0

65Schuylkill2.50.20.565Union0.065Union0.065Schuylkill0.0

66Pike2.10.20.566Wayne0.066Venango0.066Union0.0

67Philadelphia0.00.00.067York0.067York0.067York0.0

avg. price per lb_PA

Average price paid per pound as reported from dealer quarterly reports (PA DCNR)

2002

ABCDEFGHIJKLMMEANSD

Jan-Mar27525023022530025425025526

Apr-Jun

Jul-Sep300300251.68300292.525032027527028424

Oct-Dec350250325370300340318318362.57271.0427535031938

286

mayapple

Common NameTrade Item19681968197319731973197419741974197419761976197619771977197819781979198019801981198119821982198319831984198519861986198719881989198919901991199219921992199619961997199719982000200320042004

MayappleRoot0.450.450.550.500.610.900.750.900.900.400.450.950.600.900.400.500.900.750.800.500.600.500.750.600.500.600.601.001.001.402.000.500.250.300.500.500.250.500.250.250.250.251.502.720.100.100.12

Year19681973197419761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199619971998200020032004

Average price0.450.550.860.600.750.450.900.780.550.630.550.600.601.001.402.000.380.300.500.420.250.251.502.720.100.11

Source:S. Goodman & Sons229 East Market StreetLouisville, KY 40202May 1968

Source:Magee Fur Co.Eolia, MO 63344Spring 1968

Source:L.S. Dinkelspiel Co.229 East Market StreetLouisville, KY 40202Spring-Summer 1973

Source:St. Louis Commission Co.4157 N. Kings HighwaySt. Louis, MO 63115Fall 1973

Source:F.C. Taylor Fur Co.227 East Market StreetLouisville, KY 40202Winter 1973

Source:Magee Root Co.Eolia, MO 63344Spring 1974

Source:St. Louis Commission Co.4157 N. Kings HighwaySt. Louis, MO 63115April 1974

Source:F.C. Taylor Fur Co.227 East Market StreetLouisville, KY 40202August 1974

Source:Southeastern Fur Co.RFD#2 Sumner, IL 62466September 1974

Source:D. Herzinger Fur and Root Co.Rte. 3, Box 550D, Arnold, MO 63010April 1976

Source:T. & H. Rysinski1038 Fifth Street, Ambridge, PA 150031976

Source:Magee Root Co.Eolia, MO 63344Fall (Oct) 1976

Source:T. & H. Rysinski1038 Fifth StreetAmbridge, PA 150031977

Source:D. Herzinger Fur & Root Co.RR 3, Box 550DArnold, MO 63010May 1977

Source:Ritchie and Pearson100 Main StreetSmith Mills, KY 42457August 1978

Source:St. Louis Commission Co.4157 N. KingsHighwaySt. Louis, MO 631151978/Fall 1978

Source:St. Louis Commission Co.4157 N. KingsHighwaySt. Louis, MO 631151979

Source:St. Louis Commission Co.4157 N. KingsHighwaySt. Louis, MO 63115May 1980

Source:Magee Root Co.Eolia, MO 63344May 1980


Source:Judson Pearson100 Main StreetSmith Mills, KY 424571981

Source:Magee Root Co.Eolia, MO 63344Summer (June) 1982

Source:Potter Fur and Hide Inc.2883 Cook RoadRootstown, OH 44272June 1982

Source:Owens Roots & HerbsRR 1 Box 157Ramsey, IL 620801983

Source:East Branch Fur Exchange9230 Mentor RoadChardon, OH 44024July 1983


Source:Magee Natural ProductsP.O. Box 37Eolia, MO 63344Spring 1985

Source:Blue Ridge Botanicals, Inc.P.O. Box 1332North Wilkesboro, NC 28659February 1986

Source:Magee Root Co.P.O. Box 37Eolia, MO 63344Spring 1986

Source:Owens Roots & HerbsBox 157Ramsey, IL 62080May 1987

Source:Stan KohnertRte. 2, Box 96LeCenter, MN 56057Summer-Fall 1988

Source: Millin's Hides, Furs, Roots, & SeedsConfluence, PAEverett, PA1989

Source:Wilcox Natural ProductsBoone, NCEolia, MOEllington, MOPikeville, KYSpring 1989

