Fondamenti di Informatica - Tor...
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Transcript of Fondamenti di Informatica - Tor...
Communication
Class suspended on April 30 (next Monday) May 7. Class will be held in “Aula 6”
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Agenda
Questionnaire Cell array and structures
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Objectives
Cell Arrays Creating Cell Arrays Accessing Cell Arrays Using Cell Arrays Processing Cell Arrays
MATLAB Structures Constructing and Accessing One Structure Constructor Functions
Structure Arrays Constructing Structure Arrays Accessing Structure Elements Manipulating Structures
Engineering Example—Assembling a Structure
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7.1 Concept: Collecting Dissimilar Objects
Heterogeneous collections permit objects of different data types to be grouped in a collection.
They allow data abstraction to apply to a much broader range of content.
However, the fact that the contents of these collections may be of any data type severely restricts the operations that can be performed on the collections as a whole.
Whereas a significant number of arithmetic and logical operations can be performed on whole number arrays, algorithms that process heterogeneous collections must deal with the data contents one item at a time.
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7.2 Cell Arrays
Cell arrays, as the name suggests, have the general form of arrays and can be indexed numerically as arrays.
However, each element of a cell array should be considered as a container in which one data object of any class can be stored.
They can be treated as arrays of containers for the purpose of concatenation and slicing.
However, if you wish to access or modify the contents of the containers, the cells must be accessed individually.
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Creating Cell Arrays
By assigning values individually to a variable indexed with braces: >> A{1} = 42 A = [42]
By assigning containers individually to a variable indexed with brackets:
>> B[1] = {[4 6]}; B = [1x2 double]
By concatenating cell contents using braces {. . .}: >> C = {3, [1,2,3], 'abcde'} C = [3] [1x3 double] 'abcde'
By concatenating cell containers: >> D = [A B C {'xyz'}] D = [42] [1x2 double] [3] [1x3 double] 'abcde' 'xyz'
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Accessing Cell Arrays
Continuing the previous examples, we have the following:
>> E = D(2) % parentheses - a container E = [4 6]
However, braces are used to access the contents of the containers as follows:
>> D{2} % braces - the contents ans = 4 6
If the right-hand side of an assignment statement results in multiple cell arrays, the assignment must be to the same number of variables. The built-in MATLAB function deal(...) is used to make these allocations.
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Using Cell Arrays
Containing lists of possible values for switch/case statements
Substituting for parameter lists in function calls For example, suppose you have a function largest(a, b,
c) that consumes three variables and produces the largest of the three values provided. It can be used in the following styles: A = 4; B = 6; C = 5; N = largest(A, B, C) params = { 4, 6, 5 }; N = largest(params{1:3})
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Processing Cell Arrays
The template for processing cell arrays is: <initialize result> for <index specification> <extract an element> <check the element accordingly> <process the element accordingly> end <finalize result>
Checking the class of the element can be achieved in one of two ways: The function class(item) returns a string specifying the item type that can be
used in a switch statement Individual test functions can be used in an if... elseif construct; examples of the individual test functions are isa(item, 'class'), iscell(...), ischar(...), islogical(...), isnumeric(...), and isstruct(...)
% Listing 7-2 - Cell array processing example
function ans = totalNums(ca) % count the numbers in a cell array ans = 0 ; for in = 1 :length(ca) item = ca{in} ; % extract the item if isnumeric(item) % check if a vector ans = ans + prod(size(item)); end end
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7.3 MATLAB Structures
Structures allow items in the collection to be indexed by field name. The data contained in a structure is referenced by field name, e.g.,
item1. The rules for making a field name are the same as those for a variable. Fields of a structure, like the elements of a cell array, are
heterogeneous—they can contain any MATLAB object.
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Constructing and Accessing One Structure
To set the value of items in a structure A, the syntax is as follows:
>> A.item1 = 'abcde' A = item1: 'abcde' >> A.item2 = 42 A = item1: 'abcde' item2: 42
Fields in a structure are accessed in the same way—by using the dotted notation.
