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Japan’s New Energy Strategyand US-‐Japan Nuclear Cooperation

Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, METIDecember, 2015

Current Situation of Japanese Nuclear Policy

Unit 1

Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 4

<At the Time of the Accident> <Now>




Hydrogen explosion Core melt

No hydrogen explosion Core melt

Hydrogen explosion Core melt

Hydrogen explosion No core melt

• The building cover has been installed to prevent dispersion of radioactive materials.• Now the cover is being dismantled in preparation for the fuel removal operation.

• Currently, toward the fuel removal from SPF, removal of rubbles is underway.• On August 2, 2015, removal of largest rubble(FHM), weighs close to 20 tons, lying in the spent fuel pool was completed.

• On December 22, 2014, all (1533) fuel removal from Unit 4 SPF was completed.

1. The Current Status of each Unit at Fukushima Daiichi NPS

１２３４

②Remove contaminated water in the trench

⑥Waterproof pavementFlow of groundwater ①Multi-nuclide removal equipment etc.

③Groundwater bypass

④Wells near the buildings (sub-drain)

⑤Land-side impermeable walls

Area for installation of tanks

⑨Installation of tanks underway

⑦Ground improvement

⑧Sea-side impermeable walls

Provided by Japan Space Imaging, (C) DigitalGlobeThree Basic Principles

1. Removing the contamination source

① Clean up contaminated water using multi-‐nuclide removal equipment, etc.

② Pump-‐up contaminated water from trench

2. Isolating groundwater from contamination sources

③ Groundwater bypassing system

④ Pump-‐up from sub-‐drain around the reactor building

⑤ Land-‐side frozen soil impermeable walls

⑥ Waterproof pavement wide area facing

3. Preventing leakage of contaminated water

⑦ Ground solidification by sodium silicate

⑧ Sea-‐side impermeable walls

⑨ Construction of welding type tanks including replacement from flange (bolt) type

2. Main Progress on Contaminated Water Management – Comprehensive Countermeasures

Waterproof pavement

Groundwater drain

Well point

Upper Permeable layer

Low-‐Permeable layer

Sub-‐drain

Sub-‐drain

Groundwater bypass

Groundwater level

Trench

Ground solidification by sodium silicate

Rain

Land-‐side impermeable frozen walls

Land-‐side impermeable frozen walls

Sea-‐side impermeable walls

Sea level

Pump up

Pump up

Pump up

Pump up Cesium removalDesalination

Turbinebldg.

Reactor bldg.

(Source: TEPCO’s website)

Ø To prevent outflow of contaminated water from the reactor buildings, the water level inside the buildings is constantly kept lower than the underground water level around the buildings.

Ø In addition, to minimize the inflow of groundwater to the buildings, a various countermeasures are taken in multi-protective manners.

Discharge of purified groundwater pumped up from the sub-‐drain and

groundwater drain started on September 14th, 2015.

3. Main Progress on Contaminated Water Management - Cross-sectional Image

Investigation into the opening to access the bottom part of the PCV

Opening to access the bottom part of PCV

Ø Over the period from April 10 to 20, 2015, for the first time since the accident had happened, robots were inserted into the Unit 1 PCV by remote control.u The robots found no obstructions around the opening to access the bottom part of the PCV, the possible route for next investigation to find the fuel debris.

u The robots also took data on radiation doses and temperature inside the PCV.

Robot used for this investigation(Shape-changing

Robot)

Unit 1

4. Main Progress on Decommissioning – PCV Investigation of Unit 1

Ø Robots are going to enter into PCV of Unit 2.u Based on the data which will be derived from the robot, further investigation should be implemented in order to know the positions of debris.

Ø On October 20, 2015, cameras and a dosimeter were inserted into the Unit 3 PCV through its penetration path. u No serious damages of the strictures inside the PCV and the PCV’s inner wall was found.

u The most radiation dose measured inside the PCV was approximately 1Sv/h.Unit 2 Unit 3 Investigation Results of the inside

of Unit 3 PCV

PCV’s inner wall

Front Camera, Light

Back Camera

Robot plan to be used for the investigation

Back Light

5. Main Progress on Decommissioning – PCV Investigation of Unit 2 & 3

Ø The full-face mask unnecessary area has been expanded to approx. 90% of the site according to the decline in radiation dose, due to the progress in decontamination work and site pavement.