Source:Owens Roots & HerbsBox 157Ramsey, IL 62080Spring (March) 1990

Source:Duncan's Fur, Hide & Root Co.3080 East Ramp Creek Rd.Bloomington, IN 47401July 1991

Source:Wilcox Drug Co., Inc.Box 470Pikeville, KY 41501Box 391Boone, NC 28607Summer 1992

Source:Duncan's Fur, Hide & Root Co.3080 East Ramp Creek Rd.Bloomington, IN 474011992

Source:Potter Fur & Hide Inc.2883 Cook RoadRootstown, OH 44272July 1992

Source:Gruvers Trading PostRR#2 Box 218Mayport, PA 16240Spring 1996

Source:Gruvers Trading PostRR#2 Box 218Mayport, PA 16240September 1996


Source:American BotanicalsPO Box 158, 24750 Highway FFEolia, MO 63344Spring 1997

Source:Edward FletcherStrategic Sourcing, Inc.Botanical Division115 Snow Ridge RoadBanner Elk, NC 28604


Source:Hawk Mountain Trading Company WVFall 2003

Source: Millin's Hides, Furs, Roots, & SeedsConfluence, PAEverett, PAJuly 2004


mayapple graph

19680.45

19730.5533333333

19740.8625

19760.6

19770.75

19780.45

19790.9

19800.775

19810.55

19820.625

19830.55

19840.6

19850.6

19861

19871.4

19882

19890.375

19900.3

19910.5

19920.4166666667

19960.25

19970.25

19981.5

20002.72

20030.1

20040.11

Year

Average price

Year

Average price paid to collector/grower

Average price of Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) root (1968-2004)

bloodroot

Common Name19681968196819731973197319741974197419741976197619771977197819781979198019801980198119811982198219831983198419851986198619871988198919891990199019911991199219921992199319941994199519961996199619961997199719981998199920002000200020012001200220032003200420042004

BloodrootRoot0.300.400.400.700.700.830.900.800.850.901.001.351.101.000.400.501.000.600.600.250.600.500.900.400.751.003.503.504.004.002.755.004.003.003.002.502.003.002.002.001.502.001.001.001.005.005.504.004.004.005.009.504.004.0011.807.006.0012.007.007.507.007.506.508.009.00

Year19681973197419761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004

Average price0.370.740.861.181.050.451.000.480.550.650.883.503.504.002.755.003.502.752.501.832.001.001.004.634.506.754.008.279.507.507.257.83

Source:Greer Drug & Chemical Corp.P.O. Box 800, 291 Oak StreetLenoir, N.C. 28645Spring 1968


















Source:St. Louis Commission Co.4157 N. KingsHighwaySt. Louis, MO 63115September 1980

















Source:Wilcox Natural ProductsCounty Road F.F.P.O. Box 37Eolia, MO 63344Spring 1990

Source:Wilcox Natural ProductsCounty Road F.F.P.O. Box 37Eolia, MO 63344Spring (April) 1991






Source:Gruvers Trading PostRR#2 Box 218Mayport, PA 16240August 1994

Source:Wilcox Natural ProductsP.O. Box 37, Co. Rd. Ff.Eolia, MOP.O. Box 159, Highway 21 SouthEllington, MOP.O. Box 470Pikeville, KYP.O. Box 391, 123 West HowardBoone, NC 28607Spring (April) 1994

Source:Wilcox Natural ProductsBoone, NCEolia, MOEllington, MOPikeville, KY1995

Source:Wilcox Natural ProductsBoone, NCEolia, MOEllington, MOPikeville, KYJuly 1996

Source:Ohio River Ginseng & Fur, Inc.P.O. Box 23472648 Lisbon Street, Rte. 267East Liverpool, OH 439201996









Source:Ohio River Ginseng & Fur, Inc.P.O. Box 23472648 Lisbon Street, Rte. 267East Liverpool, OH 43920September 2000










bloodroot graph

19680.3666666667

19730.7433333333

19740.8625

19761.175

19771.05

19780.45

19791

19800.4833333333

19810.55

19820.65

19830.875

19843.5

19853.5

19864

19872.75

19885

19893.5

19902.75

19912.5

19921.8333333333

19932

19941

19951

19964.625

19974.5

19986.75

19994

20008.2666666667

20019.5

20027.5

20037.25

20047.8333333333

Year

Average price

Year


Average price of Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) root (1968-2004)

ginseng

Common NameTrade ItemProduction Type196819681973197319731974197419741974197419761976197719781978198019801980198119811982198219931994199619961997200020032004

