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MULTI-MODE/MULTI-BANDRF TRANSCEIVERS FORWIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

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MULTI-MODE/MULTI-BANDRF TRANSCEIVERS FORWIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

Advanced Techniques, Architectures,and Trends

Edited by

Gernot HueberRobert Bogdan Staszewski

A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

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Copyright C© 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Multi-mode/multi-band RF transceivers for wireless communications : advanced techniques,architectures, and trends / edited by Gernot Hueber and Robert Bogdan Staszewski.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-27711-91. Radio–Transmitter-receivers. 2. Wireless communication systems–Equipment and

supplies–Design and construction. 3. Cellular telephones–Design and construction.4. Wireless LANs–Equipment and supplies–Design and construction. I. Hueber, Gernot, 1972–II. Staszewski, Robert Bogdan, 1965–

TK6564.3.M85 2011384.5′3–dc22

2010001881

Printed in Singapore

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CONTENTS

Contributors xi

Preface xiii

I TRANSCEIVER CONCEPTS AND DESIGN 1

1 Software-Defined Radio Front Ends 3Jan Craninckx

1.1 Introduction 31.2 System-Level Considerations 41.3 Wideband LO Synthesis 51.4 Receiver Building Blocks 121.5 Transmitter Building Blocks 231.6 Calibration Techniques 251.7 Full SDR Implementation 271.8 Conclusions 30

References 30

2 Software-Defined Transceivers 33Gio Cafaro and Bob Stengel

2.1 Introduction 332.2 Radio Architectures 342.3 SDR Building Blocks 342.4 Example of an SDR Transceiver 54

References 60

3 Adaptive Multi-Mode RF Front-End Circuits 65Aleksandar Tasic

3.1 Introduction 653.2 Adaptive Multi-Mode Low-Power Wireless RF

IC Design 663.3 Multi-Mode Receiver Concept 683.4 Design of a Multi-Mode Adaptive RF Front End 70

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3.5 Experimental Results for the Image-RejectDown-Converter 76

3.6 Conclusions 80References 81

4 Precise Delay Alignment Between Amplitude and Phase/Frequency Modulation Paths in a Digital Polar Transmitter 85Khurram Waheed and Robert Bogdan Staszewski

4.1 Introduction 854.2 RF Polar Transmitter in Nanoscale CMOS 874.3 Amplitude and Phase Modulation 904.4 Mechanisms to Achieve Subnanosecond Amplitude and

Phase Modulation Path Alignments 964.5 Precise Alignment of Multi-Rate Direct and Reference

Point Data 101References 109

5 Overview of Front-End RF Passive Integration into SoCs 113Hooman Darabi

5.1 Introduction 1135.2 The Concept of a Receiver Translational Loop 1195.3 Feedforward Loop Nonideal Effects 1225.4 Feedforward Receiver Circuit Implementations 1255.5 Feedforward Receiver Experimental Results 1295.6 Feedback Notch Filtering for a WCDMA Transmitter 1335.7 Feedback-Based Transmitter Stability Analysis 1385.8 Impacts of Nonidealities in Feedback-Based

Transmission 1415.9 Transmitter Building Blocks 148

5.10 Feedback-Based Transmitter Measurement Results 1505.11 Conclusions and Discussion 153

Appendix 155References 156

6 ADCs and DACs for Software-Defined Radio 159Michiel Steyaert, Pieter Palmers, and Koen Cornelissens

6.1 Introduction 1596.2 ADC and DAC Requirements in Wireless Systems 1606.3 Multi-Standard Transceiver Architectures 1626.4 Evaluating Reconfigurability 1656.5 ADCs for Software-Defined Radio 1666.6 DACs for Software-Defined Radio 1726.7 Conclusions 184

