Food Water Europe Corporate Control in Animal Science Research

8/9/2019 Food Water Europe Corporate Control in Animal Science Research

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About Food & Water Europe

Food & Water Europe is the European programme

organisation based in the United States that works to

accessible and sustainable. So we can all enjoy and

trust in what we eat and drink, we help people take

charge of where their food comes from, keep clean,

homes, protect the environmental quality of oceans,

force government to do its job protecting citizens,

and educate about the importance of keeping shared

resources under public control.

Food & Water Europe

Rue d’Edimbourg, 26

1050 Bruxelles

Belgium

[email protected]

foodandwatereurope.org

Copyright © April 2015 by Food & Water Europe.

All rights reserved.

This report can be viewed or downloaded at

foodandwatereurope.org.


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Corporate Control in Animal Science Research 1

Execuive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Inroducion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Growh-Promoing Drug Zilmax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Ariicial Growh Hormones or Dairy Cows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Arsenic in Chicken Feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

The Federaion o Animal Science Socieies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Mehodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Endnoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

TABLE OF CONTENTS


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2 Food & Water Europe • foodandwatereurope.org

Executive SummaryCorporae agribusinesses depend on avourable science

o gain regulaory approval or marke accepance o

producs such as new animal drugs, and hey depend

on academic journals o deliver his science. To secure

avourable scieniic reviews, indusry groups play an

enormous role in he producion o scieniic lieraure,

auhoring journal aricles, unding academic researchand also serving as ediors, sponsors or direcors o

scieniic journals where much o heir research is

published.

Deep-pockeed corporaions ofen have no counerpoin

in he scieniic lieraure. No group o scieniss or

science unders is, or example, aggressively invesi-

gaing he saey or efficacy o new animal drugs, or

examining alernaives. The inluence ha indusry now

wields over every aspec o he scieniic discourse has

allowed companies o commercialise poenially unsaeanimal drugs wih virually no independen scruiny.

Key Findings

An analysis by Food & Waer Wach o several conro-

versial drugs used in ood animal producion reveals:

• When he growh-promoer Zilmax was removedrom he markeplace in 2013 due o animal saey

concerns, here had been virually no independen,

peer-reviewed sudies ino he saey o he drug

or catle. Mos o he available research examined

commercial dimensions o Zilmax, such as he

drug’s impac on bee qualiy, and more han

hree-quarers o he sudies were auhored and/or

unded by indusry groups, almos all o which were

published in scieniic journals sponsored and edied

by indusry groups.

• A op desinaion or peer-reviewed sudies auhoredand unded by animal science companies are hehigh-proile journals published by he Federaion o

Animal Science Socieies, where corporae agri-

businesses ac as sponsors, direcors, ediors and

requen auhors.

• Many academic journals have ailed o esablish orenorce rules requiring scieniss o publicly disclose

inancial conlics o ineres, which has allowed

deeply conliced research o disor he scieniic

discourse.

Recommendations

To address he ousized corporae inluence over animal

science research, Food & Waer Wach and Food &

Waer Europe recommend:

• In he Unied Saes, Congress should insruc heFood and Drug Adminisraion (FDA) o dramai-

cally revamp is animal drug approval process o be

based primarily on independen science, insead o

depending enirely on research urnished by drug

sponsors.

• Congress should also insruc he FDA o issuea ban on he use o all bea-agoniss, including

Zilmax, given he evidence o animal welare issues.

• The European Food Saey Auhoriy (EFSA) shouldensure ha all analysis on veerinary drugs is based

primarily on independen science and does no rely

(only or primarily) on research urnished by drug

sponsors.

• EFSA’s ongoing work o improve is openness andransparency should inroduce a requiremen o

publish boh he unding sources and inancial ies

o all auhors o, and he unding sources or, sudies

consuled (boh used and no used) in he develop-

men o is posiions and decisions. Publishing he

daa alone is no sufficien o ensure ha vesed

ineress are no unduly inluencing processes.

• Every agriculural journal should require auhors opublicly disclose all o heir research unding sources

and all inancial ies ha auhors have o indusry.

• Every agriculural journal should publish he ullnames and affiliaions o all ediors and advisors

ha i uilises.


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IntroductionScieniss, policy makers and he public have long looked

o academic journals as he gold sandard o scieniic

research — as an open markeplace o ideas and a

place o describe, debae and debunk scieniic indings.

Academic publishers employ a gaunle o peer reviews

and ediorial measures designed o ensure ha only

he bes and mos relevan sudies ener he scieniicdiscourse and ha hese sudies are ree o bias and

errors.

However, jus as agriculural research a universiies

is now heavily inluenced by indusry sources,1 so, oo,

are some o he journals in which research is published,

which creaes anoher opporuniy or bias. (See

Box.) Deep-pockeed corporaions inancially suppor

academic journals where hey publish heir research, or

hey suppor he academic socieies ha oversee hese

journals. Indusry represenaives also claim posiions onediorial boards o some prominen journals, poenially

giving hem inluence over wha kinds o sudies are and

are no published.

Corporae agribusinesses also auhor, und and likely

ghoswrie an enormous number o peer-reviewed

sudies, overwhelming he lieraure in some places wih

avourable research abou heir producs and pracices.

On research opics relaed o new animal drugs such

as Zilmax, a growh promoer or catle, very litle

independen research exiss, and he available scieniic

lieraure amouns o litle more han an echo chamber

o indusry-auhored and indusry-unded sudies,

published largely in indusry-aligned journals such as

hose overseen by he Federaion o Animal Science

Socieies (FASS). FASS, is member socieies and several

prominen animal science journals ha i publishes coun

corporae agribusinesses as sponsors, direcors and

ediors.

When science is auhored, unded or oherwise inlu-

enced by a pary ha has a inancial ineres in he

oucome o he sudy, i creaes a clear opporuniy or

bias. A subsanial body o research shows ha indusry-

unded sudies rouinely produce resuls avourable o

indusry, and ha hey are ar more likely o do so han

research ha is compleely independen o indusry

inluence.6 This poenial or bias looms large hroughouhe agriculural sciences because indusry is a very large

research sponsor, including unding universiy research,

as Food & Waer Wach documened in he 2012 repor

Public Research, Private Gain .

Unorunaely, he animal sciences communiy has done

very litle o conain or correc he obvious impacs ha

Weak oversight from academic journals has alloweda variety of avenues for industry to exercise undis-

• Companies understand that the studiesthey fund and author have less credibility

than those produced independently, so

they will sometimes recruit academic

authors to publish corporate science under

their own names. This practice, called “ghost-

accounting for as many as 1 in 10 articlespublished in some prominent medical jour-nals, for example.2 Researchers say that other

biotechnology and agricultural research, arealso likely to attract ghostwriting.3

• Industry authors can publish and present -

ation” given to them by a university. Forexample, although animal scientist Jude

Capper left academia to become an industryconsultant, she has continued to present

and publish her corporate-friendly animal -tions she holds, even listing her contact infor-mation with an academic e-mail address.4 Thishighly misleading practice allows an authorto present him or herself as an independentacademic author, when he or she is not. In2014, Montana State University asked Capper

present research unrelated to the university.5

It is unknown how common this practice is. • Academic articles will never reach publica-

tion if they do not successfully pass the

peer-review process, in which scientists,

often anonymously, review articles and

look for problems and errors. Given indus-try’s substantial role in every other aspect ofpublishing, it seems likely that industry scien-tists also serve as anonymous peer-reviewers,potentially easing the pathway to publication

of industry-friendly studies or creating road-blocks for unfavourable studies.

Back Doors Into Academic Publications and Presentations


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indusry inluence is having over he producion o peer-

reviewed science. Scieniic ields such as pharmaceuical

research or human drugs have begun o iniiae reorms

o conrol he desrucive effecs ha oo much indusry

inluence can have on science — a reacion o repeaed

examples o bias and raud, a imes perperaed wih he

collaboraion o powerul, or-proi academic publishers,

such as Elsevier.7 (See Box.) Alhough animal science

research is heavily inluenced by some o he same

pharmaceuical companies, like Merck, which have he

same ineres in securing avourable scieniic reviews,

some animal science journals have ailed o enorce even

he mos basic and obvious measures o ransparency,

such as requiring journal auhors o publicly disclose heir

sources o research unding and wheher or no hey have

inancial conlics o ineres.

A is wors, his broken sysem o science is supporing

he commercialisaion o drugs like Merck’s Zilmax,

which was ound o have serious impacs on animalhealh only afer i reached he marke. In his way, he

ousized inluence ha animal drug companies hold

over he science surrounding heir producs can have a

harmul impac no jus on he scieniic lieraure, bu

also on he saey, susainabiliy and resilience o our

ood sysem.

