FOOD SECURITY FUEL INDEPENDENCE · Biodiesel Ethanol MARGINAL LAND AVAILABLE FOR LIPID CANE LAND...
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FOOD SECURITY FUEL INDEPENDENCE � ese projects represent a huge effort to determine and improve the mechanisms of photosynthesis that can provide a solution to two of the United States’ and the world’s most pressing challenges. ASH 1% ASH 1% ASH 1% OTHERS 6% OTHERS 6% OTHERS 6% OIL 2% OIL 10% OIL 20% SUCROSE 45% SUCROSE 25% FIBER 46% FIBER 58% FIBER 73% 2% LIPID CANE 10% LIPID CANE 0% LIPID, CONVENTIONAL SUGARCANE 20% LIPID CANE Produce and store oil in the stem in place of sugar During photosynthesis, sugarcane and sorghum produce mostly sugar, which can be used to make ethanol. Alternatively, PETROSS crops will produce oil that can be used to produce biodiesel. A combination of three overexpressing genes were assembled and co-bombarded into sugarcane. Transgene expression showed lipid accumulation of 5.6% in the sugarcane dry biomass. Increase photosynthesis Within their leaves, plants harness the energy from the sun to make the sugar and oil used to make ethanol and biodiesel. We have identified promising approaches to in- crease leaf and crop photosynthesis. We have now engineered genes into both crops that have increased the efficiency of the conversion of sunlight by 35 percent. We are on target to achieve a 50 percent increase in photosynthesis, and thus a 50 percent increase in yield, by 2016. Increase cold tolerance Right now, sugarcane can only be grown in the tropics and subtropics, including Hawaii, Florida, and the southern edge of the Gulf Coast states. Likewise, sorghum prefers warmer regions, such as Texas and Oklahoma. By making sorghum and sug- arcane more cold tolerant, these crops can be grown in more regions of the United States and maximize marginal land productivity. We have identified a sugarcane hy- brid derived from a cross with Miscanthus, and have produced several more by using new crossing technologies. These crosses have exceptionally high rates of photosyn- thesis and leaf growth at low temperature. The PETROSS project is funded by ARPA-E (Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy within the U.S. Department of Energy). $2.66 FIGURE ASSUMES NO GOVERNEMENT SUBSIDY PROFIT PER GALLON 24.67 billion GALLONS OF BIODIESEL ON ONLY 1.2% OF THE TOTAL LAND AREA OF THE 48 STATES Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency for Sustainable Increases in Crop Yield THE PETROSS PROJECT IS ENGINEERING TWO OF THE MOST PRODUCTIVE CROPS IN THE WORLD—SUGARCANE AND SWEET SORGHUM—INTO ULTRA-PRODUCTIVE BIODIESEL CROPS. BY 2016, OUR GOAL IS TO PRODUCE PETROSS SUGARCANE AND SWEET SORGHUM WITH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER YIELDS AND PROFIT MARGINS THAN ANY EXISTING BIOFUEL CROP. THE RIPE PROJECT SEEKS TO INCREASE YIELDS OF RICE, GRAIN LEGUMES, AND CASSAVA, SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FOOD CROPS TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, BY UP TO 60%. THESE ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE, HIGH-YIELDING CROPS WILL PROVIDE IMPROVED INCOME AND FOOD SECURITY FOR SMALL- HOLDER FARMERS. Model optimal designs Computer models that include discrete photosynthetic processes are used to simulate how altering gene expression and importing foreign genes influence photosynthetic efficiency in plants. In parallel, crop canopies are modeled to determine the optimal adaptations to maximize light interception. This allows for the prediction of ideotypes that can be selected for increased photosynthetic productivity and water and nitrogen conservation. Determine how molecular changes affect photosynthesis Our models have identified key points of limitation in the overall photosynthetic process. These limitations will be overcome two