Food beyond the farm gate: environmental change, adaptation and mitigation - Sonja Vermeulen
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Food beyond the farm gate: environmental change, adapta7on and mi7ga7on Sonja Vermeulen CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security IARU Congress, 24 October 2014
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IARU Congress, 24 October 2014
Transcript of Food beyond the farm gate: environmental change, adaptation and mitigation - Sonja Vermeulen
Food beyond the farm gate: environmental change, adapta7on
and mi7ga7on
Sonja Vermeulen CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change,
Agriculture and Food Security
IARU Congress, 24 October 2014
The global food system
© 2009 shiHn.com
The food supply chain: a simple view processing transport refrigeration packaging
inputs
retail & catering home storage cooking waste disposal
on-farm production
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ACTIONS: pracOces, technologies, insOtuOons, market incenOves
Post-‐farmgate accounts for a Ony share of biomass
Bajzelj et al., Nature Climate Change 2014
Post-‐farmgate accounts for the major share of value
hTp://www.fla.net.au
1. Post-‐farmgate ac7ons
Which post-‐farmgate acOons maTer most?
KeaOng et al., Global Food Security 2014
Refrigera7on Supply chain disrup7on Interna7onal trade
20% (diets and waste)
46%
34%
Food safety, refrigeraOon and human health
energy 367 t CO2eq
waste 578 t CO2eq
Should domesOc fridges be colder or warmer?
Brown et al., 2014 Int Journal of RefrigeraOon
Extreme weather events and supply chain disrupOons
Survey of 559 companies in 62 countries, Zurich Financial Services Group 2011
Ø Most highly cited cause of supply chain disrupOon was extreme weather events -‐ 51% of respondents
Ø A third said disrupOon caused a loss in revenue and 17% said the biggest incident cost over 1 million euros
Ø Only 8% thought their supply chain had strategies to deal with disrupOons
Ø Also weather-‐related peaks in consumer demand Ø Low inventory / rapid response strategies (“just-‐in Ome”) versus high inventory cost-‐saving strategies
InternaOonal trade A valuable adaptaOon measure?
Liu et al., Global Environmental Change 2014
But more trade, more emissions? Schm
itz et a
l., Global Enviro
nmen
tal Change 2012 deforesta7on
Problems and soluOons are highly specific
home-‐cooked meal versus
ready meal
Schmidt Rivera et al 2014, Journal of Cleaner Prodn.
2. Moderniza7on of supply chains
Developing country food supply chains seen as:
Ø Geographically short Ø Many “middlemen” –
long in terms of intermediaries
Ø Highly fragmented – mainly small players
Ø Few technological advances
Ø Tied credit
Reardon et al. 2012. The Quiet RevoluOon in Staple Food Value Chains. ADB and IFPRI
The modern reality? Example of staple markets in China & India – but other countries close behind
Peri-‐urbanisa7on
Photo: Mint
Cold storage
Photo: CFP Retail revolu7on
Photo: Reuters
Fewer market players LiOle 7ed credit A “tresformed middle”
3. Increasing aOen7on to supply chain issues
Public sector investments: e.g. IFAD
Private sector sustainability: from operaOons to whole supply chains
• “A new green wave” (The Economist, August 2014) • “How strange bedfellows are transforming a trillion-‐dollar Industry” (CLUA, September 2014)
Research programs: with honourable excepOons, agriculture dominates publicly funded research
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
crop yield access to food
Ingram, Food Security 2011
ASTI, 2012
Concluding conundrum: why do post-‐farmgate acOviOes, strategies and drivers remain so
under-‐researched?
• Difficult to study? – Geographic dispersion and many food chain actors – Corporate privacy – Inter-‐disciplinarity
• Power of “producOonist” agendas? – Food-‐insecure countries have agricultural economies – Knee-‐jerk simplicity of “need more food”
• Complex relaOonships between environmental change and food system outcomes (e.g. nutriOon)
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