Growth-Promoting Drug ZilmaxIn Augus 2013, he larges meapackers in he Unied

Saes abruply announced ha hey would no longeraccep catle ha had been reaed wih he growh

promoer Zilmax because o signiican animal healh

problems, including dead catle or animals arriving a

slaugherhouses wih missing hooves.13 The announce-

men shocked bee markes and evenually pressured

Merck o volunarily wihdrawal is blockbuser drug

rom he marke, cosing he company as much as $160

million a year in revenues.14

Zilmax’s sudden all rom grace drew atenion o he

weak regulaory process a he U.S. Food and Drug

Adminisraion (FDA), which had approved Zilmax

as sae or catle in 2006 based enirely on indusry

science — and on only one animal saey sudy.15 Bu,

jus as imporanly, Zilmax’s obvious animal welare

issues should also draw atenion o animal scieniss

and animal science journals, which published virually no

saey research leading up o Merck’s decision o wih-

draw Zilmax rom he marke.

There have long been indicaions o saey issues associ-

aed wih Zilmax. As many as 160 oreign counries,

including all o Europe, had long banned he enire

class o bea-agonis animal drugs, o which Zilmax

belongs.16 Alhough hese bans are based primarily on

Perverse Incentivesin Academic Publishing

Numerous acquisitions and mergers in theacademic publishing world have helped concen-

8 Large publishing

companies like Elsevier, Springer, Informa (Taylorand Francis) and John Wiley and Sons publishthousands of journals and play a crucial role in 9

Academics and academic institutions complainthat this level of market power is leading toabuses, for example in the increasing costsof journal subscriptions that limit access anddissemination of research. Such complaints haveprompted thousands of researchers to boycott

publishing their research to journals controlledby Elsevier, the largest journal publisher in theworld.10

-able commodity has, predictably, crossedethical lines at times. Elsevier worked with onecompany, Merck, to publish what looked likeindependent, peer-reviewed publications that

its products, notably the human drug Vioxxthat was later removed from the market due tosafety concerns.11 Merck also produces Zilmax.Although Elsevier has acknowledged andterminated these journals, it did so only afterthe deception was independently exposed aspart of a legal proceeding.12 It is unknown howpervasive such practices are or to what extentthey exist in the animal sciences.


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human saey concerns associaed wih eaing bee rom

Zilmax-reaed catle,17

here also have been animalsaey concerns associaed wih Zilmax, including

nearly 300 repors submited o he FDA documening

catle ha died or had o be desroyed afer receiving

he drug.18 Temple Grandin, a prominen animal healh

exper a Colorado Sae Universiy, also noed poenial

animal welare issues prior o Zilmax’s removal rom he

marke.19

Despie hese indicaions, he impac o Zilmax on catle

welare remained almos compleely unaddressed in

academic journals. One likely reason or his has beenhe ousized role ha he makers o Zilmax — Merck

and Inerve — played in he scieniic research.

Food & Waer Wach consuled hree academic daa-

bases in early 2014 and ound 78 published journal

aricles examining he effecs o Zilmax on catle.20 In

oal, more han hree-quarers o he Zilmax sudies

ha Food & Waer Wach analysed (60 ou o 78) had

ideniiable auhors and/or unders rom indusry groups

or corporae agribusiness, mos o hem rom he drug

makers o Zilmax — Merck or Inerve.

21

(See Table 1.)More han hal o he sudies did no disclose (or, in a

ew cases, did no ully disclose) unding sources, so he

acual inluence ha companies like Merck exercised

may be even higher.

Almos all o his scieniic lieraure ocuses on purely

commercial dimensions o Zilmax, such as bee qualiyatribues like enderness, exure, palaabiliy, cooking

loss, color and “cuabiliy.”22 Oher sudies looked a

non-saey aspecs o eedlo perormance, such as bee

yield rom Zilmax-reaed catle. Food & Waer Wach’s

review did no ind a single independen, peer-reviewed

sudy designed o examine animal healh prior o he

removal o Zilmax rom he commercial markeplace in

2013.

Even passing reerences o animal healh issues were

scarce. Few sudies, or example, menioned wheheranimals died or were removed due o poor healh during

he course o he sudy — even in rials where housands

o catle were enrolled.23 One sudy ha did repor

deahs ound ha catle reaed wih Zilmax died a a

much higher rae han unreaed catle.24 Auhored by

he makers o Zilmax and published in FASS’s indusry-

aligned Journal o Animal Science , he sudy declared he

deahs o be “normal.”25

Merck and Inerve auhored and also unded wo

sudies published in an FASS journal claiming o addressanimal healh, which recorded deahs.26 However, boh

o hese sudies only repored deahs o catle reaed

wih Zilmax or anoher bea-agonis drug; because here

was no experimenal conrol group, i is impossible o

know i Zilmax-reaed catle were dying a a higher rae

han unreaed catle.27 And because he sudies were

conduced by scieniss working or a company wih a

inancial ineres in he oucome o he sudy, he resuls

canno be seen as independen.28 In public relaions

maerials, Merck cies scieniic sudies ha i claims

demonsrae he saey o Zilmax or catle, bu no asingle one o hese is an independen, peer-reviewed

journal aricle.29 For additional detail, see Methodology on page 13.

Total # of Peer-Reviewed Zilmax Studies 78

Studies with industry authors/funding 60 77%

Studies with industry authors/funding from

Merck/Intervet48 62%

Studies published in FASS journals 56 72%

TABLE 1 • Peer-Reviewed Studies on Zilmax


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FASS journals, which are sponsored, direced and/or

edied by corporae represenaives (see FASS char

below), have played he dominan role publishing

research on Zilmax, issuing more han 70 percen o he

Zilmax sudies (56 ou o 78) ha Food & Waer Wach

ound. All bu six o hese FASS sudies had indusry

auhors and/or unders, mosly rom Inerve and

Merck; o he six sudies ha did no noe he presence

o indusry auhors or unders, only one ully disclosed

is source o unding.30

Boh Merck and Inerve have aced as inancial spon-

sors o meeings held by FASS’s American Sociey o

Animal Science, which oversees he Journal o Animal

Science.46 A Merck represenaive serves as an edior o

he journal, as o his repor’s publicaion.47

The second mos common desinaion or Zilmax

research was he Journal o Meat Science , which is

overseen by he American Mea Science Associaion

(AMSA), whose many corporae sponsors include

Merck.48 The Journal o Meat Science published eigh

sudies on Zilmax, our o which disclosed indusryauhors or sponsorship.

The mos requen auhors o he Zilmax research on

catle include Inerve and Merck scieniss like J.P.

Hucheson, who co-auhored 38 o he sudies ha

JOURNAL o

ANIMAL

SCIENCE

EDITORS/REVIEW

BOARD: Merck,Zinpro, Prince Agri,Evonik-Degussa,

Dairy NZ33

Overseen by FASSMember Group

AMERICANSOCIETY OF

ANIMAL SCIENCE

SUSTAININGMEMBERS: Pioneer,Ralco, Archer

Daniels Midland,Elanco, Global PigFarms, QualiTech,

Zoetis32

DIRECTORS: Elanco, Zinpro31

JOURNAL o

DAIRY SCIENCE

EDITORS/REVIEW

BOARD: Monsanto,Andhil LLC, AkeyNutrition, SciLactis,

Dairy NZ36


AMERICANDAIRY SCIENCEASSOCIATION

SUSTAININGMEMBERS: Pioneer,

Monsanto, LandO’Lakes, Kraft

Foods, DSM FoodSpecialties35

DIRECTORS: Purina, Andhil LLC,

Consulting

34

PROFESSIONAL

ANIMAL

SCIENTIST

EDITORS/REVIEW

BOARD:Novus, Zinpro45


AMERICANREGISTRY OF

PROFESSIONALANIMAL

SCIENTISTS

SPONSORS: DuPont Pioneer,Arm & Hammer,

Zinpro, Alfagreen,Provimi,

44

GOVERNINGCOUNCIL: ArcherDaniels Midland*,

QualiTech, A.L.Gilbert Company43

*Director of WesternSection of ARPAS

POULTRY

SCIENCE

EDITORS/REVIEW

BOARD: Pioneer, Nutreco, EvonickDegussa, Cobb-

Vantress (Tyson)38,Sparboe, Phibro,

Kemin, Diamond V,Poultry Performance

Plus41

SPONSORS: Ajinomoto, ArcherDaniels Midland,

Cobb-Vantress (Tyson),Novus International,

Tyson Foods, Zinpro,Adisseo, AlpharmaAnimal Health,

Aviagen, Cargill AnimalNutrition, Diamond VTechnologies, FosterFarms, Huvepharma,

Hy-Line, Land O’Lakes/Purina Feeds39

JOURNAL

o APPLIED

POULTRY

RESEARCH

EDITORS/REVIEW

BOARD: DSMNutritional Products,Cargill, Elanco,

Intervet-ScheringPlough, Archer Daniels

Midlands, Danisco,Poultry Performance

Plus, StilbornConsulting, Hy-Line,Novus, Ajinomoto,Diamond V, Zoetis,

Huvepharma, Phibro,Sparboe, Hybrid

Ingredients42

SPONSORS: Alpharma Animal

Health, Cobb-Vantress(Tyson), Evonik-Degussa, Novus

Feed Ingredients,ChemGen, Foster

Farms, Hybrid Turkeys,Hy-Line International,

Perdue Farms, Zinpro40

Overseen by FASS Member Group

POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

DIRECTORS: DSM Nutritional Products,Diamond V37

JOURNALS FROM FEDERATION OF ANIMAL SCIENCE SOCIETIES (FASS) • 2014


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Food & Waer Wach analysed, almos all o which

were published in FASS journals. (See Table 2.) Oher

requen auhors include academics who collaborae or

someimes consul wih indusry. Texas Tech Proessor

Markus Miller’s universiy curriculum vitae repors

his having received more han $2 million in research

unding rom he makers o Zilmax.49 He auhored 17 o

he Zilmax sudies ha Food & Waer Wach analysed;

o hese, all 17 were co-auhored by Inerve scieniss,

and all bu one was published in FASS’s Journal o

Animal Science . Only eigh o hese sudies disclose a

source o unding (six were unded by Inerve).