>> A.item2 = A.item2 ./ 2 A = item1: 'abcde' item2: 21
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Manipulating Field Names
To determine the names of the fields in a structure, the built-in function fieldnames(...) returns a cell array containing the field names as strings.
>> names = fieldnames(A) names = 'item1' 'item2'
Fields can also be accessed “indirectly” by setting a variable to the name of the field, and then using parentheses to indicate that the variable contents should be used as the field name:
>> fn = names{1}; >> A.(fn) = [A.(fn) 'fg'] A = item1: 'abcdefg' item2: 21
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More about Field Names
You can remove a field from a structure using the built-in function rmfield(...).
Be careful. rmfield(...) returns a new structure with the requested field removed. It does not remove that field from your original structure.
If you want the field removed from the original, you must assign the result from rmfield(...) to replace the original structure:
>> A = rmfield(A, 'item1') A = item2: 21
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Why Constructor Functions?
Use constructor functions, as opposed to “manually” entering data into structures, for the following reasons:
Manual entry can result in strange behavior due to typographical errors or having fields in the wrong order
The resulting code is generally more compact and easier to understand
When constructing collections of structures, it enforces consistency across the collections
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Built-in Constructor Function struct(…)
>> struct('first','Fred', ... 'last','Jones', ... 'phone','(123) 555-1212', ...
'birth', struct( 'day', 31, ... 'month', 'February', ... 'year', 1965 )) ans = first: 'Fred' last: 'Jones'
phone: '(123) 555-1212' birth: [1x1 struct]
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Custom Constructor Functions
A typical custom constructor function function ans = makeCD(gn, ar, ti, yr, st, pr) % integrate CD data into a structure ans.genre = gn ; ans.artist = ar ; ans.title = ti; ans.year = yr; ans.stars = st; ans.price = pr;
Usage: >> CD = makeCD('Blues', 'Charles, Ray', & 'Genius Loves Company', 2004, 4.5, 15.35 ) CD = genre: 'Blues' artist: 'Charles, Ray' title: 'Genius Loves Company' year: 2004 stars: 4.5000 price: 15.3500
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Building Structure Arrays Manually
>> entry(1).first = 'Fred'; >> entry(1).last = 'Jones'; >> entry(1).age = 37; >> entry(1).phone = ' (123) 555-1212'; >> entry(2).first = 'Sally’; >> entry(2).last = 'Smith’; >> entry(2).age = 29; >> entry(2).phone = '(000) 555-1212' entry = 1x2 structure array with fields: first last age phone
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Building Structure Arrays with struct(…)
genres = {'Blues', 'Classical', 'Country' }; artists = {'Clapton, Eric', 'Bocelli, Andrea', … 'Twain, Shania' }; years = { 2004, 2004, 2004 }; stars = { 2, 4.6, 3.9 }; prices = { 18.95, 14.89, 13.49 }; cds = struct( ‘genre’, genres, … 'artist', artists, … 'year', years, … 'stars', stars, … 'price', prices);
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Building Structure Arrays with makeCD(…) cds(1) = makeCD('Blues', 'Clapton, Eric', ... 'Sessions For Robert J', 2004, 2, 18.95 ) cds(2) = makeCD('Classical', ... 'Bocelli, Andrea', 'Andrea', 2004, 4.6, 14.89 ) cds(3) = makeCD( 'Country', 'Twain, Shania', ... 'Greatest Hits', 2004, 3.9, 13.49 ) cds(4) = makeCD( 'Latin', 'Trevi, Gloria', ... 'Como Nace El Universo', 2004, 5, 12.15 ) cds(5) = makeCD( 'Rock/Pop', 'Ludacris', ... 'The Red Light District', 2004, 4, 13.49 ) cds(6) = makeCD( 'R & B', '2Pac', ... 'Loyal To The Game', 2004, 3.9, 13.49 ) cds(7) = makeCD( 'Rap', 'Eminem', ... 'Encore', 2004, 3.5, 15.75 ) cds(8) = makeCD( 'Heavy Metal', 'Rammstein', ... 'Reise, Reise', 2004, 4.2, 12.65 )
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7.5 Engineering Example—Assembling a Structure
Given this structure, determine the order of assembly starting from A.