Ø The expansion of the working area with lighter equipment would lead to improvementof the quality of work or prevention of workers’ accidents.

Full-face mask ⇒・Half-covered face mask・Dust control mask・Surgical mask

Dust control mask

Half-covered face mask

Surgical mask

Full-face mask

u From May, 2015, the workers are able to work with only a half-‐face protective masks on in approx. 90% of the site.

6. Improvement of Working Environment

High Pressure Water Decontamination Robot[IRID (developed by Hitachi GE)/ Japan]


Dry Ice Blast Decontamination Robot[IRID (developed by Toshiba/ Japan)]

Raccoon[cooperated*5 by ATOX/ Japan]

Robot equipped with laser scanning[cooperated*5 by Hitachi GE/ Japan]

ASTACO-SoRa[cooperated*5 by Hitachi GE/ Japan]

High-access Investigation Robot[cooperated*5 by Honda, AIST/ Japan]

Robot equipped with laser scanning[cooperated*5 by Chiba Institute of

Technology, Tohoku University, International Recue System Institute]

Warrior[cooperated*5 by iRobot/ USA]

FRIGO-MA[cooperated*5 by Mitsubishi Electric TOKKI Systems/ Japan]

Packbot[cooperated*5 by iRobot/ USA]

7. Robots applied mainly above the 1st floor


Four-leg Walking Robot[developed by Toshiba/ Japan]

Water Boat[IRID (developed by Hitachi GE)/ Japan]

Water level measuring device for the suppression chamber[developed by ATOX/ Japan]

Investigation device for the upper part of the suppression chamber[IRID (developed by Hitachi GE)/ Japan]

Investigation device for the torus room wall[IRID (developed by Hitachi GE)/ Japan]

Survey Runner[cooperated by Topy Industries/ Japan]

8. Robots applied mainly on the basement floor

Talon [QinetiQ / UK] Bob Cat [QinetiQ / UK]

Brokk-90 [Brokk / Sweden]

Brokk-330 [Brokk / Sweden]

9. Robots applied mainly outside the buildings

Nuclear power is an important base-load power source as a low carbon and quasi-domestic energy source, contributing to stability of energy supply-demand structure,on the major premise of ensuring of its safety, because of the perspectives;;

i. superiority in stability of energy supply and efficiency,ii. low and stable operational cost andiii. free from GHG emissions during operation.

＜Description in the Strategic Energy Plan of Japan＞

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

10. Nuclear Energy Policy in the Strategic Energy Plan

Greenhouse Gas Emission

Worst record of CO2 emission* in FY2013, due to NPPs shut-‐down replaced by additional thermal power generation*Originated from energy supply

Internationally comparable target of Greenhouse gas reduction

【Goal for Environment】

Ø A METI’s advisory-‐committee on energy best mix set up 3 goals corresponding to 3”E” onthe premise to secure safety, in order to compile an outlook of 2030 demand & supplystructure of energy in Japan.

Secure S afetyPrem

ise

Electricity Cost

Lower the cost less than present level

【Goal for Economic efficiency】Significant rise in electricity pricesince 3.11 approx. 30% up for industry

approx. 20% up for householdSurcharge for FIT ; 1.3 trillion yen in FY2014

Self-‐Sufficiency Rate

Only 6% at presentApprox. 25%, exceeding the levelbefore 3.11 （≒approx. 20%）

【Goal for Energy security】

【Source】 Extraction (preliminary translation) from documents in the 8th Long-term Energy Supply & Demand Outlook Subcommittee, Advisory Committee for Natural Resources & Energy, METI

11. Energy Best Mix – Long term outlook of energy demand and supply

2030Solar 74.9 7.0%Wind 18.2 1.7%

Geothermal 10.2～11.3 1.0～1.1%Hydropower 93.9～98.1 8.8～9.2%Biomass 39.4～49.0 3.7～4.6%

Composition of electricity sources and electricity generation（billion kWh）

2030

Oil 31.5 3%

Coal 281.0 26%

LNG 284.5 27%

Nuclear power 216.8～231.7 22～20%

Renewable energy 236.6～251.5 22～24%

Total 1065.0 100%

2030

Renewable energy 22~24% (approx.)