American ginsengRootWild/Wild-simulatedNorthern31.0032.5055.0059.5064.5063.0063.0064.0064.0063.0072.0080.0087.5085.00100.00105.00112.50120.00130.00125.00115.00130.00225.00240.00390.00325.00245.00312.50340.00245.00

RootWild/Wild-simulatedSouthern31.0028.0055.0059.5061.0061.0064.0059.5063.0072.0077.5087.5085.00100.00105.00112.50110.00130.00125.00115.00130.00225.00240.00390.00325.00245.00312.50340.00245.00

RootWoods-grown100.00100.00145.0075.0095.00170.00

RootField-grown21.0037.5037.5017.5017.5013.5017.5026.00

Year1968197319741976197719781980198119821993199419961997200020032004

Average priceWild/Wild-simulated30.6359.0862.7275.3887.5092.50110.83127.50122.50225.00240.00357.50245.00312.50340.00245.00

Woods-cultivated100.00100.00110.0095.00170.00

Field-intensive37.5017.5013.5017.5026.00


Source:Consolidated Fur & Ginseng Co.155-157 West 29th StreetNew York, NY 10001March 1968








Source:Snowiss Fur Co.234 East Third StreetWilliamsport, PA 17701August 1974



















Source:Tuckasegee Valley GinsengP.O. Box 236Tuckasegee, NC 287832003 (related in Summer 2004 newsletter)


Northern ginseng =Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, New York, Northern Illinois, North Carolina, New England, New Jersey, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, Missouri, Indiana, Virginia, Michigan

Southern ginseng =Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, South Carolina, Louisiana

ginseng graph

30.62519681968

59.083333333319731973

62.722222222219741974

75.37519761976

87.519771977

92.519781978

110.833333333319801980

127.519811981

122.519821982

22510037.5

24010017.5

357.511013.5

2459517.5

312.520002000

34017026

24520042004

Wild/Wild-simulated

Woods-cultivated

Field-intensive

Year


Average price of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) root (1968-2004)

black cohosh

1968197419741976197619761977197719781978197919801980198119811982198219831983198419851986198619871988198919891990199019911991199219921992199419941995199619961996199619971998200020012003200420042004

Black cohoshRoot0.130.350.200.350.400.600.550.350.600.350.350.350.500.350.850.500.400.400.400.250.300.450.450.600.500.750.500.700.750.751.000.751.000.801.501.001.401.001.001.001.001.002.352.264.852.751.753.002.50

Year1968197419761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199419951996199719982000200120032004

Average price0.130.280.450.450.480.350.430.600.450.400.250.300.450.600.500.630.730.880.851.251.401.001.002.352.264.852.752.42

















































Source:American BotanicalsPO Box 158, 24750 Highway FFEolia, MO 63344October 2004

cohosh graph

0.13

0.275

0.45

0.45

0.475

0.35

0.425

0.6

0.45

0.4

0.25

0.3

0.45

0.6

0.5

0.625

0.725

0.875

0.85

1.25

1.4

1

1

2.35

2.26

4.85

2.75

2.4166666667

Average price

Year


Average price of Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) root (1968-2004)

goldenseal

1968196819681973197319731974197419741974197419761976197619771977197819781979198019801980198119811982198219831983198419851986198619871988198919891990199019911991199219921992199319941994199519961996199619971998200020002001200420042004

GoldensealRoot2.753.001.754.506.005.555.505.505.555.505.254.003.255.505.005.505.505.6310.008.007.008.007.007.008.008.007.508.006.006.006.004.008.0011.0012.008.0014.0010.0010.0015.5017.0022.0019.0022.0014.0020.0032.0028.0025.0040.0043.0018.0034.0015.0022.0020.00