Wes Texas A&M animal scienis Ty Lawrence auhored

19 o he aricles ha Food & Waer Wach analysed,

all o hem wih co-auhors rom Merck or Inerve, and

all bu wo were published in FASS’s Journal o Animal

Science . Only seven sudies disclosed a source o unding

(six were unded by Inerve or Merck).

Lawrence’s close ies o Zilmax were he subjec o a

2012 invesigaive repor by he Chronicle o Higher

Education , which noed his rouine ailure o disclose in

journal aricles ha he also was being paid as a privae

consulan and pichman or Zilmax.57 FASS’s Journal

o Animal Science , when conroned abou he lack o

ransparency abou conlics o ineres, noed ha he

journal makes inernal decisions abou poenial bias

around conlics o ineres, apparenly on a case-by-

case basis, bu i also saed ha i would sar requiring

auhors o disclose all o heir indusry ies on all journal aricles.58 Neverheless, Lawrence has coninued

publishing Zilmax research in he Journal o Animal

Science wihou disclosing any conlics o ineres.59

The American Sociey o Animal Science, which is par

o he indusry-aligned FASS and which oversees he

Journal o Animal Science, evenually issued an official

saemen in response o he Chronicle aricle.60 The

press release included commens rom one ormer board

member who, acknowledging his own ies o indusry,

offered he one-dea commen: “I an animal scienisbelieves, on he basis o solid scieniic evidence, ha a

paricular echnology can make imporan conribuions

… i would be unehical or him or her no o convey

ha message o he indusry a every opporuniy.”61

Lawrence and he American Sociey o Animal Science

coninue o highligh he “imporan conribuions” o

he drug. A 2014 conerence by he group included a

Merck-sponsored panel o new Zilmax research and 21

new sudies ha Merck rumpeed as being conduced

by “hird paries” like Ty Lawrence.62 The auhor o oneheadline-grabbing research projec, unded in par by

Merck, dismissed saey concerns wih he drug, saying,

“From he daa we’ve go, i doesn’ look like Zilmax ishe problem.”63

By conras, a differen saey sudy ha emerged

ollowing Zilmax’s removal rom he markeplace,

published in a journal wih no obvious indusry ies,

ound Zilmax o be relaed o catle deahs. Examining

eedlo records on hundreds o housands o cows, he

sudy’s auhors ound ha animals reaed wih bea-

agonis drugs, eiher Zilmax or a compeing drug called

racopamine (markeed under he name Opalexx),

had much higher moraliy raes han unreaed cows.64

Catle given Zilmax were more likely o experience

disease han unreaed catle and o require reamen,

possibly including anibioics, which raises addiional

saey and public healh quesions.65 The overuse o

anibioics in indusrial animal agriculure has been

linked o anibioic-resisan baceria, which cause hard-

o-rea inecions in humans.66 Zilmax-reaed catle

also had higher raes o wha is called “dark cuter” bee,

darkly colored mea o a lower qualiy, which can be an

indicaion ha he animal experienced chronic sress. 67

The research was published in he journal PLOS ONE ,

which offered exensive conlic-o-ineres and unding

disclosures abou he hree academic auhors, wo

o whom cied conlics o ineres.68 I is noeworhy

ha he sudy was based on daed eedlo daa and

presumably could have been conduced years ago, bu

i was no published unil afer Zilmax was removed

rom he marke, which may have given researchers

he poliical cover hey needed o pursue publicaion o

criical research. Because he FDA has aken no regula-

ory acion on Zilmax, Merck can bring he drug backo he marke anyime i wishes, and i has said i plans

NOTE: These authors’ relationships towards Intervet/Merck may havechanged over the years or in recent months.

Top Co-Authorsof Zilmax Studies

No. ofstudies

Relationship toIntervet/Merck

Hutcheson, J.P. 38 employee50

Yates, D. 33 employee51

Streeter, M.N. 26 employee52

Lawrence, T.E. 19 Intervet consultant53

Miller, M.F. 17received Intervetresearch funding54

17 Intervet consultant55

Allen, D.M. 16 private consultant56

TABLE 2 • Top Authors of Zilmax Research


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o do so.69 Opalexx, he compeior bea-agonis drug,

which also has been linked o animal welare issues, has

seen is sales surge since Zilmax was removed rom he

marke.70

Hormones for Dairy Cows

Monsano’s recombinan bovine growh hormone(rBGH), a geneically engineered growh hormone ha

became widely used in acory arm dairies afer is

approval by he FDA in 1993, was designed o increase

milk producion.71 In 2000, rBGH became he larges-

selling pharmaceuical produc in he hisory o he

dairy indusry, and Monsano sold i o Eli Lilly in

2008.72

Jus as wih Zilmax, he FDA approved rBGH based

on company daa, ailing o ully address he saey

concerns ha prevened Canada and he European

Union rom ever allowing is use.73 One FDA scienis

working on he rBGH review noed major weaknesses

in he FDA’s work and publicly accused he agency o

improper collaboraion wih Monsano.74 Public concerns

abou animal welare and human healh evenually led

many ood processors — rom Kroger o Sarbucks o

Walmar — o sop sourcing some dairy producs made

wih milk rom rBGH-reaed cows.75

Given he obvious disagreemen over he saey o rBGH

among scieniic bodies, one would expec independen

scieniss o pursue his research opic and setle he

issue. However, a published, scieniic review o available

saey daa on rBGH in 2003 — a decade afer he FDA

had graned saey approval — did no show his o be

he case.

Mos o he ciaions in his 2003 review were unpub-

lished Monsano sudies or sudies published in FASS’s

indusry-aligned journals, many o which were auhored

or unded by Monsano or oher indusry groups.76 For

example, he review cied 23 sudies ha had usable

daa on masiis, an udder inecion ha rBGH-reaed

cows are a increased risk o conracing.77 (Cows

suffering rom masiis also have implicaions or human

healh because he condiion is reaed wih anibioics,

he overuse o which is linked o he prolieraion o

anibioic-resisan baceria ha can cause hard-o-rea

inecions in humans.78)

Nearly a hird o he sudies (7 ou o 23) cied in he

2003 review were non-published, non-peer-reviewed

Monsano sudies.79 And o he published, peer-reviewed

sudies, all bu hree were auhored or unded byMonsano or oher corporae developers o rBGH, mos

o hem published in FASS’s Journal o Dairy Science .80 I

is elling ha nearly a decade ino rBGH’s commercial

use, he available scieniic lieraure on criical saey

issues was sill dominaed by indusry research.

The 2003 review o rBGH speciically noed several gaps

in saey research on opics relaed o masiis, injecion-

sie inecions and reproducive problems.81 I does

no appear ha all o he exenuaing saey quesions

have been answered. A 2014 scieniic review o rBGH,in is discussion o masiis, cied only sudies rom

he 1990s,82 including several produced wih indusry

involvemen,83 which calls ino quesion how much new,

independen research has been done o ill in he gaps in

saey esing.