ways: (1) altering genes to up-regulate of the expression of specific proteins and down-regulate of others to optimize photosynthesis in response to the environment and (2) engineering optimal photosynthetic enzymes, systems, and structures into target crops. These approaches will then be tested in a common cultivar to assess their impact on photosynthesis. Confirm increased yield in field environments Yield potential of the most promising approaches will be evaluated in fully replicated controlled field trials. This will ensure that the changes in photosynthesis will translate to increased yield in the target crops: rice, grain legumes and cassava. If successful, this project will enable a yield jump in key staple crops, grown by millions of farmers in sub- Saharan Africa and South Asia. Using only the 23 million acres of marginal land in the area on the map, we estimate that PETROSS crops will be able to produce 24.67 billion gallons of biodiesel— easily meeting 2/3 of the needs set forth by the Renewable Fuel Standard mandate of 36 billion gallons of biofuel by 2022. 69% PETROSS CROPS CAN MEET OF THE RFS2 MANDATE 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 SOYBEAN CORN LIPID CANE (2% lipid) LIPID CANE (10% lipid) LIPID CANE (20% lipid) TOTAL VALUE PER LAND ($/ACRE) Coproducts Ethanol Biodiesel MARGINAL LAND AVAILABLE FOR LIPID CANE LAND WHERE LIPID CANE WILL BE ABLE TO GROW CURRENT LAND USED FOR FOOD & FEED CROPS TOTAL VALUE OF PRODUCTS PER ACRE LIPID CANE COMPOSITION (DRY BASIS) The RIPE project is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation In partnership with: Australian National University; Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Institute; Louisiana State University; Rothamsted Research; University of California, Berkeley; University of Essex; USDA/ARS In partnership with: University of Florida, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Brookhaven National Laboratory CONTACT: [email protected] www.ripe.illinois.edu CONTACT: [email protected] www.igb.illinois.edu/petross t AVERAGE YIELD (TON/HA) GLOBAL DEMAND FOR CROP CALORIES WILL DOUBLE BY 2050 GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE IS TIMES MORE REDUCING POVERTY EFFECTIVE AT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA THAN GROWTH IN OTHER SECTORS CURRENT vs 60% PROJECTED YIELD INCREASE WITH RIPE IMPROVEMENTS 11.3 11 1.9 2.9 3.1 4.7 18.1 CASSAVA LEGUMES TARGET OF 100% INCREASE BY 2050 CASSAVA LEGUMES RICE PROJECTED YIELD WITH 60% RIPE INCREASE PROJECTED YIELD INCREASE WITH THE NEEDED CROP YIELD INCREASE OF 100%, RIPE YIELD INCREASES HELP BRING US MUCH CLOSER TO OUR TOTAL GOAL. NOW 2050 RICE Z *A SOURCES: Zhu XG, Long SP, Ort DR (2010) Improving Photosynthetic Efficiency for Greater Yield, Annual Review of Plant Biology. 61: 235-261.; Other sectors include, for example, mining and utilities. World Bank. 2007. “World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development”. Washington, DC; L. Christiaensen, L. Demery and J. Kuhl. 2010. “The (evolving) role of agriculture in poverty reduction – an empirical perspective”. Journal of Development Economics.; High Level Expert Forum –How to Feed the World in 2050, The Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) http://faostat.fao.org/; International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Develop- ment (IAASTD). Global Report, side 8; Kaiser Family Foundation http://kff.org/global-indicator/population-undernourished/ 90% IN AFRICA OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMES FROM SMALL FARMS UP TO 16% OF POPULATION IS UNDERNOURISHED 17-33% OF POPULATION IS UNDERNOURISHED 35-50% OF POPULATION IS UNDERNOURISHED 50-70% OF POPULATION IS UNDERNOURISHED
Transcript of FOOD SECURITY FUEL INDEPENDENCE · Biodiesel Ethanol MARGINAL LAND AVAILABLE FOR LIPID CANE LAND...