GoldensealLeaf1.001.001.252.002.032.501.502.502.752.001.252.001.502.002.002.003.002.001.752.001.502.502.752.003.252.502.002.002.001.501.751.502.001.302.003.004.004.505.004.505.002.003.002.004.505.006.506.006.0013.0015.808.0015.803.003.501.00

Year19681973197419761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998200020012004

Average price root2.505.355.464.255.255.5710.007.677.008.007.756.006.005.008.0011.0010.0012.0012.7519.5019.0018.0020.0030.0025.0040.0030.5034.0019.00

Average price leaf1.001.762.311.751.752.003.001.922.002.382.882.002.001.751.751.501.652.504.254.832.002.504.505.836.0013.0011.9015.802.50



Source:Consolidated Fur & Ginseng Co.155-157 West 29th StreetNew York, NY 10001March 1968








Source:Snowiss Fur Co.234 East Third StreetWilliamsport, PA 17701August 1974
















































seal graph

2.51

5.351.76

5.462.3125

4.251.75

5.251.75

5.5652

103

7.66666666671.9166666667

72

82.375

7.752.875

62

62

51.75

81.75

111.5

101.65

122.5

12.754.25

19.54.8333333333

192

182.5

204.5

305.8333333333

256

4013

30.511.9

3415.8

192.5

Average price root

Average price leaf

Year


Average price of Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) root & herb (1968-2004)

sassafras

1968196819681973197319731974197419741974197619761978198119821982198319841985198619861987198919901990199119911992199219921994199519961996199820002003200420042004

SassafrasLeaf0.250.500.450.300.450.400.350.450.600.200.500.400.400.700.650.400.751.000.751.752.040.400.351.00

SassafrasRoot Bark, rossed, red0.250.500.600.801.251.031.401.301.401.501.651.201.501.501.752.001.751.751.002.002.002.002.003.003.002.504.005.003.006.005.446.005.00

SassafrasRoot Bark, un-rossed, red0.250.250.400.400.750.630.700.800.630.601.000.750.750.751.000.801.001.000.601.001.000.751.001.001.251.251.001.251.252.002.001.505.004.532.751.501.602.50

SassafrasTree Bark, red0.150.150.200.200.200.150.150.100.150.200.100.100.050.200.200.100.100.050.10

Year19681973197419761978198119821983198419851986198719891990199119921994199519961998200020032004

Average price leaf0.250.500.450.380.400.400.600.200.450.550.530.751.000.751.752.040.400.68

Average price root bark (rossed)0.451.031.401.431.501.501.752.001.751.751.502.002.002.503.002.504.005.003.006.005.446.005.00

Average price root bark (un-rossed)0.300.590.680.880.750.751.000.801.001.000.801.000.751.001.251.172.002.001.505.004.532.751.87

Average price tree bark0.150.150.200.200.200.150.150.130.200.100.100.130.130.050.10









































sassafras graph

19680.450.31968

19731.02666666670.59333333331973

19741.40.68250.15

0.251.4250.8750.15

0.51.50.750.2

0.451.50.750.2

0.3751.7510.2

0.420.81983

19841.7510.15

19851.7510.15

0.41.50.80.125

0.6210.2

0.220.750.1

0.452.510.1

0.5531.250.125

0.5252.51.16666666670.1333333333

0.75420.05

1521995

0.7531.51996

1.75651998

2.045.444.532000

0.462.752003

0.67551.86666666670.1

Average price leaf

Average price root bark (rossed)

Average price root bark (un-rossed)

Average price tree bark

Year


Average price of Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) bark & leaf (1968-2004)

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)Season: fallPrice paid: $35-120/kg (root); no data for leafDemand: steady and significantUses: tonic, mild laxative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, bitter, uterine stimulant, stops internal bleeding, astringentMarketable products:root (3 yr. old)leaf despite its notoriety, little clinical research

Marketable products:root (3+ yr. old)Season: fallPrice paid: $6-20/kg (root); $4.50-10.00 per plant as an ornamental Demand: significantUses: medicinal (promotes menstrual flow & regularity, anti-rheumatic) and ornamentalRemiFemin (GlaxoSmithKline)Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)

Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)