As was he case wih Zilmax, i appears ha indusry

scieniss and indusry-affiliaed journals have played

a large role in producing and disseminaing research

on rBGH. One search o he academic daabase Web

o Science revealed ha FASS journals have served asa leading publisher o research relaed o rBGH, and

Monsano scieniss and ormer Monsano scieniss

have been among he mos requen auhors. 84 This

includes Monsano scienis Gary Harnell, who has

served in a number o official capaciies a FASS,

including as presiden o he organisaion.85 Mos o

Harnell’s rBGH research is published in FASS journals.86


11/28


FASS journals also publish mos o he rBGH sudies

rom Dale Bauman o Cornell Universiy, anoher

requen auhor.87 A high-proile proponen o rBGH,

Bauman has worked as a paid consulan or Monsano

since he 1980s, a imes ailing o disclose his ies o

he company in he rBGH sudies ha he auhors. 88 His

mos recen rBGH aricle, a 2014 review published in he

Journal o Animal Science , includes no conlic-o-ineres

disclosures.89 In his review aricle, Bauman argues

ha milk rom rBGH-reaed cows is sae or humans,

bu much o he published, peer-reviewed lieraure

on rBGH ha he cies is his own aricles or sudies

published in FASS journals, mosly rom Monsano.90

Bauman’s review aricle appears o be a parial recapiu-

laion o a avourable, unpublished saey review ha

he did in 2009 or Eli Lilly, presened a a meeing held

by several FASS socieies.91 This repor, which included

a review o animal saey issues, noes ha rBGH is

“no associaed wih signiican changes in…masiis.”The ciaions or his saemen include seven sudies

published in he Journal o Dairy Science , a leas ive o

which were auhored or unded by Monsano or Eli Lilly

or Bauman himsel .92 Bauman and his co-auhors cied

hese same seven sudies, and wo more, including one

rom Monsano, o conclude ha “cows receiving rbST

[rBGH] are o normal healh.”93

Arsenic in Chicken Feed

Approved by he FDA in he 1940s, arsenic-based drugsbecame widely applied in poulry producion as growh

promoers, used by as many as 70 percen o broiler

producers in recen decades.94 Growing public concerns

abou he use o arsenic — which can be carcinogenic in

some orms — combined wih new scieniic evidence o

saey concerns, led he FDA o ask indusry o volun-

arily remove he mos commonly used variey, Pizer’s

Roxarsone, rom he markeplace in 2011. Afer inense

public pressure, he FDA wen on o ban Roxarsone and

wo oher arsenicals enirely rom chicken producion

in 2013, allowing urkey growers o coninue o use onearsenical drug, Niarsone.95 In he spring o 2015, he

FDA announced a plan o wihdraw Niarsone rom he

markeplace a he end o he year.96

As wih Zilmax and rBGH, he European Union has

never allowed arsenic-based drugs o be used in chicken

eed.97 In he Unied Saes, meapackers and animal

drug companies have long ough off saey concerns

associaed wih he use o arsenic — bu i does no

appear ha hey have had a robus, independen,

scieniic basis or doing so.

I wasn’ unil decades afer arsenic was inroduced

ino chicken eed ha meaningul, independen

saey research emerged. A 2004 sudy by several

U.S. Deparmen o Agriculure (USDA) scieniss

used naional monioring daa o esimae how mucharsenic consumers were exposed o hrough poulry

consumpion. The auhors noed ha levels o arsenic

were higher han was previously hough, which raises

concerns abou rends in increasing poulry consump-

ion in American dies.98 The auhors noed ha heir

“preliminary” analysis deserved addiional sudies.99

Governmen inacion on he issue promped a non-

governmenal organisaion, he Insiue or Agriculure

and Trade Policy, o begin sampling chicken producs

ound in grocery sores and as ood resaurans,inding ha mos o hem conained deecable levels

o arsenic.100 This 2006 repor noed he cumula-

ive, lieime risk ha his arsenic exposure posed o

consumers.101

In 2010, public healh researchers rom Johns Hopkins

Universiy weighed in wih a sudy ha sampled

poulry rom grocery sores, inding elevaed levels o

he inorganic orm o arsenic, a known carcinogen.102

The auhors noed he increased risk o cancer ha his

arsenic posed or consumers over heir lieimes.103

In 2011, he FDA published he resuls rom a sudy ha

he agency isel had conduced on Roxarsone, which

also showed elevaed levels o carcinogenic inorganic

arsenic in poulry reaed wih Roxarsone.104 This sudy,

an exremely rare example o he FDA conducing is

own saey research, was a long-overdue adjusmen

o he agency’s long hisory o graning approval or

animal drugs wihou adequae saey inormaion.

In conras o he criical saey sudies emerging on

arsenic in he 2000s, FASS’s indusry-aligned Journal o

Poultry Science invied Frank Jones o he Universiy o

Arkansas o auhor a review o saey concerns in 2007,


12/28


which he largely dismissed as an issue o “percepion,”

no science.105 Ciing one o he unavorable arsenic

sudies, Jones offered a criical counerpoin rom “oher

scieniss.” The ciaion on his counerpoin leads o an

indusry scienis who consuls wih a drug company

producing one arsenical, which clearly has a inancial

ineres in preserving he use o arsenic in poulry

eed.106

The same year o Jones’s review, an FASS meeing spon-

sored by corporaions including Pizer, he manuacurer

o Roxarsone, eaured an indusry presenaion on he

“Beneis o he broiler eed addiive Roxarsone.”107 Andaccording o one search o he academic daabase Web

o Science, FASS journals, prominenly he Journal o

Poultry Science , have played a leading role in publishing

research relaed o Roxarsone.108

The Federation ofAnimal Science SocietiesThe scieniic journals published by FASS are some o

he mos widely cied publicaions in he ield o animal

sciences, one indicaion o he prominen and inluenialrole ha hey play in he scieniic discourse.109 Bu, as

noed hroughou his repor, FASS has played a criical

and ofen dominan role in publishing indusry research.

Virually every aspec o he organisaion — rom spon-

sors o ediorial members o sociey direcors — includes

indusry paricipaion.

In recen years, Monsano execuive Gary Harnell has

served as presiden o FASS,110 and, as o his repor’s

publicaion, he sis on he FASS Scieniic Advisory

Commitee on Bioechnology,111 whose work promoeswider accepance o geneically engineered crops (ofen

called GMOs).112 Harnell, who has a PhD in dairy

science and did some o Monsano’s early work wih

he animal drug rBGH,113 appears o publish almos all

o his sudies in FASS journals, many in he Journal o

Dairy Science , whose ediorial board includes corporae

represenaives rom companies including Monsano.114

(See FASS char on page 6.) This journal is overseen

by FASS’s American Dairy Science Associaion, where

Harnell also has served as presiden and which couns

more han a dozen corporaions as susaining members,including Monsano and Pioneer, which have conrib-

ued money or more han wo decades. 115

FASS journals are a op desinaion or sudies auhored

and unded by agribusiness companies ha serve as

ediors or sponsors. The animal healh company Elanco,

which is a corporae sponsor or review board member a

wo FASS socieies and serves as an edior o one FASS

journal,116 co-auhored or unded 63 aricles in FASS

journals over he mos recen ive-year period, according

o an analysis using he Web o Science academicdaabase.117 This accouns or as many as a hird o all o

he published sudies rom he company.118

Oher op desinaions or Elanco research include

journals where Elanco sis on he ediorial board, sis

on an execuive commitee or is a sponsor. This includes

13 sudies in he Journal o Veterinary Pharmacology

and Therapeutics , where Elanco sis on he execuive

council o he journal’s organisaional body119; 11 sudies

published in Veterinary Parasitology , where Elanco sis

on he ediorial board120; and ive aricles in boh heCanadian Journal o Animal Science and he Journal o

Meat Science , which are sponsored by Elanco or admin-

isered by an organisaion direced by Elanco.121

FASS’s posiion as a op desinaion or indusry science

also can be seen in he mos requen auhors in FASS

journals. The Web o Science academic daabase indi-

caes ha rom 2009 o 2013, he mos requen auhor

in he Journal o Animal Sciences was Hans Sein o he

Universiy o Illinois, who co-auhored 40 aricles — a

leas hree-quarers o which had help rom companiesand indusry groups like Pioneer Hi-Bred, he Naional

Pork Board and Evonick.122


13/28


Anoher op auhor was Deborah Vanoverbeke o

Oklahoma Sae Universiy. More han hree-quarers o

her 33 aricles, including many on Zilmax, had indusry

help rom companies like Inerve, Pizer and Tyson.

Vanoverbeke is no only a op auhor a he Journal o

Animal Science, she is also an associae edior, which

may presen oher conlic-o-ineres issues.123 Because

FASS journals, like many agriculural journals, have

no required auhors o always disclose heir sources o

unding or conlics o ineres, he acual inluence ha

indusry plays in FASS journal aricles may be greaer

han wha he public is able o see.124

Beyond publishing indusry science, FASS and is

member socieies use heir saure as so-called inde-

penden scieniic bodies o advocae indusry posiions

and help inluence he direcion o U.S. ederal policy

making.125 When FASS encouners science ha chal-

lenges corporae agribusiness, i is no shy o condemn

sudies as “biased,” as i did wih a highly publicised,independen repor linking acory arms o anibioic

resisance.126 Or, when a scienis published a sudy

showing ha Monsano’s Roundup Ready geneically

engineered maize may cause animal healh problems, a

FASS member sociey called he sudy poorly designed

and misleading, piling on he criicism ha Monsano

and is allies made abou he sudy.127 (See Box.)

On he mos pressing and conroversial issues o he day

relaed o animal agriculure — such as he use o ani-

bioics as growh promoers or he commercialisaion oGMO animals — FASS and is journals ofen weigh in o

provide “science-based” posiions ha suppor indus-

ry’s agenda.128

ConclusionAcademic journals are designed o ac as a meeing

place or scieniss o share new scieniic indings

and offer differen inerpreaions on hese indings.