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Assembly Description
data(1) = beam('A-1', 0.866, 0.5, {'A','A-2','A-3','D-1'} ); data(2) = beam('A-2', 0, 1, {'A','A-3','B-1','B-2’} ); data(3) = beam('A-3', 0.866, 1.5, {'A-1','A-2','B-1','D-1'} ); data(4) = beam('B-1', 0.866, 2.5,
{'A-2','A-3','B-2','B-3','D-1','D-2'} ); data(5) = beam('B-2', 0, 3, {'A-2','A-3','B-1','B-3','C-1','C-2'} ); data(6) = beam('B-3', 0.866, 3.5,{'B-1','B-2','C-1','C-2','D-1','D-2'} ); data(7) = beam('C-1', 0.866, 4.5, {'B-2','B-3','C-2','C-3','D-2'} ); data(8) = beam('C-2', 0, 5, {'B-2','B-3','C-1','C-3','C'} ); data(9) = beam('C-3', 0.866, 5.5, {'C-1','C-2','D-2','C'} ); data(10) = beam('D-1', 1.732, 2, {'A-1','A-3','B-1','B-3','D-2'} ); data(11) = beam(‘D-2’, 1.732, 4, {'B-1','B-3','C-1','C-3','D-1'} )
% Listing 7-7 - Support functions function ans = beam( nm, xp, yp, conn ) % construct a beam structure with fields: % name - beam name % xp, yp - coordinates of its centroid % conn - cell array - names of adjacent beams % useage: ans = beam( nm, xp, yp, conn ) ans.name = nm; ans.pos = [xp, yp]; ans.connect = conn;
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Solution
conn = 'A'; clist = {conn}; while true index = 0; % find all the beams % connected to conn for in = 1:length(data) str = data(in); if touches(str, conn) index = index + 1; found(index) = str; end end % continua
% Listing 7-7 - Support functions function res = touches(beam, conn)% does the beam touch this connecting point?% usage: res = touches(beam, conn) res = false; for in = 1:length(beam.connect) item = beam.connect{in}; if strcmp(item,conn) res = true; break; end end
% an example content of our struct array
%beam(‘D-2’, 1.732, 4, {'B-1','B-3','C-1','C-3','D-1'} )
% Listing 7-7 - Support functions function nm = nextconn( fnd, cl )% find a connection name among % those found not already connected% usage: nm = nextconn( fnd, cl ) for in = 1:length(fnd) item = fnd(in); cn = item.connect; for jn = 1:length(cn) nm = cn{jn}; if ~ison(nm, cl) break; end end end function res = ison( nm, cl ) % is this beam on the connection list, % a cell array of beam names % usage: res = ison( beam, cl ) res = false; for in = 1:length(cl) item = cl{in}; if strcmp(item, nm) res = true; break; end end
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Solution (continued)
% eliminate those already % connected for jn = index:-1:1 if ison(found(jn).name, clist) found(jn) = []; else clist = [clist found(jn).name}]; end end if length(found) > 0 conn = nextconn( found, clist ); else break; end end %end while disp('the order of assembly is:') disp(clist)
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Summary
■ Cell arrays are vectors of containers; their elements can be manipulated either as vectors of containers, or individually by inserting or extracting the contents of the container using braces in place of parentheses. ■ The elements of a structure are accessed by name rather than by indexing, using the dot operator to specify the field name to be used. ■ Structures can be collected into structure arrays whose elements are structures all with the same field names. These elements can then be indexed and manipulated in the same manner as the cells in a cell array.