Marketable products:root (4-7 yr. old)Season: FallAverage root weight: 95 plants/lb. (Price paid: $16-35/kg (root); $4.50-10.00 per plant as an ornamental Demand: steady Uses: medicinal (cancer, topical, expectorant, antiseptic, antibacterial) and as an ornamentalBloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)

Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum)

Usestoxicanticancer properties laxativeWarts

Price about $1/kg

all data

19681973197419761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004

ginseng30.6359.0862.7275.3887.5092.50110.83127.50122.50225.00240.00357.50245.00312.50340.00245.00

goldenseal2.505.355.464.255.255.5710.007.677.008.007.756.006.005.008.0011.0010.0012.0012.7519.5019.0018.0020.0030.0025.0040.0030.5034.0019.00

bloodroot0.370.740.861.181.050.451.000.480.550.650.883.503.504.002.755.003.502.752.501.832.001.001.004.634.506.754.008.279.507.507.257.83

black cohosh0.130.280.450.450.480.350.430.600.450.400.250.300.450.600.500.630.730.880.851.251.401.001.002.352.264.852.752.42

mayapple0.450.550.860.600.750.450.900.780.550.630.550.600.601.001.402.000.380.300.500.420.250.251.502.720.100.11

all graph

30.6252.50.36666666670.130.45

59.08333333335.350.743333333319730.5533333333

62.72222222225.460.86250.2750.8625

75.3754.251.1750.450.6

87.55.251.050.450.75

92.55.5650.450.4750.45

19791010.350.9

110.83333333337.66666666670.48333333330.4250.775

127.570.550.60.55

122.580.650.450.625

19837.750.8750.40.55

198463.50.250.6

198563.50.30.6

1986540.451

198782.750.61.4

19881150.52

1989103.50.6250.375

1990122.750.7250.3

199112.752.50.8750.5

199219.51.83333333330.850.4166666667

22519219931993

2401811.251994

19952011.41995

357.5304.62510.25

245254.510.25

1998406.752.351.5

19991999419991999

312.530.58.26666666672.262.72

2001349.54.852001

200220027.520022002

34020037.252.750.1

245197.83333333332.41666666670.11

ginseng

goldenseal

bloodroot

black cohosh

mayapple

Year


Average price of several medicinal root-furnishing species (1968-2004)

mayapple

Common NameTrade Item19681968197319731973197419741974197419761976197619771977197819781979198019801981198119821982198319831984198519861986198719881989198919901991199219921992199619961997199719982000200320042004

MayappleRoot0.450.450.550.500.610.900.750.900.900.400.450.950.600.900.400.500.900.750.800.500.600.500.750.600.500.600.601.001.001.402.000.500.250.300.500.500.250.500.250.250.250.251.502.720.100.100.12

Year19681973197419761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199619971998200020032004

Average price0.450.550.860.600.750.450.900.780.550.630.550.600.601.001.402.000.380.300.500.420.250.251.502.720.100.11
















































mayapple graph

19680.45

19730.5533333333

19740.8625

19760.6

19770.75

19780.45

19790.9

19800.775

19810.55

19820.625

19830.55

19840.6

19850.6

19861

19871.4

19882

19890.375

19900.3

19910.5

19920.4166666667

19960.25

19970.25

19981.5

20002.72

20030.1

20040.11

Year

Average price

Year


Average price of Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) root (1968-2004)

bloodroot

Common Name19681968196819731973197319741974197419741976197619771977197819781979198019801980198119811982198219831983198419851986198619871988198919891990199019911991199219921992199319941994199519961996199619961997199719981998199920002000200020012001200220032003200420042004

BloodrootRoot0.300.400.400.700.700.830.900.800.850.901.001.351.101.000.400.501.000.600.600.250.600.500.900.400.751.003.503.504.004.002.755.004.003.003.002.502.003.002.002.001.502.001.001.001.005.005.504.004.004.005.009.504.004.0011.807.006.0012.007.007.507.007.506.508.009.00

Year19681973197419761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004

Average price0.370.740.861.181.050.451.000.480.550.650.883.503.504.002.755.003.502.752.501.832.001.001.004.634.506.754.008.279.507.507.257.83


































































bloodroot graph

19680.3666666667

19730.7433333333

19740.8625

19761.175

19771.05

19780.45

19

Forest farming

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