Scieniss and he public should have conidence ha

he journal aricles hey read have been veted by a

series o rigourous, independen ediorial reviews, bu

his conidence is called ino quesion by he very large

role ha or-proi companies play in auhoring, unding

and providing ediorial oversigh over some prominen

journals in he animal sciences — along wih sponsoring

he journals and he organisaions ha run hem.

This level o inluence allows a or-proi company o

overwhelm he scieniic lieraure surrounding is prod-

ucs. As he science surrounding Zilmax demonsraes,

indusry no only can dominae he published research,

bu i ofen has no counerpoin — no group o scieniss

or science unders who are, or example, aggressively

invesigaing he saey or efficacy o new animal drugs,

or examining alernaives. This creaes a poenial or

widespread bias o ener he scieniic lieraure onindusry producs and pracices.

Some o he inluence ha indusry wields over scien-

iic lieraure is obscured or impossible o discover

because o weak disclosure rules a journals. This means

ha lawmakers and regulaors do no always realise

ha he scieniic lieraure hey consul is paid or by

indusry or auhored by deeply conliced universiy

scieniss. I means ha armers are planing seeds,

applying agrochemicals and producing animals wih

producs and pracices ha someimes have litle, i any,independen review, including wih regard o environ-

menal or healh risks.

Censoring Science:Retracting Unfavourable Articles

When University of California scientist TyroneHayes began publishing unfavourable studiesshowing animal health problems and environ-mental impacts associated with Syngenta’s

sought to attack Hayes’s professional careerand personal life. Documents released througha court case reveal that Syngenta planned avariety of ways to discredit Hayes, including“asking journals to retract” his work, a tactic usedby corporations to try to eliminate unfavourablestudies.129

When French scientist Gilles-Éric Séralini of theUniversity of Caen published a study linking

herbicide to animal health problems, Monsantosent a letter to the editor of the journal whereSéralini published, attacking Séralini’s work.130 Numerous other scientists, including thosefrom industry or with industry ties, piled on,also submitting letters.131 The Elsevier journalended up hiring one of Séralini’s critics, a formerMonsanto scientist, to its editorial board, thenshortly after retracted Séralini’s article.132 Elsevi-

fraud, manipulation or intentional misrepresen-tation of data in the article, as critics had alleged,yet the publisher still decided to issue theretraction.133 Hundreds of independent scientistslaunched a boycott of Elsevier, condemning theretraction as an example of academic publisherscravenly bowing to industry pressure.134


14/28


15/28


As noed in he ex, much o he analysis o scieniic

lieraure ound in his repor came rom Food & Waer

Wach’s analysis o he Thomson Reuers Web o

Science academic daabase and lieraure-search ool, in

he spring o 2014. Web o Science is a human-curaed

daabase ha includes 12,000 op-ier journals.136 The“core” collecion o his daabase conains ools ha

allow users o reine search resuls according o mos

requen auhors, mos requen journals and mos

requen unders. When our daa analysis depended on

Web o Science as he unique source, we noed his.

Food & Waer Wach’s analysis o Zilmax included an

expanded search ha sough o ind all published, peer-

reviewed journal aricles ha examined he impacs o

Zilmax on catle, he only species or which Zilmax is

currenly markeed.137

Because his analysis sough oundersand he breadh o scieniic lieraure relaed

o Zilmax leading up o he animal saey concerns ha

emerged in 2013, we also consuled oher academic

daabases, including Ebsco and ProQes Science,

conducing broad searches using he keyword “zilpa-

erol,” he chemical name or Zilmax. We limied our

search o include only peer-reviewed, published journal

aricles, excluding ormas such as symposium presena-

ions or commenaries ha may no have gone hrough

a peer-review process.

Food & Waer Wach also looked or relevan ciaions

ound in any Zilmax sudies ha discussed saey,138 as

well as or any published research cied in he FDA’s

regulaory review o he drug.139 We examined a lis

o sudies relaed o bea-agoniss and animal welare

posed on he Web sie o Colorado Sae Universiy

Proessor Temple Grandin140 and consuled several public

relaions documens rom Merck ha purpored o offer

examples o research showing ha Zilmax was sae.141

I is possible ha our search ailed o capure every

sudy, such as daed sudies or sudies rom smaller ororeign journals ha may no have been included in he

academic search ools ha we used.

From his collecion o sudies, we seleced or our

analysis any published journal aricles writen in English

ha speciically addressed he effecs o Zilmax on

catle. The 78 sudies included in our analysis can be

ound in he Appendix on page 14. In mos cases, bu

no always, he subjec o Zilmax was menioned in

he ile, absrac and inroducion. For example, we

included a sudy ha examined he effecs o shade

or sun on catle because he experimenal cows were

reaed wih Zilmax and because he resuls have been

cied as poenially imporan o he animal saey

issues associaed wih he drug — even hough he

effecs o Zilmax were no he ocus o he sudy and

here was no experimenal group o unreaed catle.142 We also included sudies designed o provide environ-

menal and economic analyses o modern bee produc-

ion ha included a speciic assessmen o Zilmax’s

impac on catle.

We excluded he enire caegory o sudies relaed o

residue deecion o Zilmax, which did no examine he

impac o Zilmax on catle. Aricles ha examined he

effecs o Zilmax on non-catle species (or which Zilmax

has no been approved by he FDA) were also excluded.

However, a ew o hese excluded sudies provide someindicaions o saey issues ha are noeworhy. One

excluded paper examining he poenial use o Zilmax

as an illegal perormance-enhancing drug in race horses

ound ha Zilmax produced adverse reacions.143 Two

sudies examined wheher Zilmax migh be used o

encourage animals (no catle) o mainain heir appe-

ies and coninue o ea (and grow) in ho weaher.144

Alhough hese sudies were designed o examine

producion, no saey, one sudy ound ha Zilmax

acually increased some measuremens o ewe lamb’s

skin emperaure, which could be relaed o he animalwelare issues seen in catle.145 Many in he animal

science communiy have noed a link beween he

adminisraion o Zilmax o catle during he summer

monhs and animal welare issues relaed o hea

sress.146

Merck, apparenly aware o his animal welare concern

even beore Zilmax was removed rom he marke, has

unded researchers o look ino he issue.147 A a 2014

FASS even, Merck-unded auhors presened a sudy

showing ha here was no “compelling evidence” haZilmax is relaed o hea-relaed animal welare issues.148

I is also worh menioning ha our Zilmax analysis

did no consider he available research on racopamine,

a differen bu relaed bea-agonis drug. I here are

subsanial indings abou animal saey concerns in

he available research on racopamine, hese indings

did no propel scieniss o examine animal welare

issues wih is compeing drug, Zilmax, prior o is being

removed rom he markeplace.

Methodology


16/28


Journal Articles on Zilmax Analysed by Food & Water Watch

This chart includes the 78 published, peer-reviewed studies on Zilmax that Food & Water Watch found in a search of

three academic databases in the spring of 2014. See Methodology on page 13.

CitationFASS

Journal?Industry-EmployedAuthor?

WhichCompany?

IndustryFunder?

WhichCompany?

-mance, carcass traits, and carcass cutability in beef steers.”

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 92, Iss. 2. February 2014.

Y Y Elanco, Cargill YElanco,Cargill

muscle shear force and sensory attributes of beef steers.”

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 91, Iss. 12. December 2013.

Y Y Elanco, Cargill YElanco,Cargill

quality of feedlot steers.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 84, Iss.12. December 2006.

Y N N

hydrochloride on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics,and skeletal muscle messenger ribonucleic acid abundance Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 88, Iss. 1.

January 2010.

Y Y Intervet *

growth rates, feed conversion, and carcass traits in calf-fedHolstein steers.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 87, Iss. 12.December 2009.

Y Y Intervet N/D

carcass classes and behaviour of heat-stressed feedlot cattle Tropical Animal Health and Production.

Vol. 43, Iss. 3. March 2011.

N YCrafcor

Farming PTYN/D

carcass quality, color, and palatability traits in heifers.” Journalof Animal Science. Vol. 91, Iss. 7. July 2013.

Y N N/D

twenty to forty days on carcass cutability and subprimal yieldof calf-fed Holstein steers.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 87,Iss. 11. November 2009.

Y YIntervet,

ConsultingN/D

diets.” Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. Vol. 95,Iss. 4. August 2011.

N N N

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 88, Iss. 5. May 2010.

Y YIntervet,private

consultantN/D

force of three muscles from beef steers and heifers.” Journal of

Animal Science. Vol. 87, Iss. 11. November 2009.

Y YIntervet,private

consultantN/D

Capper, J.L. “The environmental and economic impact ofremoving growth-enhancing technologies from U.S. beefproduction.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 90, Iss. 10. October2012.

Y N Y

Sustainable

ResourceCenter

alters feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, muscle, Livestock Science.Vol. 157, Iss. 2–3. November 2013.

N Y

Merck AnimalHealth,

MSD AnimalHealth

Y

MSD Animal

Health

Appendix

* These studies either made disclosures that did not clearly state the funder or only partially disclosed their source of funding.N/D = Not Disclosed

CONTINUED


17/28


CitationFASS

Journal?