FOOD SECURITY FUEL INDEPENDENCE�These projects represent
a huge effort to
determine and improve
the mechanisms of
photosynthesis that can
provide a solution to two
of the United States’ and
the world’s most pressing
challenges.ASH
1%
ASH
1%ASH
1%
OTHERS
6%
OTHERS
6%OTHERS
6%
OIL
2%
OIL
10%OIL
20%
SUCROSE
45%
SUCROSE
25%
FIBER
46%
FIBER
58%FIBER
73%
2% LIPID CANE
10% LIPID CANE
0% LIPID,CONVENTIONAL SUGARCANE
20% LIPID CANE
Produce and store oil in the stem in place of sugar During photosynthesis, sugarcane and sorghum produce mostly sugar, which can be used to make ethanol. Alternatively, PETROSS crops will produce oil that can be used to produce biodiesel. A combination of three overexpressing genes were assembled and co-bombarded into sugarcane. Transgene expression showed lipid accumulation of 5.6% in the sugarcane dry biomass.
Increase photosynthesis Within their leaves, plants harness the energy from the sun to make the sugar and oil used to make ethanol and biodiesel. We have identified promising approaches to in-crease leaf and crop photosynthesis. We have now engineered genes into both crops that have increased the efficiency of the conversion of sunlight by 35 percent. We are on target to achieve a 50 percent increase in photosynthesis, and thus a 50 percent increase in yield, by 2016.
Increase cold tolerance Right now, sugarcane can only be grown in the tropics and subtropics, including Hawaii, Florida, and the southern edge of the Gulf Coast states. Likewise, sorghum prefers warmer regions, such as Texas and Oklahoma. By making sorghum and sug-arcane more cold tolerant, these crops can be grown in more regions of the United States and maximize marginal land productivity. We have identified a sugarcane hy-brid derived from a cross with Miscanthus, and have produced several more by using new crossing technologies. These crosses have exceptionally high rates of photosyn-thesis and leaf growth at low temperature.
The PETROSS project is funded by ARPA-E (Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy within the U.S. Department of Energy).
$2.66 FIGURE ASSUMES NO GOVERNEMENT SUBSIDY
PROFIT PER GALLON
24.67 billionGALLONS OF BIODIESELON ONLY 1.2% OF THE TOTAL LAND AREA OF THE 48 STATES
Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiencyfor Sustainable Increases in Crop Yield
THE PETROSS PROJECT IS ENGINEERING TWO OF THE MOST PRODUCTIVE CROPS IN THE WORLD—SUGARCANE AND SWEET SORGHUM—INTO ULTRA-PRODUCTIVE BIODIESEL CROPS. BY 2016, OUR GOAL IS TO PRODUCE PETROSS SUGARCANE AND SWEET SORGHUM WITH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER YIELDS AND PROFIT MARGINS THAN ANY EXISTING BIOFUEL CROP.
THE RIPE PROJECT SEEKS TO INCREASE YIELDS OF RICE, GRAIN LEGUMES, AND CASSAVA, SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FOOD CROPS TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, BY UP TO 60%. THESE ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE, HIGH-YIELDING CROPS WILL PROVIDE IMPROVED INCOME AND FOOD SECURITY FOR SMALL-HOLDER FARMERS.
Model optimal designs Computer models that include discrete photosynthetic processes are used to simulate how altering gene expression and importing foreign genes influence photosynthetic efficiency in plants. In parallel, crop canopies are modeled to determine the optimal adaptations to maximize light interception. This allows for the prediction of ideotypes that can be selected for increased photosynthetic productivity and water and nitrogen conservation.
Determine how molecular changes affect photosynthesis Our models have identified key points of limitation in the overall photosynthetic process. These limitations will be overcome two ways: (1) altering genes to up-regulate of the expression of specific proteins and down-regulate of others to optimize photosynthesis in response to the environment and (2) engineering optimal photosynthetic enzymes, systems, and structures into target crops. These approaches will then be tested in a common cultivar to assess their impact on photosynthesis.