LNG 27% (approx.)

Coal26% (approx.)

Oil 3% (approx.)

LNG 27%

Oil 12%

Coal 24%

Average in the last 10 years before 3.11

Nuclear power 27%

Renewable energy 11%

Nuclear power 22~20% (approx.)

※All the numbers are approximately【Source】 extracted (preliminary translation) from documents released in the 11th Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook

Subcommittee, Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy, METI

Ø METI officially decided and announced the “Energy Mix” on 16 July, with the number of 20-‐22% in2030 as for the share of nuclear power generation.

12. Energy Best Mix – Long term outlook of energy demand and supply

Energy conservation 17% (approx.)

PWRBWR

Tomari

Ohma

Onagawa

Fukushima Daini

Hamaoka

Tokai・Tokai Daini

Fukushima Daiichi

Kashiwazaki Kariwa

Sendai Ikata

Genkai

Shimane

Shika

Tsuruga

Takahama

Ohi

Mihama

Higashidori(Tokyo)

Higashidori(Tohoku)

ABWR

３０２５２２２１２５１９１８

２２９

２８

３８

３６３５２３２２

４０３９３０３０

２６

３４２１１８

２６２４５

３８３３２０

２２１０

３３３１２９３０

３６

３１２０１３

９

２８

３１２９

Reactor-type

Under NRA Review for basic design and concept (Total 26 Units）

Age(Applied Date for NRA Review)

Not Start Operation

→ (Unit 1) Restarted in Aug. 2015→ (Unit 2) Restarted in Oct. 2015

Nuclear Power Plants in Japan (As of Nov 17, 2015)

Decided to be permanent shutdown in April 2015 (Total 5 Units）

13. Efforts towards restarts of NPPs

→ Permitted in Feb. 2015

→ Permitted in Jul. 2015

**Based on “the Basic Act on Disaster Control Measures” and “the Act on Special Measures concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness”

*Not required by the nuclear reactor law

Safety Reviews and Inspections process of NRA

Local acceptance process (Sendai, Ikata)* Not a legal requirementsDisaster prevention and evacuation plan (Sendai, Ikata)*Not a legal prerequisites for restart

Review of basic design and concept(for permission of reactor installment license

change)

Review of detailed design (for approval of construction works plan)

Assessment of Operation management systems, etc. (for approval of operational

safety programs

14. Efforts towards restarts of NPPs

Sendai 1

Sendai 2

Takahama 3

Takahama 4

Ikata 3

2014/9/10 2015/3/28 5/27 8/11 9/10

2014/9/10 2015/5/22 5/27 10/15

2015/2/12

2015/2/12

2015/8/4

2015/10/9

2015/7/15

11/17

1st Reform: passed in Extraordinary Diet in 20131) Establishment of the Organization for Cross-‐regional

Coordination of Transmission Operators (OCCTO)2) Action programs for 2nd and 3rd Reforms etc.

2nd Reform: Passed in Ordinary Diet in 20141) Full retail competition2) Revision of applicable and regulations associated

with the abolishment of General Electricity Utility system

3rd Reform: Passed in Ordinary Diet in 2015

1) Legal unbundling of transmission/distribution sectors

2) Code of Conduct

1streform

Cabinet Decision on the Policy on Electricity System

Reform

Abolishment of retail tariff

Legal unbundling of transmission

/distribution sector

（※2015 (approx.):Transition to new regulatory organizations）

【1st Step】2015

【2nd Step】2016

【3rd Step】2018-2020

2ndreform

3rdreform

The 1stBill

(1st bill)2013

Establishment of the Organization for Cross-regional Coordination of Transmission Operators

(OCCTO)

Full retail competition

Period of transitional arrangement for retail tariff

(2nd bill)2014

(3rd bill)2015

The 2ndBill

Ø The 3rd Reform Bill for the electricity market passed the Diet on 17 June. Ø On 1 September, the “Monitoring Committee for the Electricity Trade” was established.