Industry-EmployedAuthor?

WhichCompany?

IndustryFunder?

WhichCompany?

shear force interrelationships of steer and heifer longissimuslumborum and heifer triceps brachii and gluteus mediusmuscles aged for 7, 14 and 21 d.” Meat Science. Vol. 85, Iss. 2.

June 2010.

N YIntervet,private

consultant*

Delmore, R.J. et al. “Perspectives on the application of

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 88, Iss. 8. August 2010.Y Y Intervet N/D

Escherichia coli Journal of Food Protection. Vol. 72,Iss. 12. December 2009.

N Y

Intervet,Elanco,Cactus

Feeders

Y Elanco

feeding on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlotcattle.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 87, Iss. 6. June 2009.

Y Y Intervet Y Intervet

measurements of 3 beef muscles in response to various aging

periods after trenbolone acetate and estradiol implants and steers.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 89, Iss. 11. November2011.

Y Y Intervet N/D

carcass cutability and tenderness of calf-fed Holstein steers.”

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 88, Iss. 7. July 2010.Y Y

Intervet,

Consulting*

feeding duration on crossbred beef semimembranosus steak Journal of

Animal Science. Vol. 87, Iss. 11. November 2009.

Y YIntervet,

consultantY Tyson

steak color.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 87, Iss. 11. November

2009.

Y YIntervet,

consultantY Tyson

gaining body weight.” Animal Reproduction Science. Vol. 130, Iss.1–2. January 2012.

N N N

retail yields of subprimals from beef and calf-fed Holsteinsteers.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 89, Iss. 9. September2011.

Y YIntervet,

AllenConsulting

N/D

on texture and oxidative stability of beef loins from steers Meat Science. Vol. 90,Iss. 1. January 2012.

N N N

supplementation on cutability and subprimal yield of beefsteer carcasses.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 88, Iss. 5. May2010.

Y Y Intervet N/D

with and without monensin and tylosin on carcass cutabilityand meat palatability of beef steers.” Journal of Animal Science.Vol. 87, Iss. 4. April 2009.

Y Y Intervet N/D

beef steers.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 88, Iss. 1. January2010.

Y Y Intervet *

meat quality of calf-fed Holstein steers.” Journal of AnimalScience. Vol. 87, Iss. 11. November 2009. Y Y

Intervet, N/D

Journal Articles on Zilmax Analysed by Food & Water Watch (continued)


CONTINUED


18/28


CitationFASS

Journal?


WhichCompany?

IndustryFunder?

WhichCompany?

vitamin D-3 supplementation and electrical stimulation ofcarcasses on colour and drip loss of steaks from feedlotsteers.” Meat Science. Vol. 90, Iss. 3. March 2012.

N N N

tenderness of feedlot cattle.” Meat Science. Vol. 86, Iss. 3.November 2010.

N N N

of calf-fed Holstein steers.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 92,Iss. 1. January 2014.

Y Y Y

muscle shear force and sensory attributes of calf-fed Holsteinsteers.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 92, Iss. 1. January 2014.

Y Y Y

or without an estrogen-trenbolone acetate terminal implant

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 87,Iss. 11. November 2009.


Journal of AnimalScience. Vol. 91, Iss. 10. October 2013.

Y Y

QuantumGenetixCanada,Cactus

Research

N/D

tenderness, and vitamin D metabolites of feedlot steers.”

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 91, Iss. 7. July 2013.

Y YDSM

NutritionalProducts

N/D

type, and calpain gene expression of feedlot steers.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 91, Iss. 7. July 2013.

Y Y

DSM

NutritionalProducts N/D

Lawrence, T.E. et al. “Zilpaterol improves feeding performance Journalof Animal Science. Vol. 89, Iss. 7. July 2011.


hydrochloride to calf-fed Holstein steers improves muscleconformation of top loin steaks.” Meat Science. Vol. 88, Iss. 1.May 2011.

N Y

Intervet,private

consultant

N/D

Lawrence, T.E. et al. “Predicting red meat yields in carcassesfrom beef-type and calf-fed Holstein steers using the UnitedStates Department of Agriculture calculated yield grade.”

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 88, Iss. 6. June 2010.

Y YIntervet,private

consultantY Intervet

composition and meat palatability of beef cattle.” Journal of

Animal Science. Vol. 87, Iss. 4. April 2009.Y Y

Intervet,

NutritionN/D

Loneragan, G.H. et al. “Increased mortality in groups of cattleadministered the beta-adrenergic agonists ractopamine PLOS ONE . Vol. 9,Iss. 3. March 2014.

N N Y Elanco

supplementation on market dairy cow performance, carcasscharacteristics, and cutability.” The Professional Animal Scientist .Vol. 28, No. 2. April 2012.

Y Y Intervet N/D

Luque, L.D. “Zilpaterol hydrochloride supplementation has Journal of Animal

Science. Vol. 89, Iss. 3. March 2011.

Y YIntervet,private

consultant

N/D



CONTINUED


19/28


CitationFASS

Journal?


WhichCompany?

IndustryFunder?

WhichCompany?

hydrochloride on feeding performance and carcasscharacteristics of steers sorted by leptin genotype.” Journal of

Animal Science. Vol. 92, Iss. 1. January 2014.

Y YMerck,Cactus

ResearchN/D

hydrochloride supplementation on the growth rate and Canadian Journal of

Animal Science. Vol. 93, Iss. 2. June 2013.

N Y Merck,CattlelandFeedyards

N/D

McEvers, T.J. et al. “Feeding performance, carcasscharacteristics, and tenderness attributes of steers sorted by

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 90, Iss. 11. November 2012.

Y YMerck,

JohnsonResearch

N/D

using objective measurements captured by video imageanalysis technology.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 90, Iss. 9.September 2012.


to beef and calf-fed Holstein cattle on consumer palatability

ratings.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 87, Iss. 11. November2009.


Miller, E.K. et al. “Zilpaterol hydrochloride alters abundanceof beta-adrenergic receptors in bovine muscle cells but has subcutaneous adipose tissue explants.” Journal of AnimalScience. Vol. 90, Iss. 4. April 2012.

Y Y Intervet N/D

Feedlot performance and carcass traits of steers and heifers.”

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 87, Iss. 4. April 2009.Y Y

Intervet, JohnsonResearch,

AgriResearchCenter,

HMSVeterinary

Development,Inc.

N/D

hydrochloride on feedlot performance and carcasscharacteristics of beef steers fed with and without monensinand tylosin.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 87, Iss. 3. March2009.

Y YIntervet,Cactus

ResearchN/D

hydrochloride and vitamin D-3 on beef quality in commercialheifers.” . Vol.12, Iss. 6. November-December 2002.

N N N

hydrochloride on performance, carcass characteristics, andsubprimal beef yields of fed cows.” Journal of Animal Science.

Vol. 87, Iss. 2. February 2009.

Y N Y

meat quality of steers.” South African Journal of Animal Science.Vol. 40, Iss. 3. 2010.

N N N/D

supplementation.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 89, Iss. 2.February 2011.


on growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlotsteers.” . Vol. 7, Iss. 10.October 2008.

N N N/D



CONTINUED


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CitationFASS

Journal?


WhichCompany?

IndustryFunder?

WhichCompany?

characteristics, and tenderness in beef heifers.” Journal of

Animal Science. Vol. 90, Iss. 9. September 2012.

Y YIntervet,Cactus

ResearchY Intervet

cutability, composition, tenderness, and skeletal muscle geneexpression in feedlot steers.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 87,Iss. 11. November 2009.


carcass characteristics.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 87, Iss. 5.May 2009.

Y N *

chloride injection on meat palatability traits of strip loin hydrochloride.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 90, Iss. 10.October 2012.

Y Y Merck N/D

duration on beef and calf-fed Holstein strip loin steak color.”

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 88, Iss. 3. March 2010.Y Y

Intervet,private

consultantN/D

mixture on ruminal fermentation and growth performance in Journal of Applied Animal Research. Vol. 35, Iss.1. March 2009.

N N N/D

Schroeder, T.C. et al. “Economic impacts of Zilmax(R) adoptionin cattle feeding.” Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Vol.36, Iss. 3. December 2011.

N N Y Intervet

performance, carcass traits, and longissimus tenderness of Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 88, Iss. 5. May2010.

Y Y Elanco N/D

cutability, composition, and tenderness.” Journal of AnimalScience. Vol. 87, Iss. 11. November 2009.

Y Y Intervet *

Stackhouse-Lawson, K.R. et al. “Growth promotingtechnologies reduce greenhouse gas, alcohol, and ammoniaemissions from feedlot cattle.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol.91, Iss. 11. November 2013.

Y N N/D

Stackhouse, K.R. et al. “Growth-promoting technologiesdecrease the carbon footprint, ammonia emissions, andcosts of California beef production systems.” Journal of Animal

Science. Vol. 90, Iss. 12. December 2012.