References 184


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II RECEIVER DESIGN 187

7 OFDM Transform-Domain Receivers for Multi-StandardCommunications 189Sebastian Hoyos

7.1 Introduction 1897.2 Transform-Domain Receiver Background 1907.3 Transform-Domain Sampling Receiver 1917.4 Digital Baseband Design for the TD Receiver 1957.5 A Comparative Study 2047.6 Simulations 2087.7 Gain–Bandwidth Product Requirement for an Op-Amp in a

Charge-Sampling Circuit 2117.8 Sparsity of (G H G)−1 2137.9 Applications 214

7.10 Conclusions 215References 216

8 Discrete-Time Processing of RF Signals 219Renaldi Winoto and Borivoje Nikolic

8.1 Introduction 2198.2 Scaling of an MOS Switch 2218.3 Sampling Mixer 2238.4 Filter Synthesis 2268.5 Noise in Switched-Capacitor Filters 2348.6 Circuit-Design Considerations 2378.7 Perspective and Outlook 242

References 244

9 Oversampled ADC Using VCO-Based Quantizers 247Matthew Z. Straayer and Michael H. Perrott

9.1 Introduction 2479.2 VCO-Quantizer Background 2489.3 SNDR Limitations for VCO-Based Quantization 2529.4 VCO Quantizer �� ADC Architecture 2579.5 Prototype �� ADC Example with a VCO Quantizer 2659.6 Conclusions 275

References 276

10 Reduced External Hardware and Reconfigurable RF ReceiverFront Ends for Wireless Mobile Terminals 279Naveen K. Yanduru

10.1 Introduction 27910.2 Mobile Terminal Challenges 280


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10.3 Research Directions Toward a Multi-Band Receiver 28210.4 Multi-Mode Receiver Principles and RF System Analysis for

a W-CDMA Receiver 28610.5 W-CDMA, GSM/GPRS/EDGE Receiver Front End Without

an Interstage SAW Filter 29210.6 Highly Integrated GPS Front End for Cellular Applications in

90-nm CMOS 29910.7 RX Front-End Performance Comparison 305

References 305

11 Digitally Enhanced Alternate Path Linearizationof RF Receivers 309Edward A. Keehr and Ali Hajimiri

11.1 Introduction 30911.2 Adaptive Feedforward Error Cancellation 31111.3 Architectural Concepts 31311.4 Alternate Feedforward Path Block Design

Considerations 32011.5 Experimental Design of an Adaptively Linearized UMTS

Receiver 33111.6 Experimental Results of an Adaptively Linearized UMTS

Receiver 33611.7 Conclusions 341

References 343

III TRANSMITTER TECHNIQUES 347

12 Linearity and Efficiency Strategies for Next-GenerationWireless Communications 349Lawrence Larson, Peter Asbeck, and Donald Kimball

12.1 Introduction 34912.2 Power Amplifier Function 34912.3 Power Amplifier Efficiency Enhancement 35412.4 Techniques for Linearity Enhancement 36212.5 Conclusions 371

References 372

13 CMOS RF Power Amplifiers for Mobile Communications 377Patrick Reynaert

13.1 Introduction 37713.2 Challenges 37813.3 Low Supply Voltage 378


CONTENTS ix

13.4 Average Efficiency, Dynamic Range, and Linearity 38113.5 Polar Modulation 38613.6 Distortion in a Polar-Modulated Power Amplifier 39013.7 Design and Implementation of a Polar-Modulated Power

Amplifier 39713.8 Conclusions 408

References 408

14 Digitally Assisted RF Architectures: Two Illustrative Designs 411Joel L. Dawson

14.1 Introduction 41114.2 Cartesian Feedback: The Analog Problem 41214.3 Digital Assistance for Cartesian Feedback 41614.4 Multipliers, Squarers, Mixers, and VGAs: The Analog

Problem 42714.5 Digital Assistance for Analog Multipliers 42914.6 Summary 435

Appendix: Stability Analysis for CartesianFeedback Systems 436References 447

IV DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR RF TRANSCEIVERS 451

15 RF Impairment Compensation for Future Radio Systems 453Mikko Valkama

15.1 Introduction and Motivation 45315.2 Typical RF Impairments 45415.3 Impairment Mitigation Principles 46915.4 Case Studies in I/Q Imbalance Compensation 48015.5 Conclusions 487