Verification for Electricity Market Reformu In advancing market reform, we have to verify the enforcement status of each bill, the implementation status of

the Strategic Energy Plan and the electricity supply-‐demand situation at three opportunities: ①before-‐full-‐retail-‐competition, ②before legal unbundling of transmission/distribution sector, and ③after the enforcement of legal unbundling.

u Depending on the outcome of each verification, Government has to take necessary measures.

15. Roadmap for Electricity Market Reform in Japan

ü Changes in business environment for the power industry, such as a growing market competition along with electricity market reforms and lower dependency on nuclear energy, may raise some challenges regarding the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels.

ü Under the new business environment, it is necessary to implement institutional measures in order to secure funds for expenses for the appropriate and efficient reprocessing operations of spent nuclear fuels. METI’s advisory committee started to discuss these issues on July.

<Implementation structure><Funds> <Appropriate and efficient project >• Before the deregulation, utilities

have jointly cooperated to implement the project

• Difficulty for mutually-competing utilities to cooperate

• Abolition of regional monopoly and regulated price

• Growing competitions among utilities • Uncertainty for collecting funds for the

reprocessing project

• The differing interests of utilities could impede the implementation of the appropriate and efficient project

Challenges under new business environment

• Secure funds for the reprocessing project by reviewing the current institutional system

• Reorganize implementing body by imposing certain restricts for liquidation• Enhance government’s involvement• Utilize existing technologies and

human resources in private sector

• Create the system which encourages the utilities’ commitment to the reprocessing project• Establish good governance for the

project

DirectionInstitutional measures to tackle these challenges

16. Measures to adjust business environment under the deregulated market

US-‐Japan nuclear cooperation

Ø The global nuclear plant industry has experienced several reorganizations.Ø The US and Japan have strong allies; WH-‐Toshiba, GE-‐Hitachi.Ø Russia and China are now rapidly expanding their presence in the global market.

GE・HITACHI

TOSHIBA(WH)

MHI

AREVA

ROSATOM

DOOSAN

CNNC(China National Nuclear Corp.)

CGN(China General Nuclear Power Group)

PWR ＢＷＲＰＷＲ・ＢＷＲ

17. Nuclear Power Industry in the World

SPI(State Power Investment Corp.)

ATMEA (joint corporation)・established in Sep. 2007・jointly developing medium-‐powered PWR

Operating services are provided by KHNP(state-‐owned enterprise).

ROSATOM provides the whole services (not only reactor construction, but also mining of uranium, concentration, fuel fabrication) .

18. UK-‐China Deal (October. 2015)

Sellafield(Nugen)

Bradwell (CGN)

Sizewell (EDF)

Hinkley Point C (EDF)

Oldbury (Horizon)

Wylfa (Horizon)

Agreement between China and the UK at the timing of Xi Jinping’s visit to the UK;;

1) Hinkely Point CReactor: EPREquity holders: EDF 66.5%, CGN 33.5%(￡6 billion investment from China)

2) SizewellReactor: EPREquity holders: EDF 80%, CGN 20%

3) BradwellReactor: Hualong (Chinese reactor)*Equity holders: CGN 66.5%, EDF33.5%

*EDF agreed to help CGN to get a UK license for Hualong. French Government supports this deal.

19. ECA finance by US and Japan

Japan’s ECA : JBIC, NEXI

Ø US and Japan can cooperate in ECA financing to NPPs infrastructure.Ø US-‐EXIM will be a key for the US-‐Japan projects.Ø However, OECD member states are obliged to compete against Non-‐

OECD member states with the restraints of public financing.