Y N N/D

Vitamin D-3 supplementation and electrical stimulation onmeat quality of feedlot steers.” Meat Science. Vol. 89, Iss. 4.December 2011.

N N N

hydrochloride supplementation on growth performance,carcass traits and meat quality of grain-fed cull cows.” Animal .Vol. 4, Iss. 4. April 2010.

N N Y Intervet

Strydom, P.E. et al. “The comparison of three beta-agonists forgrowth performance, carcass characteristics and meat qualityof feedlot cattle.” Meat Science. Vol. 81, Iss. 3. March 2009.

N Y Intervet N

Sumano, Hector L. et al. “Clenbuterol and other beta-agonists,

are they an option for meat production or a threat for publichealth?” . Vol. 33, Iss. 2. 2002. N N N/D



CONTINUED


21/28


CitationFASS

Journal?


WhichCompany?

IndustryFunder?

WhichCompany?

hydrochloride and ractopamine hydrochloride on growthperformance, carcass characteristics, and longissimustenderness of feedlot steers fed barley-based diets.” TheProfessional Animal Scientist . Vol. 30, No. 1. February 2014.

Y Y

Merck,Alberta

Solutions

Y Merck

hydrochloride and ractopamine hydrochloride on growthperformance, carcass characteristics, and longissimustenderness of feedlot heifers fed barley-based diets.” TheProfessional Animal Scientist . Vol. 27, No. 2. April 2011.

Y Y

Intervet,Alberta

Solutions

Y Intervet

supplementation of beef steers and calf-fed Holstein steers onthe color stability of top sirloin butt steaks.” Journal of AnimalScience. Vol. 87, Iss. 11. November 2009.

Y Y Intervet *

cattle performance and carcass traits.” Journal of AnimalScience. Vol. 86, Iss. 8. August 2008.


Walter, L.J. et al. “Association of pro-melanin concentratinghormone genotype with beef carcass quality and yield.”

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 92, Iss. 1. January 2014.Y Y

Merck,CactusFeeders,QuantumGenetixCanada

Y Merck

beta-adrenergic agonists on cull cow meat quality.” MeatScience. Vol. 93, Iss. 2. February 2013.

N N *

adrenergic agonists on cull cow performance, carcasscharacteristics, and mRNA relative abundance.” Journal of

Animal Science. Vol. 90, Iss. 5. May 2012.

Y N N/D




22/28


1 Food & Water Watch. Public Research, Private Gain. 2012.

2 Flanagin, Annette et al. “Prevalence of articles with honoraryauthors and ghost authors in peer-reviewed medical journals.

Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 280, No. 3. July 15,1998; Mowatt, Graham et al. “Prevalence of honorary and ghostauthorship in Cochrane Reviews.” Journal of the American Medi-

cal Association. Vol. 287, No. 21. June 5, 2002; Ross, Joseph et al.“Guest authorship and ghostwriting in publications related to Ro-fecoxib.” Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 299, No. is called rife in medical journals.” New York Times. September 10,2009.

EMBO Reports. Vol. 12,Iss. 10. May 13, 2011 at 489.

TheInside Scoop. Washington State University Department of AnimalSciences. Spring 2012; Capper, Jude. Curriculum Vitae. Available National Research Council. Agenda for Meeting 5 on Sustain-ability Considerations for the Future of Animal Science Research.

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5 Personal correspondence with Montana State University.

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8 Association of Research Libraries. [Issue brief]. “John Wiley and

“When the rebel alliance sells out.” New Yorker . Apri l 12, 2013;Springer. [Press release]. “Springer to acquire pharma marketingand publishing services from Wolters Kluwer.” November 9, 2011;Morgan Stanley. Equity Research Report, Europe. “Media Industr y 30, 2002; Owens, Simon. “Is the academic publishing industry onthe verge of disruption?” U.S. News & World Report . July 23, 2012; publishing.” Nature. Vol. 495, Iss. 7442. March 27, 2013.

9 Springer. “Facts and Figures 2014.” 2014 at 2; Reed Elsevier. An-nual Reports and Financial Statements. 2013 at 14; Informa. An-nual Report. 2013 at 05; John Wiley and Sons. U.S. Securities andExchange Commission (SEC) Filing. 10-K. April 2014 at 15.

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million over Vioxx.” New York Times. November 22, 2011.

12 Singer, Natasha. “Merck paid for medical ‘journal’ without disclo-sure.” New York Times. May 13, 2009.

before Merck halted Zilmax sales.” Reuters. December 30, 2013.

14 “Cattle futures soar on drug ban by Tyson.” Lincoln Journal Star .

15 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Center for Veterinar yMedicine (CVM). New animal drug application 141-258. Zilmax portion of the animal safety s tudy looked at toxicological and conducted heart rate monitoring of 12 cattle. The FDA noted that studies submitted by Intervet, the developer of Zilmax. Thesestudies were not designed to examine animal safety and did lit tlemore than report that there were no animal safety problemsobserved during the studies.

16 Lowe, Peggy. “Suspended drug sales focuses attention oncattle-feeding additive.” Harvest Public Media. December 17, 2013;European Commission. Council Directive 96/22/EC of 29 April1996 concerning the prohibition on the use in stockfarming ofcertain substances having a hormonal or thyrostatic action and ofß-agonists, and repealing Directives 81/602/EEC, 88/146/EEC and88/299/EEC At Article 3 (a) and Article 4 (1)).

17 Lowe (2013).

Reuters. March 12,2014.

19 Grandin, Temple. “Making slaughterhouses more humane forcattle, pigs, and sheep.” Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. Janu-ary 16, 2013 at 496; Petersen, Melody. “As beef cattle become be-hemoths, who are animal scientists serving? ” Chronicle of HigherEducation. Apri l 15, 2012.

20 All Zilmax data cited in this section comes from an analysis of the78 published studies that Food & Water Watch found in a searchof three academic databases conducted in the spring of 2014. SeeMethodology at 13.

industry studies. Other corporate authors and funders includecorporate meat processors, private consultants and the drugcompany Elanco, which produces a competitor beta -agonist drugcalled ractopamine.

22 See hydrochloride on carcass cutability and tenderness of calf-fedHolstein steers.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 88, Iss. 7. July 2010; or without an estrogen-trenbolone acetate terminal implant

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 87, Iss.11. November 2009; Korn, K.T. et al. “Supplemental vitamin D-3 traits, tenderness, and vitamin D metabolites of feedlot steers.”

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 91, Iss. 7. July 2013; Rathmann, R.J. and skeletal muscle gene expression in feedlot steers.” Journal of

Animal Science. Vol. 87, Iss. 11. November 2009; Shook, J.N. et al. withdrawal time on beef carcass cutability, composition, andtenderness.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 87, Iss. 11. November2009.

23 See steers.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 91, No. 10. October 2013.

on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of beef s teersfed with and without monensin and tylosin.” Journal of Animal Sci-ence. Vol. 87, Iss. 3. March 2009 at Results and Discussion.

Endnotes


23/28


25 Ibid. at Discussion.

hydrochloride and ractopamine hydrochloride on growth per-formance, carcass characteristics, and longissimus tendernessof feedlot steers fed barley-based diets.” The Professional AnimalScientist . Vol. 30, No. 1. February 2014 at Abstract and Results and -paterol hydrochloride and ractopamine hydrochloride on growthperformance, carcass characteristics, and longissimus tender-ness of feedlot heifers fed barley-based diets.” The Professional

Animal Scientist . Vol. 27, No. 2. April 2011 at Abstract and Results

and Discussion.27 Ibid.

by Intervet as evidence of the safety of Zilmax. Examining only34 cows, the study ’s authors observed no changes in locomotionin Zilmax-treated cattle. See Merck Animal Health. [Statement]. hydrochloride supplementation on market dairy cow perfor-mance, carcass characteristics, and cutability.” The Professional

Animal Scientist . Vol. 28, No. 2. April 2012.

quality of feedlot steers.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 84, No. 12.December 8, 2014.

April 22, 2014.

Water Watch. Accessed April 22, 2014.

33 Journal of Animal Science www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/jas/edboard

-

www.adsa.org/Membership/CorporateSustainingMembership/ Food & Water Watch. Accessed April 22, 2014.

36 Journal of Dairy Science journalofdairyscience.org/pb/assets/raw/Health%20Advance/ -mitic and stearic acid metabolism in lactating dairy cows.” Journalof Dairy Science milk replacers.” The Professional Animal Scientist . Vol. 23, No.4.

Watch. Accessed April 22, 2014.

38 Tyson Foods. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Fil-ing. 10-K. Fiscal Year ending September 27, 2014 at 2.

39 Poultry Science Association. Publications. Avail- Watch. April 22, 2014.

40 Ibid.

41 Poultry Science - Food & Water Watch. Accessed October 16, 2014.

42 Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16, 2014.