Confirm increased yield in field environments
Yield potential of the most promising approaches will be evaluated in fully replicated controlled field trials. This will ensure that the changes in photosynthesis will translate to increased yield in the target crops: rice, grain legumes and cassava. If successful, this project will enable a yield jump in key staple crops, grown by millions of farmers in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
Using only the 23 million acres of marginal land in the area on the map, we estimate that PETROSS crops will be able to produce 24.67 billion gallons of biodiesel—easily meeting 2/3 of the needs set forth by the Renewable Fuel Standard mandate of 36 billion gallons of biofuel by 2022.
69%PETROSS CROPS CAN MEET
OF THE RFS2 MANDATE
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
SOYB
EAN
COR
N
LIPID CAN
E(2%
lipid)
LIPID CAN
E(10%
lipid)
LIPID CAN
E(20%
lipid)
TTOOTTAA
LL VVAA
LLUUEE
PPEERR
LLAANN
DD (($$
//AACC
RREE))
Coproducts
Ethanol
Biodiesel
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
SOYB
EAN
COR
N
PETRO
SS SUG
ARCAN
E (2%
lipid)
PETRO
SS SUG
ARCAN
E (10%
lipid)
PETRO
SS SUG
ARCAN
E (20%
lipid)
BBIIOO
FFUUEELL
PPRR
OODD
UUCCTT
IIOONN
((GGAALL
//AACC
RREE))
Biodiesel
Ethanol
MARGINAL LAND AVAILABLE FOR LIPID CANE
LAND WHERE LIPID CANE WILL BE ABLE TO GROW
CURRENT LAND USED FOR FOOD & FEED CROPS
TOTAL VALUE OF PRODUCTS PER ACRELIPID CANE COMPOSITION (DRY BASIS)
The RIPE project is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
In partnership with:Australian National University; Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Institute; Louisiana State University; Rothamsted Research; University of California, Berkeley; University of Essex; USDA/ARS
In partnership with:University of Florida, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Brookhaven National Laboratory
CONTACT: [email protected]
CONTACT:[email protected]/petross
t
AVERAGE YIELD (TON/HA)
GLOBAL DEMAND FOR CROP CALORIES WILL DOUBLE BY 2050
GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE IST I M E S M O R E
REDUCING POVERTYEFFECTIVE AT
IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA THANG R O W T H I N O T H E R S E C T O R S
CURRENT vs 60% PROJECTED YIELD INCREASE WITH RIPE IMPROVEMENTS
11.3
11
1.92.9
3.14.718.1CASSAVA LEGUMES
TARGET OF 100% INCREASEBY 2050
CASSAVA LEGUMES RICE
PROJECTED YIELD WITH 60% RIPE INCREASE
PROJECTED YIELD INCREASE
WITH THE NEEDED CROP YIELD INCREASE OF 100%, RIPE YIELD INCREASES HELP BRING US MUCH CLOSER TO OUR TOTAL GOAL.
NOW 2050
RICE
90+10+A
SOURCES: Zhu XG, Long SP, Ort DR (2010) Improving Photosynthetic Efficiency for Greater Yield, Annual Review of Plant Biology. 61: 235-261.; Other sectors include, for example, mining and utilities. World Bank. 2007. “World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development”. Washington, DC; L. Christiaensen, L. Demery and J. Kuhl. 2010. “The (evolving) role of agriculture in poverty reduction – an empirical perspective”. Journal of Development Economics.; High Level Expert Forum –How to Feed the World in 2050, The Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) http://faostat.fao.org/; International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Develop-ment (IAASTD). Global Report, side 8; Kaiser Family Foundation http://kff.org/global-indicator/population-undernourished/
90%IN AFRICA
OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COMES FROM SMALL FARMS
UP TO 16% OF POPULATION IS UNDERNOURISHED
17-33% OF POPULATION IS UNDERNOURISHED
35-50% OF POPULATION IS UNDERNOURISHED
50-70% OF POPULATION IS UNDERNOURISHED