ü NEXI became a joint stock company for speedy and flexible decision making. (amended law this year)

ü JBIC is planning to set up a special account for high-risk high-return projects. (to submit new bill to the Congress)

JBIC and NEXI has been strengthening its risk taking ability

Sector Understanding on Export Credits for Nuclear Power Plants (Outlook)u Coverage of the export credits: 85% below of the export contract valueu Repayment term : 18 years (for NPPs)u Prohibition of the AID (except for humanitarian purposes) etc.* World Bank, EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development) or ADB (Asian Development Bank) has not offered any assistance, thus far.

Ø There is a global trend to request the exporter not only construction of NPP but also O&M of the plant (UAE, Jordan, etc). In these cases, Russia and South Korea have advantages over US or Japan.Ø US and Japan should encourage private entities to fix this gap.

(Examples)Ø UAE (in Dec., 2009 competitive bidding: Japan, France, and South Korea)

Consortium of South Korea’s companies proposed commitment to provide a guarantee for 60 years O&M.

Ø Jordan (in Oct. , 2013 competitive bidding: Japan, France, Canada and Russia)Russia proposed BOO(Build-‐Own-‐Operate)/BOT（Build-‐Operate-‐Transfer） bidding.

20. Importance of Operation and Maintenance

O&M Plant Construction Nuclear Fuel Supply

US/Japan

France

South Korea

Russia

EDF / AREVA

Rosatom

KEPCO/KHNP（Korea Hydro ＆ Nuclear Power）Doosan Heavy Industries Oversea Supplier

* In Korea, nuclear reactor technologies are owned by DHI, but KHNP manages (designs, constructs and operates) NPPs entirely.

Power Company Manufacturer WH/GE Subsidiary of Manufacturer/Oversea Supplier

A) Background;

i. Recognition of importance and value of trade secrets.

ii. Several trade secret infringement cases which drew the attention of many people. ü NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION (2012)

ü TOSHIBA CORPORATION (2014)

ü Benesse Holdings, Inc. (2015) … etc.

B) Outline of amendment;

i. Expansion of criminal protection coverage

ii. Increase deterrents

iii. More effective civil remedies

Ø Japan amended the Unfair Competition Prevention Act (UCPA) in 2015 for the purpose of increasing deterrents against infringement of trade secrets.

Ø Especially in the field of nuclear related technologies, there are growing concerns over involuntary technology outflow With the expansion of NPPs in the world.

Stronger Protection of

Trade Secrets

21. Strengthening protection of trade secret

Outline of the amendment of the UCPA in 2015

22. Challenges of ensuring safety in the global nuclear industry

in 2030 (low-‐level expected）

in 2030 (high-‐level expected）*Compiled from data of the total installed capacity of nuclear power generation in the world (GW) published by IAEA in August 2014

South-‐East Asia/Pacific Area（0GW →0GW ／4GW）

East Asia（84GW → 139GW／255GW）

Middle-‐east/South Asia（7GW → 28GW／55GW）

East Europe（49GW → 64GW／103GW）

West Europe（114GW → 68GW／120GW）

Africa（2GW→2GW／10GW）

South America（4GW→ 7GW／15GW）

North America（113GW → 92GW／139GW）

in 2013 current

The total installed capacity of nuclear power generation in the world（GW）

Ø Robust safety of NPPs is the strength of the US-‐Japan alliance. We should fully utilize this point in the global competition.

Ø However, some of the emerging countries are being attracted by the cheap but less safe NPPs.

Ø As the countries who experienced nuclear accidents, it is our mission to enhance global safety standards of NPPs and to develop human resource, so that the world could never have another severe accident.

ü Fund raising for nuclear projects, including public financeü Outspread level playing fieldü Overseas expansion of operation businesses by US-Japan utilitiesü Promote effective protection of trade secretsü Raise standard for nuclear safety and non-proliferation

23. Our Challenges

Addressing these challenges, we can develop: ØFair and safe civil nuclear market with proper security

and safety standard

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