43 American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists. Gov- -cessed October 17, 2014.

44 American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists. Corpo- April 22, 2014.

45 The Professional Animal Scientist & Water Watch. Accessed April 22, 2014; Midwestern Section

-ness Meeting. Program. March 15–17, 2010 at 11; ASAS. 2014

hormone and osteocalcin responses of multiparous Jersey cowsto an oral dose of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 or Vitamin D3 beforeparturition.” Journal of Dairy Science. February 2008 at author SEARCH&authToken=tQZU&locale=en_US&srchid=1979078021425655946687&srchindex=1&srchtotal=1&trk=vsrp_people_res_name&trkInfo=VSRPsearchId%3A1979078021425655946687%2CVSRP Food & Water Watch. Accessed October 15, 2014.

46 Federation of Animal Science Societies (FASS). Publications. Avail- Food & Water Watch. Accessed November 21, 2014; Midwestern 2014 at 34; Petersen (2012).

47 Journal of Animal Science www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/jas/edboard

48 American Meat Science Association (AMSA). Publications and Re- - 21, 2014; AMSA. AMSA Newsletter. Vol. 51e, No. 205. June 27, 2014at 1.

-ter Watch. Accessed August 12, 2014.

Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 87, Iss. 11. November 2009.

51 Ibid.

52 Ibid.

53 Petersen (2012).

54 Miller. Curriculum Vitae.

depts.ttu.edu/afs/people/docs/CV2008_1__bradley.pdf and on

56 Gunderson (2009).

57 Petersen (2012).58 Ibid.

-chloride on feeding performance and carcass characteristics ofsteers sorted by leptin genotype.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol.92, Iss. 1. January 2014.

60 ASAS. [Press release]. “ASAS responds to ‘Who are animal scien-tists serving?’” April 17, 2012.

61 Ibid.

62 Keefe, Lisa. “Zilmax studies presented at animal science sympo-sium.” Meatingplace. July 23, 2014; Merck Animal Health. [Pressrelease]. “New data about Zilmax being presented at 2014 ADSA-ASAS-CSAS joint annual meeting.” July 23, 2014; ASAS (2014) at 59to 60, 195, 234.

- not increase stress responsiveness or homeostatic metabolicparameters after a combined corticoptropin releasing hormone


24/28


and vasopressin challenge.” Submitted June 24, 2014. Available “A closer look at Zilmax.” MeatPoultry.com Nicholas. “UNL research defends Zilmax study.” Lincoln Journal Star .

July 18, 2014; Personal correspondence with Ty Schmidt. Universityof Nebraska, Animal Sciences Department.

64 Loneragan, Guy et al. “Increased mortality in groups of cattle ad-ministered the b-adrenergic agonists ractopomine hydrochloride PLOS ONE . March 12, 2014; Cranford,

Leslie. “Texas Tech scientist raises concern of using beta agonistsin beef cattle.” Texas Tech Today . March 13, 2014.

65 Loneragan (2014) at 3 and 10.

66 See Misuse on Factory Farms Can Make You Sick.” February 2014.

‘Dark Cutters.’” Livestock Update. Virginia Tech Cooperative Exten-sion. March 1998; FDA CVM (2006) at 6.

68 PLOS ONE . “PLOS editorial and publishing policies.” Undated at - both academics, disclosed ties to Elanco and/or Intervet, the mak-ers of Zilmax and ractopamine. The study also notes that “initialfunding” for the ractopamine analysis came from Elanco, but the employment at Texas Tech University.” It is also noteworthy that at that were publicly opposed to Zilmax at the time of the article ’spublication. This consulting gave Loneragan a prominent voice inthe initial animal safety discussions that lead to the removal ofZilmax from the market in 2013. As noted in the text, the timing ofthis research publication — only after Zilmax was removed fromthe marketplace — is also noteworthy. See over growth drugs.” Reuters. August 13, 2013; Charles, Dan. “Insidethe beef industry’s bat tle over growth-promotion drugs.” NPR.November 21, 2013.

Zilmax sales fuels demand for rival cattle feed product.” Reuters.August 23, 2014.

71 FDA CVM. Freedom of information summary for new animal drug -sion). November 5, 1993.

72 Collier, Robert . “Regulation of rbST in the US.” AgBioForum. Vol.3, No. 2 & 3. 2000 at 156 to 163; Lilly. [Press release]. “Elanco an-nounces acquisition of Posilac® dairy business.” August 20, 2008.

73 FDA CVM (1993); Dohoo, Ian et al. Health Canada Drug and HealthProducts. “Report of the Canadian Veterinary Medical Associa- Martha. “Canada rejects hormone that boosts cows’ milk output.”Los Angeles Times. January 15, 1999; European Commission, Direc-torate General for Health and Consumer Protection. “Report on en.html.

74 Schneider, Keith. “F.D.A. accused of improper ties in review of drugfor milk cows.” New York Times. January 12, 1990; Siler, Julia Flynn. BusinessWeek . September 1, 1991.

to focus on seed product lines.” Money Morning . August 23, 2008;

- -

ductive performance, and culling.” Research. Vol. 67, Iss. 4. October 2003 at 263 to 264.

77 Ibid. at Results and Discussion under “Udder Health.” See Dohoo’s Water Watch. Accessed July 23, 2014.

78 See Food & Water Watch (2014).

79 Dohoo (2003) at 263 to 264.

80 Ibid. See Dohoo citations 9, 10, 11, 13, 17 to 23, 25 and 26; Feder, New YorkTimes. December 24, 1993.

81 Dohoo (2003) at 258 and 260 to 261.

Journal of Cell and Animal Biology . Vol. 8, Iss. 1. January 2014 at “Ef-fects of rbST on animal health and immune system.”

cows treated for up to two consecutive lactations with bovinesomatotropin.” Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. 73, Iss. 11. November release formulation of sometribove (n-methionyl bovine somato-tropin) on jersey cows.” Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. 75, Iss. 12. mastitis in cows treated with sometribove (recombinant bovinesomatotropin) and i ts relationship to milk yield.” Journal of DairyScience W. et al. “Responses of dairy cows supplemented with somato-

tropin during weeks 5 through 43 of lactation.” Journal of DairyScience. Vol. 79, Iss. 5. May 1996.

84 Food & Water Watch analysis of Thomson Reuters Web of Scienceacademic database. See - the scope of this report to individually review the hundreds ofarticles that appeared in this search. Likewise, no single academicdatabase is likely to yield every research art icle on a given topic. recombinant and non-recombinant forms, and under a variety ofnames. Top Monsanto scientists or former Monsanto scientists - See - lambs to recombinant bovine somatotropin and bovine placentallactogen.” Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 71, Iss. 12. December 1993

Hartnell.” FASS Newsletter. Fall 2007.

86 Food & Water Watch analysis of Thomson Reuters Web of Scienceacademic database. See Methodology.

87 Ibid.

-ing.” . July 2, 2008.

of recombinant bovine somatotropin use in dairy cows.” Journal of

Animal Science. Vol. 92, No. 4. April 2014.

90 Ibid; Muirhead, Sarah. “Meta-analysis on rbST shows no unman-

somatic cell count and milk age on cheese yield.” Journal of DairyScience

Journal of Dairy Science -man, D.E. et al. “Production responses to bovine somatotropinin Northeast dairy herds.” Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. 82, Iss. 12. sustained release bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on animalhealth in commercial dairy herds.” Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. milk.” Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. 74, Iss. 9. September 1991 at -

matotropin on the composition and manufacturing properties ofmilk.” Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. 75, Iss. 8. August 1992 at author


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- management practices.” Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. 93, Iss. 5. May bovine somatotropin on culling practices in thir ty-two dairy herdsin Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio.” Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. 81, management practices.” Journal of American Dietetics. Vol. 108, Iss.

-ing of the ADSA, the Canadian Society of Animal Science and ASAS.Montreal, Canada. July 14, 1999.

92 Ibid. - (somidobove) on udder health for a full lactation.” Journal of DairyScience -lowing therapy, and culling.” Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. 80, Iss. 12, et al. “The empirical impact of bovine somatotropin on New Yorkdairy farms.” Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. 80, Iss. 6. June 1997.

release formulation of bovine somatotropin (sometribove) inclinical lameness in dairy cows.” Research bST and reproductive management on reproductive per formanceof Holstein dairy cows.” Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. 87, Iss. 4. April

94 Linskey, Annie. “Lawmakers want arsenic removed from chickenfeed.” Baltimore Sun

Johnson. “Use of antibiotics and roxarsone in broiler chickens in Journal of Poultry Sci-ence. Vol. 81. March 2002 at Abstract.

95 Strom, Stephanie. “F.D.A. bans three arsenic drugs used in poultryand pig feeds.” New York Times. October 1, 2013.

96 FDA. Center for Veterinary Medicine Update. “FDA Announces

Pending Withdrawal of Approval of Nitarsone.” April 1, 2015.97 Fears, Darryl. “Maryland set to join Canada, EU in banning arsenic

in chicken feed.” Washington Post . April 10, 2012.

98 Lasky, T. et al. “Mean total arsenic concentrations in chicken1989–2000 and estimated exposures for consumers of chicken.”Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 112, No. 1. January 2004 atResu

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