References 488

16 Techniques for the Analysis of Digital Bang-Bang PLLs 497Nicola Da Dalt

16.1 Introduction 49716.2 Digital Bang-Bang PLL Architecture 49816.3 Analysis of the Nonlinear Dynamics of the BBPLL 49916.4 Analysis of the BBPLL with Markov Chains 50316.5 Linearization of the BBPLL 50816.6 Comparison of Measurements and Models 526

References 531


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17 Low-Power Spectrum Processors for Cognitive Radios 533Joy Laskar and Kyutae Lim

17.1 Introduction 53317.2 Paradigm Shift from SDR to CR 53417.3 Challenge and Trends in RFIC/System 53517.4 Analog Signal Processing 53617.5 Spectrum Sensing 53717.6 Multi-Resolution Spectrum Sensing 53817.7 MRSS Performance 54217.8 Conclusions 555

References 556

Index 557


CONTRIBUTORS

Peter Asbeck, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California

Gio Cafaro, Motorola Labs, Plantation, Florida

Koen Cornelissens, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Jan Craninckx, IMEC, Leuven, Belgium

Nicola Da Dalt, Infineon Technologies, Villach, Austria

Hooman Darabi, Broadcom Corporation, Irvine, California

Joel L. Dawson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,Massachusetts

Ali Hajimiri, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

Sebastian Hoyos, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas

Edward A. Keehr, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

Donald Kimball, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California

Lawrence Larson, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California

Joy Laskar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia

Kyutae Lim, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia

Borivoje Nikolic, University of California, Berkeley, California

Pieter Palmers, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Michael H. Perrott, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,Massachusetts

Patrick Reynaert, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Robert Bogdan Staszewski, Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas; currently at DelftUniversity of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

Bob Stengel, Motorola Labs, Plantation, Florida

Michiel Steyaert, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Matthew Z. Straayer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,Massachusetts

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xii CONTRIBUTORS

Alexander Tasic, Qualcomm, San Diego, California

Mikko Valkama, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland

Khurram Waheed, Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas; currently at BitWave Semi-conductors, Lowell, Massachusetts

Renaldi Winoto, University of California, Berkeley, California

Naveen K. Yanduru, Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas; currently at University ofTexas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas


PREFACE

Current and future mobile terminals become increasingly complex because they haveto deal with a variety of frequency bands and communication standards. Achievingmulti-band/multi-mode functionality is especially challenging for the radio frequency(RF)-transceiver section, due to limitations in terms of frequency-agile RF compo-nents that meet the demanding cellular performance criteria at costs that are attractivefor mass-market applications. The focus of this volume is on novel transceiver con-cepts for multi-mode/multi-band cellular systems from the antenna to baseband.One approach is based on the integration of digital signal processing capabilitiesimplemented locally on the RF integrated circuit. The utilization of digital signalprocessing capabilities is in line with the ongoing trend toward minimum-feature-sized RF-CMOS in the cellular market, which makes it extremely attractive in termsof flexibility, power consumption, and costs. Moreover, advances in the field of an-tennas, RF-front-end modules and novel analog signal processing architectures arecovered to give a consolidated outlook on future concepts for cellular radios.

This volume summarizes cutting-edge physical-layer technologies for multi-modewireless RF transceivers, specifically RF, analog, and digital circuits and architec-tures, anticipating the major trends and needs of the future wireless system devel-opments. Firsthand materials from distinguished researchers and professionals fromboth academia and industry are collected. Furthermore, this volume offers a compre-hensive treatment of the topic, presenting state-of-the-art technologies and insightcovering all the essential transceiver building blocks to be used in future multi-mode(third generation and beyond) wireless communication systems.

G. HueberR. B. Staszewski

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